阅读说明：本技术 具有在单独颗粒中的尿素酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂的增效肥料 (Synergistic fertilizer with urease inhibitor and nitrification inhibitor in separate granules ) 是由 拉维·赫格德 拉贾马莱斯沃拉玛·科里佩利 钱德拉·莫汉纳 拉达·阿查纳特 沙米克·古普塔 于 2018-04-16 设计创作，主要内容包括：本文描述了包括硝化抑制剂和尿素酶抑制剂的颗粒肥料组合物。抑制剂通过位于单独的颗粒中而彼此分开。组合物中的肥料颗粒包括具有核-壳结构的颗粒,在核颗粒中包括抑制剂。(Described herein are granular fertilizer compositions comprising a nitrification inhibitor and a urease inhibitor. The inhibitors are separated from each other by being located in separate particles. The fertilizer particles in the composition comprise particles having a core-shell structure, and the inhibitor is included in the core particles.)

1. A granular fertilizer composition comprising:

(a) a first particle comprising a first core particle and a first shell, wherein the first core particle comprises a urease inhibitor and is substantially free of any nitrification inhibitor; and

(b) a second particle comprising a second core particle and a second shell, wherein the second core particle comprises a nitrification inhibitor and is substantially free of any urease inhibitor.

2. The granular fertilizer composition of claim 1 wherein the first shell and the second shell comprise a nitrogen-containing fertilizer composition.

3. The granular fertilizer composition of claim 1 wherein the second shell further comprises a nitrification inhibitor.

4. The granular fertilizer composition of claim 1 wherein the urease inhibitor comprises N- (N-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBTPT) and the nitrification inhibitor comprises dicyandiamide (DCD).

5. The particulate fertilizer composition of claim 4, wherein NBTPT comprises from 1 to 5 weight percent of the first core particle and DCD comprises from 10 to 50 weight percent of the second core particle.

6. The granular fertilizer composition of claim 1 wherein the first and second core granules further comprise a binder comprising one or more of plaster of paris, flour, biodegradable bleached wheat flour, starch, colloidal silica, kaolin, bentonite, or gluten.

7. The granular fertilizer composition of claim 1, wherein the first core particle and the second core particle further comprise a filler comprising one or more of silica, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), or rice bran.

8. The granular fertilizer composition of claim 1 wherein the first and second core particles further comprise a pH buffer comprising chalk powder, CaCO₃、MgO、KH₂PO₄、NaHCO₃、Na₂CO₃Or K₂CO₃One or more than one.

9. The granular fertilizer composition of claim 1 wherein the granular fertilizer composition comprises a plurality of first granules and a plurality of second granules, wherein the weight ratio of the first granules to the second granules is about 1: 1.

10. the particulate fertilizer composition of claim 1, wherein the first core particle comprises 10 to 94 wt% of a binder, 0 to 60 wt% of a filler, 5 to 60 wt% of a pH balancing agent, and 1 to 5 wt% of NBTPT, wherein the second core particle comprises 10 to 85 wt% of a binder, 0 to 50 wt% of a filler, 5 to 60 wt% of a pH balancing agent, and 10 to 50 wt% of DCD.

11. The granular fertilizer composition of claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of the first shell to the first core particle and the weight ratio of the second shell to the second core particle is about 40:1 to 5: 1.

12. the granular fertilizer composition of claim 1 wherein the first and second core particles have a diameter of about 0.5mm to 2mm, and wherein the first and second particles have a diameter of about 1mm to 8 mm.

13. The granular fertilizer composition of claim 1 wherein the granular fertilizer composition comprises nitrogen and less than 20 wt.% of the nitrogen in the granular fertilizer composition is lost through volatilization of ammonia after exposure to greenville or crally soil for 20 days.

14. A granular fertilizer composition comprising at least two of the following groups of granules:

(a) a plurality of first particles, each first particle comprising:

(i) a first core particle comprising N- (N-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBTPT) and a binder; and

(ii) a urea-containing fertilizer composition in contact with the outer surface of the first core particle; and

(b) a plurality of second particles, each second particle comprising:

(i) a second core particle comprising dicyandiamide (DCD) and a binder; and

(ii) a urea-containing fertilizer composition in contact with the outer surface of the second core particle; and

(c) a plurality of third particles, each third particle comprising a urea-containing fertilizer and no core particle.

15. The granular fertilizer composition of claim 14, wherein each first granule is substantially free of any nitrification inhibitor, each second granule is substantially free of any urease inhibitor, and each third granule is substantially free of any nitrification inhibitor or urease inhibitor.

16. The granular fertilizer composition of claim 14 wherein each third granule further comprises a nitrification inhibitor.

17. The particulate fertilizer composition of claim 14, wherein the urea-containing fertilizer composition in contact with the outer surface of the second core particle further comprises DCD.

18. The granular fertilizer composition of claim 14 wherein the third granule has a diameter of at least 0.5 mm.

19. The granular fertilizer composition of claim 14 wherein the granular fertilizer composition comprises a plurality of first granules and a plurality of second granules, wherein the granular fertilizer does not comprise a third granule, wherein the weight ratio of the first granules to the second granules is about 1: 1.

20. the granular fertilizer composition of claim 14 wherein the granular fertilizer composition comprises a plurality of third granules, and a plurality of the first granules or a plurality of the second granules, wherein the weight ratio of the third granules to the first granules or the second granules is about 1: 1.

Background

A. Field of the invention

The present invention relates generally to fertilizer compositions comprising a urease inhibitor and a nitrification inhibitor. The urease inhibitor and nitrification inhibitor are present in separate granules, and the granules may comprise the inhibitor in a core surrounded by a shell of the nitrogen-containing fertilizer composition.

B. Description of the related Art

To increase crop yields and meet increasing population demands, more fertilizers are used in agriculture. However, continued use of fertilizers can result in nutrient imbalances and a decrease in soil fertility. In addition, since urea fertilizers are rapidly hydrolyzed and nitrified in soil by soil bacteria, the widespread use of urea fertilizers can lead to deterioration of soil health and other environmental problems, such as greenhouse gas emissions and groundwater pollution.

