阅读说明：本技术 制备具有凹面的泡沫层压体的方法及由此制备的层压体 (Method of making a foam laminate having a concave surface and laminate made thereby ) 是由 B·李 于 2018-05-01 设计创作，主要内容包括：公开了制备具有凹面的泡沫层压体的方法。所述方法包括：(a)将含泡沫片的夹层结构放入模具中；以及(b)在模具中使层压体成型以形成具有凹面的泡沫层压体。在所述方法中,泡沫片是其中发生发泡反应使得泡沫在远离基底的方向上起发的泡沫块的切片,使得所述片的一个主表面为面向泡沫起发方向的表面,而所述片的相对主表面为面向基底的表面,以及在将泡沫层压体放置在模具中之前,对泡沫片进行取向,使得成型形成具有凹面的泡沫层压体,其中泡沫片的面向泡沫起发方向的表面面向泡沫层压体的凹面。还公开了由其制备的汽车顶蓬和发动机罩内衬。(A method of making a foam laminate having a concave surface is disclosed. The method comprises the following steps: (a) placing the sandwich structure containing the foam sheet into a mold; and (b) molding the laminate in a mold to form a foam laminate having a concave surface. In the method, the foam sheet is a cut piece of a foam block in which a foaming reaction occurs such that foam rises in a direction away from a substrate, such that one major surface of the sheet is a surface facing the foam rising direction and the opposite major surface of the sheet is a surface facing the substrate, and prior to placing the foam laminate in a mold, the foam sheet is oriented such that molding forms the foam laminate with a concave surface, wherein the surface of the foam sheet facing the foam rising direction faces the concave surface of the foam laminate. Automotive headliners and hood liners prepared therefrom are also disclosed.)

1. a method of making a foam laminate having a concave surface, the method comprising:

(a) Placing the sandwich structure containing the foam sheet into a mold; and

(b) Shaping the laminate in the mold to form a foam laminate having a concave surface, wherein:

(i) the foam sheet is a slice of a foam block prepared by the following method: depositing a foam-forming composition onto a substrate, wherein a foaming reaction occurs such that the foam rises in a direction away from the substrate such that one major surface of the sheet is the surface facing the direction of foam rise and the opposite major surface of the sheet is the surface facing the substrate, and

(ii) Orienting the foam laminate in the mold such that the shaping forms a foam laminate having a concave surface, wherein a surface of the foam sheet facing in a foam rise direction faces the concave surface of the foam laminate.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the foam laminate having a concavity is an automotive headliner.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the foam sheet comprises an open-cell polyurethane foam.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the foam bun is prepared by a discontinuous process.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the foam bun is prepared by a continuous process.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the foam laminate comprises an adhesive layer in contact with and adhered to one or both major opposing surfaces of the foam sheet and a fibrous layer in contact with and adhered to the adhesive layer.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the foam laminate further comprises a fabric cover layer, an additional foam layer, an additional adhesive layer, and/or a scrim layer.

8. A method as set forth in claim 3 wherein the open-celled polyurethane foam is obtained by reacting a polyisocyanate component with a polyol component, wherein the polyol component comprises:

(a) A polyether polyol having a functionality of 2 to 6 and a number average molecular weight of greater than 160 to 6500;

(ii) Chain extenders and/or crosslinkers which contain at least two isocyanate-reactive groups and have a molecular weight of from 60 to 160,

(iii) Water, and

(iv) A catalyst for forming polyurethane.

9. the method of claim 8, wherein the polyisocyanate component comprises a mixture of diphenylmethane diisocyanate and polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate, the mixture comprising from 40 to 85% by weight of diphenylmethane diisocyanate and from 15 to 40% of polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate, based on the total weight of polyisocyanate.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein the polyol component comprises:

(i)15 to 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the polyol component, of a polypropylene oxide-based polyether diol having an OH number of 450 to 600;

(ii)30 to 50 weight percent of a poly (propylene oxide/ethylene oxide) glycerin-initiated polyether triol having an OH value of 26 to 34, based on the total weight of the polyol component; and

(iii)10 to 30% by weight, based on the total weight of the polyol component, of a polypropylene oxide-based polyether triol having an OH number of 400 to 550.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the foam block or foam slice is inverted and the foam-containing sandwich structure is then placed into the mold.

12. the method of claim 1, wherein the foam slices are taken from the bottom 30% of the height of the block, near the base side of the block.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the foam slices are taken from the bottom 10% of the height of the block, near the base side of the block.

