阅读说明：本技术 合成引诱物 (Synthetic lure ) 是由 M·D·杰克逊 W·L·林克莱特 R·A·凯泽 于 2017-12-19 设计创作，主要内容包括：申请涉及用于哺乳动物、特别是有害哺乳动物物种的化学信息素型引诱物,其可用来监控、捕获和/或控制哺乳动物,并涉及使用化学信息素型引诱物来监控、捕获和/或控制哺乳动物、特别是有害哺乳动物物种的方法。本申请还涉及化学信息素型引诱物用来监控、捕获和/或控制哺乳动物、特别是有害哺乳动物物种的用途。在一些实施例中,化学信息素型引诱物可用来减少一种或多种指定目标环境中的有害哺乳动物物种的数量。(The application relates to semiochemical attractants for mammals, particularly pest mammalian species, that may be used to monitor, capture and/or control mammals, and to methods of using semiochemical attractants to monitor, capture and/or control mammals, particularly pest mammalian species. The application also relates to the use of semiochemical-type attractants to monitor, capture and/or control mammals, in particular harmful mammalian species. In some embodiments, semiochemical-type attractants may be used to reduce the number of harmful mammalian species in one or more specified target environments.)

1. A combination comprising or consisting essentially of: at least two of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, or any combination thereof.

2. The combination of claim 1, comprising or consisting essentially of: at least three of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, or any combination thereof.

3. A combination according to claim 1 or claim 2, comprising or consisting essentially of: at least four of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, or any combination thereof.

4. A combination according to any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising or consisting essentially of: isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate.

5. A combination according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate in said combination is a functional analog, modification or derivative of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate or 2-methylbutyl acetate.

6. The combination according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said combination is a synthetic combination.

7. the combination according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein said combination comprises

1-hexanol and 2-methylbutyl acetate,

ii.1-hexanol, isobutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate,

iii 1-hexanol, isobutyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and 3-hydroxybutanone,

iv.1-hexanol, isoamyl acetate, 3-hydroxybutanone and 2-methylbutyl acetate, or

v.1-hexanol, isoamyl acetate, isobutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate.

8. The combination of claim 1, wherein the combination consists essentially of (i).

9. The combination of claim 1, wherein the combination consists essentially of (ii).

10. The combination of claim 1, wherein the combination consists essentially of (iii).

11. The combination of claim 1, wherein the combination consists essentially of (iv).

12. An attractant comprising a combination according to any one of claims 1 to 11.

13. The lure according to claim 12 consisting essentially of the combination according to any one of claims 1 to 11.

14. The lure according to claim 12 or claim 13 which is a pest mammalian species lure, preferably a rodent lure, preferably a rat lure.

15. The lure according to claim 14, wherein the lure releases the combination as an aerosol.

16. A combination according to any one of claims 1 to 11 or an attractant according to any one of claims 12 to 15 for attracting at least one noxious mammalian species to a treatment site.

17. A method of attracting at least one harmful mammalian species to a treatment site, comprising placing the combination according to any one of claims 1 to 11 or the lure according to any one of claims 12 to 15 at the treatment site.

18. Use of a combination according to any one of claims 1 to 11 or an attractant according to any one of claims 12 to 15 for attracting at least one harmful mammalian species to a treatment site.

19. A method of making a combination that will attract at least one pest mammalian species, comprising formulating the combination according to any one of claims 1 to 11 or the lure according to any one of claims 12 to 15 so as to attract the at least one pest mammalian species.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the combination or attractant is placed in, or on a device for attracting the at least one pest mammalian species, wherein the combination is preferably placed in a animal house, wherein the device is preferably configured to release the combination from or into the device as an aerosol.

Technical Field

The present invention relates generally to semiochemical attractants for mammals, particularly pest mammalian species, which may be used to monitor, capture and/or control mammals, to methods of using such attractants and to the use of such attractants to monitor, capture and/or control mammals, particularly pest mammalian species. In some embodiments, semiochemical-type attractants may be used to reduce the number of harmful mammalian species in one or more specified target environments.

Background

Olfactory attractants are important tools in wildlife management and ecology protection, widely used for monitoring and capture, reducing human-wildlife conflicts, influencing growth environment movement and exterminating pest species (Rosell and Kvinlaug 1998; Apfelbach et al 2005; Kok et al 2013). For invertebrates, volatile semiochemicals are mainly used as synthetic attractants and have been well utilized for decades (Witzgall et al 2010). For example, methyl eugenol, a phytokairomone, has been used as an attractant for fruit flies (the genus oligobactrocera) for nearly 100 years (Metcalf and Metcalf 1992). However, for vertebrates, the olfactory attractant is a conventional food product, such as peanut butter or an animal product, such as fresh or dried meat. However, food-based attractants have significant use disadvantages, are prone to spoilage, and require frequent replenishment. For example, meat attractants can rapidly go rancid, while food products like peanut butter can dry and/or mold, factors that rapidly affect their aroma profile and thus the attractiveness of the attractant. These problems can reduce control operation efficiency and increase labor costs (Parload 2002; Linklater et al 2013; Murphy et al 2014).

There is therefore a need in the art for new attractants that overcome some of the known disadvantages of food-based attractants.

It is an object of the present invention to avoid, at least to some extent, the disadvantages associated with food-grade attractants by providing a novel attractant for mammals, particularly pest mammalian species, which is not prone to spoilage, does not require frequent replenishment, and/or at least provides the public with a useful choice.

Where in this specification reference has been made to patent specifications, other external documents, or other sources of information, this is generally for the purpose of providing a context for discussing the features of the invention. Unless specifically stated otherwise, reference to such external documents is not to be construed as an admission that such documents, or such sources of information, are prior art, or form part of the common general knowledge in the art in any jurisdiction.

Disclosure of Invention

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a combination comprising at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, or any combination thereof.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a combination consisting essentially of at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, or any combination thereof.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a combination consisting of at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, or any combination thereof, and a carrier, excipient, or diluent.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a composition comprising a combination of the present invention.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a combination or composition of the invention for attracting at least one harmful mammalian species to a treatment site.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of attracting at least one harmful mammalian species to a treatment site comprising placing a combination or composition of the present invention at the treatment site.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of controlling at least one harmful mammalian species in a treatment environment, comprising placing a combination or composition of the present invention in the treatment environment.

In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of a combination or composition of the invention to attract at least one harmful mammalian species to a treatment site.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of making a combination or composition that attracts at least one harmful mammalian species comprising formulating at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, or any combination thereof, to attract the at least one harmful mammalian species.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of making a combination or composition that will attract at least one noxious mammalian species, comprising formulating at least two, or at least three, or at least four, or all five, or any combination thereof, of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate to attract at least one noxious mammalian species.

Various embodiments of the different aspects of the invention as discussed above are also given in the following detailed description of the invention, but the invention is not limited thereto.

Other aspects of the invention will become apparent from the following description, given by way of example only, and with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Reference to a numerical range disclosed herein (e.g., 1 to 10) is intended to also include reference to all rational numbers within that range (e.g., 1, 1.1, 2,3, 3.9, 4, 5, 6, 6.5, 7, 8, 9, and 10) and any range of rational numbers within that range (e.g., 2 to 8, 1.5 to 5.5, and 3.1 to 4.7), and therefore all subranges of all ranges explicitly disclosed herein are explicitly disclosed herein. These are only examples of what is specifically intended, and all possible combinations of numerical values between the lowest value and the highest value enumerated, are to be considered to be expressly stated in this application in a similar manner.

The invention may also be said broadly to consist in the parts, elements and features referred to or indicated in the specification of the application, individually or collectively, and any or all combinations of any two or more of said parts, elements or features, and where specific integers are mentioned herein which have known equivalents in the art to which the invention relates, such known equivalents are deemed to be incorporated herein as if individually set forth.

drawings

The invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a plot of local least squares regression of the first two factors and associated interpretable variance of the model. Each point is a compound, while the circled points are statistically significant compounds for the model. The response variables are shown. Negative labels on the x-axis and y-axis indicate negative correlation with the factor, while positive labels indicate positive correlation with each factor. Statistically significant positively correlated compounds are shown within the dotted ellipse.

FIG. 2. footprints of each compound (letter code as shown in Table 3), control and standard are left in proportion. The footprint-leaving ratio for each compound is given as the footprint-leaving ratio of the compound integrated over all 7 concentrations. Peanut butter standards and controls are shaded to provide visual differentiation. The footprint of the compound was left to have a proportion of ± 1 SE.

figure 3. footprint of all compounds accumulated according to concentration leaves a ratio. The footprint leaving ratio has ± 1 SE. The statistically significant relationship between the cumulative concentration data and the foot print remaining ratio was confirmed (X)²＝7.01，df＝1，P＝0.008)。

figure 4. footprints of the attractants given after the fourth stage leave a ratio. The lure to the left of the red dashed line is statistically worse (P.ltoreq.0.046) than the best performing lure (ABCF). The foot print remaining ratios for the control and standard (peanut butter (PB)) were 0.25 and 0.55, respectively. Both are shaded for distinction.