The urea enzyme inhibitor and the nitrification inhibitor are added into the fertilizer to offset the hydrolysis and nitrification of urea in soil. Urease inhibitors reduce the amount of urea hydrolysis and thus the amount of nitrogen lost due to ammonia volatilization. Nitrification inhibitors can reduce the rate of conversion of ammonium salts to nitrates, which also reduces the amount of nitrogen lost. Besides urea, the nitrification inhibitor can also effectively improve the efficiency of various nitrogen fertilizers.

Although urease inhibitors and nitrification inhibitors have been used in fertilizers to address the problem of urea hydrolysis and nitrification, there are certain difficulties with the use of these inhibitors. One problem is that certain inhibitors are sensitive to heat, which complicates the production of fertilizers containing such inhibitors. For example, the addition of heat-sensitive inhibitors to molten urea prior to granulation can result in substantial degradation of the inhibitor, as described in Soil utilization and Management (Soil Use & Management)24:246 (2008). To compensate for this problem, some fertilizer manufacturers may add an excess of inhibitor to the urea melt, which increases the production cost of the fertilizer. Another problem is that some combinations of inhibitors may be incompatible if contained in the same particle. For example, the inventors of the present application have observed that the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) causes stability problems if combined with the urease inhibitor N- (N-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBTPT). Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is well known that DCD increases degradation of NBTPT under storage conditions, which is sensitive to both heat and moisture.

Disclosure of Invention

The following disclosure is a solution to the above-mentioned problems. In some embodiments, the solution consists in providing a granular fertilizer composition with two types of particles, each type of particle having a core-shell structure: one type of particle has a nitrification inhibitor in the core and the other type of particle has a urease inhibitor in the core. This provides a fertilizer composition in which the nitrification inhibitor and the urease inhibitor are physically separated from each other, thereby preventing any degradation that the inhibitors may have with each other, and avoiding the other problems of incompatible pairs of inhibitors. The manufacturing process of the fertilizer composition protects the inhibitor contained in the core particle from thermal degradation. This is achieved by adding an inhibitor (e.g. DCD or NBTPT) to the core particles during the manufacture of the fertilizer particles rather than to the relatively hot composition (e.g. molten urea). Other ingredients in the core particle help provide a thermostable buffer during the manufacturing process, thereby reducing the amount of inhibitor lost by thermal degradation. In addition, the manufacturing process of the fertilizer composition disclosed herein may be simplified, as it is not necessary to prepare granules with both nitrification inhibitor and urease inhibitor in the same granule. Instead, separate core particles, each containing a different inhibitor, can be prepared separately and then fertilized with a shell of a nitrogen-containing fertilizer (fatten) according to the same procedure.

Disclosed herein is a granular fertilizer composition that can comprise (a) a first granule that can comprise a first core granule and a first shell, wherein the first core granule can comprise a urease inhibitor and is substantially free of any nitrification inhibitor; (b) a second particle, which can comprise a second core particle and a second shell, wherein the second core particle can comprise a nitrification inhibitor and is substantially free of any urease inhibitor. The shell of each of the first and second particles may comprise a nitrogen-containing fertilizer composition, such as urea. The urease inhibitor in the first core particle may comprise a variety of inhibitors known in the art including, for example, N- (N-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBTPT). The nitrification inhibitor in the second core particle may comprise a variety of inhibitors known in the art including, for example, dicyandiamide (DCD). Such a granular fertilizer composition has the advantage of keeping the nitrification inhibitor and the urease inhibitor in separate granules, thereby mitigating incompatibility between the inhibitors, such as the negative effect of DCD on NBTPT stability.

The shell of the second particle ("second shell") may also comprise a nitrification inhibitor. In such embodiments, both the second core particle and the second shell may comprise a nitrification inhibitor. Nitrification inhibitors (e.g., DCD) are particularly suitable for inclusion in the shell composition, in addition to or in the alternative, they are included in the core particle, as they can be added to molten fertilizer compositions (e.g., molten urea) during manufacture without suffering the same thermal degradation as certain urease inhibitors (e.g., NBTPT).

Nitrification inhibitors and urease inhibitors may be present in some amounts. In some embodiments, the urease inhibitor is present in the first core particle in an amount from 1% to 5% by weight of the first core particle. The urease inhibitor may also be about 0.1 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt%, 1.5 wt%, 2.0 wt%, 2.5 wt%, 3.0 wt%, 3.5 wt%, 4.0 wt%, 4.5 wt%, 5.0 wt%, 6.0 wt%, 7.0 wt%, 8.0 wt%, 9.0 wt%, 10.0 wt%, or between any two of these values of the core particle. In some embodiments, the nitrification inhibitor is present in the second core particle in an amount ranging from about 10% to 50% by weight of the second core particle. The nitrification inhibitor may also be about 0.1 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 0.6 wt%, 0.7 wt%, 0.8 wt%, 0.9 wt%, 1.0 wt%, 1.1 wt%, 1.2 wt%, 1.3 wt%, 1.4 wt%, 1.5 wt%, 1.6 wt%, 1.7 wt%, 1.8 wt%, 1.9 wt%, 2.0 wt%, 3 wt%, 4 wt%, 5 wt%, 6 wt%, 7 wt%, 8 wt%, 9 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt%, 20 wt%, 25 wt%, 30 wt%, 35 wt%, 40 wt%, 45 wt%, 50 wt%, 55 wt%, or 60 wt% of the second core particle, or between any two of these values. In embodiments where the nitrification inhibitor is further included in the second shell, the nitrification inhibitor may also comprise about 0.1 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, 0.6 wt.%, 0.7 wt.%, 0.8 wt.%, 0.9 wt.%, 1.0 wt.%, 1.1 wt.%, 1.2 wt.%, 1.3 wt.%, 1.4 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, 1.6 wt.%, 1.7 wt.%, 1.8 wt.%, 1.9 wt.%, 2.0 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 5 wt.%, 6 wt.%, 7 wt.%, 8 wt.%, 9 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 15 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 25 wt.%, 30 wt.%, 35 wt.%, 40 wt.%, 45 wt.%, 50 wt.%, 55 wt.%, or 60 wt.% of the shell.