14. a method of making a foam laminate having a concave surface, the method comprising:

(a) A foam block was prepared by: depositing a foam-forming composition on a substrate such that when a foam-forming reaction occurs, the foam rises in a direction away from the substrate;

(b) Slicing the block of foam to produce a sheet of foam having two opposed major surfaces, wherein one major surface of the sheet is the surface facing the direction of foam rise and the other major surface is the surface facing the substrate;

(c) Placing a laminate comprising the foam sheet and a facing attached to each of two opposing major surfaces into a mold; and

(d) Shaping the laminate in the mold to form a foam laminate having a concave surface, wherein prior to placing the laminate in the mold, the foam blocks or foam pieces are reoriented such that when the laminate is placed in the mold and shaped, the shaping forms a foam laminate having a concave surface with the surface of the foam pieces facing the foam rise direction facing the concave surface of the foam laminate.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the foam laminate having a concavity is an automotive headliner.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein the foam sheet comprises an open-cell polyurethane foam.

17. A method according to claim 14 wherein the laminate comprising a foam sheet comprises an adhesive layer in contact with and adhered to one or both major opposing surfaces of the foam sheet and a fibrous layer in contact with and adhered to the adhesive layer.

18. A method as claimed in claim 14 wherein the block or slice of foam is inverted and the foam-containing sandwich structure is then placed in the mould.

19. the method of claim 14, wherein the foam slices are taken from the bottom 10% of the height of the block, near the base side of the block.

20. An automotive headliner or hood liner having a recessed surface, comprising:

(a) A core comprising a foam sheet having two major opposing surfaces;

(b) An adhesive layer in contact with and adhered to one or both major opposing surfaces of the foam sheet; and

(c) A fiber-containing layer in contact with and adhered to each of the adhesive layers,

Wherein the surface of the foam sheet facing the foam rise direction faces the concave surface of the headliner or hood lining.

Technical Field

The present description is particularly directed to a process for preparing a foam laminate (e.g., without limitation, an automotive headliner) having a concave surface.

Background

Water blown open cell polyurethane foams are used in many applications, such as in automotive hood liners and canopies. Such foams are prepared by both continuous and discontinuous processes to form foam blocks.

In the discontinuous process, the water-blown polyurethane foam-forming composition is deposited, typically by pouring, onto the bottom of a large, typically rectangular, tank and allowed to rise in the tank and form an open-celled polyurethane foam. This method is commonly referred to as "chunk in the box". In many cases, the blocks may have a length of 6 to 11 feet (182 to 335 centimeters), a height of 3 to 4 feet (91 to 122 centimeters), and a width of 5 to 7 feet (152 to 213 centimeters), for example. This method is described, for example, in Oertel, Polyurethane Handbook (second edition) page 186 (1994).

In a continuous process, a panel of water blown open cell polyurethane foam is prepared by: the foam-forming composition is poured, or "laid down," on a continuously conveyed substrate or matrix, where the foam rises to form a cake as it is conveyed with the substrate. In many cases, these "slab-like" foam blocks may, for example, have a length of 100 to 200 feet (30.5 to 61 meters), a height of 3 to 4 feet (91 to 122 centimeters), and a width of 5 to 7 feet (152 to 213 centimeters). This method is described, for example, in Oertel, Polyurethane Handbook (second edition) pages 178-186 (1994).

For subsequent production of automotive hood liners, headliners and sunshades, the blocks, whether prepared by a discontinuous or continuous process, are typically sliced to form foam sheets having a thickness of, for example, 1/8 inches (0.32 cm) to 1 inch (2.5 cm). Automobile headliners comprising foam sheets prepared by such methods are widely used. They typically have a sandwich structure in which a foam sheet has a fibre reinforced facing adjacent each major surface of the foam sheet. The resulting sandwich structure is then shaped in a mold to produce a foam laminate having a concave surface, which is a typical feature of an automobile headliner.

automotive headliners should have several important characteristics, including desirable aesthetic appearance, structural rigidity, acoustic characteristics, and energy absorption. Among other things, structural rigidity is becoming increasingly important, particularly in the case of larger canopies (such as may be found in sport utility vehicles or minivans), because more and more accessories are typically mounted on the canopies, including storage bins, visors, electronic systems, and the like. Thus, the structural rigidity of the foam core is very important as it is a major component of the headliner. It is also often desirable to use lower density foams, for example for cost reasons.

