阅读说明：本技术 具有优化的电流密度分布的电流传感器、确定负载电流的方法 (Current sensor with optimized current density distribution, method for determining load current ) 是由 M·施拉梅 R·施罗佩尔 A·奥默尔 于 2018-02-28 设计创作，主要内容包括：一种检测流出或流入车辆电池的电流的电流传感器,包括：*测量电路；和*电导体,其具有：-至少一个由第一电势拾取接触部(1)和第二电势拾取接触部(2)限定的第一测量路径,在其上能够检测第一测量路径的第一电压(U1)；-用于与连接元件电接触的第一连接触点(21)；-用于电接触电池极端子的第二连接触点(22)；和-用于电接触用于提供校准电流的设备的电流馈入接触部(5)；第一测量路径在第一连接触点(21)和第二连接触点(22)之间串联实现,根据电导体的几何参数(11、12、13、14、15)和接触部(1、2、3、4、5、6、21、22),电导体设计成在电流馈入接触部(5)处馈入的校准电流(Iref)产生第一测量路径中的电流密度分布,该分布与第一测量路径中由能在第一连接触点(21)处馈入的电流强度相等的负载电流(Iload)产生的电流密度分布接近。(A current sensor that detects current flowing out of or into a vehicle battery, comprising: a measurement circuit; and an electrical conductor having: -at least one first measurement path defined by a first potential pick-up contact (1) and a second potential pick-up contact (2), on which a first voltage (U1) of the first measurement path can be detected; -a first connection point (21) for electrical contact with the connection element; -a second connection contact (22) for electrically contacting a battery pole terminal; and-a current feed contact (5) for electrically contacting a device for providing a calibration current; the first measuring path is realized in series between a first connecting contact (21) and a second connecting contact (22), the electrical conductor being designed, depending on the geometric parameters (11, 12, 13, 14, 15) and the contact sections (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 21, 22) of the electrical conductor, such that a calibration current (Iref) fed in at the current feed-in contact section (5) produces a current density distribution in the first measuring path which is close to a current density distribution in the first measuring path produced by a load current (Iload) of equal current strength which can be fed in at the first connecting contact (21).)

1. A current sensor for detecting current flowing out of or into a vehicle battery, comprising:

a measurement circuit; and

an electrical conductor having:

-at least one first measurement path defined by a first (1) and a second (2) electrical potential pick-up contact, at which a first voltage (U1) on the first measurement path is detectable;

-a first connection point (21) for electrical contact with the connection element;

-a second connection contact (22) for electrical contact with a battery terminal; and

-a current feed contact (5) for electrical contact with a device for providing a calibration current;

wherein a first measurement path is realized in series between the first connection point (21) and the second connection point (22), wherein the electrical conductor is designed such that, on the basis of the geometric parameters (11, 12, 13, 14, 15) and the contacts (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 21, 22) of the electrical conductor, a calibration current (Iref) that can be fed in at the current feed-in contact (5) results in a current density distribution in the first measurement path that is close to a current density distribution in the first measurement path that results from an equal-magnitude load current (Iload) that can be fed in at the first connection point (21).

2. The current sensor according to claim 1, wherein the current feed-in contact (5) is spaced from the first measurement path by a first distance (12), the first measurement path being a conductor section having a defined length, width (11) and height, the first (1) and second (2) potential pick-up contacts being arranged at the edge of the first measurement path, whereby the length of the first measurement path is defined by the distance between the first (1) and second (2) potential pick-up contacts, wherein in particular the width (11) of the first measurement path is larger than the height of the first measurement path, the first distance (12) is larger than 1/8 or 2/8 or 3/8 or 4/8 or 5/8 or 6/8 or 7/8 or 8/8 of the width (11) of the first measurement path.

3. Current sensor according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the electrical conductor has a second measurement path which is defined by a third (3) and a fourth (4) potential pick-up contact, at which third (3) and fourth (4) potential pick-up contact a second voltage (U2) on the second measurement path can be detected, the second measurement path being a conductor section with a defined length, width (13) and height, the third (3) and fourth (4) potential pick-up contact being arranged at one edge of the second measurement path, the length of the second measurement path thus being defined by the distance between the third (3) and fourth (4) potential pick-up contact, wherein in particular the width (13) of the second measuring path is greater than the height of the second measuring path, the second measuring path and the first measuring path being realized in series with one another between the first connecting point (21) and the second connecting point (22), wherein the current feed-in contact (5) is positioned in series between the second measuring path and the first measuring path.

4. Current sensor according to claim 3, wherein the electrical conductor is realized such that the current density resulting from a calibration current (Iref) that can be fed in at the current feed contact (5) converges towards zero in the second measurement path, based on the geometrical parameters (11, 12, 13, 14, 15) of the electrical conductor and the contacts (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 21, 22).

5. Current sensor according to claim 3 and/or 4, wherein the current feed contact (5) is spaced from the second measurement path by a second distance (14), the second distance (14) being greater than 1/8 or 2/8 or 3/8 or 4/8 or 5/8 or 6/8 or 7/8 or 8/8 of the width (13) of the second measurement path.

6. Current sensor according to any of claims 3 to 5, wherein the electrical conductor has a first sub-region in which the current feed-in contact (5) is arranged, wherein the length of the first sub-region is delimited by the first and second measurement paths, the first sub-region having a greater width and/or height and/or a greater material thickness than the first and/or second measurement paths.

7. Current sensor according to any of claims 3 to 6, wherein the distance from the second measurement path to the first measurement path is defined by the distance from the fourth electrical potential pick-up contact (4) to the first electrical potential pick-up contact (1), the distance from the second measurement path to the first measurement path being smaller than the sum of the distance between the fourth electrical potential pick-up contact (4) and the current feed-in contact (5) and the distance between the current feed-in contact (5) and the first electrical potential pick-up contact (1).

8. Current sensor according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the electrical conductor has a current output contact (6) to form a closed circuit for the calibration current (Iref).

9. Current sensor according to claim 8, wherein the current output contact (6) is spaced from the first measurement path by a third distance (15), the first measurement path being a conductor section having a defined length, width (11) and height, the first (1) and second (2) potential pick-up contacts being arranged at one edge of the first measurement path, the length of the first measurement path thus being defined by the distance between the first (1) and second (2) potential pick-up contacts, wherein in particular the width (11) of the first measurement path is greater than the height of the first measurement path, the third distance (15) is greater than 1/8 or 2/8 or 3/8 or 4/8 or 5/8 or 6/8 or 7/8 or 8 of the width (11) of the first measurement path 8.