The amounts of nitrification inhibitor and urease inhibitor included in each granule may be selected so that the amount in the granular fertilizer composition is generally effective to stabilize nitrogen in the soil to which the granular fertilizer composition is applied. That is, if the granular fertilizer composition comprises equal amounts of the first and second granules, the amount of inhibitor in each granule will be twice the amount typically used in compositions comprising only one type of granule. For example, in a composition having equal amounts of the first and second granules, if the final total amount of urease inhibitor desired for the granular fertilizer composition as a whole is 0.1 wt%, the amount of urease inhibitor in the first granule will be 0.2 wt% of the first granule (assuming the first core granule is only a portion of the first granule, the amount will be higher as a percentage of the first core granule). The same applies with regard to the amount of nitrification inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the first core particle and the second core particle may comprise materials such as fillers, pH balancing agents, and polymeric thickeners in addition to the urease inhibitor and the binder. The first core particle and the second core particle may have different amounts of these additional ingredients as needed to accommodate different amounts of inhibitor and to provide different desired properties.

The binder in the first core particle and/or the second core particle may help prevent the core particle from cracking or chipping during the manufacturing process or storage process. In some embodiments, the binder may be one or more of plaster of paris, flour, biodegradable bleached wheat flour, starch, gluten, kaolin, bentonite, or colloidal silica (colloidal silica), including mixtures thereof. Other suitable adhesives known in the art may also be used. In some embodiments, the amount of binder in the core particle is from 10% to 99% by weight of the core particle. In some embodiments, the amount of binder in the core particle is about 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 98, or 99 percent by weight of the core particle or between any two of these values.

In some embodiments, the filler in the first core particle and/or the second core particle may comprise one or more of silica, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), or rice bran, or mixtures thereof. Other suitable fillers known in the art may also be used. In some embodiments, the filler is present in the core particle in an amount from greater than 0% to 60% by weight of the core particle. In some embodiments, the filler is present in the core particle in an amount of about 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, or 60 percent by weight of the core particle or between any two of these values.

In some embodiments, the pH buffering agent in the first core particle and/or the second core particle may be chalk powder, CaCO₃、Na₂CO₃、K₂CO₃、MgO、KH₂PO₄、NaHCO₃Or MgCO₃One or more than one or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the filler is present in the core particle in an amount of about 5% to 60% by weight of the core particle. In some embodiments, the filler is present in the core particle in an amount of about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, or 60 percent by weight of the core particle, or between any two of these values. In some embodiments, the pH buffering agent may also act as a filler. For example, in some embodiments, CaCO₃Both as a filler and as a pH buffer, and no other filler or pH buffer is included in the core particle.

In some embodiments, the polymeric thickener in the first core particle and/or the second core particle may be one or more than one of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol (PEG), guar gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, other natural gums or synthetic polymers based on acrylates, Polyacrylamides (PAM), PVP, or a combination of synthetic polymers and carbomers. In some embodiments, the polymeric thickener is present in the core particle in an amount of 0.1% to 1% by weight of the core particle. In some embodiments, the amount of polymeric thickener is about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, or 10 weight percent of the core particle or between any two of these values.

The particulate fertilizer composition may comprise a plurality of first particles and a plurality of second particles in different proportions. For example, the weight ratio of the first particles to the second particles can be about 1: 1. The weight ratio of the first particles to the second particles can also be about 1:5, 2:5, 3:5, 4:5, 1:1, 5:4, 5:3, 5:2, or 5:1, or between any two of these values. The relative amounts of inhibitor in the first and second particles may be adjusted based on the weight ratio of the particles. For example, if the weight ratio of the first granule to the second granule is 1:5, the amount of urease inhibitor in the first granule may be 5 x or five times the desired final concentration ("1 x") of the amount in the fertilizer composition as a whole.

In some embodiments, the first core particle may comprise the following ingredients in the amounts specified, given as the weight percentages of the ingredients relative to the core particle: 10 to 94% by weight of a binder, 0 to 60% by weight of a filler, 5 to 60% by weight of a pH balancing agent and 1 to 5% by weight of NBTPT. In some embodiments, the second core particle may comprise the following ingredients in the amounts specified, given as the weight percentages of the ingredients relative to the core particle: 10 to 85 wt% of a binder, 0 to 50 wt% of a filler, 5 to 60 wt% of a pH balancing agent, and 10 to 50 wt% of DCD.

Embodiments of the particles disclosed herein can include various arrangements and proportions of core particles and shells. The first and second particles may have the same or different measurements for all disclosed dimensions. In some embodiments, there are multiple core particles in a single fertilizer particle. In some embodiments, the diameter of the first core particle and/or the second core particle is about 0.5mm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, the core particle has a diameter of about 0.1mm, 0.2mm, 0.3mm, 0.4mm, 0.5mm, 0.6mm, 0.7mm, 0.8mm, 0.9mm, 1.0mm, 1.1mm, 1.2mm, 1.3mm, 1.4mm, 1.5mm, 1.6mm, 1.7mm, 1.8mm, 1.9mm, 2.0mm, 3.0mm, 4.0mm, or 5.0mm or between any two of these values. In some embodiments, the thickness of the first shell and/or the second shell is about 1mm to 6 mm. In some embodiments, the shell has a thickness of about 0.5mm, 0.6mm, 0.7mm, 0.8mm, 0.9mm, 1.0mm, 1.1mm, 1.2mm, 1.3mm, 1.4mm, 1.5mm, 1.6mm, 1.7mm, 1.8mm, 1.9mm, 2.0mm, 3.0mm, 4.0mm, 5.0mm, or 6.0mm or between any two of these values. In some embodiments, the shell is a solid nitrogen-containing fertilizer composition formed by spraying a molten form of the nitrogen-containing fertilizer composition onto the core particle and allowing the molten nitrogen-containing fertilizer composition to cool and solidify. In some embodiments, the molten nitrogen fertilizer-containing composition is a molten urea-containing composition. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the first or second shell to the first or second core particle is about 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 30:1, 40:1, or 50:1, or between any two of these values. In some embodiments, the first shell and/or the second shell comprise about 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% or between any two of these values by weight of the first fertilizer particle and/or the second fertilizer particle. In some embodiments, the first particle and/or the second particle (including the core particle and the shell) have a diameter of 0.5mm to 8 mm. In some embodiments, the fertilizer granule has a diameter of about 0.2mm, 0.5mm, 1.0mm, 1.5mm, 2.0mm, 2.5mm, 3.0mm, 3.5mm, 4.0mm, 4.5mm, 5.0mm, 6.0mm, 7.0mm, 8.0mm, 9.0mm, or 10.0mm or between any two of these values. In some embodiments, the core particle is an extruded particle. In some embodiments, the first shell and/or the second shell substantially or completely surround the first core particle and/or the second core particle. In some embodiments, the shell covers at least 90%, 95%, or 99% of the surface of the core particle. In embodiments where the shell completely surrounds the core particle, the shell covers 100% of the surface of the core particle.