One difficult aspect of producing a headliner from the above-described method is that both the foam density and foam stiffness can vary greatly from the top of the tile (foam rise side) to the bottom of the tile (substrate side). Typically, the foam density is higher at the bottom of the block, but it may be counterintuitive that the foam stiffness is also much lower at the bottom of the block than at other portions where the foam density is lower, possibly due to differences in foam cell geometry and/or differences in open cell content at the bottom of the block. This reduced stiffness limits the possibility of using lower density foams in the process of producing automotive headliners.

It would therefore be desirable to provide a method of making a foam laminate having a concave surface comprising foam pieces cut from foam blocks made by either a discontinuous box foam process or a continuous slab process, wherein the stiffness of the foam in the laminate is sufficient regardless of the location at which the foam pieces are cut from the blocks, thereby potentially enabling the use of lower density foam to make such foam laminates, which may be embodied, for example, as automotive headliners.

The present invention has been accomplished in view of the aforementioned needs.

Disclosure of Invention

In certain aspects, the present description relates to a method for making a foam laminate having a concave surface, the method comprising: (a) placing the sandwich structure containing the foam sheet into a mold; and (b) shaping the laminate in a mold to form a foam laminate having a concave surface, wherein (i) a foam sheet is cut from a foam bun prepared by: depositing the foam-forming composition onto a substrate, wherein a foaming reaction occurs such that the foam rises in a direction away from the substrate such that one major surface of the sheet is a surface facing in the direction of foam rise and the opposite major surface of the sheet is a surface facing the substrate, and (ii) orienting the foam laminate in a mold such that molding forms a foam laminate having a concave surface, wherein the surface of the foam sheet facing in the direction of foam rise faces the concave surface of the foam laminate.

In other aspects, the present description relates to a method of making a foam laminate having a concave surface, the method comprising: (a) a foam block was prepared by: depositing a foam-forming composition on a substrate such that when a foam-forming reaction occurs, the foam rises in a direction away from the substrate; (b) slicing the block of foam to produce a foam sheet having two opposed major surfaces, wherein one major surface of the sheet is the surface facing the direction of foam rise and the other major surface is the surface facing the substrate; (c) placing a laminate comprising a foam sheet and a facing adhered to each of two opposing major surfaces into a mold; and (d) shaping the laminate in a mold to form a foam laminate having a concave surface, wherein prior to placing the laminate in the mold, the foam blocks or foam sheets are reoriented such that when the laminate is placed in the mold and shaped, the shaping forms a foam laminate having a concave surface with the surface of the foam sheet facing the foam rise direction facing the concave surface of the foam laminate.

The present specification also relates particularly to foam laminates, including automotive headliners and hood liners, prepared by such methods.

drawings

FIG. 1 shows an apparatus set up for measuring the foam stiffness of the foams tested in the examples;

FIGS. 2(a) to 2(d) are graphs of foam density versus A/B ratio and flexural weight versus A/B ratio for examples using the foam-forming composition of example 1; and

FIGS. 3(a) to 3(d) are graphs of foam density versus A/B ratio and flexural weight versus A/B ratio for examples using the foam-forming composition of example 2.

Detailed Description

Various embodiments are described and illustrated in this specification to provide a thorough understanding of the structure, function, performance, and use of the disclosed invention. It should be understood that the various embodiments described and illustrated in this specification are non-limiting and non-exhaustive. Accordingly, the invention is not limited by the description of the various non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments disclosed in this specification. The features and characteristics described in connection with the various embodiments may be combined with the features and characteristics of other embodiments. Such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of this specification. Thus, the claims may be amended to recite any features or characteristics expressly or inherently described in or otherwise expressly or inherently supported by the present specification. Further, the applicant reserves the right to amend the claims to determine the disclaimer of features or characteristics that may exist in the prior art. Accordingly, any such modifications comply with the requirements of 35u.s.c. § 112 and 35u.s.c. § 132 (a). The various embodiments disclosed and described in this specification may comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of features and characteristics as variously described herein.

Unless otherwise indicated, all patents, publications, or other publications identified herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if the incorporated materials were not to conflict with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth in this specification. Accordingly, and to the extent necessary, the explicit disclosure as set forth in this specification supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth herein is only incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the existing disclosure material. Applicants reserve the right to modify the specification to explicitly detail any subject matter or portion thereof incorporated by reference herein.

in this specification, unless otherwise indicated, all numerical parameters should be understood as being preceded and modified in all instances by the term "about," where the numerical parameter has the inherent variability characteristic of the basic measurement technique used to determine the value of the parameter. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter described in this specification should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