10. Current sensor according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the electrical conductor has a first sub-region in which the current feed contact (5) is arranged, wherein the first sub-region has a width which decreases and/or narrows in a region around the current feed contact (5), wherein in particular the region around the current feed contact (5) has a narrowing.

11. Current sensor according to one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the electrical conductor has a second sub-region in which the current output contact (6) is arranged, the length of which is delimited by the first measurement path and the connection contact (22), which has a width that decreases and/or tapers in a region around the current output contact (6), in particular in a region with a constriction around the current output contact (6).

12. Current sensor according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the electrical conductor has a first sub-region in which the current feed contact (5) is arranged, the length of which is delimited by the first and second measurement paths, wherein at least one surface, in particular both surfaces, of the first sub-region is oval.

13. Current sensor according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the first and/or the second measurement path has a uniform current density distribution in case a load current (Iload) and a calibration current (Iref) can be fed in.

14. The current sensor of at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the electrical conductor is configured to be material-consistent.

15. A method for determining a load current (Iload) flowing through an electrical conductor of an electrical current sensor according to any one of the preceding claims,

-the method comprises the steps of:

-measuring a first measurement voltage (U1) falling on the first measurement path (R1),

-calculating the load current (Iload) based on at least the first measured voltage (U1) and an operating parameter,

-wherein the method has only the following steps during the respective calibration period:

-flowing a calibration current (Iref) into the current feed contact (5), and

-measuring a first calibration voltage (U1) dropped over the first measurement path (R1) at least when a calibration current (Iref) is flowing,

-wherein an operating parameter is calculated based on at least the first calibration voltage (U1) and the amperage of the calibration current (Iref).

16. The current sensor according to any one of claims 1 to 14 having

-at least one first voltmeter and in particular one second voltmeter, wherein the first voltmeter is configured to measure the voltage dropped over the first measurement path (U1), the second voltmeter is configured to measure the voltage dropped over the second measurement path (U2),

-at least one device for providing a calibration current (Iref), which device is configured to flow the calibration current (Iref) through the first measurement path, and

-an electronic control device configured to perform the method according to claim 15.

Technical Field

The invention relates to a current sensor for detecting a current flowing out of or into a vehicle battery, and to a method for determining a load current flowing through an electrical conductor of the current sensor.

Background

Such a current sensor can be used in particular for determining the state of charge of a battery (for example a vehicle battery). In order to determine the state of charge, it is often necessary to measure the battery current. The battery current may also be referred to as the load current. For this reason, in embodiments according to the prior art, high precision resistors or sensors are typically used to measure the magnetic field strength. The disadvantages of the above-described embodiments are in particular the high cost, in particular the high cost of manufacturing the resistor material, which has a more or less constant resistance value in the usual temperature range, for example-40 ℃ to 105 ℃. An example of such a material is a copper/nickel/manganese alloy, such as manganin.

For example, a current measurement may be provided to a battery sensor to calculate a physical variable of the battery downstream.

For some time now, there have been methods that can replace high precision resistors with more cost effective components as measurement resistors, also known as shunt resistors or measurement paths. One possibility is to calibrate the shunt resistor over and over the lifetime of the battery sensor.

However, it has been found that under prevailing boundary conditions, in particular in the case of the desired low power consumption of the sensors, even if the currents generated in the motor vehicle are measured simultaneously, which are high and can vary significantly over time, continuous recalibration is difficult, since the calibration current to be used for calibration is intended to be selected to be small and intended to be applied only temporarily.

Disclosure of Invention

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a current sensor which is particularly inexpensive compared to known designs and which is capable of determining the load current better and/or more accurately. It is also an object of the invention to provide a related method.

According to the invention, this problem is solved by a current sensor according to claim 1 and a method according to claim 15. Advantageous embodiments can be derived, for example, from the respective dependent claims. The content of the claims is incorporated in the content of the description by explicit reference.

Alternatively, the invention preferably relates to a current sensor for detecting a current flowing out of or into a vehicle battery, comprising a measuring circuit, in particular a device for providing an output signal, and an electrical conductor. In this regard, the electrical conductor includes at least a first measurement path defined by a first electrical potential pick-up contact and a second electrical potential pick-up contact. Thus, the first voltage on the first measurement path can be detected by means of the first and second electrical potential pick-up contacts. In this connection, the electrical conductor has a first connection point for electrically contacting the connection element. The electrical conductor also has a second connecting contact for electrically contacting the battery pole terminal. The electrical conductor also has a current feed contact which is in electrical contact with a device for providing a calibration current. In this case, the first measuring path is formed in series between the first connection point and the second connection point. Particularly preferably, depending on the geometric parameters of the electrical conductor and the contact, in particular with regard to its composition and/or the position of the contact on the electrical conductor, the electrical conductor is designed such that a calibration current which can be fed in at the current feed-in contact will produce a current density distribution in the first measurement path and/or a current density profile along the first measurement path and/or an electrical potential distribution in the first measurement path which will be close to a current density distribution in the first measurement path and/or a current density profile along the first measurement path and/or an electrical potential distribution in the first measurement path produced by a load current of equal current strength which can be fed in at the first connecting contact point.

A contact is preferably understood to mean a current feed contact and/or a first potential pick-up contact and/or a second potential pick-up contact and/or a first connection point and/or a second connection point.

Preferably, the calibration current fed in at the current feed-in contact generates the same voltage on the first measurement path as a load current with the same current intensity, which is fed in at the first connecting contact and in particular flows to the second connecting contact.

Preferably, the invention is also based on the idea of: the point-like injection of the calibration current produces a substantially circular equipotential surface in the area around the current feed contact. In particular, this results in an uneven distribution of the current density along the cross section of the electrical conductor in the area around the current feed-in contact.

Preferably, the first measurement path is a conductor section having a defined length, width and height, the first and second potential pick-up contacts being arranged at one edge of the first measurement path, whereby the length of the first measurement path is defined by the distance from the first potential pick-up contact to the second potential pick-up contact, wherein in particular the width of the first measurement path is larger than the height of the first measurement path.

Preferably, the first and second electrical potential pick-up contacts are arranged on opposite sides or side or outer edges of the first measurement path.

Preferably, the current feed-in contact is spaced apart from the first measurement path by a first distance, the first measurement path being a conductor section having a defined length, width and height, the first and second potential pick-up contacts being arranged at one edge of the first measurement path, the length of the first measurement path thus being defined by the distance between the first and second potential pick-up contacts, wherein, in particular, the width of the first measurement path is greater than the height of the first measurement path, the first distance is greater than 1/8 or 2/8 or 3/8 or 4/8 or 5/8 or 6/8 or 7/8 or 8/8 of the first measurement path width.