Figure 5 average strength scores for attractants given by season. Statistically significant differences were identified between winter and summer (P ═ 0.009).

Detailed Description

Definition of

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Examples of definitions of conventional terms in biochemistry can be found in cammck et al (2006).

It is also believed that the practice of the present invention can be carried out using standard chemical and biochemical protocols and procedures as are known in the art, and as described, for example, in (Pawliszyn 1997; Pawliszyn 1999; Hubschmann 2015), and other references commonly available in the art to which the present disclosure pertains, which are all incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

The following definitions are given to better illustrate the present invention and to serve as guidance for a person of ordinary skill in the art in practicing the present invention.

The term "attractant" is used herein to refer to a compound or combination of compounds that is recognized by the inventors and described herein as acting to attract at least one deleterious mammalian species. The term "attractant compound" is used herein to refer to a single compound identified as an attractant as described herein. In some embodiments of the invention, the "attractant" is at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments of the invention, an "attractant" is a combination or composition of the invention.

The term "functional analog, modification or derivative of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate" refers to a chemical modification, analog or derivative of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, or 2-methylbutyl acetate that acts to attract at least one deleterious mammalian species to act as an attractant.

The term "control" as used herein in relation to harmful mammalian species means that the composition or combination of the present invention is effective to reduce the population number of harmful mammalian species in the treatment environment.

The term "treatment environment" as used herein refers to an environment that has been treated, is being treated, or will be treated by a combination or composition according to the present invention as compared to an untreated control environment.

As used herein, a "treatment site" is a site that has been treated, is being treated, or is to be treated by a combination or composition of the invention. For example, a "treatment site" may be a location in a treatment environment to which a combination or composition according to the invention is applied so as to attract at least one harmful mammalian species. In some embodiments, the treatment site is a substrate that will contain and controllably release a combination or composition according to the present invention. In some embodiments, the treatment location is (wholly or partially) contained in or arranged on the trapping device. In some embodiments, the processing site is a substrate that is then placed in a processing environment. In one embodiment, the processing location is a trapping device. In one embodiment, the treatment site is a animal house comprised in and/or arranged on the trapping device.

The term "synthetic combination" according to the present invention refers to a combination that does not occur in nature. In one embodiment, the "synthetic combination of the invention" is not a processed food product, preferably not chocolate milk, dark chocolate, or the like,Macaroni, peanut butter or pet food. In one embodiment, the synthetic combination according to the invention is not a processed food product comprising at least one of the following food products: almond, bacon, barley, black pepper, coconut, coffee, egg, ginger, millet, rice, sardine, soybean, sweet corn, walnut or yeast. In one embodiment, the synthetic combination of the present invention is not a soap.

The term "synthetic composition" according to the present invention refers to a composition that does not occur in nature.In one embodiment, the "synthetic composition of the invention" is not a processed food, preferably not chocolate milk, dark chocolate, or the like,Macaroni, peanut butter or pet food. In one embodiment, the synthetic composition according to the invention is not a processed food comprising at least one of the following: almond, bacon, barley, black pepper, coconut, coffee, egg, ginger, millet, rice, sardine, soybean, sweet corn, walnut or yeast. In one embodiment, the synthetic composition of the present invention is not a soap.

The term "synthetic attractant" refers to an attractant, as described herein, which attracts harmful mammalian species, and which comprises a synthetic combination or synthetic composition, as described herein. In one embodiment, the "synthetic attractant of the invention" is not a processed food, preferably not chocolate milk, dark chocolate, chocolate,Macaroni, peanut butter or pet food. In one embodiment, the synthetic lure according to the present invention is not a processed food product containing at least one of the following: almond, bacon, barley, black pepper, coconut, coffee, egg, ginger, millet, rice, sardine, soybean, sweet corn, walnut or yeast. In one embodiment, the synthetic lure of the present invention is not a soap.

the terms "harmful mammalian species" and "harmful mammal" (and similar grammatical structures) refer to mammals that are considered harmful to humans or human interest. Such as mammals that are harmful to agricultural or animal husbandry production, mammals that are destructive, or mammals that are nuisance.

The terms "rodent" and "rodents" as used herein refer to members of rodents.

The terms "control environment", "control site" and "control treatment" are used in their ordinary sense in the art and are used herein to refer to the environment, site and/or treatment from which baseline data is collected for comparison with data obtained from the corresponding treatment environment or treatment site. Comparison of data acquired from the treatment environment/treatment site with data acquired from the control environment/control site allows determination of any observed changes between the baseline environment and/or baseline site and the treatment environment and/or treatment site.

As used herein, PPM corresponds to the concentration of a compound in solution (i.e., the carrier medium with which the compound is mixed). For example, to obtain the desired release rate from an emulsion-type attractant, the concentration may be 1 ppm. Thus, there will be 0.999999 grams of emulsion and 0.00001 grams of compound in 1 gram. By way of non-limiting example, the concentration of the tank attractant with release film in MCT oil can be 1000ppm (thus 0.999 grams MCT oil and 0.001 grams compound).

In one embodiment, a "higher" or "lower" level than a control, or a change or deviation from a control, is statistically significant. A higher level, a lower level, a deviation or change from a control level or an average control level may be considered to be present if the level differs from the control level by 5% or more, 10% or more, 20% or more, or 50% or more compared to the control level. Statistically significant may alternatively be calculated as P ≦ 0.10, 0.05. In a further alternative, the higher level, the lower level, the deviations and the variations can be determined by means of reference limits or reference intervals of the analysis. These may be calculated by visual evaluation or non-parametric methods. In summary, these methods calculated 0.025 and 0.975 quantiles as 0.025 x (n +1) and 0.975(n + 1). Such methods are known in the art (Hunt et al 1997; Wild 2013). The terms "reduce", "reduced" and "reducing" and other grammatical variations as used herein refer to the same words as "lower".

As used herein, "statistically significant amount" describes a measure of mathematical difference between groups. If the difference is greater than what would be expected from a random generation alone, the difference is considered statistically significant.

The term "comprising" as used in this specification means "consisting at least in part of …". When statements including this term are understood in this specification, the various features prefaced by this term in each statement all need to be present, but other features can also be present. Related terms such as "comprise" and "comprises" should be interpreted in a similar manner.

The term "consisting essentially of …" as used herein refers to the specified materials or steps as well as materials or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed invention.

The term "consisting of …" as used herein refers to a specified material or step of the claimed invention, and does not include any elements, steps, or components not specified in the claims.

Description of the invention

The inventors believe that they provide for the first time synthetic semiochemical based attractants for harmful mammalian species that overcome the limitations of the food-type attractants currently in use, while providing additional benefits such as odor characteristics that are consistent over time, long-lived, easy to handle and store, gender-and/or behavior-specific in response, and species-specificity.

in particular, the inventors have unexpectedly determined that isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate are effective attractants for harmful mammalian species, particularly rodents. Each of these compounds is also referred to herein as an "attractant compound" of the invention. The inventors have also identified that synthetic combinations comprising or consisting essentially of the following are effective attractants for harmful mammalian species, particularly rodents: at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, or a combination thereof.

To the best of the inventors' knowledge, they first used any one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, or a combination thereof, as an attractant compound for mammalian species, particularly noxious mammalian species, particularly rodents. The inventors further believe that they first provide synthetic combinations and compositions comprising or consisting of: at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, said synthetic combinations and compositions being effective attractants for at least one mammalian species, particularly noxious mammalian species, particularly rodents. The attractant compounds, combinations and compositions of the present invention can be formulated as attractants for attracting harmful mammalian species to a predetermined location where they can be captured and/or killed.

It is to be understood that while some attractant compounds that may be used in the combinations and compositions of the present invention may themselves be known in the context of edible foodstuffs, none of the particular attractant compounds (or combinations of compounds) as identified and disclosed herein are compounds that the skilled person would predict to be effective in attracting at least one mammalian species, particularly noxious mammalian species, particularly rats.

In the present disclosure, the inventors identified 375 compounds from 19 different edible food sources as described herein. Since it is not possible to predict only from the identity and abundance of the compounds, each compound needs to be tested empirically to determine whether it is an attractant, which of the identified compounds will act as attractants.

Combinations and compositions for controlling harmful mammalian species

Thus, in one aspect, the present invention relates to a combination comprising at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, or any combination thereof.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a combination consisting essentially of: at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate or any combination thereof.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a combination consisting of: at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate or any combination thereof, and a carrier, excipient or diluent.

In one embodiment, at least one of the isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate in the combination is a functional analog, modification, or derivative of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, or 2-methylbutyl acetate.

In one embodiment, the combination is a synthetic combination.

In one embodiment, the combination or synthetic combination comprises a concentration of at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate that is not present in an edible food product. In one embodiment, the edible food product is a processed food product, preferably a processed food product selected from the group consisting of: cheese, chocolate milk, dark chocolate,Macaroni, peanut butter and pet food. In one embodiment, the edible food product is a processed food product containing at least one of almond, bacon, barley, black pepper, coconut, coffee, egg, ginger, millet, rice, sardine, soybean, sweet corn, walnut, or yeast.

