阅读说明：本技术 一种无丝景泰蓝的制备方法 (Preparation method of silk-free cloisonne ) 是由 张会玲 陈静 陈龙 陈海明 于 2021-08-30 设计创作，主要内容包括：本申请属于景泰蓝制备技术领域,公开了一种无丝景泰蓝的制备方法,包括制胎、点蓝、烧蓝、抛光、镀金等工序。本申请通过细化釉料的水料比,使釉料具有非常合适的黏度,同时保持上色部分的釉料湿润不开裂,能够在不进行掐丝工序的情况下完成点蓝,在节约工序提高生产效率的同时避免了因为铜丝脱落而导致景泰蓝重复返工的问题。(The application belongs to the technical field of cloisonne preparation, and discloses a preparation method of a filament-free cloisonne, which comprises the procedures of blank preparation, blue spotting, blue burning, polishing, gold plating and the like. This application makes the frit have very suitable viscosity through the water material ratio of refining the frit, keeps the frit of the part of coloring simultaneously moist not fracture, can accomplish the point blue under the condition of not inlaying the silk process, has avoided leading to the problem of cloisonne repeated reworking because the copper wire drops when practicing thrift the process and improving production efficiency.)

1. A preparation method of the filament-free cloisonne enamel is characterized by comprising the steps of preparing a blank, spotting blue, burning blue, polishing and plating gold.

2. The method for preparing the filiform cloisonne according to claim 1, wherein the concrete steps of the tire making are as follows:

determining a design scheme of cloisonne and preparing a copper tire by taking pure copper as a tire body material according to the design scheme.

3. The method for preparing the filiform cloisonne according to claim 1, wherein the specific steps of the spot blue are as follows:

grinding and sieving the required glaze, elutriating the glaze until no macroscopic impurities exist, airing the elutriated glaze in a cool place, putting the elutriated glaze in a bowl, adding clear water into the bowl, stirring uniformly, sucking the glaze in the bowl by a bluing suction pipe, filling the glaze on a matrix, and uniformly coating the glaze on the surface of a copper tire by a bluing gun for coloring.

4. The method of preparing filiform cloisonne according to claim 3, wherein the glaze is ground and sieved with 80-100 mesh sieve.

5. The method for preparing the filiform cloisonne enamel according to claim 3, wherein the mass ratio of the glaze to the clear water in the bowl is 1: 1-1.5.

6. The method for preparing the silk-free cloisonne enamel as claimed in claim 3, wherein the thickness of the glaze coated on the surface of the copper tire is 1-3 mm.

7. The method for preparing the filiform cloisonne according to claim 1, wherein the specific steps of the bluing are as follows:

and (4) placing the copper tire after the bluing is finished into a pre-sintered calcining furnace, and taking out the copper tire after the bluing is finished.

8. The preparation method of the filiform cloisonne according to claim 7, wherein the temperature of a calcining furnace is 900-960 ℃, and the calcining time is 40-80 s.

9. The method of preparing a filiform cloisonne according to claim 1, wherein the spotting and bluing steps are repeated 3-4 times.

10. The process of claim 1, wherein only the bottom and mouth of the cloisonne bottle are polished during polishing.

Technical Field

The application belongs to the technical field of cloisonne preparation, and particularly relates to a preparation method of silk-free cloisonne.

Background

The deep metal process manufacturing foundation is provided in China, thousands of years of history and brilliant bronze culture and ceramic culture create thousands of skillful craftsmen, and abundant metal processing and glaze firing experience is accumulated. Therefore, the cloisonne enamel making process is familiar and mastered by craftsman in China soon after the cloisonne enamel making process is introduced into China, shows a brand-new appearance, produces and makes a craft product, namely cloisonne enamel, which has the traditional style of Chinese national art and is one of the most excellent art wealth in the world metal blank cloisonne enamel process.

Different metal blank and silk worker processing methods and glaze coating methods are used as division standards, cloisonne in a broad sense belongs to metal blank enamels, and can be divided into five different metal blank enamel craft products, namely cloisonne enamels, chisel blank enamels, hammer blank enamels, painting enamels and bright enamels.