Preferably, the electrical conductor has a second measurement path which is defined by a third and a fourth electrical potential pick-up contact at which a second voltage on the second measurement path can be detected.

Particularly preferably, the second measurement path is a conductor section with a defined length, width and height, the third and fourth potential pickup contacts being arranged at one edge of the first measurement path, the length of the first measurement path thus being defined by the distance from the third potential pickup contact to the fourth potential pickup contact, wherein the width of the second measurement path is particularly larger than the height of the second measurement path.

Preferably, the third and fourth electrical potential pick-up contacts are arranged on opposite sides or side or outer edges of the second measurement path.

Particularly preferably, the second measuring path and the first measuring path are realized in series with one another between a first connecting point and a second connecting point, wherein in particular the current feed contact is positioned in series between the second measuring path and the first measuring path.

The invention is preferably based on the idea that: the feeding of the calibration current at the current feed contact does not substantially cause an inhomogeneous current density distribution along the cross-sectional area of the first measurement path and/or the second measurement path.

Preferably, the cross-sectional area is given by the width and height of the first measuring path and/or the second measuring path.

Preferably, the electrical conductor is realized such that, based on the geometric parameters of the electrical conductor and the contact, the current density resulting from the calibration current that can be fed in at the current feed-in contact converges towards zero in the second measurement path.

Preferably, the current feed contact is spaced from the second measuring path by a second distance which is greater than 1/8 or 2/8 or 3/8 or 4/8 or 5/8 or 6/8 or 7/8 or 8/8 of the second measuring path width.

Preferably, the electrical conductor has a first subregion in which the current feed-in contact is arranged, wherein the length of the first subregion is delimited by the first and the second measurement path, the first subregion having a greater width and/or height and/or a greater material thickness than the first and/or the second measurement path.

Particularly preferably, the width and/or height and/or material thickness is larger and/or thicker than the first measuring path and/or the second measuring path by at least 1/10.

Preferably, the relative resistance value of a first partial region of the electrical conductor, in which the current feed-in contact is arranged, is lower than the first and/or second measurement path, the length of which is delimited by the first and second measurement path.

The first partial region particularly preferably has a larger cross-sectional area than the first measuring path and/or the second measuring path. In particular, the first sub-region is wider.

The first subregion particularly preferably has a lower specific resistance/resistivity than the first and/or second measuring path.

Preferably, the distance from the second measurement path to the first measurement path is defined by the distance from the fourth electrical potential pick-up contact to the first electrical potential pick-up contact being smaller than the sum of the distance between the fourth electrical potential pick-up contact and the current feed-in contact and the distance between the current feed-in contact and the first electrical potential pick-up contact.

The distance from the second measurement path to the first measurement path is preferably equal to the length of the first sub-area. In particular, the distance from the second measurement path to the first measurement path is defined by potential pick-up contacts arranged on opposite or opposite sides or side or outer edges of the first sub-area. The distance from the second measurement path to the first measurement path is particularly preferably defined by the internal potential pick-up contact.

The connecting lines between the fourth potential pick-up contact, the current feed-in contact and the first potential pick-up contact preferably form a triangle.

Preferably, the second measurement path and the first measurement path are arranged at an angle, in particular at right angles, to each other. The first and second measuring paths are therefore not in particular in a straight line.

Preferably, the electrical conductor has a current output contact to form a closed circuit for the calibration current.

It is particularly preferred that the current output contact is spaced apart from the first measurement path by a third distance, the first measurement path being a conductor section having a defined length, width and height, the first and second potential pick-up contacts being arranged at one edge of the first measurement path, the length of the first measurement path thus being defined by the distance between the first and second potential pick-up contacts, wherein in particular the width of the first measurement path is greater than the height of the first measurement path, the first distance being greater than 1/8 or 2/8 or 3/8 or 4/8 or 5/8 or 6/8 or 7/8 or 8/8 of the first measurement path width.

Preferably, the electrical conductor has a first partial region in which the current feed-in contact is arranged, wherein the first partial region has a width which decreases and/or narrows in a region around the current feed-in contact, wherein in particular the region around the current feed-in contact has a narrowing.

Preferably, the electrical conductor has a first tapered section which is spaced from the current feed contact by no more than a fourth distance which is less than 1/8 or 2/8 or 3/8 or 4/8 or 5/8 or 6/8 or 7/8 or 8/8 of the first measured path width.

Preferably, the electrical conductor has a second sub-region in which the current output contact is arranged, the length of the second sub-region being delimited by the first measurement path and the second connection contact, the second sub-region having a width, wherein the width decreases and/or narrows in a region around the current output contact (in particular in a region with a constriction around the current output contact).

Preferably, the electrical conductor has a second tapered section which is spaced from the current output contact by no more than a fifth distance which is less than 1/8 or 2/8 or 3/8 or 4/8 or 5/8 or 6/8 or 7/8 or 8/8 of the first measurement path width.

Preferably, the electrical conductor has a first sub-region in which the current feed-in contact is arranged, the length of which is delimited by the first measurement path and the second measurement path, wherein at least one surface (in particular both surfaces) of the first sub-region is oval or circular or funnel-shaped.

Preferably, the first measurement path and/or the second measurement path have a uniform current density distribution or a uniform current density at the provided or providable load current and calibration current.

Preferably, the electrical conductor is made of a homogeneous material.

The current feed contact is preferably spaced apart from the first measurement path.

The current feed contact is preferably spaced apart from the second measurement path.

The current feed contact is preferably point-shaped.

Preferably, the current feed contact is formed over a substantial part of the circumference of the electrical conductor.

The current feed contact is preferably formed outside the first measuring path and outside the second measuring path.

The current sensor preferably comprises a housing in which the measuring circuit, and in particular the electrical conductor, is embedded partially.

The current output contacts are preferably formed outside the first measuring path and outside the second measuring path.

The invention also relates to a method of determining a load current of an electrical conductor flowing through a current sensor,

-the method comprises the steps of:

measuring a first measurement voltage falling on a first measurement path,

-calculating a load current based on at least the first measured voltage and the operating parameter,

-wherein the method has only the following steps during the respective calibration period:

-causing a calibration current to flow in the current feed contact, and

measuring a first calibration voltage dropping on the first measurement path at least while the calibration current is flowing,

-wherein the operating parameter is calculated based on at least the first calibration voltage and the amperage of the calibration current.