Embodiments of the granular fertilizer compositions disclosed herein are characterized by stability of nitrogen in the granules when exposed to soil. Due to the efficient distribution of the urease inhibitor and nitrification inhibitor in the individual granules, the granular fertilizer compositions described herein suffer less nitrogen loss due to hydrolysis and nitrification than would otherwise be the case. In some embodiments, less than 20% by weight of the nitrogen in the granular fertilizer composition is lost via ammonia volatilization after exposure to Greenville (Greenville) soil for 20 days. In some embodiments, the content of nitrogen in the particulate fertilizer composition that is lost due to volatilization via ammonia is less than 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 wt% or between any two of these values after 20 days of exposure to greenville soil. In some embodiments, less than 20% by weight of nitrogen is lost from the granular fertilizer composition after 20 days of exposure to clauley (Crowley) soil. In some embodiments, the amount of nitrogen lost in the granular fertilizer composition after 20 days of exposure to clauli soil is less than 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 percent by weight, or between any two of these values.

Also disclosed is a granular fertilizer composition that may comprise at least two of the following types of granules: (a) a plurality of first granules, each first granule comprising (i) a first core granule that can comprise a urease inhibitor and a binder, and (ii) a urea-containing fertilizer composition in contact with an outer surface of the first core granule; (b) a plurality of second particles, each second particle comprising (i) a second core particle that can comprise a nitrification inhibitor and a binder, and (ii) a urea-containing fertilizer composition in contact with an outer surface of the second core particle; and (c) a plurality of third particles, each third particle may comprise a urea-comprising fertilizer and no core particle. In some embodiments, each first granule is substantially free of any nitrification inhibitor, each second granule is substantially free of any urease inhibitor, and each third granule is substantially free of any nitrification inhibitor or urease inhibitor. In some embodiments, each third particle may further comprise a nitrification inhibitor. In some embodiments, the urea-containing fertilizer composition in contact with the outer surface of the second core particle may further comprise DCD. The granular fertilizer composition provides flexibility in preparing a granular fertilizer composition having a desired final inhibitor concentration. For example, if the granular fertilizer composition comprises a 1-fold concentration of urease inhibitor without nitrification inhibitor, the first granules having a 2-fold concentration of urease inhibitor may be mixed with the third granules without any kind of inhibitor in a weight ratio of about 1: 1. This would eliminate the need to produce first core granules with different urease inhibitor concentrations, thus allowing the final concentration of urease inhibitor in the final granular fertilizer composition to be adjusted by adding an appropriate amount of a third granule without inhibitor. The same is true for the production of a granular fertilizer composition having a desired amount of nitrification inhibitor. In addition, the granular fertilizer composition may include a first granule having a 2-fold concentration of the urease inhibitor mixed with an approximately equal amount of a third granule having a 2-fold concentration of the nitrification inhibitor to produce a granular fertilizer composition having a 1-fold concentration of both inhibitors. This eliminates the need to produce core-shell particles with nitrification inhibitors, which simplifies the manufacturing process, since some nitrification inhibitors (including DCD) are relatively thermally stable and can be added directly to the molten urea during the manufacturing process without having to be protected in the core particles. Thus, various combinations of particle mixtures may be produced. For example, the granular fertilizer composition may comprise a plurality of first granules and a plurality of second granules in a weight ratio of about 1:1, without any third granules. As another example, the granular fertilizer composition may comprise a plurality of third granules and a plurality of first granules or a plurality of second granules, wherein the weight ratio of the first granules to the second granules or the third granules is about 1: 1. In some embodiments, the plurality of third particles have an average diameter of at least about 0.1mm, 0.2mm, 0.3mm, 0.4mm, or 0.5 mm.

Also disclosed are methods of enhancing plant growth by applying to the soil an effective amount of a composition containing any of the granular fertilizer compositions described herein.