In one embodiment, the combination or synthetic combination comprises at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate at a concentration not present in the soap.

In one embodiment, the combination or synthetic combination comprising or consisting essentially of the following further comprises a carrier, excipient or diluent: at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the carrier, excipient or diluent is an aqueous carrier or oil. In one embodiment, the carrier, excipient or diluent is formulated as an emulsion, preferably as a controlled release emulsion. In one embodiment, the oil is a fractionated oil. In one embodiment, the oil is a vegetable oil. In one embodiment, the vegetable oil is coconut oil, preferably fractionated coconut oil.

In one embodiment, the support is a nanoporous aromatizing material. In one embodiment, the material is in stick form, block form, plate form, flake form, sheet form, bead form, sphere form, rod form, granular form, capsule form, filament form, rope form, thread form, wound form, or ribbon form. One skilled in the art will be able to formulate an attractant compound, combination, or composition as described herein into many different shapes and sizes depending on the intended application of the material.

The skilled artisan will appreciate that the purpose of the carrier, diluent and/or excipient is to provide the attractant compound or combination of the invention in a form that will attract at least one pest mammalian species under conditions present in a particular processing environment, or under conditions within a set of environmental parameters that define the growth environment in which the pest mammalian species are found. Thus, the skilled person will be able to select an appropriate carrier, diluent or excipient in view of his understanding of the environmental conditions expected to exist in a particular treatment environment, thereby allowing the attractant compounds or combinations of the present invention to be formulated for attraction to a given harmful mammalian species, preferably rodents, preferably rats or mice.

In one embodiment, the combination comprises or consists essentially of: at least two of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate. In one embodiment, the combination comprises or consists essentially of: at least three of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate. In one embodiment, the combination comprises or consists essentially of: at least four of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate. In one embodiment, the combination comprises or consists essentially of: isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate. In one embodiment, the combination further comprises a carrier, excipient or diluent.

In one embodiment, the combination consists of: at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient. In one embodiment, the combination consists of: at least two of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient. In one embodiment, the combination consists of: at least three of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient. In one embodiment, the combination consists of: at least four of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient. In one embodiment, the combination consists of: isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient.

In some embodiments, when present in the combination, isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate are each provided separately in the combination. In some embodiments, when present in the combination, isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate are provided in the combination as a single mixture.

By way of non-limiting example, a device that can be used to attract harmful mammalian species as described herein can comprise a combination of the present invention comprising 1-hexanol and 2-methylbutyl acetate. In the device, the 1-hexanol and 2-methylbutyl acetate can be stored separately and combined upon release from the device as an aerosol, or can be stored separately and then released separately from the device as an aerosol and combined in air. Alternatively, 1-hexanol and 2-methylbutyl acetate can be combined in a single mixture or formulation, stored in the device, and released from the device as an aerosol.

it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that, in view of the present disclosure, many different types of apparatus may be used, adapted for use, or designed to effectively utilize the general inventive concepts of the present invention, which are related to the following: an unexpected group of attractant compounds for harmful mammalian species is identified, and the use of such compounds to help trap and eradicate such species from a susceptible environment. For example, in one embodiment, the device is a sealed container that includes an opening covered by a semi-permeable membrane that mediates the release of an attractant compound as described herein from within the container. In one embodiment, the container is a vial, preferably a plastic bottle, a glass bottle, a ceramic bottle, or a metal bottle. In one embodiment, the container includes a lid including at least one opening that fits over the container opening and forms a hermetic seal with the container opening and the semi-permeable membrane. The attractant compound within the container is then released from the device by passing from the container through the semi-permeable membrane and at least one opening of the lid into the atmosphere.

The skilled artisan will also appreciate that various combinations of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, respectively, can be present in the combinations of the present invention, and that isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, respectively, can be present in the combinations at varying concentrations to provide attractants to harmful mammalian species. In accordance with the disclosure of the present specification (e.g., examples, and in particular figure 4) and in combination with what is known in the art, a combination can be formulated having various combinations of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate at various concentrations, respectively, or various combinations of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate at various concentrations, respectively, can be provided to provide a combination of compounds that serve as attractants within the scope of the present invention that will attract harmful mammalian species.

In one embodiment, the combination comprises, or consists essentially of, one of the combinations detailed in table 1. In table 1 and throughout this specification the following codes are used: a is isoamyl alcohol; b is 1-hexanol; c ═ 3-hydroxybutanone; i-isobutyl acetate and I-2-methylbutyl acetate.

TABLE 1 combinations of the invention

In one embodiment, the combination in table 1 comprises or consists essentially of: less than about 10,000ppm, preferably less than about 5,000ppm, preferably less than about 1000ppm, preferably less than about 500ppm, preferably less than about 100ppm, preferably less than about 10ppm, preferably less than about 1ppm, preferably less than about 0.1ppm, preferably less than about 0.01ppm, preferably less than about 0.001ppm, preferably less than about 0.0001ppm of each compound, the compounds in the combination preferably being selected from A, B, C, F and/or I, or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the combination in table 1 comprises or consists essentially of: less than 10,000ppm, preferably less than 5,000ppm, preferably less than 1000ppm, preferably less than 500ppm, preferably less than 100ppm, preferably less than 10ppm, preferably less than 1ppm, preferably less than 0.1ppm, preferably less than 0.01ppm, preferably less than 0.001ppm, preferably less than 0.0001ppm, preferably less than about 0.0001ppm of each compound, the compounds in the combination preferably being selected from A, B, C, F and/or I, or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the combination in table 1 comprises, or consists essentially of, any combination (as contemplated herein and/or as listed in table 1) of the following compounds:

At least about 0.0001 to no more than 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol (code A),

At least about 0.0001 to no more than 10ppm of 1-hexanol (code B),

At least about 0.0001 to not more than 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone (code C),

At least about 0.0001 to not more than 10ppm of isobutyl acetate (code F), or

At least about 0.0001 to no more than 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate (code I).

in one embodiment, the combination in table 1 comprises, or consists essentially of, any combination (as contemplated herein and/or as listed in table 1) of the following compounds:

At least 0.0001 to no more than about 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol (code A),

At least 0.0001 to no more than about 10ppm of 1-hexanol (code B),

At least 0.0001 to not more than about 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone (code C),

At least 0.0001 to not more than about 10ppm of isobutyl acetate (code F), or

At least 0.0001 to no more than about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate (code I).

in one embodiment, the combination consists of one of the combinations detailed in table 1 and a carrier, diluent or excipient. The combinations in table 1 preferably consist of: less than about 10,000ppm, preferably less than about 5,000ppm, preferably less than about 1000ppm, preferably less than about 500ppm, preferably less than about 100ppm, preferably less than about 10ppm, preferably less than about 1ppm, preferably less than about 0.1ppm, preferably less than about 0.01ppm, preferably less than about 0.001ppm, preferably less than 0.0001ppm, preferably less than about 0.0001ppm of each compound, the compounds in the combination preferably being selected from A, B, C, F and/or I, or any combination thereof, and a carrier, diluent or excipient.

In one embodiment, the combination consists of: one of the combinations listed in detail in table 1, together with a carrier, diluent or excipient. The combinations in table 1 preferably consist of: less than 10,000ppm, preferably less than 5,000ppm, preferably less than 1000ppm, preferably less than 500ppm, preferably less than 100ppm, preferably less than 10ppm, preferably less than 1ppm, preferably less than 0.1ppm, preferably less than 0.01ppm, preferably less than 0.001ppm, preferably less than 0.0001ppm, preferably less than about 0.0001ppm of each compound, the compounds in the combination preferably being selected from A, B, C, F and/or I, or any combination thereof, and a carrier, diluent or excipient.

In one embodiment, the combination in table 1 consists of a carrier, diluent or excipient, and any combination (as contemplated herein and/or as listed in table 1) of the following compounds:

At least 0.0001 to not more than 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol (code A),

At least 0.0001 to not more than 10ppm of 1-hexanol (code B),

At least 0.0001 to not more than 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone (code C),

At least 0.0001 to not more than 10ppm of isobutyl acetate (code F), or

At least 0.0001 to not more than 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate (code I).

In one embodiment, the combination comprises or consists essentially of: :

1-hexanol and 2-methylbutyl acetate,

ii.1-hexanol, isobutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate,

iii 1-hexanol, isobutyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol and 3-hydroxybutanone,

iv.1-hexanol, isoamyl alcohol, 3-hydroxybutanone and 2-methylbutyl acetate,

v.1-hexanol, isoamyl alcohol, isobutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate,

2-methylbutyl acetate, or

Vii.3-Hydroxybutanone.

in one embodiment, the combination of i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi or vii further comprises a carrier, diluent or excipient.

In one embodiment, the combination consists of a carrier, diluent or excipient and the following compounds:

1-hexanol and 2-methylbutyl acetate,

ii.1-hexanol, isobutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate,

iii 1-hexanol, isobutyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol and 3-hydroxybutanone,

iv.1-hexanol, isoamyl alcohol, 3-hydroxybutanone and 2-methylbutyl acetate,

v.1-hexanol, isoamyl alcohol, isobutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate,

2-methylbutyl acetate, or

vii.3-Hydroxybutanone.