The enamel with copper body is made up through such technological steps as drawing pattern contour line on metal body according to design requirement, sticking fine copper wire on the contour line to form pattern, applying enamel glaze with different colours to the blank of pattern contour line, calcining, polishing and gilding. In the existing wire inlay process, soft, flat, thin and tough brass-colored aluminum oxide is nipped/broken into various patterns according to a pattern design draft by using tweezers, and is adhered to a copper tire after being dipped with bletilla striata gum.

Before wire inlay, wire inlay is usually needed on the tire body to prevent color cross during blue burning, but because the wire inlay and the bonding material and the tire body material have great difference, the situation that different materials are heated and deformed in the blue burning process is also different, so that the problem that glaze is easy to fall off is caused. Similarly, the conventional filigree cloisonne usually uses bletilla gum to stick copper wires to a tire body, and the bletilla gum is easy to soften and lose efficacy at a higher temperature, so that the problem that the copper wires fall off easily occurs during the bluing process.

The two situations not only can lead the cloisonne to be subjected to repeated reworking, but also seriously affect the artistic aesthetic feeling of the cloisonne. And the existing wire inlay process is complicated and fussy, and the production efficiency of cloisonne is reduced.

Chinese patent CN112277519A (published: 2021, 01, 29) discloses a process for making cloisonne without filigree, which comprises selecting materials, drawing, bonding, welding wire, making blank, spotting, burning blue and polishing gold plating. This patent will inlay the silk technology step and change into and make the pattern on thin copper board or thin aluminum plate in advance, then bond on the copper sheet surface, system child with the copper sheet again, has removed the inefficiency that leads to inlaying the silk in copper child surface like this, the slow problem of speed, the pattern that planar drawing obtained more laminates the copper child surface, and the expressive force is stronger.

However, as pointed out in the background art, the hollow thin plate and the carcass are also bonded by the bletilla striata glue, that is, the thin plate may fall off during bluing, so that color cross is caused, and the beauty of the finished product is affected finally.

With the inheritance and development of cloisonne process, some cloisonne process masters with rich folk experience can realize wire inlay-free process with small area, but can really realize zero wire inlay of the whole work on a matrix, and no report except the Chinese patent CN112277519A exists for the completely wire-free cloisonne process.

Disclosure of Invention

In view of this, in order to solve the problem of repeated rework caused by wire inlay and copper wire shedding during the preparation of the existing cloisonne, the application provides a preparation method of the filiform cloisonne. In order to achieve the purpose, the following technical scheme is adopted in the application:

a method for preparing the silk-free cloisonne enamel includes preparing raw material, dripping blue, baking blue, polishing and gilding.

Further, the specific steps of tire building are as follows:

determining a design scheme of cloisonne and preparing a copper tire by taking pure copper as a tire body material according to the design scheme.

Further, the specific steps of bluing are as follows:

grinding and sieving the required glaze, elutriating the glaze until no macroscopic impurities exist, airing the elutriated glaze in a cool place, putting the elutriated glaze in a bowl, adding clear water into the bowl, stirring uniformly, sucking the glaze in the bowl by a bluing suction pipe, filling the glaze on the surface of a matrix, and uniformly coating the surface of a copper matrix by a bluing gun for coloring.

Further, the glaze is ground and sieved by a sieve of 80-100 meshes.

Further, the mass ratio of the glaze to the clear water in the bowl is 1: 1-1.5.

Further, the thickness of the glaze coated on the surface of the copper tire is 1-3 mm.

Further, the specific steps of bluing are as follows:

putting the copper tire after the bluing into a pre-sintered calcining furnace, and taking out the copper tire after the bluing is finished;

furthermore, the temperature of the calcining furnace is 900-960 ℃, and the calcining time is 40-80 s.

And further, repeating the steps of bluing and bluing for 3-4 times.