Moreover, any numerical range recited in this specification is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed within that range with the same numerical precision. For example, a range of "1.0 to 10.0" is intended to include all sub-ranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1.0 and the recited maximum value of 10.0 (and including the recited minimum value of 1.0 and the recited maximum value of 10.0), that is, all sub-ranges having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value of equal to or less than 10.0, such as, for example, 2.4 to 7.6. Any maximum numerical limitation recited in this specification is intended to include all lower numerical limitations subsumed therein, and any minimum numerical limitation recited in this specification is intended to include all higher numerical limitations subsumed therein. Accordingly, applicants reserve the right to modify the specification (including the claims) to expressly state any sub-ranges subsumed within the ranges expressly stated herein. All such ranges are intended to be inherently described in this specification such that modifications to explicitly recite any such sub-ranges are to be in compliance with the requirements of 35u.s.c. § 112 and 35u.s.c. § 132 (a).

The grammatical articles "a", "an" and "the" as used in this specification are intended to include "at least one" or "one or more" unless otherwise indicated. Thus, the articles are used in this specification to refer to one or more than one (i.e., to "at least one") of the grammatical objects of the article. For example, "a component" means one or more components, and thus, more than one component may be considered, and may be employed or used in the practice of the described embodiments. Furthermore, the use of a singular noun includes the plural, and the use of a plural noun includes the singular, unless the context of use requires otherwise.

As noted, certain embodiments of the methods of the present description relate to methods for making a foam laminate having a concave surface. As used herein, the term "foam laminate" refers to an article having a sandwich structure in which a foam core comprising a foam sheet having two major opposing surfaces is sandwiched between one or more layers adhered to at least one of the opposing surfaces of the foam sheet. For example, in some embodiments, a foam laminate comprises a foam sheet, an adhesive layer in contact with and adhered to one or both major opposing surfaces of the foam sheet, and a fiber-containing layer in contact with and adhered to the adhesive layer. As used herein, the term "concave" means a surface having an inwardly curved shape.

In certain embodiments, the foam sheet comprises an open-cell polyurethane foam. As used herein, the term "open-cell polyurethane foam" refers to a polyurethane foam that: the open cell content is at least 60 volume percent, such as at least 75 volume percent, such as from 60 to 99 volume percent or from 75 to 99 volume percent, measured according to ASTM D6226-15. In certain embodiments, the open-cell polyurethane foam has a density of at least 10kg/m according to ASTM D1622/D1622M-14³E.g. at least 15kg/m³Or, in some cases, at least 20kg/m³and/or up to 50kg/m³E.g. up to 45kg/m³or, in some cases, up to 35kg/m³. In some embodiments, the open-celled polyurethane foam has a density of 20kg/m³To 30kg/m³for example 23kg/m³to 27kg/m³。

In certain embodiments, the foam core comprises a foam sheet having two major opposing surfaces, the foam sheet cut from a foam bun prepared by: depositing a foam-forming composition onto a substrate, wherein a foaming reaction occurs such that the foam rises in a direction away from the substrate, such that one major surface of the sheet is the surface facing the direction in which the foam rises and the opposite major surface of the sheet is the surface facing the substrate. In certain embodiments, the foam sheet has a thickness of, for example, 1/8 inches (0.32 cm) to 1 inch (2.5 cm). In certain embodiments, the sheets are cut from foam blocks having a length of 5 to 11 feet (152 to 335 centimeters), a height of 3 to 4 feet (91 to 122 centimeters), and/or a width of 5 to 7 feet (152 to 213 centimeters).

Foam blocks suitable for use in preparing foam sheets for use in the methods of the present description may be prepared by a discontinuous process or by a continuous process.

As used herein, the term "discontinuous" is synonymous with batch and refers to a process that: wherein the vessel contains all of the reactants of the foam-forming composition and then a foam, such as an open-cell polyurethane foam, is formed in the vessel, and no reactants are fed into or removed from the vessel during the process. A discontinuous process is not a continuous foam production process in which the reaction mixture is applied to a moving substrate (e.g., a film disposed on a conveyor) and allowed to foam on the substrate. As used herein, "container" refers to a container for holding a foam-forming composition, such as a polyurethane foam-forming composition, during foaming. In certain embodiments, the container used may be in the form of a box, as used herein, a box refers to a square or rectangular form of container formed from a base, such as a tray, and a plurality of sidewalls, such as at least 3 or at least 4 sidewalls, and which may or may not have a lid or cover. The base of the container may be breathable, by which is meant that the base, such as a tray, is arranged in such a way that a gas, such as air, can pass through the base to some extent and is constructed of a material through which a gas, such as air, can pass to some extent, examples of which include, but are not limited to, paper or cardboard, or breathable plastic films, such as polymeric films, that contain pinholes to make the film breathable. In some cases, the container may include means for making blocks with holes therethrough, which may be desirable, for example, when it is desired that the resulting headliner be shaped to accommodate skylights.