In one embodiment, the concentration of 1-hexanol, isoamyl alcohol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate and/or 2-methylbutyl acetate present in the combination is less than about 10,000ppm, preferably less than about 5000ppm, preferably less than about 1000ppm, preferably less than about 500ppm, preferably less than about 100ppm, preferably less than about 10ppm, preferably less than about 5ppm, preferably less than about 1ppm, preferably less than about 0.1ppm, preferably less than about 0.01ppm, preferably less than about 0.001ppm, preferably less than about 0.0001 ppm.

in one embodiment, 1-hexanol, isoamyl alcohol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate and/or 2-methylbutyl acetate are present in the combination in a concentration of less than 10,000ppm, preferably less than 5000ppm, preferably less than 1000ppm, preferably less than 500ppm, preferably less than 100ppm, preferably less than 10ppm, preferably less than 5ppm, preferably less than 1ppm, preferably less than 0.1ppm, preferably less than about 0.01ppm, preferably less than about 0.001ppm, preferably less than about 0.0001 ppm.

In one embodiment, combination (i) comprises or consists essentially of: at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of 1-hexanol and at least about 0.0001 to no more than about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate. In one embodiment, combination (i) comprises or consists essentially of: at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of 1-hexanol and at least 0.0001 to no more than 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate.

In one embodiment, combination (i) comprises or consists essentially of: about 0.001 to about 10ppm of 1-hexanol and about 0.0001 to about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate. In one embodiment, combination (i) comprises or consists essentially of: 0.001 to 10ppm of 1-hexanol and 0.0001 to 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate.

In one embodiment, combination (i) consists of: at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of 1-hexanol, at least about 0.0001 to no more than about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient. In one embodiment, combination (i) consists of: at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of 1-hexanol, at least 0.0001 to no more than 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient.

In one embodiment, combination (i) consists of: about 0.001 to about 10ppm of 1-hexanol, about 0.0001 to about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient. In one embodiment, combination (i) consists of: 0.001 to 10ppm of 1-hexanol, 0.0001 to 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient.

In one embodiment, combination (ii) comprises or consists essentially of: at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of 1-hexanol, at least about 0.0001 to no more than about 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, and at least about 0.0001 to no more than about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate. In one embodiment, combination (ii) comprises or consists essentially of: at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of 1-hexanol, at least 0.0001 to no more than 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, and at least 0.0001 to no more than 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate.

In one embodiment, combination (ii) comprises or consists essentially of: about 0.001 to about 10ppm of 1-hexanol, about 0.0001 to about 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, and about 0.0001 to about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate. In one embodiment, combination (ii) comprises or consists essentially of: 0.001 to 10ppm of 1-hexanol, 0.0001 to 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, and 0.0001 to 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate.

In one embodiment, combination (ii) consists of: at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of 1-hexanol, at least about 0.0001 to no more than about 10ppm of 2-isobutyl acetate, at least about 0.0001 to no more than about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient. In one embodiment, combination (ii) consists of: at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of 1-hexanol, at least 0.0001 to no more than 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, at least 0.0001 to no more than 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient.

In one embodiment, combination (ii) consists of: about 0.001 to about 10ppm of 1-hexanol, about 0.0001 to about 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, about 0.0001 to about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient. In one embodiment, combination (ii) consists of: 0.001 to 10ppm of 1-hexanol, 0.0001 to 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, 0.0001 to 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient.

In one embodiment, combination (iii) comprises or consists essentially of: at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of 1-hexanol, at least about 0.0001 to no more than about 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, and at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone. In one embodiment, combination (iii) comprises or consists essentially of: at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of 1-hexanol, at least 0.0001 to no more than 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, and at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone.

In one embodiment, combination (iii) comprises or consists essentially of: about 0.001 to about 10ppm of 1-hexanol, about 0.0001 to about 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, about 0.001 to about 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, and about 0.001 to about 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone. In one embodiment, combination (iii) comprises or consists essentially of: 0.001 to 10ppm of 1-hexanol, 0.0001 to 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, 0.001 to 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, and 0.001 to 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone.

In one embodiment, combination (iii) consists of: at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of 1-hexanol, at least about 0.0001 to no more than about 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone, and a carrier, diluent or excipient. In one embodiment, combination (iii) consists of: at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of 1-hexanol, at least 0.0001 to no more than 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone, and a carrier, diluent or excipient.

In one embodiment, combination (iii) consists of: about 0.001 to about 10ppm of 1-hexanol, about 0.0001 to about 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, about 0.001 to about 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, about 0.001 to about 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone, and a carrier, diluent or excipient. In one embodiment, combination (iii) consists of: 0.001 to 10ppm of 1-hexanol, 0.0001 to 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, 0.001 to 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, 0.001 to 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone, and a carrier, diluent or excipient.

In one embodiment, combination (iv) comprises or consists essentially of: at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of 1-hexanol, at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone, and at least about 0.0001 to no more than about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate. In one embodiment, combination (iv) comprises or consists essentially of: at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of 1-hexanol, at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone, and at least 0.0001 to no more than 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate.

In one embodiment, combination (iv) comprises or consists essentially of: about 0.001 to about 10ppm of 1-hexanol, about 0.001 to about 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, about 0.001 to about 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone, and about 0.0001 to about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate. In one embodiment, combination (iv) comprises or consists essentially of: 0.001 to 10ppm of 1-hexanol, 0.001 to 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, 0.001 to 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone, and 0.0001 to 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate.

In one embodiment, combination (iv) consists of: at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of 1-hexanol, at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone, at least about 0.0001 to no more than about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient. In one embodiment, combination (iv) consists of: at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of 1-hexanol, at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone, at least 0.0001 to no more than 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient.

In one embodiment, combination (iv) consists of: about 0.001 to about 10ppm of 1-hexanol, about 0.001 to about 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, about 0.001 to about 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone, about 0.0001 to about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient. In one embodiment, combination (iv) consists of: 0.001 to 10ppm of 1-hexanol, 0.001 to 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, 0.001 to 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone, 0.0001 to 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient.

In one embodiment, combination (v) comprises or consists essentially of: at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of 1-hexanol, at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, at least about 0.0001 to no more than about 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, and at least about 0.0001 to no more than about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate. In one embodiment, combination (v) comprises or consists essentially of: at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of 1-hexanol, at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, at least 0.0001 to no more than 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, and at least 0.0001 to no more than 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate.

In one embodiment, combination (v) comprises or consists essentially of: about 0.001 to about 10ppm of 1-hexanol, about 0.001 to about 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, about 0.0001 to about 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, and about 0.0001 to about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate. In one embodiment, combination (v) comprises or consists essentially of: 0.001 to 10ppm of 1-hexanol, 0.001 to 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, 0.0001 to 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, and 0.0001 to 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate.

In one embodiment, combination (v) consists of: at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of 1-hexanol, at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, at least about 0.0001 to no more than about 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, at least about 0.0001 to no more than about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient. In one embodiment, combination (v) consists of: at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of 1-hexanol, at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, at least 0.0001 to no more than 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, at least 0.0001 to no more than 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient.

In one embodiment, combination (v) consists of: about 0.001 to about 10ppm of 1-hexanol, about 0.001 to about 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, about 0.0001 to about 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, about 0.0001 to about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient. In one embodiment, combination (v) consists of: 0.001 to 10ppm of 1-hexanol, 0.001 to 10ppm of isoamyl alcohol, 0.0001 to 10ppm of isobutyl acetate, 0.0001 to 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient.

In one embodiment, combination (vi) comprises or consists essentially of: at least about 0.0001 to no more than about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate. In one embodiment, combination (vi) comprises or consists essentially of: at least 0.0001 to no more than 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate.

In one embodiment, combination (vi) comprises or consists essentially of: about 0.0001 to about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate. In one embodiment, combination (vi) comprises or consists essentially of: 0.0001 to 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate.

In one embodiment, combination (vi) consists of: at least about 0.0001 to no more than about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient. In one embodiment, combination (vi) consists of: at least 0.0001 to no more than 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient.

In one embodiment, combination (vi) consists of: from about 0.0001 to about 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient. In one embodiment, combination (vi) consists of: 0.0001 to 10ppm of 2-methylbutyl acetate, and a carrier, diluent, or excipient.

In one embodiment, combination (vii) comprises or consists essentially of: at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone. In one embodiment, combination (vii) comprises or consists essentially of: at least 0.001 to not more than 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone.

in one embodiment, combination (vii) comprises or consists essentially of: about 0.001 to about 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone. In one embodiment, combination (vii) comprises or consists essentially of: 0.001 to 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone.

In one embodiment, combination (vii) consists of: at least about 0.001 to no more than about 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone and a carrier, diluent, or excipient. In one embodiment, combination (vii) consists of: at least 0.001 to no more than 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone and a carrier, diluent, or excipient.