Further, only the bottom and the mouth of the cloisonne are polished during polishing.

The beneficial effect of this application is as follows:

1. the gap is narrow and small usually when the cloisonne is pinched to current cloisonne pinches the silk, and because the copper wire that uses is thinner and the texture is softer, consequently also appears the copper wire softening easily when burning blue and leads to the copper wire to drop and collapse blue condition and take place to continuous repetition reworking. This application makes the frit have very suitable viscosity through the water material ratio of refining the frit, keeps the frit of the part of coloring simultaneously moist not fracture, can accomplish the point blue under the condition of not inlaying the silk process, lets cloisonne work not restricting between silk and silk when practicing thrift the process and improving production efficiency.

2. The traditional filigree cloisonne process can only achieve the purpose of filigree free of small areas of individual patterns, and the traditional process cannot achieve zero filigree of the whole product when cloisonne is prepared, and cannot achieve non-delatching of the bluing after the bluing on the three-dimensional product due to the loss of the support of copper wires. The cloisonne preparation method provided by the application can achieve zero filigree of the whole product, can realize point blue without any support on a three-dimensional tire or a plane plate and ensure that the product does not fade after blue burning, and can obtain a perfect product which is transparent like colored glaze without polishing, which is a historical breakthrough of cloisonne preparation technology in inheritance and development processes.

3. This application has further promoted the stability of matrix with pure copper as matrix material, makes it can not soften the deformation at the in-process of burning blue.

4. This application only to bottle end and bottleneck department when handling the polishing of polishing bottle only polish can, need not polish bottle frit filling position again, further improved production efficiency.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only embodiments of the present application, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the provided drawings without creative efforts.

FIG. 1 shows the morphology of a copper tire obtained in example 4 of the present application;

FIG. 2 shows the appearance of a copper tire at the beginning of the point blue of example 4 of the present application;

FIG. 3 shows the appearance of a copper tire when the bluing is performed halfway in example 4 of the present application;

FIG. 4 is a process of scraping off the glaze outside the copper tire with a blue gun after the completion of the bluing in example 4 of the present application;

FIG. 5 shows a finished product of the silk-free cloisonne obtained in example 4 of the present application;

FIG. 6 shows the morphology of a copper tire obtained in example 5 of the present application;

FIG. 7 shows the appearance of a copper tire when the bluing is performed halfway in example 5 of the present application;

FIG. 8 is a process of scraping off the outer glaze of the copper tire with a blue gun after the completion of blue color in example 5 of the present application;

FIG. 9 shows the morphology of a copper tire before bluing in example 5 of the present application;

FIG. 10 shows a finished product of the silk-free cloisonne enamel obtained in example 5 of the present application;

Detailed Description

The application provides a preparation method of a silk-free cloisonne, which comprises the steps of preparing a blank, spotting, burning, polishing and plating gold.

Further, the specific steps of tire building are as follows:

determining a design scheme of cloisonne and preparing a copper tire by taking pure copper as a tire body material according to the design scheme.

Before deciding to produce an aesthetically pleasing work, it is paramount to determine the design. The tire type and style of the copper tire are designed, and because the cloisonne is limited by the tire body process and the glaze, a designer not only needs to have certain art knowledge and drawing foundation and is familiar with the manufacturing process of the cloisonne, but also needs to know the use performance of various raw materials, and the characteristics of the manufacturing process can be fully considered in creation and design, so that the cloisonne has the overall natural aesthetic feeling.

The tire manufacturing is that after the copper plate is heated and softened by burning according to the design scheme, the copper plate is continuously knocked by a hammer to be thinned and bent into the shape on the drawing. Finally, welding to form a required copper tire body, wherein whether the cloisonne is beautiful or not depends on the process of manufacturing the tire in the first step. The tire manufacturing process is not limited at all, and can be semi-mechanical tire manufacturing, manual tire manufacturing or chiseled tire manufacturing according to the actual production condition.