in certain embodiments of the discontinuous process, the water-blown polyurethane foam-forming composition is deposited, typically by pouring, onto the base of a container, which is typically a large, typically rectangular, tank, and allowed to rise in the tank and form an open-celled polyurethane foam. In certain embodiments, the foam blocks prepared by this method have a length of 6 to 9 feet (182 to 274 centimeters), a height of 3 to 4 feet (91 to 122 centimeters) and/or a width of 5 to 7 feet (152 to 213 centimeters).

A discontinuous method suitable for preparing foam blocks for use in certain methods of the present specification is described and illustrated by Oertel, Polyurethane Handbook (2 nd edition), page 186 (1994), the said part of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In other embodiments, the foam bun is prepared by a continuous process in which the reaction mixture is applied, e.g., by pouring, onto a moving substrate (e.g., a film disposed on a conveyor belt) and allowed to foam on the substrate. In certain embodiments, the resulting "slabstock" foam blocks are 100 to 200 feet (30.5 to 61 meters) in length, 3 to 4 feet (91 to 122 centimeters) in height, and 5 to 7 feet (152 to 213 centimeters) in width. The block is then cut into shorter lengths, for example 5 to 9 feet (152 to 274 centimeters), before further processing. A continuous process suitable for preparing foam blocks for use in certain methods of the present specification is described and illustrated by Oertel, Polyurethane Handbook (2 nd edition), pp.178-186 (1994), the sections of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Whether it is a tubeby a discontinuous process or a continuous process, the foam pieces generally have a density that varies along their height. For example, in some embodiments, those portions of the block having a foam density at the bottom side of the block, i.e., at a height of 30% or, in some cases, 20% or less of the total height of the block (measured from the base side of the block), can have a density that is greater, e.g., 2-3kg/cm, than the density of the block at other heights, including portions of the block at a height of at least 50% of the total height of the block (measured from the base side of the block)³The density of (c).

As noted, in addition to the core comprising the foam sheet, some embodiments of the foam laminates prepared according to the methods of the present description comprise an adhesive layer in contact with and adhered to one or both major opposing surfaces of the foam sheet, and a fibrous layer in contact with and adhered to the adhesive layer, such as in the case of automotive headliners and hood liners.

in certain embodiments, the adhesive layer comprises a polymer, examples of which include, but are not limited to, polyolefins (e.g., polyethylene and polypropylene), polyesters, nylons, poly (vinyl chloride), polyureas (e.g., the reaction product of water and an isocyanate), polyurethanes, polyacrylates, latexes, styrene-butadiene polymers, nitrile-butadiene polymers, silicone polymers, mixtures thereof, copolymers thereof, and interpenetrating networks thereof. In certain embodiments, if two or more adhesive layers are present, each adhesive layer comprises the same polymer.

the fiber-containing layer may comprise woven or nonwoven fibers. The fibers of the fiber-containing layer may be in the form of, for example, chopped fibers, such as synthetic or natural fibers, including glass fibers.

It is to be understood that the foam laminate prepared according to the methods of the present description may comprise additional layers, such as a fabric overlay, which may be attached to the flexible foam layer adhered to one fibrous layer, and a scrim layer adhered to another fibrous layer, which are typical features of, for example, an automotive headliner structure.

As noted, in certain embodiments, the foam laminate prepared according to the methods of the present description comprises foam pieces cut from foam blocks prepared by: depositing a foam-forming composition onto a substrate, wherein a foaming reaction occurs such that the foam rises in a direction away from the substrate, such that one major surface of the sheet is the surface facing the direction in which the foam rises and the opposite major surface of the sheet is the surface facing the substrate.

As noted, in certain embodiments, the foam-forming composition used in the methods of the present specification is a polyurethane foam-forming composition. It is understood that such compositions comprise a polyol component and a polyisocyanate component. More specifically, in certain embodiments of the methods of the present specification, an open-celled polyurethane foam is obtained by reacting a polyisocyanate component with a polyol component comprising: (a) a polyether polyol having a functionality of from 2 to 6 and a number average molecular weight of greater than 160 to 6500, for example wherein at least 60 wt.%, at least 80 wt.%, or in some cases at least 90 wt.%, based on the total weight of polyols in the polyol component, is one or more of such polyether polyols, (ii) a chain extender and/or a crosslinker containing at least two isocyanate-reactive groups and having a molecular weight of from 60 to 160, (iii) water, and (iv) a catalyst for forming a polyurethane.