The following embodiments 1 to 20 of the present invention are also disclosed. Embodiment 1 is a granular fertilizer composition comprising: (a) a first particle comprising a first core particle and a first shell, wherein the first core particle comprises a urease inhibitor and is substantially free of any nitrification inhibitor; and (b) a second particle comprising a second core particle and a second shell, wherein the second core particle comprises a nitrification inhibitor and is substantially free of any urease inhibitor. Embodiment 2 is the granular fertilizer composition of embodiment 1 wherein the first shell and the second shell comprise a nitrogen-containing fertilizer composition. Embodiment 3 is the granular fertilizer composition of embodiment 1 or 2 wherein the second shell further comprises a nitrification inhibitor. Embodiment 4 is the granular fertilizer composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 3 wherein the urease inhibitor comprises N- (N-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBTPT) and the nitrification inhibitor comprises dicyandiamide (DCD). Embodiment 5 is the particulate fertilizer composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the first core particle comprises NBTPT, and NBTPT comprises 1 to 5 wt% of the first core particle, the second core particle comprises DCD, and DCD comprises 10 to 50 wt% of the second core particle. Embodiment 6 is the granular fertilizer composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 5 wherein the first and second core granules further comprise a binder comprising one or more than one of plaster of paris, flour, biodegradable bleached wheat flour, starch, colloidal silica, kaolin, bentonite, or gluten. Embodiment 7 is the granular fertilizer composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 6 wherein the first core particle and the second core particle further comprise a filler comprising one or more of silica, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), or rice bran. Embodiment 8 is the particulate fertilizer composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the first core particle and the second core particle further comprise a pH buffering agent, the pH buffering agentThe granule comprises chalk powder and CaCO₃、MgO、KH₂PO₄、NaHCO₃、Na₂CO₃Or K₂CO₃One or more than one. Embodiment 9 is the granular fertilizer composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 8 wherein the granular fertilizer composition comprises a plurality of first granules and a plurality of second granules, and wherein the weight ratio of the first granules to the second granules is about 1: 1. Embodiment 10 is the particulate fertilizer composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the first core particle comprises 10 wt% to 94 wt% of the binder, 0 to 60 wt% of the filler, 5 wt% to 60 wt% of the pH balancing agent, and 1 wt% to 5 wt% of NBTPT, wherein the second core particle comprises 10 wt% to 85 wt% of the binder, 0 to 50 wt% of the filler, 5 wt% to 60 wt% of the pH balancing agent, and 10 wt% to 50 wt% of DCD. Embodiment 11 is the granular fertilizer composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 10 wherein the weight ratio of the first shell to the first core particle and the weight ratio of the second shell to the second core particle is about 40:1 to 5: 1. Embodiment 12 is the granular fertilizer composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 11 wherein the first and second core particles have a diameter of about 0.5mm to 2mm, and wherein the first and second particles have a diameter of about 1mm to 8 mm. Embodiment 13 is the granular fertilizer composition of any one of embodiments 1 through 12 wherein the granular fertilizer composition comprises nitrogen and less than 20 wt.% of the nitrogen in the granular fertilizer composition is lost via ammonia volatilization after exposure to greenville or crally soil for 20 days. Embodiment 14 is a granular fertilizer composition comprising at least two sets of granules: (a) a plurality of first particles, each first particle comprising: (i) a first core particle comprising NBTPT and a binder; and (ii) a urea-containing fertilizer composition in contact with the outer surface of the first core particle; (b) a plurality of second particles, each second particle comprising: (i) a second core particle comprising DCD and a binder; and (ii) a urea-containing fertilizer composition in contact with the outer surface of the second core particle; and (c) a plurality of third particles, each third particle comprising a urea-containing fertilizer and no core particle. Embodiment 15 is the granular fertilizer composition of embodiment 14, wherein each first granuleThe granules are substantially free of any nitrification inhibitor, each second granule is substantially free of any urease inhibitor, and each third granule is substantially free of any nitrification inhibitor or urease inhibitor. Embodiment 16 is the granular fertilizer composition of embodiment 14 wherein each third granule further comprises a nitrification inhibitor. Embodiment 17 is the particulate fertilizer composition of any one of embodiments 14 to 16, wherein the urea-containing fertilizer composition in contact with the outer surface of the second core particle further comprises DCD. Embodiment 18 is the granular fertilizer composition of any one of embodiments 14 to 17 wherein the third granules have a diameter of at least 0.5 mm. Embodiment 19 is the granular fertilizer composition of any one of embodiments 14 to 18, wherein the granular fertilizer composition comprises a plurality of first granules and a plurality of second granules, wherein the granular fertilizer does not comprise a third granule, and wherein the weight ratio of the first granules to the second granules is about 1: 1. Embodiment 20 is the granular fertilizer composition of any one of embodiments 14 to 17, wherein the granular fertilizer composition comprises a plurality of third granules, and a plurality of first granules or a plurality of second granules, and wherein the weight ratio of the third granules to the first granules or the second granules is about 1: 1.

The term "about" or "approximately" as used herein is defined as being close as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In one non-limiting embodiment, the term is defined as within 10%, preferably within 5%, more preferably within 1%, and most preferably within 0.5%.

The terms "weight percent," "volume percent," or "mole percent," respectively, refer to the weight percent of a component, the volume percent of a component, or the mole percent of a component, based on the total weight of materials, the total volume of materials, or the total molar amount of the components included. In one non-limiting example, 10 grams of a component in 100 grams of material is 10 weight percent of the component.

The term "substantially" is defined as including ranges within 10%, within 5%, within 1%, or within 0.5%.

The terms "inhibit" or "reduce" or "prevent" or "avoid" when used in the claims and/or the specification includes any measurable reduction or complete inhibition to achieve a desired result.

As used in this specification and/or in the claims, the term "effective" means suitable for achieving a desired, expected, or expected result.

When used in conjunction with any of the terms "comprising," "including," "containing," or "having" in the claims or specification, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" do not denote "one" or "the elements, but rather the plural forms are consistent with the meaning of" one or more, "" at least one, "and" one or more than one.

The words "comprising," "having," "including," or "containing" are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.

The fertilizer compositions of the present invention may "comprise," "consist essentially of," or "consist of" the particular ingredients, components, compositions, etc. disclosed throughout this specification. With respect to the conjunction "consisting essentially of … …," in one non-limiting aspect, an essential and novel feature of the fertilizer granule compositions of the present invention is their ability to inhibit the degradation of the components contained therein.

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following drawings, detailed description and examples. It should be understood, however, that the drawings, detailed description and examples, while indicating specific embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting. In addition, it is contemplated that variations and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description. In further embodiments, features from specific embodiments may be combined with features from other embodiments. For example, features from one embodiment may be combined with features of any other embodiment. In other embodiments, additional features may be added to the specific embodiments described herein.

Drawings

Advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings. The drawings may not be to scale.

Fig. 1A and 1B show a cross-section of a fertilizer granule. Fig. 1A shows a cross-section of a core-shell fertilizer granule. Fig. 1B shows a cross-section of a homogeneous fertilizer granule.

Fig. 2 depicts an embodiment of a method of producing a core-shell fertilizer particle.