Preferably, the current sensor has:

at least one first voltmeter, which is designed to measure the voltage falling off on the first measurement path, and in particular one second voltmeter, which is designed to measure the voltage falling off on the second measurement path,

-at least one device for providing a calibration current, the device being configured to pass the calibration current through a first measurement path, and

an electronic control device configured to perform a method.

The method for determining the load current flowing through the electrical conductor of the current sensor preferably relates to a method for determining the load current flowing through a measuring resistor bank. The measuring resistor bank has a plurality of branches, each branch having an electrical conductor according to the invention.

The method preferably has the following steps for each branch:

measuring a first measurement voltage falling on the first measurement path and a second measurement voltage falling on the second measurement path,

-calculating a first operating parameter based on the first measured voltage and the second measured voltage,

-calculating a load current based on at least the second measured voltage and the second operating parameter,

-wherein the method has only the following steps during the respective calibration:

-flowing a calibration current into the current feed contact, wherein the calibration current is divided into a first calibration partial current flowing through the first measurement path and a second calibration partial current flowing through the second measurement path, and

measuring a first calibration voltage dropped on a first measurement path in the case of a calibration current and a load current flowing through, and measuring a second calibration voltage dropped on a second measurement path in the case of a calibration current and a load current flowing through,

-wherein the second operating parameter is calculated based on at least the first calibration voltage, the second calibration voltage, the first operating parameter and the amperage of the calibration current.

The method according to the invention advantageously makes it possible to determine the load current.

To this end, the measuring resistor, which initially comprises only a single resistor, can be generalized as a measuring resistor group with at least one branch having at least two measuring paths. It should be understood that any desired number of branches may be used, i.e. for example one branch, two branches, three branches or more.

The load current may in particular be those parts of the total load current which flow through the respective branch.

It should preferably be understood that the voltage dropped across the respective measurement path (i.e. the measurement voltage or the calibration voltage) may be measured substantially directly across the respective measurement path, or may be measured in the following manner: that is, the total voltage is measured across a plurality of resistors (e.g., two resistors) and the voltage dropped across the other resistor is subtracted therefrom. These embodiments are equivalent in the sense of the present application and are all intended to be included in the formulae used herein accordingly.

It should preferably be understood that the first measured voltage or the sum of the first measured voltage and the second measured voltage may also be used as an alternative to the second measured voltage in the step of calculating the load current based on at least the second measured voltage and the second operating parameter. Such variations are to be considered equivalents.

In the case of a plurality of branches, the respectively calculated load currents of the branches are preferably added to form a total load current.

For details of this process, please refer to the following examples.

The first calibration current is preferably different, in particular opposite, to the second calibration current, based on the current direction of the load current. This results in advantageous solvability of the system of equations, which will be described in further detail below.

According to one embodiment, the second calibration split current is zero. This makes it possible to dispense with a current source and to make particularly simple evaluations possible.

It should be understood that those embodiments in which the calibration split current is, for example, thus zero are included in the above disclosure.

The second operating parameter preferably corresponds to the product of the resistance value of the second measurement path and the gain factor of the voltmeter measuring the second measurement voltage.

The second operating parameter may in particular be calculated as the difference between a first fraction and a second fraction, wherein the numerator of the first fraction comprises the second reference voltage, wherein the denominator of the first fraction comprises the present strength of the calibration current, wherein the numerator of the second fraction comprises the first reference voltage, and wherein the denominator of the second fraction comprises the product of the first operating parameter and the current strength of the calibration current. This allows advantageously to calculate the second operating parameter, in particular for the above meaning. For mathematical background, please refer to the following examples.

It should be understood that in the case of equations or formulas set forth in this application, certain transformations (particularly trivial transformations) are also considered to be fundamentally equivalent, whether in text or as a formula, and not to depart from the scope of protection. For example, the equation may be multiplied by a constant.

The first operating parameter preferably corresponds to a ratio of:

the product of the resistance value of the second measurement path and the gain factor of the voltmeter that measures the second measurement voltage, and

-the product of the resistance value of the first measurement path and the gain factor of the voltmeter that measures the first measurement voltage.

In this case, the first operating parameter is preferably calculated by dividing the first measured voltage by the second measured voltage or by means of a regression analysis based on the first measured voltage and the second measured voltage. This allows, in particular, for the above-mentioned meaning to advantageously calculate the first operating parameter.

The first operating parameter is preferably calculated outside the calibration period, in particular if the measurement voltage is also measured.

According to one embodiment, the load current is calculated during the respective calibration period by deducing the load current from a time outside the calibration period. This takes into account the fact that, according to an embodiment, it may be difficult or even impossible to accurately calculate the load current during the calibration period (that is to say with the calibration current superimposed).

According to one embodiment, the second calibration shunt current is zero and the load current is calculated based on the second calibration voltage, the second operating parameter and the amperage of the calibration current during the respective calibration period. This takes into account in particular the fact that the load current can be calculated accurately even during the calibration period, in particular in the case of zero second calibration shunt current.

In this case, the load current can be determined in particular in two different exemplary ways. On the one hand, it can be obtained by dividing the first calibration voltage by the second operating parameter, subtracting the known calibration current, and on the other hand, it can be obtained by dividing the second calibration voltage by the product of the first and second operating parameters.

The final result is advantageously output or calculated as the average of the two methods described above.

According to one embodiment, the load current is calculated by dividing the second measured voltage by the second operating parameter outside the calibration period.

According to one embodiment, the load current is calculated during the calibration period by dividing the first calibration voltage by the second operating parameter minus a correction value, wherein the correction value is preferably the current strength of the calibration current, in particular in the case of zero second calibration partial current.

The estimated value may also be divided by the calibration current. Since the nominal resistance values of the first and second measurement paths are generally known, it is generally possible to estimate how the current will be distributed. This usually results in only a small error as long as the calibration current is small compared to the load current.

The current strength of the calibration current may in particular be determined based on a voltage drop measured over a reference resistor, in particular a temperature-stable and/or long-term-stable reference resistor. The long term stable reference resistor has a known resistance.

It should be mentioned that in the first example, only the total calibration current is therefore usually measured, i.e. the two calibration partial currents are not known. The calibration current may be measured in view of a number of possibilities. The voltage measurement on the reference resistance just mentioned is an example. Another possibility is to obtain the calibration current from an accurate current source.

According to one development, an error value of the load current is calculated on the basis of the current strength of the reference resistor. This makes it possible to estimate the reliability of the determined load current.