Further, the specific steps of bluing are as follows:

grinding and sieving the required glaze, elutriating the glaze until no macroscopic impurities exist, airing the elutriated glaze in a cool place, putting the elutriated glaze in a bowl, adding clear water into the bowl, stirring uniformly, sucking the glaze in the bowl by a bluing suction pipe, filling the glaze on the surface of a matrix, and uniformly coating the surface of a copper matrix by a bluing gun for coloring.

Further, the glaze is ground and sieved by a sieve of 80-100 meshes.

Further, the mass ratio of the glaze to the clear water in the bowl is 1: 1-1.5.

Further, the thickness of the glaze coated on the surface of the copper tire is 1-3 mm.

The process of color selection, color matching and color moistening is performed by bluing. The glaze used for the bluing is formed by firing quartz, feldspar, borax and other mineral substances at high temperature, and the texture is fine. Before the bluing, the proportioned cloisonne glaze is repeatedly washed by clear water to filter out impurities, and the product is not required to be washed by tigers, otherwise, the product is easy to cause sand eyes. And then airing the cleaned glaze in a cool place and placing the dried glaze in a glaze bowl, adding clear water into the bowl and uniformly stirring, coloring the matrix by using a bluing straw or a bluing gun according to a design scheme, uniformly and flatly filling the glaze and attaching the glaze to the surface of the copper tire, wherein the gradual change of the color needs to be processed by using the bluing gun. The tools that the bluing requires preparation include, but are not limited to, a dropper, a bluing gun, a glaze, a spray can, and cotton.

It should be noted that, in the coloring process, there may be a situation that the colored glaze is cracked at the colored part, and at this time, a spraying pot filled with water is needed to spray clean water to the cracked area to keep the colored part wet, but the water cannot be sprayed excessively to cause the glaze of the colored part to soften and fall off.

Meanwhile, the glaze materials comprise lead glaze materials and lead-free glaze materials, and the lead glaze materials and the lead-free glaze materials cannot be mixed for use, otherwise, color difference is easily caused.

In addition, need guarantee that the glaze surface is smooth and level when coloring, if there is the bulge then with a bluing gun shovel go this bulge make-up can.

Further, the specific steps of bluing are as follows:

putting the copper tire after the bluing into a pre-sintered calcining furnace, and taking out the copper tire after the bluing is finished;

furthermore, the temperature of the calcining furnace is 900-960 ℃, and the calcining time is 40-80 s.

And further, repeating the steps of bluing and bluing for 3-4 times.

And bluing, namely, putting the bluing copper tire into a preheating furnace for fixation in advance, and burning and melting the glaze at the high temperature of 900-960 ℃. Because the residual moisture in the frit can evaporate after the end of the bluing, the frit itself can also melt simultaneously to lead to the glaze layer to collapse, consequently, the process of point blue and bluing needs to repeat 3 ~ 4 times, makes the thickening of frit successive layer, and successive layer sintering burns the high basic unanimity of frit, just so can guarantee the color quality of a good cloisonne.

In addition, pure copper is used as a matrix material, and the melting point of the pure copper is 1084.5 ℃, while the bluing temperature is 900-960 ℃. Therefore, the carcass made of pure copper can keep stable shape and cannot deform in the process of repeatedly bluing and bluing.

Further, only the bottom and the mouth of the cloisonne are polished during polishing.

Polishing can make the bottom and mouth of a piece of primarily molded cloisonne more smooth and round. The bottle bottom and the bottle mouth are only polished and polished, and the bluing part is not polished.

Gold plating is the last main process of cloisonne, and aims to prevent the surface of the vase from being oxidized, so that the vase is more durable and more attractive, and a layer of gold is plated on the surface of the product. The specific operation of gold plating is to hang the product in a gold liquid tank, electrify the product to plate gold, take the product out after the gold plating is finished, wash the product clean by using clear water, and etch the product dry by using sawdust. The application does not limit the gold plating operation, and other gold plating methods can be adopted according to the actual production situation.

