Adsorbent for treating contaminated liquids
阅读说明：本技术 用于处理受污染液体的吸附剂 (Adsorbent for treating contaminated liquids ) 是由 N·布朗 N-A·夸梅 E·罗伯茨 S·福尔摩斯 于 2018-04-09 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明描述了一种制造吸附材料的方法,包括将第一粒状材料与第二材料混合,均匀化第一材料和第二材料的混合物,引入能够碳化的浸渍或涂覆材料,以及碳化混合物。还描述了根据该方法制造的吸附材料以及这种吸附材料在处理受污染液体中的使用。进一步描述了一种从一定量的受污染液体中去除污染物的方法。(The invention describes a method for producing an adsorption material, comprising mixing a first granular material with a second material, homogenizing the mixture of the first material and the second material, introducing an impregnating or coating material capable of being carbonized, and carbonizing the mixture. Adsorbent materials made according to the method and the use of such adsorbent materials in the treatment of contaminated liquids are also described. Further described is a method of removing contaminants from a quantity of contaminated liquid.)
1. A method of manufacturing an adsorbent material, the method comprising mixing a first particulate material with a second material, homogenising the mixture of the first and second materials, introducing an impregnating or coating material capable of carbonising, and carbonising the mixture.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the impregnating or coating material is curable.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the mixture is cured prior to or simultaneously with carbonizing.
4. The method of any preceding claim, wherein at least one of the first material and the second material is substantially non-porous.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the first material and the second material are both substantially non-porous.
6. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the first material and the second material are both granular.
7. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the second material and the impregnating or coating material capable of carbonising are the same.
8. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the first material and the second material are different.
9. The method of any preceding claim, wherein one or both of the first material and the second material are carbonaceous.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the carbonaceous material is selected from the group consisting of graphite intercalation compounds, compressed expanded graphite, natural flake graphite, activated carbon, graphite, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphene, glassy carbon, and amorphous carbon.
11. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein one or both of the first and second materials are granulated or powdered.
12. The method of any of claims 9-11, wherein the first material is powdered graphite and the second material is powdered activated carbon.
13. The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein at least one of the first material and the second material is non-carbonaceous.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein at least one of the first material and the second material is a metal, a semi-metal, a non-metal, or a ceramic.
15. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein at least one of the first and second materials is electrically conductive.
16. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein at least one of the first and second materials is an ion exchange material.
17. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the first material and the second material are mixed in any proportion.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the first material and the second material are mixed in a ratio of about 1:99 to about 99:1, about 10:90 to about 90:10, about 20:80 to about 80:20, about 30:70 to about 70:30, about 40:60 to about 60:40, and about 50:50 by weight.
19. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the impregnating or coating material is one or a mixture of thermosetting resins, thermoplastics or monomers.
20. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the impregnating or coating material is a polymerisable organic compound.
21. A method according to claim 19 or 20, wherein the impregnating or coating material is selected from phenolic resins, furan resins, oxidised polystyrene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene chloride, cellulose, epoxy resins, polystyrene, sucrose and polymethylmethacrylate.
22. A process according to claim 19 or 20, wherein the impregnating or coating material is polyfurfuryl alcohol.
23. The method of any one of claims 19 to 22, wherein the impregnating or coating material is cured by thermal treatment, using a chemical initiator, or a combination of both.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the chemical initiator is an acid or a base.
25. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the mixture is dried prior to carbonization.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein the material is crushed after carbonization.
27. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the material is activated, preferably after carbonization.
28. The method of claim 27, wherein activation is by chemical and/or physical means.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein the physical means comprises heating the material to a temperature sufficient to peel the material and holding the material at the temperature for a time sufficient to allow peeling.
30. The method of claim 29, wherein the material is heated to about 800 ℃ to about 900 ℃.
31. The method of claim 30, wherein the material is purged with one or more gases suitable for providing an oxidizing atmosphere.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein the gas is one or a combination of water vapor, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide.
33. The method of claim 28, wherein the chemical means of activation is an acid, a salt and/or a base.
34. The method of claim 33, wherein the chemical means is one or a combination of phosphoric acid, zinc chloride, potassium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide.
35. The method of claim 28, wherein activating comprises soaking the carbonized material in an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide, optionally subjecting the material to vacuum pressure cycles, drying the material, maintaining the material at an elevated temperature to evaporate water, heating the material to about 700 ℃ for a time sufficient to activate the material.
36. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the material is washed.
37. The method of claim 36, wherein the washing is performed after crushing.
38. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the method comprises subjecting the material to reduced pressure for a period of time and subsequently returning the pressure to atmospheric pressure.
39. The method of claim 38, wherein the vacuum pressure cycling occurs prior to carbonization.
40. The method of claim 1, wherein the impregnating or coating material is non-curable.
41. An adsorbent material produced or obtainable by the method of any one of claims 1 to 40.
42. An adsorbent material manufactured or obtainable by the method of any one of claims 1 to 39, wherein the first material is powdered graphite and the second material is powdered activated carbon or carbon black and the impregnating or coating material is furfuryl alcohol.
43. Use of the adsorbent material according to claim 41 or 42 in the treatment of a contaminated liquid.
44. A method of treating a surface of an adsorbent material comprising flowing an electrical current through the adsorbent material in the absence of adsorbed contaminants.