The electronic control device preferably controls the feeding of the calibration current.

The electronic control device may in particular have a processor device and a memory device, wherein the memory device stores a program code, during the execution of which the processor device executes the method according to the invention or acts accordingly.

According to one embodiment, the measuring resistor bank has a single branch. This corresponds to a simple embodiment.

According to one embodiment, the measuring resistor bank has a plurality of branches. This makes it possible, for example, to take into account different current strengths.

A plurality of multiplexers may also be provided to distribute the conduction of the voltage measurement and/or calibration current to particular branches. This makes it possible to use measuring instruments or current sources for different branches, thus saving on expenditure.

The measuring resistor bank may have a plurality of branches. In this case, the load current is preferably calculated in such a way that all branches are summed. In this case, reference may be made to the total load current resulting from summing the individual load currents in the branches.

The invention also relates to a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium containing program code, during execution of which a processor executes the method according to the invention. With regard to the method, reference may be made to all embodiments and variants described.

Drawings

Those skilled in the art will appreciate further features and advantages from the exemplary embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:

FIG. 1: a measuring resistor group connected according to a first exemplary embodiment is shown,

FIG. 2: a measuring resistor group connected according to a second exemplary embodiment is shown,

FIG. 3: a measuring resistor group connected according to a third exemplary embodiment is shown,

FIG. 4: a measuring resistor group connected according to a fourth exemplary embodiment is shown,

FIG. 5: a measuring resistor group connected according to a fifth exemplary embodiment is shown,

FIG. 6: according to the electrical conductor of the first exemplary embodiment,

FIG. 7: according to the current sensor of the first exemplary embodiment,

FIG. 8: according to the electrical conductor of the third exemplary embodiment,

FIG. 9: according to a simulation of the potential profile of the electrical conductor of the third exemplary embodiment,

FIG. 10: simulation of the potential profile of an electrical conductor according to the third exemplary embodiment, an

FIG. 11: simulation of the potential profile of an electrical conductor according to the third exemplary embodiment.

Detailed Description

Fig. 1 shows a measuring resistor bank connected according to a first exemplary embodiment, which can also be used advantageously for carrying out the method according to the invention.

The measuring resistor bank has a first measuring resistor R1 and a second measuring resistor R2, via which first and second measuring resistors R1, R2 a time-variable load current Iload is conducted. The load current Iload is initially derived from the battery, which is denoted in fig. 1 by voltage Vbat. A Load current Iload also flows through the Load, generally referred to as Load and described herein only schematically, which may include typical electrical components of a motor vehicle, such as a starter motor, vehicle lighting or electronic components, and a generator.

A first voltmeter U1 is disposed across the first measurement resistor R1. A second voltmeter U2 is disposed across the second measurement resistor R2. They are designed to measure the respective voltage across the two measuring resistors R1, R2 when the respective currents I1, I2 flow.

The first capacitor C1 and the second capacitor C2 serve as current sources for the calibration current Iref, and are directly charged from the vehicle battery via the series resistor Rlim. The Load current Iload is generated by the battery Vbat via the Load and flows into the ground GND via the resistance network of the measuring resistors R1, R2.

Two capacitors C1, C2 are connected via a switch S1 and a reference resistor Rref to a point between the first and second measurement resistors. A conductor resistance is formed between this point and the measuring resistor R1 or the measuring resistor R2. A voltmeter U1 or voltmeter U2 is disposed across measurement resistor R1 or measurement resistor R2. Another voltmeter Uref is arranged across the reference resistor Rref and measures the voltage drop over the reference resistor Rref when the calibration current Iref flows.

Since the switch S1 is closed, in addition to the load current Iload, the calibration current Iref is thus fed into a resistive network comprising measuring resistors R1, R2, wherein the first capacitor C1 is substantially discharged via the first measuring resistor R1 and the second capacitor C2 is substantially discharged via the second measuring resistor R2. This therefore results in two calibration sub-currents, a first calibration sub-current Iref,1 and a second calibration sub-current Iref,2, wherein the first calibration sub-current Iref,1 flows through the first measurement resistor R1 and the second calibration sub-current Iref,2 flows through the second measurement resistor R2. The two calibration partial currents Iref,1 and Iref,2 have opposite mathematical signs over the two measurement resistors R1, R2, while their sum Iref flows through the reference resistor Rref and can be measured using voltage measurement as described above.

The voltage meters U1, U2 for measuring the voltage drop over the two measuring resistors R1, R2 are not explained in detail in the present case. The voltmeters U1, U2 typically each have at least one amplifier, typically with a variable gain factor, and each have an analog-to-digital converter or a common analog-to-digital converter that may be connected to each amplifier via a multiplexer.

Fig. 1 does not show an arithmetic unit, for example an electronic control device, which may be in the form of a microcontroller, for example. Such an electronic control device may have, for example, a processor means and a memory means, wherein the memory means stores program code, during the execution of which the processor means executes the method according to the invention. In particular, the processor means may calculate the load current Iload according to the formula described above. The arithmetic unit or the electronic control unit can also preferably have an interface for reading the voltages U1, U2, Uref and an interface for controlling the switch S1.

It should be noted that any desired other type of current source may be used instead of the capacitors C1, C2. For example, a DC/DC converter, a direct connection to the battery anode (with or without a series resistor Rlim), an in-phase regulator, a regulated precision current source (specifically omitting the Iref measurement via Rref), or other suitable embodiments may be used.

It should also be noted that it is also possible to perform a partial calculation in the form of an analog quantity before digitizing the measured values, in particular to calculate the sum of the voltages (Un, Um) measured at the measuring resistors and/or the difference (Un-Um) between these voltages.

Fig. 2 shows a measuring resistor group connected according to a second exemplary embodiment. It should be noted that changes with respect to the previous figures are generally discussed in fig. 2 and other figures, in which case reference is made to the previous description for elements not explicitly mentioned.

In the embodiment according to fig. 2, the resistor network or the measuring resistor group comprises a plurality of measuring resistors R1, R2, R3, R4, … …, Rz-1, Rz connected in parallel and in series. An advantage of this embodiment is in particular that due to the parallel connection of the plurality of resistor branches an overall lower measurement resistance is achieved in the Iload path, whereas the measurement resistors R1, R2, … …, Rz-1, Rz may be relatively large. Thus, even if the applied calibration current is low compared to the load current, a high (i.e., easily measurable) voltage drop will be generated across the corresponding measurement resistance.