Detailed Description

The granular fertilizer compositions described herein are mixtures of at least two different types of fertilizer granules. Some fertilizer granules described herein may comprise two separate parts: core particles and a shell of a nitrogen-based fertilizer composition. Other fertilizer granules are homogeneous, comprising a single matrix of a nitrogen-based fertilizer composition, with additional ingredients, such as nitrification inhibitors, in some embodiments, distributed throughout the matrix. These and other non-limiting aspects of the invention are discussed in further detail in the following sections.

A. Fertilizer granules

An exemplary cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a core-shell fertilizer particle for use in the granular fertilizer composition of the present invention is depicted in fig. 1A. In the embodiment shown, fertilizer granule 10 may comprise a core granule 2 and a shell 4. The core particle 2 has a circular cross-section, but can be easily made in other shapes. The core particle 2 may comprise a nitrification inhibitor or a urease inhibitor as well as other ingredients, for example a binder. The core particle 2 may also comprise fillers, pH balancing agents and/or polymeric thickeners. In the embodiment shown, the shell 4 surrounding the core particle 2 is made of a solid urea-comprising composition. Having the urease inhibitor NBTPT in the core particle 2 is particularly advantageous as it can protect the NBTPT from thermal degradation during granulation. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that a variety of configurations of fertilizer granule 10 are possible. For example, particles having a nitrification inhibitor in both the core particle 2 and the shell 4 may be prepared.

An exemplary cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a homogeneous fertilizer granule is depicted in fig. 1B. Homogeneous fertilizer granules 20 may contain a matrix 22 of a nitrogen-containing fertilizer composition, such as solid urea. Homogeneous fertilizer granules 20 may also include an inhibitor, such as DCD, and other suitable ingredients, such as a binder, a pH balancing agent, and/or a filler distributed within matrix 22.

The particulate fertilizer composition may comprise a combination of different types of core-shell particles. For example, the particulate fertilizer composition may comprise a mixture of particles having NBTPT in the core particle and particles having DCD in the core particle. Each of these types of granules can be mixed with homogeneous fertilizer granules that do not contain inhibitors.

Although the fertilizer granules shown in fig. 1A and 1B have a circular cross-section, various shapes are possible. For example, the fertilizer granules may be spherical, disc-shaped, ovoid, or elliptical. The fertilizer granules may also be of various sizes. In some embodiments, the fertilizer granules have a longest dimension of about 1mm to 8 mm.

The binders used in the fertilizer granules may be selected according to their suitability for the extrusion process for making the core granules. In some cases, the binder may receive a solvent, such as water. As used herein, "accepting a solvent" means that the solvent will affect the adhesive properties of the adhesive. Thus, as described herein, suitable solvents will affect the adhesive properties of the particular binder in the formulation, as well as other binders, fillers and excipients.

The core particles and fertilizer particles disclosed herein have desirable physical properties, such as desirable levels of attrition resistance, particle strength, pelletizability, hygroscopicity, particle shape, and size distribution, which are important properties for fertilizer core particles. Thus, the binder may be selected to optimize these properties.

A particular application of the embodiments disclosed herein is the stabilization of inhibitors, such as the stabilization of NBTPT and other fertilizer additives present in the core particle. Some fertilizer additives are unstable and are susceptible to degradation when exposed to high temperatures, pH changes (acidic or basic), and the like. In particular instances, the fertilizer core particles disclosed herein are embedded in or coated with a fertilizer composition, such as urea. In some cases, the shell, which can comprise urea, substantially surrounds at least a portion of the outer surface of the core particle.

In conventional fertilizer technology, various fertilizer additives are mixed with the fertilizer using an "all in one" process. In these cases, the fertilizer, fertilizer additives, excipients, and other ingredients are mixed together to form the fertilizer composition in the form of granules or pellets. In most cases, granulation is carried out at elevated temperatures to bring the fertilizer composition into a molten state. For example, the granulation temperature of molten urea is about 135 ℃ at about 35 atmospheres. Under these conditions, many fertilizer additives at least partially degrade. Traditionally, these stability problems have been addressed by using large excesses of fertilizer additives. Such processes, while in use, are not optimal and lead to problems with cost, effectiveness, by-products, environmental waste and greenhouse gases.

The production of the core particles disclosed herein provides a solution to the instability of certain fertilizer additives at higher temperatures. The binder, pH stabilizer, and/or filler may be selected such that the resulting composition synergistically protects the fertilizer additive from high temperature degradation. As disclosed herein, the binder, pH stabilizer, filler, and polymeric thickener may be mixed with the fertilizer additive and extruded to form the core particle.

In some embodiments, no nitrogen fertilizer composition is present in the core particle. Thus, in this case only fertilizer additives, such as urease inhibitors or nitrification inhibitors (as well as binders, pH buffers and/or fillers) are present in the core particle.

Certain fertilizer additives are unstable to changes in the pH of the composition during manufacture or after application to soil. For example, in the case of nitrogen-containing fertilizers, the soil environment will become acidic after application. Thus, fertilizer additives that are sensitive to acidic pH degrade and will not be able to achieve their full performance. The inclusion of large excesses of fertilizer additives to compensate for losses due to pH changes may not be successful because large excesses of fertilizer (as compared to fertilizer additives) may continue to alter the soilThe pH of the environment. Also, some commercial products, e.g.The fertilizer additive is added to the fertilizer composition using an organic solvent, such as NMP. Such use is undesirable and avoided in the production of certain embodiments of the fertilizer granules described herein.

In some embodiments disclosed herein, the core particle is embedded in a nitrogen-containing fertilizer composition, including a urea-containing composition. For example, in some embodiments, the shell comprising the fertilizer composition at least partially surrounds the outer surface of the fertilizer core particle. In some of these embodiments, the shell may comprise a nitrogen-containing fertilizer composition, such as urea. In some cases, two or more than two core particles may be embedded in the urea matrix.

B. Urease inhibitors and nitrification inhibitors

Urea is one of the most widely used fertilizers due to its high nitrogen content (46.6%). Various urease inhibitors and nitrification inhibitors have been developed to improve the efficiency of urea fertilizers, but their use can be challenging due to stability issues in the soil under various conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, precipitation, etc.). For example, NBTPT is known to be a good inhibitor of urease, but is unstable at acidic pH. NBTPT also decomposes when exposed to high temperatures, such as the temperature at which urea melts (about 135 ℃ to 140 ℃).