In one embodiment, combination (vii) consists of: about 0.001 to about 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone and a carrier, diluent, or excipient. In one embodiment, combination (vii) consists of: 0.001 to 10ppm of 3-hydroxybutanone and a carrier, diluent, or excipient.

in one embodiment, the combination is an attractant, is formulated as an attractant, or is provided in the form of an attractant. In one embodiment, the attractant is a synthetic attractant. In one embodiment, the lure is a noxious mammalian species lure, preferably a rodent lure, preferably a rat lure.

in one embodiment, the attractant is formulated to release the attractant compound of the combination of the invention into the atmosphere. In one embodiment, the attractant releases the attractant compound into the atmosphere as an aerosol. In one embodiment, the release is a timed release (time release). It is considered within the skill of the art to formulate the combinations of the present invention as an attractant and that the attractant will provide various timed release profiles that may be desirable for variable treatment environments.

In one embodiment, the lure is a solid lure, a gel lure, an emulsion lure, or a liquid lure that will attract a harmful mammal as described herein. In one embodiment, the solid attractant is provided in powder form. The attractant in powder form may be sprayed, poured or otherwise dispersed into the treatment environment and/or onto or around the treatment site. The attractant formulated as a powder may be sprayed into the atmosphere so that at least some amount of the powder will adhere to at least some surfaces in and/or on and/or around the treatment environment. When sprayed as a powder, the attractant may be applied as a coating or topical coating to the treatment environment and/or on the treatment site and/or on surfaces surrounding the treatment site. The lure in powder form may also be compressed or molded into various shapes including, but not limited to, plug, bead, pellet, block, and brick shapes. In one embodiment, the attractant is a solid plug that provides a controlled release rate of at least one combination or composition of the invention. In one embodiment, at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, or a combination thereof, is released from the solid attractant upon exposure to air or upon exposure to a gas stream.

In one embodiment, the lure is a gel lure. In one embodiment, the gel attractant is formulated for application by extrusion, spreading and/or extrusion. The gel attractant may be provided as a gel or may be provided as a liquid for mixing in situ with further ingredients to form a gel. In some embodiments, the gel attractant is provided as a liquid with further ingredients to be mixed in situ.

In one embodiment, the lure is an emulsion lure. In one embodiment, the emulsion attractant is formulated for application by extrusion, spreading, and/or extrusion. The emulsion attractant may be provided as an emulsion or may be provided as a liquid for mixing in situ with further ingredients to form an emulsion. In some embodiments, the emulsion attractant is provided as a liquid with further ingredients to be mixed in situ.

In one embodiment, the attractant is a liquid attractant. In one embodiment, the liquid attractant comprising a combination or composition of the invention is aqueous or non-aqueous. In one embodiment, the liquid attractant is applied as a spray into the treatment environment, released into the treatment environment, and/or applied onto and/or around the treatment site. In one embodiment, the spray provides the attractant compound of the present invention in an aerosol.

In some embodiments, the gel, emulsion or liquid attractant is applied to a matrix or support from which the attractant according to the invention is released upon exposure to air or airflow. In one embodiment, the matrix is a porous matrix. In one embodiment, the porous matrix is a rod, frit, bead, block, or other suitably shaped matrix that will contain the liquid attractant according to the present invention and from which the liquid attractant will be released into the atmosphere.

In one embodiment, the lure is an emulsion lure. In one embodiment, the emulsion lure comprising a combination or composition of the present invention is aqueous or non-aqueous. In one embodiment, the emulsion attractant is applied as a spray into the treatment environment, released into the treatment environment, and/or applied on and/or around the treatment site.

In one embodiment, the attractant is a device comprising a semi-permeable membrane, wherein the device comprises a combination or composition of the invention that is aqueous or non-aqueous. In one embodiment, the device is placed in a processing environment, wherein the combination is released from the device into the processing environment by passing from the interior of the device through a semi-permeable membrane into the processing environment. In one embodiment, the device comprises a vial having a semipermeable membrane lid, wherein the combination is contained in the vial.

In one embodiment, the liquid attractant comprises a combination of the invention as set forth in table 1. In light of the disclosure herein, the skilled artisan can vary the concentration of the compounds in the combinations listed in table 1 in order to optimize the liquid attractant for use in different treatment environments.

the liquid attractant as described herein may also be included in various types of sealing devices for distribution into a processing environment. For example, the liquid attractant may be contained in a cartridge or pressurized cartridge that allows for controlled spray release of the attractant from the cartridge as an aerosol. In one embodiment, the cartridge is a spray device contained in or arranged on the trap. In one embodiment, the spray device is configured to deliver an aerosol comprising the combination of the present invention to a treatment environment at a timed rate.

the rate of release of at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, or combinations thereof, from an attractant as described herein is directly affected by environmental factors including temperature, wind speed, humidity, air pressure, terrain, vegetation density, and rainfall.

The combination of the invention as described herein is released into the atmosphere from both the liquid lure and the solid lure is designed by the skilled person to achieve an effective level of noxious mammalian attraction over a set period of time. In some embodiments, the period is selected from the group consisting of: seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, and years.

The various release rates of the combinations of the present invention will be effective, with the effect depending on the conditions present in the environment to be treated. In light of the present disclosure and depending on the conditions expected in the treatment environment, the skilled artisan can vary the amount of attractant compounds in the combination, as well as the chemical composition and physical form of the attractant, to provide an attractant that will provide a certain release rate of the combination, which is designed for a particular environment or set of conditions, and which is effective to attract unwanted mammals.

The attractants may be formulated to provide a combined release rate that is tailored to be effective in trapping a particular harmful mammalian species. For example, when highly volatile compounds are present in the combination, the combination can be formulated as an attractant using a suitable carrier and provided in a particular geometry designed to slow volatilization, thereby increasing the duration of the attractant effect, but is not limited thereto.

The combination, composition or attractant of the present invention can be delivered to the treatment site and/or in the treatment environment by wicking, nebulizer, instillation, spray or static delivery of the combination, composition or attractant to release the attractant compound. It is within the skill of the art to formulate the combinations, compositions or attractants of the invention for delivery by wicking, nebulizer, drip, spray, static delivery, or by other means.

For example, the inventors contemplate that there are three main delivery types. In some embodiments, the attractant compounds and combinations described herein are delivered from a solid substrate. In some embodiments, the solid substrate comprises a rubber block, a polyethylene tube, a polyethylene bag, a rubber core, an impregnated strand, an emulsion, and a gel dispenser, including various combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the attractant compounds and combinations described herein are delivered by aerosol from any device as known and used in the art. In some embodiments, aerosol delivery comprises the use of at least one reservoir dispenser.

The trap used to capture harmful mammalian species comprising a solid attractant or a liquid attractant according to the invention may be selected by the skilled person depending on the treatment environment and the environmental conditions expected. Many trapping devices are known in the art and can be used, adapted or redesigned in accordance with the present disclosure to place an attractant in accordance with the present invention. For example, some devices may be designed to provide one or more cartridges containing a liquid attractant as described herein, which release the attractant through one or more adjustable orifices, but are not so limited. In this way, the lure provides a better release rate.

It is considered to be within the skill of the art to select and configure an attractant according to the invention and to select an appropriate delivery means which will release a combination of the invention at a predetermined rate to attract a particular harmful mammalian species.

The solid lure may also be formulated with a suitable biodegradable polymer and formed or molded into various articles. The article can be designed to take a specific shape which will help to control the release of the combination contained in the lure.

Many biodegradable polymers are known in the art, and suitable biodegradable polymers may be selected for various properties, including, but not limited to, the suitability of a particular polymer or polymer mixture for casting or extrusion. Suitable biodegradable polymers may be selected for specific decomposition conditions. These polymers hydrolyze over time to continuously release the combination contained in the cast or molded article into the processing environment. The solid lure may be formulated with a biodegradable polymer that degrades completely to an environmentally friendly non-toxic compound. In one non-limiting example, suitable solid attractants comprise the polymers poly L (+) -lactide, polyglycolide, and poly (lactide-co-glycolide) which degrade to form L (+) -lactic acid, glycolic acid, and L (+) -lactic acid and glycolic acid, respectively.

The solid attractant can be designed to vary the amount of attractant surface area exposed to the air or gas stream. In this way the rate of degradation, and hence the release of the combination from the attractant, can be altered to release the combination over a desired period of time. Whether the solid attractant is exposed to air or air flow alone in the trap will depend on the formulation of the attractant and the environmental conditions expected within the target treatment environment.

The rate of release of the combination from the solid attractant is also controlled by varying the composition of the polymer or copolymer used in the attractant and the surface area of the attractant exposed to the air or gas stream is varied by varying the geometry of the attractant. It is considered within the skill of the art, in light of this disclosure and as known in the art, to select suitable polymers for formulating solid attractants for attracting harmful mammalian species.

The solid lure can be prepared by various methods as are known in the art. For example, the solid attractant may be provided as a molded article impregnated with the combination of the invention by injection molding the combination simultaneously with a suitable polymer. In one embodiment, the molded article is an aromatized block.