Preferably, two (in particular three) or more different multiplexers are used, one for switching the reference current and a second (in particular a third) for switching the voltmeter to the corresponding branch of the resistive network.

In particular, the feed point for the reference current and the edge of the measurement path for the partial current are spatially separated from one another.

For example, instead of a multiplexer for the reference current, it is also possible to use one current source and/or one voltage measuring device for each measuring resistor R1, R2, … …, Rz-1, Rz.

Fig. 3 shows a measuring resistor group connected according to a third exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In this case, the calibration current Iref is switched to any desired branch of the resistor network (R1, R2), (R3, R4), … …, (Rz-1, Rz) using a separate multiplexer Mux1, a second multiplexer Mux2 is used to connect the voltmeter Um to any desired branch of the resistor network (R1, R2), (R3, R4), … …, (Rz-1, Rz), a third multiplexer Mux3 is used to switch the voltmeter Un to any desired branch of the resistor network (R1, R2), (R3, R4), … …, (Rz-1, Rz). The microcontroller μ C controls the multiplexers Mux1, Mux2 and Mux3 and the switch S1 and receives the measured values Un, Um, Uref.

The microcontroller μ C is an electronic control device and is configured to carry out the method according to the invention. In this case, reference may in principle be made to all embodiments and variants described.

Fig. 4 shows a measuring resistor bank connected according to a fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention, wherein the calibration current isummes can be switched intentionally by means of the controller via different measuring resistors (top resistor, bottom resistor) of the resistor branches, respectively. The voltage measurement is divided in detail into steps of amplification (amplifier 1, amplifier 2) and analog-to-digital conversion (a/D converter 1, a/D converter 2).

Fig. 5 shows a measuring resistor group connected according to a fifth exemplary embodiment, wherein the resistor network comprises three resistors (top resistor, middle resistor, bottom resistor) connected in series for each branch, to each of which a calibration current can be applied separately.

Fig. 6 shows an electrical conductor according to a first exemplary embodiment. The electrical conductor has a first measurement path and a second measurement path. A first measurement path is defined by the first and second electrical potential pick-up contacts 1, 2, at which first and second electrical potential pick-up contacts 1, 2 a first voltage U1 on the first measurement path can be detected. The second measurement path is defined by a third and a fourth electric potential pick-up contact 3, 4, at which third and fourth electric potential pick-up contacts 3, 4 a second voltage U2 on the second measurement path can be detected.

The electrical conductor also has a first connection contact 21 for electrically contacting the cable and a second connection contact 22 for electrically contacting the terminal post. The electrical conductor also has a current feed contact 5 for electrically contacting a device for supplying a calibration current. The second measuring path and the first measuring path are positioned in series with each other between the first connecting contact 21 and the second connecting contact 22.

The current feed contact 5 is at a first distance 12 from the first measuring path. The first measurement path is a conductor section having a defined length, width 11 and height. A first potential pick-up contact 1 and a second potential pick-up contact 2 are formed at one edge of the first measurement path. The length of the first measurement path is thus defined by the distance between the first and second potential pick-up contacts 1, 2. The width 11 of the first measuring path is in particular greater than the height of the first measuring path. In the exemplary embodiment, first distance 12 is substantially equal to width 11 of the first measurement path.

The second measuring path is a conductor section with a defined length, width 13 and height. A third potential pick-up contact 3 and a fourth potential pick-up contact 4 are formed at one edge of the second measurement path. The length of the second measurement path is thus defined by the distance between the third potential pick-up contact 3 and the fourth potential pick-up contact 4. The width 13 of the second measuring path is in particular greater than the height of the second measuring path. The current feed contact 5 is at a second distance 14 from the second measuring path. In the exemplary embodiment, second distance 14 is substantially equal to width 13 of the second measurement path.

The electrical conductor has a first subregion in which the current feed contact 5 is arranged or formed. The length of the first sub-area is delimited by the first and second measurement path or by the fourth and first potential pick-up contacts 4, 1. The first subregion has a width which is greater than the width 11 of the first measuring path or the width 13 of the second measuring path.

The electrical conductor is configured to be material uniform.

The current sensor as shown in fig. 7 comprises an electrical conductor according to the second exemplary embodiment.

The electrical conductor has a current output contact 6 to form a closed circuit for the calibration current Iref. The current output contact 6 is at a third distance 15 from the first measurement path. In the exemplary embodiment, third distance 15 is substantially equal to width 11 of the first measurement path.

The electrical conductor has a second sub-region in which the current output contact 6 is arranged or formed. The length of the second sub-area is delimited by the first measuring path and the second connection contact 22. The second subregion has a width which is greater than the width 11 of the first measuring path or the width 13 of the second measuring path.

The current sensor has a first voltmeter, which is designed to measure the voltage U1 falling on the first measurement path and/or to electrically contact the first potential pick-up contact 1 and the second potential pick-up contact 2 via the printed circuit board 7.

The current sensor has a second voltmeter, which is configured to measure the voltage U2 falling on the second measurement path and/or to electrically contact the third potential pick-up contact 3 and the fourth potential pick-up contact 4 via the printed circuit board 7.

Furthermore, the current sensor has a device for providing a calibration current, which can preferably be realized as a capacitor and/or a high-precision current source and/or tap a defined current from the vehicle battery. The apparatus for providing a calibration current is configured to conduct or to pass or to feed the calibration current Iref via the first measurement path. For this purpose, the device for providing a calibration current makes electrical contact with the current feed contact 5 and particularly preferably with the current output contact 6, in particular via the printed circuit board 7.

The current sensor also includes a control device configured to perform the method.

Fig. 8 shows an electrical conductor according to a third exemplary embodiment. The distance from the second measurement path to the first measurement path (which is defined in particular by the distance from the fourth electrical potential pick-up contact 4 to the first electrical potential pick-up contact 1) is smaller than the sum of the distance between the fourth electrical potential pick-up contact 4 and the current feed-in contact 5 and the distance between the current feed-in contact 5 and the first electrical potential pick-up contact 1.

The connection lines between the fourth potential pick-up contact 4, the current feed-in contact 5 and the first potential pick-up contact 1 form a triangle.

The second measurement path and the first measurement path are arranged at an angle, in particular at right angles, to each other. Therefore, the first measurement path and the second measurement path are not on a straight line.

The electrical conductor has a first subregion in which the current feed contact 5 is arranged or formed. The length of the first sub-area is bounded by the second measurement path and the first measurement path. Both surfaces of the first subregion are designed in an elliptical or circular manner.