The polyisocyanate component comprises one or more polyisocyanates, but in certain embodiments, diphenylmethane diisocyanate (mddi), polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate (pMDI), or a mixture of one or more diphenylmethane diisocyanates and one or more polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanates. In certain embodiments, a mixture of diphenylmethane diisocyanate and polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate is used, wherein from 40 to 85% by weight of the total polyisocyanate is diphenylmethane diisocyanate and from 15 to 40% of the total polyisocyanate is polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate. In certain embodiments, 40 to 80 weight percent, e.g., 45 to 75 weight percent, of the total monomeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate isomers include 4,4 ' -diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 2 ' -diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and/or 2,4 ' -diphenylmethane diisocyanate.

As noted, in certain embodiments, the polyol component comprises a polyether polyol having a functionality of 2 to 6. In certain embodiments, the polyol component comprises at least 60% by weight of a polyether polyol, for example at least 80% by weight or in some cases at least 90% by weight of a difunctional hydroxyl polyether, a trifunctional hydroxyl polyether or a mixture of a difunctional hydroxyl polyether and a trifunctional hydroxyl polyether having OH values of from 26 to 1050 (these OH values corresponding to a number average molecular weight of greater than 160 to 6,500 as determined by end group analysis).

In certain embodiments, the polyol component further comprises up to 40 weight percent, such as up to 25 weight percent, or in some cases up to 10 weight percent of other types of polymer polyols, such as polyester polyols and polymer-filled polyols, based on the total weight of the polyol.

Examples of difunctional hydroxyl polyethers having an OH number of 26 to 1050 which may be used in the polyol component include difunctional polyethers obtained by the reaction of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide with diols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, 1, 2-or 1, 3-propylene glycol, butane-1, 4-diol and the like. Polypropylene oxide and/or polyethylene oxide having an OH number within this range, in some cases within the range of 147 to 560 (corresponding to a number average molecular weight of 200 to 763 as determined by end group analysis techniques), are examples of suitable difunctional hydroxyl polyethers. In certain embodiments, these short-chain polyethers are used in amounts of 15 to 35 weight percent, based on the total weight of the polyol component.

Trifunctional hydroxy polyethers useful in the polyol component include trifunctional polyethers obtainable by reaction of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide with triols such as glycerol, trimethylolpropane, monoethanolamine, triethanolamine, sucrose/propylene, glycol/water and the like. These polyethers generally have an OH number of from 26 to 1050, which corresponds to a number average molecular weight of more than 160 to 6,500 as determined by end group analysis.

In certain embodiments, the polyol component comprises a mixture of difunctional hydroxyl polyethers and trifunctional hydroxyl polyethers. In certain embodiments, the polyol component comprises (i) from 15 to 40 weight percent, based on the total weight of the polyol component, of a polypropylene oxide-based polyether diol having an OH value of from 450 to 600, such as a propylene glycol initiated polyether diol; (ii)30 to 50 weight percent, based on the total weight of the polyol component, of a poly (propylene oxide/ethylene oxide) glycerin-initiated polyether triol having an OH value of 26 to 34; and (iii) from 10 to 30% by weight, based on the total weight of the polyol component, of a polypropylene oxide based polyether triol having an OH value of from 400 to 550, for example from 445 to 495, such as a glycerol initiated polyether triol. Suitable polyether polyols also include filler-containing polyethers containing about 20% by weight of a solid styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer grafted thereon or about 20% by weight of a solid reaction product in dispersed form of Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and hydrazine.

The polyol component may comprise chain extenders and/or crosslinkers containing at least two isocyanate reactive groups and having a molecular weight of 60 to 160, specific examples of which include, but are not limited to, glycerol, butanediol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, triethanolamine, trimethylolpropane and pentaerythritol, including mixtures of two or more thereof. In certain embodiments, such chain extenders and/or crosslinkers are present in an amount of at least 1 weight percent, such as at least 5 weight percent and/or up to 20 weight percent, or in some cases, up to 10 weight percent, based on the total weight of the polyol component.