The final shape of the lure can be designed to provide the appropriate surface area needed to ensure that the combination is released over the desired period of time. In some embodiments, the injection molding process is modified by introducing a gas into the process, thereby creating a porous matrix in the solid lure. The pores increase the exposed surface area comprising the attractant and allow air to flow within the attractant, which can increase the release rate of the combination. A suitably designed solid lure comprising a porous matrix as described herein can be designed such that the combination is released from the lure at a continuous rate, allowing an effective level of the combination to be released from the lure over a desired period of time.

Injection molding the solid lure also allows the lure to be designed as an integral part of any trap, if desired. For example, an attractant may be produced that provides a mechanical interface between the attractant and the device containing the attractant or a house within the device. In some non-limiting embodiments, the mechanical interface is a hook, snap fitting, shaped plug, snap plate, or other solid form that fits the particular device or animal house within the device. In this way, a solid lure comprising the combination of the invention may be designed for markets having different regulatory requirements (e.g. the use of a particular type of trapping device or apparatus).

In one embodiment, the attractant attracts a mammal, preferably a deleterious mammalian species, preferably a rodent, preferably a rat (murus) or a mouse (mus. In one embodiment, the deleterious mammalian species is a member of the hedgehog family (porcupine). In one embodiment, the deleterious mammalian species is a member of the family ferrets, preferably a weasel, mink, badger, mink, otter, or ferret.

In one embodiment, the attractant attracts a mammal, preferably a pest mammal species, to the treatment site.

in one embodiment, the lure attracts the mammal, preferably a harmful mammalian species selected from the group consisting of: rodents, hedgehoids and weasels, preferably rats, mice, porcupines, weasels, minks, badgers, minks, otters or ferrets. In one embodiment, at least two of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate are released.

In one embodiment, the lure comprises less than about 0.01ppm of at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate. In one embodiment, the lure is configured to release at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate from the lure to the atmosphere for a period of time selected from the group consisting of: seconds, hours, days, weeks, months, and years.

In one embodiment, the lure is formulated to release at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate into the atmosphere for at least a period of time selected from the group consisting of: seconds, minutes, days, weeks, months, years.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a composition comprising a combination of the invention.

In one embodiment, the composition comprises or consists essentially of: at least about 0.0001ppm of at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, or 2-methylbutyl acetate, or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the composition is formulated as an attractant or is provided in the form of an attractant, preferably a synthetic attractant. The skilled person will appreciate that the compositions of the present invention may be formulated as an attractant or provided in the form of an attractant for a combination of the invention as described herein, but are not limited thereto.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a combination or composition of the invention for attracting at least one harmful mammalian species to a treatment site. In one embodiment, the processing site is contained within a processing environment.

In one embodiment, the combination or composition is used in a treatment environment or at a treatment site. In one embodiment, the combination or composition is formulated for application to a treatment environment or treatment site.

In one embodiment, the treatment environment is an area where a harmful mammalian species may be present or an area where a harmful mammalian species is suspected to be present.

In one embodiment, the processing environment is an urban environment, a rural environment, or a wildlife environment. In one embodiment, the processing environment is within a building or other man-made structure. In one embodiment, the processing environment is a house, garage, auxiliary building, barn, milk shed, pig farm, milking cowshed, tool room, cabin, factory, or storage.

In one embodiment, the processing environment is outdoors. In one embodiment, the processing environment is a field or a forest. In one embodiment, the processing environment is contained in a field or forest. In one embodiment, the treatment environment is or is contained in a catchment area.

In one embodiment, a processing environment includes a plurality of processing sites.

In one embodiment, the treatment site is a surface on or in an article, material, or substance present in the treatment environment. In one embodiment, the surface is on or in a device. In one embodiment, the device is a trap.

In one embodiment, the device is a trap that will trap at least one harmful mammalian species.

in one embodiment, the device is a trap that will kill at least one harmful mammalian species.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of making a combination or composition that will attract at least one harmful mammalian species, comprising formulating at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, or any combination thereof, to attract at least one harmful mammalian species. In one embodiment, at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate, or a combination thereof, is formulated with a carrier, diluent, or excipient. In one embodiment, the composition or combination is a synthetic composition or combination.

In one embodiment, the carrier, diluent or excipient is aqueous or non-aqueous. In one embodiment, the carrier is non-aqueous, preferably an oil, preferably a fractionated oil. In one embodiment, the carrier is coconut oil, preferably fractionated coconut oil.

The skilled person will appreciate that many different types of aqueous and non-aqueous carriers, diluents and/or excipients may be used in accordance with the invention. It is important in formulating a combination or composition as described herein that the carrier, diluent or excipient will stabilize at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate or a combination thereof in said combination or composition for a sufficient time to permit the desired timed release of at least one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate or any combination thereof from said combination or composition.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of preparing an attractant comprising formulating a combination or composition of the invention so as to attract at least one deleterious mammalian species. In one embodiment, formulating comprises combining the combination or composition with at least one other ingredient. In one embodiment, the at least one other ingredient is a carrier, diluent or excipient. In one embodiment, the attractant is a synthetic attractant.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of making a combination or synthetic combination comprising formulating at least two, or at least three, or at least four, or all five of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate so as to attract at least one deleterious mammalian species.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of making an attractant comprising formulating at least two, or at least three, or at least four, or all five of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate so as to attract at least one deleterious mammalian species. In one embodiment, at least one pest mammalian species is attracted to the treatment site. In one embodiment, the formulation comprises combining 1-hexanol and 2-methylbutyl acetate. The 1-hexanol and 2-methylbutyl acetate are preferably combined with at least one other ingredient. In one embodiment, the at least one other ingredient is a carrier, diluent or excipient.

In one embodiment, the formulating comprises combining any one of isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, isobutyl acetate, and 2-methylbutyl acetate into one of the combinations as listed in table 1, preferably by combining with at least one other ingredient. In one embodiment, the additional ingredient is a carrier, diluent or excipient.

in another embodiment, the other ingredient is an additional active agent. In one embodiment, the additional active agent is selected from the group consisting of a poison, a tranquilizer, and an anti-fertility agent. In one embodiment, the combinations of the present invention comprising isobutyl acetate or isoamyl alcohol (including combinations of isobutyl acetate and isoamyl alcohol) are formulated with a poison effective to kill harmful mammalian species. The choice of such poisons to be formulated with the combinations of the invention as described herein is within the skill of the art. Similarly, the skilled artisan can likewise select an anti-fertility agent according to the invention disclosed herein.

Method for controlling harmful mammalian species

The inventors believe that they first show a method of controlling harmful mammalian species in a treatment environment using the synthetic combinations or compositions of the present invention.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, the inventors believe that by using the methods disclosed herein, operators will be able to reduce the frequency and severity of damage to various harmful mammalian species in various treatment environments, including wild and domestic environments.

Thus, in another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of attracting at least one harmful mammalian species to a treatment site comprising placing the combination or composition of the present invention near, at and/or on the treatment site. In one embodiment, the processing site is contained within a processing environment. In one embodiment, the combination or composition is placed in or near a device that will control the population of at least one species of pest mammal. In one embodiment, the combination or composition is placed in, on, or in a veterinary house near the device. In one embodiment, the animal house is configured to release the combination or composition from or into the device as an aerosol. In one embodiment, the combination or composition is a synthetic combination or composition. In one embodiment, the synthetic combination or composition is a synthetic attractant. In one embodiment, the method comprises placing a synthetic attractant on and/or at a treatment site.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of controlling at least one deleterious mammalian species in a treatment environment comprising placing a combination or composition of the present invention in the treatment environment. In one embodiment, the combination or composition is placed near, at and/or on a treatment site contained in a treatment environment. In one embodiment, the combination or composition is placed in, on, and/or in proximity to a device that will control the population of at least one species of pest mammal. In one embodiment, the combination or composition is placed in or on a device within a veterinary home. In one embodiment, the animal house is configured to release the combination or composition from or into the device as an aerosol. In one embodiment, the combination or composition is a synthetic combination or composition. In one embodiment, the synthetic combination or composition is a synthetic attractant, as described herein, comprising any one of the combinations of the invention described herein. In one embodiment, the method comprises placing a synthetic attractant near, at, and/or on the treatment site.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of a combination or composition of the invention for attracting at least one harmful mammalian species as described herein to a treatment site.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of a combination or composition of the invention to control the population number of at least one harmful mammalian species as described herein in a treatment environment.

the skilled person will appreciate that the embodiments of the method of the invention contemplated herein for use in connection with attracting and/or controlling harmful mammalian species will apply equally to the use of the invention for attracting and/or controlling mammalian species. The present invention expressly contemplates all such embodiments for the described uses.

The invention will now be described by way of the following representative methods and examples, which are provided to further illustrate the subject matter to which the invention pertains. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., "such as" or "including") provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention. The presence of examples and the use of exemplary language does not limit the scope of the invention as disclosed herein unless otherwise specifically indicated. No language used throughout the disclosure of the present application should be construed as indicating any specific element or feature of the invention as disclosed herein as essential to the practice of the invention unless explicitly stated. For example, the skilled person will be able to modify the amount of reagents and processing time in the method and the exemplified process as known in the art according to the inventive concepts disclosed herein. Such modifications are considered to be within the scope of the present invention.