Furthermore, the electrical conductor has a perforation, which is used in particular for suspending or mounting the electrical conductor, in particular in a current sensor.

Fig. 9, 10 and 11 show the results of finite element simulations of potential profiles or equipotential regions on the respective surfaces of the electrical conductor under different conditions.

In fig. 9, a calibration current Iref is injected into the current feeding contact 5. Fig. 9 shows the local high potential at the current feed contact 5, which is caused by the injection of the calibration current Iref. The local high potential produces a ring-shaped or oval or circular equipotential surface or equipotential line around the current feed-in contact 5. This results in particular in a current or current direction 100 oriented perpendicular to the equipotential region or equipotential line, resulting in an inhomogeneous current density distribution around the current feed contact. A uniform current density distribution is obtained at a distance from the current feed-in contact 5, which is characterized in particular by equipotential surfaces or equipotential lines running parallel or perpendicular to the measuring path extent.

Furthermore, the current flowing through the elliptical structure of the first subregion is fed to the measurement path, in particular in a funnel shape.

Fig. 10 shows the equipotential surfaces or equipotential lines of the first measurement path when the calibration current Iref is injected. The equipotential surfaces or equipotential lines are parallel to each other, resulting in a uniform current density profile in or along the first measurement path.

In fig. 11, only the load current Iload is fed at the first connection point 21. This also produces parallel equipotential surfaces or equipotential lines, or a uniform current density profile, in the first measurement path. In the case of equal magnitudes of the current strengths of the supplied load current and the injected calibration current, the result is a convergent/convergent equipotential surface or a convergent current density distribution or a convergent current density profile or a convergent equipotential line in the first measurement path.

A further explanation of the extension of the invention is given below, in which case this explanation serves on the one hand to explain the function, and on the other hand the features described herein can also be combined in any desired manner with the features described elsewhere. They may likewise be combined with one another and may constitute essential aspects of the invention, alone or in combination.

The load current Iload to be measured is determined using a set of resistors through which the load current flows. The set of resistors has at least a first measurement path with a first measurement resistor R1 and a second measurement path with a second measurement resistor R2, which are connected in series with each other. Further measuring resistors R3, R4, … …, Rn-1, Rn connected in series may be connected in parallel with these series-connected partial resistors.

In addition to the load current, one or more calibration currents are occasionally fed into the resistor network or into the measuring resistor group, so that a calibration current or a part of a calibration current or some of a calibration current flows through one or more of these measuring resistors together with the load current or part of the load current. The measuring resistor may be considered as a partial resistor in the measuring resistor group.

In this case, the voltage drop across one or more partial resistors in the resistive network is measured, which voltage drop is caused by the sum of the currents flowing through the measuring resistors.

The point at which the calibration current is fed into the measuring resistor bank and the point at which the voltage measurement is made at the measuring resistor through which the current flows can now be selected such that: that is, so that a solvable system of equations is obtained:

U_m＝(I_load,i+I_ref,m)*R_m*g_m

U_n＝(I_load,i+I_ref,n)*R_n*g_n

in this case

-U_m、U_nIs a measured calibration voltage over one or more measuring resistors of number m, n,

-R_m、R_nis an (unknown) measuring resistor on which a calibration voltage U is measured_m、U_n. The measuring resistor may comprise further measuring resistors connected in series or in parallel,

-g_m、g_nis voltage U_m、U_nIs measured by the measuring device of (1),

-I_load,iis the load current to be measured or the current flowing in the load current for measuring the calibration voltage U_m、U_nThe portion of the measuring resistor group that measures the resistance,

-I_ref,mand I_ref,nIs an applied calibration shunt current flowing through the device for measuring the calibration voltage U_m、U_nOf the measuring resistor group_m、R_nWherein, I_ref,mAnd I_ref,nBased on I_load,iFlow in different directions.

In particular, the calibration component current or calibration current is applied periodically, for a period duration of between 10 μ s and 100 μ s, for example with a period duration of between 10ms and 100 ms. The result is therefore the time during which the calibration current or a part of the calibration current flows through the measuring resistors in the measuring resistor bank, i.e. the calibration period, and the time during which no calibration current flows through the measuring resistor bank. During these times, that is to say outside the calibration period, at least some of the equations in the system of equations are reduced to

U_m＝I_load,i*R_m*g_m

U_n＝I_load,i*R_n*g_n

In this case, U_m、U_nRepresenting the measured voltage, that is to say the voltage measured outside the calibration period.

Alternatively, the time-variable calibration current may be applied during the time the calibration current flows, i.e. during the calibration period.

During periods when no calibration current is flowing through the network (e.g. in a microcontroller, theThe microcontroller may be part of the current measuring device or may be connected to it), between the individual equations in the system of equations (or at the measurement voltage U_iIn between) advantageously form the relationship a_mn：

U_m＝α_mn*U_n

Or

U_m＝α_mn*I_load,i*R_n*g_n

For example, in each case, the voltage value pairs U measured at the same time t may be stored_n(t)，U_m(t) of (d). These stored value pairs can be evaluated in the microcontroller by means of linear regression to determine the relation α_mn. This corresponds to the calculation rule for the first operating parameter described above.

In the case of switching on the calibration current, it is now advantageously possible to measure the voltage U_m、U_nTo determine a portion of the load current to be measured

U_m＝α_mn*(I_load,i+I_ref,m)*R_n*g_n

U_n＝(I_load,i+I_ref,n)*R_n*g_n

The following were used:

the penultimate formula represents the calculation rule for the second operating parameter.

During the period when no calibration current is applied, I_ref,m0 and I_ref,nThe last equation can be used to determine the load current I to be measured, 0_load。

According to the known R_n、g_n、α_nmThe following formula may advantageously be used to determine I_load：

During the switching on of the calibration current, I can also be calculated approximately from the sum of the two equations_load：

In this case, errors occur, in particular when the current I is_ref,mAnd I_ref,nWhen the difference is large.

In this case, the value I_ref,m-I_ref,nIs known and corresponds to the calibration current, that is to say to the sum of the calibration partial currents. In this case different mathematical signs are considered.

In the case of FIG. 1, described in further detail below, I may be interrupted at the instant of the calibration process_loadThe measurement of (2). For example, the I of the calibration time may be formed from the average of the measurement before the calibration time and the measurement after the calibration time_loadIs measured. Alternatively, it may be determined whether an erroneous measurement value is used or whether a substitute value is formed. For example, it can be based on a "symmetry factor" α_mnInstantaneous value of (a) and_mnis determined by comparison of previous values of (a). However, the determination may also be made according to the magnitude of the ratio of the error to the applied load current.