45. A method of treating the surface of an adsorbent material according to claim 44, wherein the adsorbent material is manufactured or obtainable by a method according to any one of claims 1 to 40.
46. An adsorbent material made or obtainable by the method of any one of claims 44 and 45.
47. A method of removing contaminants from a quantity of contaminated liquid, the method comprising flowing an electrical current through an adsorbent material prior to contacting the adsorbent material with the contaminated liquid, contacting the adsorbent with the contaminated liquid such that the adsorbent material adsorbs contaminants from the contaminated liquid, and regenerating the adsorbent by flowing an electrical current through the adsorbent.
48. A method according to claim 47, wherein the adsorbent material is manufactured or obtainable by a method according to any one of claims 1 to 40.
49. A method for treating the surface of an adsorbent material according to claim 44, wherein the adsorption capacity of the material surface is enhanced by electrochemical treatment.
50. A method according to claim 49 wherein the enhancement is achieved in situ prior to adsorption in the absence of adsorbate and/or when adsorbate is adsorbed onto the surface of the adsorbent material.
Example 3 compressive carbonization impregnation NYEXTM(CCIN)
The present embodiments relate to methods according to the first and fourth aspects of the invention, and to materials according to the second and third aspects of the invention.
To overcome the difficulties associated with CEG materials, particularly low densities, composites of CEG materials and furfuryl alcohol-derived carbon have been investigated.
The material is produced by using CEG as a substrate on which carbon is grown. Carbon growth is in the form of pyrolysis of polymerized furfuryl alcohol that has been impregnated onto CEG. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated that the material surface had changed significantly due to immersion.
Screening of NYEX as described in example 2TMGranulation, then mixing with furfuryl alcohol. Furfuryl alcohol is polymerized and the resulting material is carbonized and stripped simultaneously because the high temperature at which carbonization occurs is sufficient to strip the NYEXTMAnd (3) granules. Followed by compression and size reduction with a force of 15,000 kg. The compressed material was then crushed to form granules, which were measured to have an average particle size of 720 microns. FIGS. 2a and 2b show Nyex, respectivelyTMAnd Nyex impregnated with furfuryl alcoholTMScanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of (a).
By varying the Furfuryl Alcohol (FA) to CEG mass ratio; mass ratio of activator (KOH) to CEG; and compressive forces generate multiple CCIN materials. Details of the various materials are shown in table 2.
TABLE 2
The average surface area of the CCIN material, determined by nitrogen adsorption, was 24m2g-1The surface area is larger than NYEXTMBut only slightly larger than the surface of the previous CEG material. The furfuryl alcohol-derived carbon was measured to have a surface area of 0.254m2g-1This means that the contribution to the total surface area of the material is not large.
The density change of the various CCIN materials produced is shown in Table 2. The use of higher proportions of furfuryl alcohol results in an increase in the composite density due to the formation of more furfuryl alcohol derived carbon. The increased amount of KOH used during activation results in a decrease in density due to the increased porosity of the material. In addition, the additional compressive force increases the density due to the increased compactness of the material.
The bed conductivity of the CCIN composite was measured and the results are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3
Current (mA)
Potential drop (V cm)-1)
Resistance (omega cm)
Electrical conductivity (omega)-1cm-1)
50
0.053
6.53
0.15
100
0.106
6.53
0.15
200
0.209
6.43
0.16
400
0.417
6.42
0.16
800
0.826
6.36
0.16
1000
0.950
5.85
0.17
The average conductivity was found to be 0.16. + -. 0.01. omega-1cm-1This is in contrast to NYEXTMAs much as. This indicates that these CCIN composites will be capable of electrochemical regeneration.
The adsorption kinetics of CCIN material for the removal of AV-17 dye was studied. Although the CCIN particles have an increased surface area available for adsorption, the kinetics were found to be slower. Without wishing to be bound by scientific theory, it is believed that processing NYEXTMSo that some of the inner surface is available for adsorption increasing the porosity of the material. Thus, adsorption is no longer confined to the outer surface and the internal diffusion part of the adsorption process becomes the rate determining step. The amount of AV-17 removed from the solution is greater than NYEXTMOf (4) was measured.
The adsorption isotherms for the removal of AV-17 dye and resorcinol by the CCIN composite show that the CCIN material adsorbs 6mg g of each-1And 18mg g-1AV-17 and resorcinol. This is approximately NYEXTMIs twice the adsorption capacity of (A), NYEX is determinedTMThe adsorption capacities for AV-17 and resorcinol were 3.5mg g-1And 6mg g-1. Without wishing to be bound by scientific theory, it is believed that larger sized AV-17 dye molecules occupy a greater proportion of the adsorbent surface than smaller resorcinol molecules.
Table 4 shows the CCIN materials and NYEXTMComparison of regeneration efficiency of (1).
TABLE 4
Although CCIN materials are shown to be compatible with NYEXTMThe regeneration efficiency is comparable but their energy costs are significantly increased because the low density nature of the CCIN particles results in a reduced bed compactness and thus higher overall bed electrical resistance.
In the reaction with NYEXTMThe regeneration efficiency of the CCIN material was measured to be about 63% at the same current density used, which is significantly lower than NYEXTMBut the charge per unit of contaminant removed is low. Therefore, although the adsorption amount of CCIN was
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