Examples of the invention

In the following examples, we describe in detail the volatile profile of 19 food and controls provided by free-moving wild rats using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The following example shows the use of local least squares regression (PLSR) to statistically correlate compounds with behavioral responses with the goal of identifying those compounds that are likely to elicit attractiveness. A summary of the results of various bioassays performed using the 9 statistically significant compounds identified by the PLSR assay is also provided. To the best of the inventors' knowledge, this is the first time to combine the GC-MS data output with PLSR in such a way as to identify the semiochemicals, whether they are allelochemicals or latent pheromones, with the aim of applying those findings to the development of synthetic olfactory attractants for attracting harmful mammalian species.

Example 1-volatile chemical Compounds in candidate food products

Method of producing a composite material

The following 20 products (19 food and one control device) were subjected to HS-SPME sampling and GC-MS analysis to generate a list of volatile chemical compounds present in each product: almond, bacon, barley, black pepper, cheese (cooked cheddar cheese), chocolate (milk), (black) chocolate, coconut, coffee, egg, ginger, millet,Macaroni, peanut butter (standard), (dry) pet food, rice, sardine, soap, soy, sweet corn, walnut, and yeast. Samples were prepared 24 hours prior to analysis, and 5g of each sample was added to 3 replicate headspace screw cap vials and sealed using a polytetrafluoroethylene/polysiloxane septum screw cap (Agilent Technologies, santa clara, ca, usa). Manual SPME injection equipment (Supelco, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) equipped with preconditioned polydimethyisiloxane/Carboxen/Divinylbenzene SPME fibersSt louis, missouri) samples. Each sample vial was incubated with SPME fiber in a water bath for 15 minutes, then injected into the GC-MS injector port and thermally desorbed for 2 minutes. Use the adhesive tape-5-SilMS capillary column andSPME Liner Shimadzu QP2010Plus Gas chromatography/Mass Spectrometers for analysis. The compounds were aligned by matching EI fragmentation mass spectra to those contained in the NIST11 library. Similarity scores in at least 2 of the 3 replicates were>85% of those were continued for statistical analysis. Statistically significant compounds identified by PLSR were validated using the retention index generated by the retention time of a series of n-alkane standards (C8-C40; Sigma-Aldrich). Validated compounds were purchased from AK-Scientific (Union City, Calif.) and Sigma Aldrich and their identity was verified by EI fragmentation pattern versus residence time.

Data analysis

Data were subjected to local least squares regression using Unscrambler X10.3 (CAMO, oslo, norway). The analysis was validated using the Nonlinear Iterative Partial Least Squares (NIPALS) algorithm and using random cross-validation. The Martens uncertainty test was used to confirm chemical compounds in the analytical product that are statistical predictors of attractiveness. The maximum peak area for each compound was used as a predictor variable, while the attraction score for each product ((Jackson et al 2016, Supra) was used as our response variable. all X variables were converted to logarithms. all X and Y variables were centered on the mean and scaled to one standard deviation.

field test

Synthetic attractants comprising a single compound mixed in a carrier medium (fractionated coconut oil) were provided to free-moving wild rats at 7 concentrations, on the order of 10,000ppm down to 0.01 ppm. The compounds used and the concentrations are listed in table 2. The attractants were provided in 1.7mL Eppendorf microtubes fixed to the inner wall of the tracking channel using a cable tie. A card of ink application was placed in each channel to quantify the number of visits and identify the species of the access lure. The attractants are randomly distributed along the strips with a minimum of 25 m spacing between attractants and 200 m spacing between strips. Control (fractionated coconut oil only) and standard (peanut butter) were dispensed to each bar, each bar containing the same concentration of attractant. The splines were randomly ordered for each experiment. All attractants were left in place for one rainless night. The lure was scored using the rat footprint appearing on the ink painted card, providing the proportion of the card that was painted with ink that was accessed for each lure, hereinafter referred to as the "footprint left proportion". The foot print remaining ratio for each single attractant was compared to peanut butter using two tests at the end of the experimental period. Two tests were carried out in R (R Core Team 2013). 10 trials were conducted at independent sites in the area of Wainuomata and Orongorongo catchment and Akatawa and Pakurtahi Forest Parks (41 ℃ 15S, 175 ℃ 00E) between 7.15.2015 and 11.11.2015 in the New Zealand Hulington area.

Table 2: the compounds to be tested and a unique identification code provided for each compound based on each of 7 concentrations from 10,000 to 0.01ppm of the test.

Results-field test

375 compounds were characterized using GC-MS analysis in 20 products sampled, 111 were found in two or more products analyzed and subjected to PLSR analysis. Local least squares regression confirmed a positive correlation of 63 compounds with the response variable, with 10 compounds confirmed to be statistically significant predictors. Statistically significant compounds were obtained using the first two factors of the PLSR model, which together account for 91% of confirmed changes in the data set (fig. 1). The model cross-validation of the two factors is r2 ═ 0.54. Of the 10 statistically significant compounds, the identity of 9 compounds was positively verified using authentic standards and field testing was continued, whereas the 10 th compound was not commercially available for testing (table 3).

Table 3: positive validation of the compounds by comparison with authentic standards.

compound (I)	LRIa	LRIb	LRI reference	Compound ID
					Isoamyl alcohol	705	732	Steinhaus and Schieberle (2007)	A
1-hexanol	814	858	Andreade et al (2008)	B
					3-hydroxybutanone	696	705	beal and Mottram (1994)	C
Isovaleric acid	801	848	Wu et al (2005)	D
					2, 3-dimethylpyrazine	871	915	beal and Mottram (1994)	E
Acetic acid isobutyl ester	730	758	Shimoda et al (1993)	F
					Acetic acid isoamyl ester	826	855	Boscaini et al (2003)	G
Tetramethylpyrazine	1077	1075	Avsar et al (2004)	H
					acetic acid 2-methylbutyl ester	828	863	Guichard and Souty: (1988)	I

Table 3 compounds determined as statistically significant rat predictors by the PLSR model and organized by LRI. (1) LRI^aFrom the use of our GC-MS against a series of n-alkanes (C)₈-C₄₀) Analysis of residence time calculation. (2) LRI^bLRI obtained from published literature using data obtained from a similar DB5 column. ID code: the letter code assigned to each compound during the test.

Field test

5 compounds (1-hexanol, 3-hydroxybutanone, 2-methylbutyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, and isoamyl alcohol) were more attractive than the peanut butter standard, 1 compound (H) was less attractive than the peanut butter standard but more attractive than the control, and 3 compounds (D, G and E) were less attractive than the peanut butter standard and the control (FIG. 2). The 8 single attractants performed statistically better than the peanut butter standard (p)<0.01), all 8 attractants are from the 5 best performing compounds. Compound attraction was highest at the 2 lowest concentrations, with almost half of all recorded visits occurring at attractants provided at 0.1ppm and 0.01ppm (footprint leaving ratios of 0.19 and 0.24, respectively). The lowest footprint recorded leaving ratio (0.09) occurred at the attractant provided at 1ppm (figure 3). In addition to compound G (no trend), the attractiveness of a single compound showed an increasing trend with decreasing concentration and was determined to have a statistically significant inverse relationship (X) between the cumulative concentration data and the footprint-left ratio²＝7.01，df＝1，P＝0.008)。

EXAMPLE 2 blending test

Materials and methods

The methods of preparation and provision of the lure were carried out according to those given above.

Design of experiments

The first stage was provided with a6, B6, C6, F7 and I7 as identified in table 2. The 5 attractants were also used to generate all 10 binary blend combinations possible (as shown in table 1). For example, a6 and B6 were blended together in equal parts to produce a binary attractant coded AB. Each experiment consisted of a single spatial multi-layer spline (stritified transfer). Each layer (strata) contains one of each attractant, control (FCO) and standard (peanut butter). The number of layers of coupons varied between trials depending on site conditions (i.e. footprint length and accessibility). The attractants were 50 meters apart, and the attractant sequence within the spline layer and between each experiment was random. All attractants were left in place for 2 rainless nights. 10 experiments were performed at independent sites in the Hulington region and the Rishiman mountain region, Nielsen, New Zealand between 11 months 11 and 25 months 2 and 2016.

The second stage is provided with the best performing mono-and binary attractants identified after the first stage. All possible ternary, quaternary and quinary blend combinations of A, B, C, F and I were also generated and tested. For example, a6, B6, C6, and F7 were blended together in equal parts and at their relative concentrations to produce a four-element attractant coded as ABCF. Spline design proceeds according to the third stage. 10 trials were conducted at independent sites in the hulington area, large, new zealand between 30 days 3 and 7 days 2016.