In this case, the configuration in fig. 2, described further belowThe advantages of (a) are obvious. Since in each case the calibration current is applied to only one branch of the resistor network at the calibration time, there is a comparison of ± | | I with the sum of the currents flowing through all the branches_ref,m|-|I_ref,nThe relative error caused by | becomes smaller. Since U is used for all branches, whether one branch is currently calibrated or not_nAnd U_mThe sum is equal at all times, so that for branches that are not currently calibrated, the corresponding applied load current can be accurately calculated.

Measuring resistors R1, R2, … …, Rz-1, Rz and for measuring the voltage U_n、U_mMay have tolerances or deviations from the desired values of almost any desired dimension. The value of the calibration current does not play a decisive role either.

Advantageously, only the following preconditions are fulfilled:

firstly: measuring resistor R_nAnd R_mAnd a gain factor g_n、g_mTwo products of R_n*g_n、R_m*g_mRatio of each other alpha_mnSubstantially stable over a period of time. This certain period of time should be much longer than the period of time during which the periodically applied calibration current is connected and disconnected or periodically varied.

Secondly, the method comprises the following steps: at least in the measurement of U using an applied calibration current_nAnd U_mShould be accurately known about the calibration current I_ref＝I_ref,n-I_ref,m＝|I_ref,n|-|I_ref,mThe value of | is given.

It should now be noted

1) The voltage drop across one measuring resistor increases and the other decreases, an

2) The resistance is calculated from the difference between the two measured voltages.

This enables up-to-date resistance measurements. Therefore, the resistance does not have to be constant forever. More cost effective materials may be used.

The described arrangement and the described method make it possible in practice to determine the load current without prior knowledge of the relative accuracy of the resistor network or the measuring resistor bank and the measuring means for measuring the voltage. Thus, even higher current measurement accuracy may be achieved compared to embodiments according to the prior art, despite the use of more cost-effective materials. This is because the tolerance of the resistance value of the measuring resistor and the tolerance of the voltage measuring device of the voltage drop are substantially included in advance in the tolerance of the measured current value.

Typically, using the described apparatus or arrangement, I need only be known exactly once_ref. In addition, it is actually to I_refThe quality of the current source of (2) is not required. Generally only I needs to be measured accurately_ref. This can be done, for example, by a correspondingly accurate reference resistor R_refAnd to R_refAn accurate measurement of the voltage drop over is easily achieved. This is because, unlike the measuring resistance for the load current, R_refMay have a large resistance of, for example, 1 ohm, which needs to be designed for only a small reference current and not for a large load current. Because of the correspondingly selected R_refIs chosen to be large, the voltage drop I can also be conveniently measured since, for example, a complex amplifier is not required_ref*R_ref。

It is to be understood that the first operating parameter is in particular α nm and the second operating parameter is in particular the product of the resistance and the gain factor.

Any desired subset of the illustrated circuits may be adapted with discrete components, for example on a printed circuit board, or integrated in a semiconductor device. Furthermore, the discrete circuit or the semiconductor device may have further devices, such as, in particular, a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature, at least one resistor Rref, R1, R2, … …, Rn, in particular a voltage sensor for measuring the battery voltage, a communication interface, a device for controlling the current source C1, C2, a further current source, a clock generator, a volatile and/or non-volatile data memory, in particular for storing calibration data relating to the current measuring device (for example the value of Rref or the temperature coefficient of Rref determined in the manufacturing final test), a microprocessor, in particular for calculating a physical variable of the battery or for calculating a temperature model, in particular for calculating the battery temperature, the ambient temperature of the device or for calculating the temperature of the resistor or resistors Rref, R1, … …, Rz used.

The entire arrangement or any desired subset of devices may be mounted, for example, in a plastic or metal housing with or without an integrated connector, or may be injection molded from plastic.

The entire arrangement of the device or any desired subset, in particular the measuring or shunt resistors R1, … …, Rz, can be integrated into the battery pole terminals, cable bushings, battery cables or batteries.

The circuit may also include one or more choppers for tapping the voltage at the resistors Rref, R1, … …, Rz.

The circuit may also include one or more sample and hold elements for tapped voltages at the resistors Rref, R1, … …, Rz or for voltages tapped or amplified there.

Finally, the calibration current Iref may also be measured using current measurement methods other than voltage measurement using Iref, for example using hall sensors or other magnet-based measurement methods.

The derivation of the above formula is also given below. Reference is made to the above description as to the meaning of the individual variables.

|I_ref,1|+|I_ref,2|＝I_ref

I1＝I_load+|I_ref,1|

I2＝I_load-|I_ref,2|

U1＝R1*g₁*(I_load+|I_ref,1|)

U2＝R2*g₂*(I_load-|I_ref,2|)

a*R1*g₁＝R2*g₂

U2＝a*R1*g₁*(I_load-|I_ref,2|)

R2*g₂＝a*R1*g₁

The steps of the method according to the invention may be performed in the indicated order. However, they may also be performed in a different order. In an embodiment thereof, e.g. with a specific combination of steps, the method according to the invention may be performed such that no further steps are performed. In principle, however, other steps may also be performed, even steps of a type not mentioned.

The claims that are part of this application do not constitute any disclaimer of obtaining further protection.

If a feature or set of features is found not to be absolutely necessary during the course of the method, the applicant now wishes to claim at least one independent claim that no longer has the feature or set of features. For example, the independent claims may be a subcombination of the claims that are available on the filing date or may be a subcombination of the claims that are presented on the filing date as limited by other features. Such claims or combinations of features that require rephrasing should also be understood to be covered by the disclosure of the present application.

It should also be noted that the configurations, features and variants of the invention described in the various embodiments or exemplary embodiments and/or shown in the figures may be combined with one another in any way. Single or multiple features may be interchanged in any manner. The resulting combination of features is also understood to be covered by the disclosure of the present application.

A back reference in a dependent claim should not be construed to waive the independent substantial protection of the features of the back-referenced dependent claim. These features may also be combined in any manner with other features.

Features disclosed in the description only or in the claims only in combination with other features may have an essential independent meaning for the invention. Therefore, they may be separately included in the claims for the purpose of distinguishing from the prior art.

For better readability, some reference signs are indicated in the claims in an abbreviated form. Thus, the first operating parameter is denoted a, the second operating parameter is denoted R × g, and the gain factor is denoted g. In this case, the index used in the above description is omitted.