In certain embodiments, the polyol component further comprises a blowing agent including water. In addition to water, other blowing agents may be used, such as hydrocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons including but not limited to C₃And C₄Polyfluoroalkanes and polyfluoroalkenes (including, but not limited to, 1-chloro-3, 3, 3-trifluoropropene and any isomer of 2-chloro-3, 3, 3-trifluoropropene), including hydrochlorofluorocarbons. In certain embodiments, water is included in an amount of 1 to 9 weight percent, such as 2.5 to 7 weight percent, or in some cases 3 to 6 weight percent, based on the total weight of the polyol component. If any other blowing agents are included, such other blowing agents are not generally used in amounts greater than 2 wt.%. In certain embodiments, water is the only blowing agent used in the polyurethane foam-forming composition.

In certain embodiments, the polyol component further comprises a foam stabilizer and/or a cell opener, for example wherein the polyol component comprises from 0.01 to 2 weight percent, such as from 0.1 to 0.7 weight percent, of the foam stabilizer and/or the cell opener, based on the total weight of the polyol component. Any foam stabilizer and/or cell opener is suitable, for example silicone foam stabilizers, such as those having relatively short polyether groups and relatively long silicone groups.

In certain embodiments, the polyol component comprises a catalyst for forming a polyurethane, such as a modified amine catalyst, for example wherein the modified amine catalyst is included in an amount of from 0.5 to 8 weight percent, such as from 1 to 5 weight percent, or in some cases from 2 to 4 weight percent, based on the total weight of the polyol component.

In certain embodiments, the modified amine catalyst comprises the reaction product of (1) an amine, such as an amine having at least two amino groups wherein at least one of those amino groups is a tertiary amino group, and (2) an oil, such as a biobased oil having a molecular weight of 500 to 800 or a derivative thereof. In certain embodiments, the modified amine catalyst comprises the reaction product of (1) an amine, such as R, with (2) an oil₂—N—R'x—NH₂(wherein R and R' each represent a hydrocarbon and x represents an integer), such as N, N-dimethyl-propanediamine, and an oil such as castor oil or any fatty acid, such as tall oil. In certain embodiments, the modified amine catalyst is the reaction product of N, N-dimethyl-propanediamine and tall oil.

The polyol component may contain other known catalysts for forming polyurethanes in addition to or in some cases in place of the modified amine catalysts described above.

Other known adjuvants and additives may also be used, examples of which include, for example, surface-active additives, such as emulsifiers; cell regulators such as paraffin, fatty alcohol and dimethylpolysiloxane; a pigment or dye; flame retardants such as trichloroethyl phosphate and tricresyl phosphate and expanded graphite; stabilizers against aging and weathering; a plasticizer; fungistatic and bacteriostatic agents; and fillers such as barium sulfate and polyethylene powder.

In certain embodiments, the polyol component and the polyisocyanate component are mixed in a weight ratio of isocyanate to polyol (referred to herein as the "a/B ratio") of from 140:100 to 200: 100. In certain embodiments, the polyol component and the polyisocyanate component are mixed in proportions such that the NCO/OH index is from 60 to 130, such as from 85 to 125 or in some cases from 100 to 120.

In certain embodiments, the polyurethane foam-forming composition is formed into an open-cell polyurethane foam on a substrate. In certain embodiments, the foamable mixture is activated such that the foaming reaction begins within 30 to 60 seconds, as measured from the appearance of the first amount of foam-forming composition from the mixing head (referred to as "cream time"). In certain embodiments, after 150 to 200 seconds, the foam gels (referred to as "gel time") as measured from the appearance of the first amount of foam-forming composition from the mix head, and after 3 to 5 minutes, a degassing process occurs, i.e., steam and CO, as measured from the appearance of the first amount of foam-forming composition from the mix head₂The mixture of (a) suddenly evaporates, leaving many small pits on the surface of the plate. The blowing process is an external signal that the foam cells have opened, thereby forming an open-celled polyurethane foam.

In some cases, due to the high open cell content, the foam may have a glass transition temperature of about 150 ℃ and thus high heat resistance, and may have little resilience so that edges compressed tightly to varying degrees retain their cross-section. This compressive retention ensures precise fitting of the parts required during installation.

After the foam bun is prepared, whether by a discontinuous or continuous process, the bun is allowed to cool, typically for 2 days or more, before further processing.