Response variable

Each test was designed to compare the performance of each lure after each successive experimental phase with the best performing lure. Exclusion of the poorly performing attractant allows for higher levels of internal repetition and includes an additional multi-component blend attractant in the second stage. The lure was scored using the presence/absence of a rat footprint on an inked tracking card, thereby providing the proportion of the tracking card that was visited by a particular species, hereinafter referred to as the 'footprint left proportion'. The footprint is left to scale to guide the exclusion process. Attractants statistically less attractive than the best performing attractants after the first stage of the experiment were excluded from subsequent experiments. Scoring was performed on 3 behavioral response variables, designed to quantify the visit intensity of the corresponding attractants: (1) the presence of urinary and/or fecal markers in or on the tracking channel, underReferred to herein as 'tag'; (2) the presence of chewing or biting marks on the microtubules and/or tracking channels, hereinafter referred to as 'contact'; (3) the amount of footprint on each tracking card accessed. This was measured using a Perspex plate of 10cm by 47cm with a thickness of 1cm²a grid of squares. The number of squares with footprints of a particular species was calculated to obtain a score, hereinafter referred to as 'intensity'. The intensity is designed to identify attractants that entice a single individual to visit densely or multiple visits or that entice multiple individual visits.

Model selection

A multi-model information-theoretical approach was used at the end of the second stage to confirm the best-fit model for each of the 4 response variables (footprint, label, contact and intensity) and to study possible synergistic effects between the compounds used in the multi-component blends. Data for each attractant comprising one or any combination of a6, B6, C6, F7 and/or I7 was checked. Model averaging was used to confirm the relative importance of each compound for each response variable. Whereas the last 5 compounds (predictor variables) given in this study have been shown to be biologically important for rats, all possible additive and interactive models with all combinations of second, third and fourth order interactions were generated from the predictor variables.

Data analysis

Two tests were used at the end of each field trial phase to compare the performance of each lure to the best performing lure and to drive the process. The footprint model, the tagging model and the contact model operate as a generalized linear mixed effects model (GLMM) with binomial distribution and logarithmic connectivity, and the intensity model operates as a linear mixed effects model (LMM). The presence/absence of compound in each attractant was used as a predictor variable.

A 'global' model is first generated, which contains all fixed effects parameters, including 'site' and/or 'spline' and/or 'experimental stage' as random effects. This allows the effect of inspection space (location and splines) and time (experimental phase) on the data. The 'splines' nested within 'sites' and 'experimental stages' provide an improved model fit compared to any other random effects model, so all models are run including the 'splines' nested within 'sites' and 'experimental stages' as random effects. The model was compared using the erythroid cell information criterion (AICc) corrected for small sample size. The corresponding erythroid difference (Δ i), number of parameters (K), erythroid weight (Wi) and log-likelihood (LL) are also calculated. Due to the unbalanced set of models, i.e., the number of models per variable is not equal, ≦ 10AICC (Bolker et al 2009) is truncated to generate the model average, resulting in a candidate set of models from the relative importance of the variables. Since 3 of the 4 variables have binary properties, the correlation between the response variables used in the linear regression model was checked using the Dice similarity coefficient (QS) (Choi et al 2010).

Statistical significance was considered whenever P ≦ 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed in R (R Core Team 2016), lme4 packages (Bates et al 2015) for mixed effects model, MuMIn (Barton 2016) for AICc scoring, weight, Δ, log likelihood, and model averaging (using dredge function).

Results

Experimental exclusion

In the first stage, 15 compound-based attractants (5 single compound attractants and 10 binary attractants) were tested at 10 sites (n ═ 30 per lure). Binary attractant CF is the best performing attractant with a footprint remaining ratio of 0.27. The best performing single compound is C, with a footprint remaining ratio of 0.20. The footprint remaining ratios for the control and peanut butter standards were 0.07 and 0.17, respectively. During this experimental period, no attractant performed statistically better than peanut butter. It should be noted that the first stage experiment was conducted during the summer months, with overall lower access to and interaction with the attractant. The 6 attractants (B, F, AC, AF, BC and CI) were statistically weaker than the best performing attractant CF (P <0.03) and excluded from the fourth phase trial.

In the second stage, the single and binary attractants identified by the first stage as performing best are provided. The second stage test also included all possible ternary, quaternary and quinary multicomponent blend attractants consisting of the 5 compounds. In total, 25 compound-based attractants are provided at 10 sites (n ═ 18 for the four-and five-membered attractants, and n ═ 20 for the single, two-and three-membered attractants). The tetrad attractant ABCF is the best performing attractant with a footprint remaining ratio of 0.61, while BI and BFI are the second best performing and third best performing attractants with footprint remaining ratios of 0.60 and 0.55, respectively. The 17 attractants were statistically weaker than the best performing attractants (P.ltoreq.0.046), while the 7 attractants were not statistically different from the best performing attractants (FIG. 4). The footprint remaining ratios for the control and peanut butter standards were 0.25 and 0.55, respectively.

Model selection

5 attractants (A6, B6, C6, F7, and I7) were used as the primary utilities and are referred to hereinafter simply as A, B, C, F and I. All tracking cards with a single lure or any combination of the 5 attractants are included in our analysis.

Access

The interaction model B + I + (B.i) was identified as the best fit model for "visit" (Table 4), and the second order interaction term B.i appeared in 7 of the 9 fully supported "visit" models (where the Chi-pool difference ≦ 2). The only univariate model with sufficient support is B (Δ)_i1.07). The model average also confirms that variable B has the highest relative importance among all variables (0.90), with I being the second most important variable (0.84). The interaction term B I is the fifth most important variable (0.67), just after a (0.69) and F (0.70). The relative importance of the variable C is sixth, exactly 0.58.

Table 4: visit model according to Chichi Difference (Δ)_i) Given in descending order. The table only includes fully supported models where the Chibi difference is ≦ 2.

Providing for sample size (AIC)_C) Ginseng, ginseng and radix codonopsis pilosulaeNumber of digits (K), log-likelihood (LL), and Red cell weight (W)_i) And (4) carrying out corrected hematid information amount criterion. The best fit model (i.e., Δ AIC ═ 0) is shown in bold. Interactive items are denoted with "+", while added items are denoted with "+".

Contact with

Univariate model F identified the best fit model for "touch" (table 5) and also appeared in 5 of 7 sufficiently supported models, both as an additive term and a second order interaction term. However, it should be noted that the stochastic effect model is ranked higher, Δ_i0.69. The model averages the variable F with the highest relative importance among all variables (0.78), with A being the second most important variable (0.68). The relative importance of variable B and variable C is 0.50, while variable I has the lowest relative importance of the univariates (0.48). Then considerably down to the next most important variable a x F, which is 0.23.

Table 5: contact model based on Chichi Difference (Δ)_i) Given in descending order and including only fully supported models where the erythroid difference is ≦ 2.

The description of the table is made in accordance with Table 4

Marking

The model a + B + C + F + I + (a × B) + (C × F) + (C × I) containing all the major utilities and three second order cross terms was identified as the best fit model for the "marker" (table 6). The same model containing all 5 major utilities appeared in 11 of 14 sufficiently supported models with a series of different second and third order interactions. The model averages the variable C with the highest relative importance among all variables (0.96), A, B and I being the second most important variable (0.95). The relative importance of the variable F is 0.987. The second order interaction terms C × I, A × B and C × F are the highest scoring interaction terms with relative importance of 0.84, 0.72, and 0.70, respectively, and largely decrease to the next important F × I with importance of 0.48.

Table 6: labeling model according to Chichi Difference (Δ)_i) Given in descending order and including only those in which redAnd the pool difference is less than or equal to 2 to fully support the model. Models showing only random effects are used as reference.

The description of the table is made in accordance with Table 4

Strength of

The model with only random effects was identified as the best fit model for "intensity" (table 7). However, further studies confirmed that the random effect "stage" had a strong effect, indicating that time had a significant effect on the data. The inventors therefore analyzed intensity data accumulated according to seasons (fig. 5), and confirmed statistically significant differences (H-9.048, df-3, P-0.045) and confirmed statistically significant differences between winter and summer (P-0.009) using Dunn's post-hoc test. The inventors therefore excluded "stages" as random effects (preserving "sites" and "splines") and re-run the model.

Table 7: intensity model according to Chichi Difference (Δ)_i) Given in descending order and including only fully supported models where the erythroid difference is ≦ 2.

The description of the table is made in accordance with Table 4

The model a + B + C + F + I + (C x F) + (C x I) + (F x I) + (C x F x I) containing all the major utilities, three second order cross terms and one third order cross term was identified as the best fit model for "intensity" (table 8). All 5 major utilities appeared in 7 of the top 10 models with a series of second and third order interactions. Interestingly, the same 5 main utilities and the second order interaction term identified for "intensity" closely reflect the best fit model for "labeling" (table 6). The univariate model C was identified as the highest ranking univariate model, Δ_i0.45. Note, however, the level of the model with only random effects, Δ_i＝0.78.

The model average confirmation variable C has the highest relative importance to "intensity" (0.94) and B is the second highest (0.89). Variables I, F and A have relative importance of 0.88, 0.86, and 0.85, respectively. The highest ranked interaction term is C × I with a relative importance of 0.68 and can be found as the interaction term in the best-fit model and 8 of the top 10 models.

Table 8: intensity model according to Chichi Difference (Δ)_i) Given in descending order and including only fully supported models where the erythroid difference is ≦ 2.

The scope of the invention is not intended to be limited to the above examples. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that many variations may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set out in the appended claims.

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