To overcome these problems, embodiments of fertilizer granules are provided wherein the fertilizer granules comprise a core granule coated with an outer coating of urea that first contacts the soil, thereby protecting the active ingredient in the core granule so that it will be gradually released. The fertilizer core particle may comprise both a binder and a pH buffering agent. pH buffers (e.g. CaCO)₃Available in the form of chalk powder) is a material that neutralizes the acidity caused by the hydrolysis of urea and thereby prevents degradation of the active agent (e.g., NBTPT) when placed in soil at acidic pH. Thus, the pH buffer may increase the efficacy of the active agent, such as NBTPT, and also maintain the pH of the soil. The fertilizer granules also have the function of inhibiting ureaseThe formulation and nitrification inhibitor retain the advantage of being in separate areas of the fertilizer granule, which prevents any degradation or other deleterious effects resulting from the combination of the different inhibitors.

The binder in the fertilizer core particle protects the active ingredient (e.g., NBTPT) from exposure to high temperatures during granulation, thereby preventing decomposition of the NBTPT during granulation. For example, a core containing plaster of paris (PoP) can be effective in preventing degradation of NBTPT during granulation. In such formulations, all active ingredients are protected by the PoP inside the core.

Other inhibitors besides NBTPT and DCD may also be included in the fertilizer granules described herein, including but not limited to 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), Thiourea (TU), Phenyl Phosphorodiamidate (PPDA), 2-chloro-6- (trichloromethyl) -pyridine (triclopyr), 5-ethoxy-3-trichloromethyl-1, 2, 4-thiadiazole (cloxazole), 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methyl-pyrimidine (AM), 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), or 2-Sulfoaminoimidazole (ST), or combinations thereof.

In addition to urea, other fertilizer materials may be included in the fertilizer granule. Other fertilizers may be selected based on the particular needs of certain types of soil, climate or other growing conditions to maximize the efficacy of the fertilizer granules in enhancing plant growth and crop yield. Other additives may also be included in the fertilizer granule including, but not limited to, micronutrients, primary nutrients, and secondary nutrients. Micronutrients are phytologically acceptable forms of inorganic or organometallic compounds such as boron, copper, iron, chloride, manganese, molybdenum, nickel or zinc. The primary nutrients are substances that can deliver nitrogen, phosphorus and/or potassium to plants. The primary nitrogen-containing nutrient may include urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate, urea formaldehyde, or a combination thereof. Secondary nutrients are substances that can deliver calcium, magnesium and/or sulfur to plants. The secondary nutrient may include lime, gypsum, calcium superphosphate, or a combination thereof.

C. Adhesive agent

The fertilizer granules described herein may comprise a binder, which is a substance used to bind the components of the mixture together by adhesive and/or cohesive forces. The core particle may comprise 10 to 99 wt% of the binder. The amount and type of binder may be selected based on the desired final properties of the core particle. The binder may be selected such that an extrusion process may be used during the production of the core particle. It will be appreciated that for certain binders, such as plaster of paris and bleached wheat flour, a certain amount of water (moisture) is required to make the core extrudable. Any free moisture present in the core during extrusion is typically removed after extrusion. However, there may be a residual free moisture content in the core particle, typically below 4 wt%, for example below 0.5 wt%.

In one aspect, the binder may comprise a phosphate, a polyphosphate, a biodegradable polymer or wax, or a combination thereof. Suitable waxes may include, but are not limited to, vegetable waxes, high melt waxes, ethylene bis (stearamide) waxes, paraffin waxes, polyethylene based waxes, and olefin waxes. Suitable phosphates may include, but are not limited to, diammonium phosphate and monoammonium phosphate. Suitable polyphosphates may include, but are not limited to ammonium polyphosphate. Suitable biodegradable polymers may include, but are not limited to, polyacrylamide, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylonitrile, biodegradable polylactic acid, and other biodegradable polymeric materials, such as polylactic acid, poly (3-hydroxypropionic acid), polyvinyl alcohol, poly-epsilon-caprolactone, poly-L-lactide, polybutylene succinate, and biodegradable starch-based polymers.

In another aspect, the binder may comprise plaster of paris, flour, starch, gluten, kaolin, bentonite, colloidal silica, or a combination thereof. Suitable flours may include, but are not limited to, rice flour, wheat flour, and bleached wheat flour. Suitable starches may include, but are not limited to, dextrin-modified starches.

pH buffers

The core particle may also contain one or more than one pH buffering agent to help counteract the tendency of the urea fertilizer to acidify the soil. Examples of suitable pH buffers can include, but are not limited to, CaCO₃、MgO、KH₂PO₄、NaHCO₃Chalk, aluminium, magnesium hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide coprecipitate, aluminium hydroxide/sodium bicarbonate coprecipitate, acetic acidCalcium, calcium hydrogen carbonate, calcium borate, calcium carbonate, calcium hydrogen carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium gluconate, calcium hydroxide, disodium hydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, magnesium acetate, magnesium borate, magnesium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium lactate, magnesium oxide, magnesium phosphate, magnesium silicate, magnesium succinate, magnesium tartrate, potassium acetate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium borate, potassium citrate, potassium metaphosphate, potassium phthalate, potassium phosphate, potassium polyphosphate, potassium pyrophosphate, potassium succinate, potassium tartrate, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium borate, sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, sodium gluconate, sodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium hydroxide, sodium lactate, sodium phthalate, sodium phosphate, sodium polyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tartrate, sodium tripolyphosphate, synthetic hydrotalcite, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium tartrate, Tripotassium phosphate, trisodium phosphate, and tromethamine, and combinations thereof.

E. Filler material

The core particle in the fertilizer particle may contain a filler, which is a material that may improve the physical properties of the core particle (e.g., compressive strength, homogeneity, and extrusion characteristics) or alter the release kinetics of inhibitors or micronutrients from the core particle. The filler combined with the binder may be selected to enhance the physical and release properties of the core particle. The filler may comprise, for example, silica, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), rice bran, or other biological material, or a combination thereof.