As previously mentioned, certain methods of the present description include placing a sandwich structure comprising a foam sheet into a mold. In certain embodiments, the foam laminate is prepared by a cold forming or thermoforming process wherein a foam sheet prepared by slicing a discontinuously or continuously prepared block of foam is first at least partially coated on at least one major surface with an adhesive, such as any of those others described above. Additional layers of the sandwich structure, for example fibrous layers, are then applied. The sandwich structure containing the foam sheet is then shaped in a mold to form a foam laminate having a concave surface. In the cold forming process, the sandwich structure is transferred to a molding press, wherein the in-mold time may be in the range of, for example, 45 seconds to 2 minutes, and the platens of the mold may be heated to, for example, 90 to 130 ℃. Pressure is then applied to promote penetration of the adhesive into the foam, and the applied heat accelerates the curing of the adhesive and bonds the foam to the fiber-containing layer. Under these pressure and heat conditions, the laminate is formed into a desired shape. In the thermoforming process, the foam-containing sandwich structure is first heated in an oven at, for example, 160-200 ℃ and then shaped at a lower temperature (for example, 40-60 ℃) in a mold for, for example, 45 to 90 seconds.

A key feature of the method of the present specification is that the foam laminate is oriented prior to placing the foam laminate in the mold such that the molding forms a foam laminate having a concave surface with the surface of the foam sheet facing the foam rise direction facing the concave surface of the foam laminate. In a typical discontinuous or continuous foam block preparation method, a foam block is cut upright in the foam rise direction, and then the resulting foam sheet is transferred into a mold in the same orientation as the cut pieces thereof so that, upon molding, the foam rise direction faces away from the concave surface of the resulting foam laminate. However, it has been found that such foam pieces can be unexpectedly much stiffer on the opposite substrate-facing surfaces of the foam pieces, and surprisingly, the stiffness is relatively consistent for slices taken over the entire height of the foam block. Thus, it is believed that by reorienting, e.g., inverting, the foam bun or foam slices and inserting the foam laminate into a mold such that the foam rise direction faces the concavity of the resulting concave-containing foam laminate, the foam stiffness can be significantly reduced based on the change in position at which the foam slices are removed from the bun. Thus, it is believed that foams having lower density but sufficient stiffness can be prepared using the methods of the present description. The process of the present invention may be particularly beneficial when using foam slices taken from the bottom of the block, for example slices taken from the bottom 30%, bottom 20% or bottom 10% of the height of the block, near the substrate side of the block. The turning action described above may be performed before or after slicing the block, although in some cases it may be preferable to turn the block before slicing it, particularly in the case of less dense blocks, which may be more easily turned or if turned after the slicing step, which are more likely to tear or break.

as will be understood from the foregoing, certain methods of the present specification relate to a method of making a foam laminate having a concave surface, the method comprising: (a) a foam block was prepared by: depositing a foam-forming composition on a substrate such that when a foam-forming reaction occurs, the foam rises in a direction away from the substrate; (b) slicing the block of foam to produce a foam sheet having two opposed major surfaces, wherein one major surface of the sheet is the surface facing the direction of foam rise and the other major surface is the surface facing the substrate; (c) placing a laminate comprising a foam sheet and a facing adhered to each of two opposing major surfaces into a mold; and (d) shaping the laminate in a mold to form a foam laminate having a concave surface, wherein prior to placing the laminate in the mold, the foam blocks or foam sheets are reoriented such that when the laminate is placed in the mold and shaped, the shaping forms a foam laminate having a concave surface with the surface of the foam sheet facing the foam rise direction facing the concave surface of the foam laminate.

It will also be understood from the above that certain methods of the present specification relate to a method for preparing a foam laminate having a concave surface comprising shaping the laminate in a mould to form the concave surface, wherein: (a) the foam in the laminate is a sheet having opposed major surfaces, (b) the sheet is a cut sheet of a block of foam made by depositing a foam-forming composition onto a substrate, wherein when a foaming reaction occurs, the foam rises in a direction away from the substrate such that one major surface of the sheet is a surface facing the direction in which the foam rises and the opposed major surface of the sheet is a surface facing the substrate; and (c) orienting the foam laminate in a mold such that the molding produces a foam laminate wherein the surface of the foam sheet facing the foam rise direction faces the concave surface of the foam laminate.

It will also be understood from the foregoing that the present specification also relates to automotive headliners and/or hood liners made by the methods described herein and incorporating the various features and layers described herein. These automotive headliners or hoods have a concave surface and comprise: (a) a core comprising a foam sheet having two major opposing surfaces; (b) an adhesive layer in contact with and adhered to one or both major opposing surfaces of the foam sheet; and (c) a fibrous layer in contact with and adhered to the adhesive layer, wherein a surface of the foam sheet facing the foam rise direction faces the concave surface of the headliner or hood lining.

The following non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples are intended to further describe various non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments, but not to limit the scope of the embodiments described in this specification.