F. Nitrogenous fertilizer composition

In one aspect, the fertilizer granule may comprise an outer layer or shell comprising a nitrogen fertilizer (e.g., urea) or a combination of urea and other nitrogen fertilizers. Suitable other nitrogen fertilizers may include, but are not limited to, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, DAP, MAP, urea formaldehyde, ammonium chloride, and potassium nitrate. The shell containing urea can be fertilized (fat) onto the core particle by spraying molten urea onto the core particle during granulation.

G. Composition comprising a metal oxide and a metal oxide

The granular fertilizer compositions described herein may be used as such for application to soil, or may be mixed with other components of the composition for application to soil. In addition to the fertilizer granules, the composition may include other fertilizer compounds, micronutrients, primary nutrients, secondary nutrients, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and combinations thereof.

The granular fertilizer compositions described herein may also be included in a blend composition containing other fertilizer granules. Other fertilizer granules may be granules of urea, mono super phosphate (SSP), Tri Super Phosphate (TSP), ammonium sulphate, etc.

H. Method for manufacturing fertilizer granules and granular fertilizer compositions

In some embodiments, the core particle used in the core-shell particle is prepared by extruding a composition comprising a urease inhibitor, a binder, and optionally other suitable materials such as fillers, pH balancing agents, or other additives. The composition may be formed by mixing the ingredients in dry form, adding any solvent if desired and further mixing to produce an extrudable composition. If the binder is plaster, flour, starch or gluten, a solvent (e.g., water) may be required to prepare the extrudable composition, but if the binder comprises a wax, it may not be required. The extrusion may be performed using suitable extruder equipment known in the art, and may be performed at a temperature of 0 ℃ to 150 ℃ and screw revolutions of 1rpm to 500rpm, wherein the extruder may comprise a multi-feed device comprising an extrusion assembly, which may include a main drive, shaft, screw, barrel, and/or die. In some embodiments, the binder may be plaster of paris and the extrusion is performed at a temperature of about 15 ℃ to 50 ℃. In some embodiments, the extrusion process may include cutting the extrudate to form core particles having a cylindrical shape and a diameter and length of between about 0.5 and 2.0 mm. The method may also include a drying step to remove solvent that may have been added to make the composition extrudable. The cylindrical core particle may be spheronized to produce a core particle having a substantially spherical shape.

The core particle may be fertilized with a shell comprising a urea-comprising composition to form a fertilizer particle. The fattening process may comprise spraying the molten urea-comprising composition onto the core particles, for example in a granulation apparatus known in the art. When the molten urea-comprising composition is sprayed onto the core particles, it cools and solidifies, thereby forming fertilizer granules. The resulting fertilizer granules can be of various sizes. In some embodiments, the fertilizer particles are about 1mm to 8mm in size.

Fig. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a method by which fertilizer granules 10 may be produced. To prepare the core particle 2, the core particle ingredients, which may include binders, fillers, pH balancing agents, polymeric thickeners, and urease inhibitors or nitrification inhibitors, as well as other suitable ingredients, are placed into the hopper of the extruder 6. The extruder 6 pushes the mixed core particle composition through the die 8 during the extrusion process 12. In the extrusion process 12, the extrudate is cut into pieces by a cutting tool (not shown) connected to the die 8 to form core particles 2 (not drawn to scale), which may be further processed (not shown) to dry and form spheres, if desired. The core particles are then added to the granulator 14. The molten urea, which may also include DCD, is fed to the granulator via line 16. Within the granulator 14, the molten urea is sprayed onto the surface of the core particles 2, where it cools and solidifies in a process known as fattening 18. After fattening 18, the fertilizer granule 10 has a core granule 2 and a solid urea-containing shell.

Particulate fertilizer compositions comprising both types of core-shell particles can be prepared in a variety of ways. One way, a core-shell particle comprising a urease inhibitor in the core particle and a core-shell particle comprising a nitrification inhibitor in the core particle may be prepared separately, and then the different types of core-shell particles are mixed in the desired ratio to produce a granular fertilizer composition comprising both types of core-shell particles. Another method of preparing such compositions is to prepare separately a core particle with a urease inhibitor and a core particle with a nitrification inhibitor. The core particles may then be mixed together in the desired ratio and then added to the granulator and fattened. The resulting mixture will be a core-shell particle having a urease inhibitor in the core and a core-shell particle having a nitrification inhibitor in the core.

The homogeneous fertilizer granules included in the granular fertilizer compositions described herein can be prepared according to conventional granulation or pelletization techniques. In the case of homogeneous fertilizer granules comprising DCD, the DCD may be added to the molten urea composition in the desired amount before granulation.

I. Application method of fertilizer granules

The granular fertilizer compositions described herein are useful in methods of increasing the amount of nitrogen in soil and enhancing plant growth. Such methods may include applying to the soil an effective amount of a composition comprising fertilizer granules. The method may include increasing the growth and yield of crops such as rice, wheat, corn, barley, oats, and soybean.

The effectiveness of the particulate fertilizer compositions described herein can be determined by measuring the nitrogen content in the soil at various times after the fertilizer composition is applied to the soil. It is understood that different soils have different characteristics which affect the stability of nitrogen in the soil. The effectiveness of the fertilizer composition can also be directly compared to other fertilizer compositions by side-by-side comparison in the same soil under the same conditions. Compositions comprising fertilizer particles as described herein may be directly mixed with, for exampleOr

Compare with the fertilizer.

Sold by Koch Fertilizer, LLC (u.s.a.), is a liquid formulation containing NBTPT, which is based on NMP as the main solvent and contains other additives, and is usually sprinkled onto urea granules at the farm site. Therefore, it requires an additional step and incorporates NMP, a toxic solvent, before it can be used by farmers. A huge odor occurs during use.

Marketed by KochFertilizer, LLC, is a urea formulation containing NBTPT and DCD by granulating the twoSeed inhibitor is added to the urea melt.