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Example 1

A preparation method of the silk-free cloisonne comprises the following steps:

(1) determining a design scheme of cloisonne, and preparing a copper tire by taking pure copper as a tire body material according to the design scheme;

(2) grinding the required glaze material, sieving the ground glaze material with a 80-mesh sieve, carefully elutriating the glaze material used in the bluing process until no macroscopic impurities exist, airing the elutriated glaze material in a cool place, placing the elutriated glaze material in a bowl, adding clear water into the bowl, stirring uniformly, wherein the mass ratio of the glaze material in the bowl to the added clear water is 1:1, absorbing the glaze material in the bowl by a bluing suction pipe, filling and coating the glaze material on a matrix, uniformly coating the matrix on the surface of a copper tire by a bluing gun for coloring, wherein the colored glaze material can be kept from cracking in a mode of spraying water by a spray pot during coloring, and the thickness of the glaze material coated on the surface of the copper tire is 1mm during single bluing;

(3) preheating a calcining furnace, controlling the temperature in the furnace at 940 ℃, putting the copper tire subjected to bluing into the calcining furnace for 60s, and taking out the copper tire after bluing is finished;

(4) repeating the steps of bluing and bluing for 3 times;

(5) closing the calcining furnace after the final bluing is finished, taking out the copper tire after the copper tire is cooled, and respectively polishing the bottle mouth and the bottle bottom of the copper tire;

(6) and finally, gold is plated on the surfaces of the bottle opening and the bottle bottom to prepare the cloisonne.

Example 2

A preparation method of zero filigree cloisonne comprises the following steps:

(1) determining a design scheme of cloisonne, and preparing a copper tire by taking pure copper as a tire body material according to the design scheme;

(2) grinding the required glaze material, sieving the ground glaze material with a 90-mesh sieve, carefully elutriating the glaze material used during bluing until no macroscopic impurities exist, airing the elutriated glaze material in a cool place, placing the elutriated glaze material in a bowl, adding clear water into the bowl, stirring uniformly, wherein the mass ratio of the glaze material in the bowl to the added clear water is 1:1.5, then sucking the glaze material in the bowl by virtue of bluing, filling the glaze material on the surface of a blank, uniformly coating the glaze material on the surface of a copper blank by virtue of a bluing gun for coloring, wherein the colored glaze material is kept from cracking during coloring, and the thickness of the glaze material coated on the surface of the copper blank is 3mm during bluing once;

(3) preheating a calcining furnace, controlling the temperature in the furnace at 900 ℃, putting the copper tire subjected to bluing into the calcining furnace for 80s, and taking out the copper tire after bluing is finished;

(4) repeating the steps of bluing and bluing for 3 times;

(5) closing the calcining furnace after the final bluing is finished, taking out the copper tire after the copper tire is cooled, and respectively polishing the bottle mouth and the bottle bottom of the copper tire;

(6) and finally, gold is plated on the surfaces of the bottle opening and the bottle bottom to prepare the filament-free cloisonne.

Example 3

A preparation method of the silk-free cloisonne comprises the following steps:

(1) determining a design scheme of cloisonne, and preparing a copper tire by taking pure copper as a tire body material according to the design scheme;

(2) grinding the required glaze material, sieving the ground glaze material with a 100-mesh sieve, carefully elutriating the glaze material used in the bluing process until no macroscopic impurities exist, airing the elutriated glaze material in a cool place, placing the elutriated glaze material in a bowl, adding clear water into the bowl, stirring uniformly, wherein the mass ratio of the glaze material in the bowl to the added clear water is 1:1, absorbing the glaze material in the bowl by a bluing suction pipe, filling and coating the glaze material on a matrix, uniformly coating the matrix on the surface of a copper tire by a bluing gun for coloring, wherein the colored glaze material is kept from cracking during coloring, and the thickness of the glaze material coated on the surface of the copper tire is 2mm during single bluing;

(3) preheating a calcining furnace, controlling the temperature in the calcining furnace at 960 ℃, putting the copper tire subjected to bluing into the calcining furnace for 40s, and taking out the copper tire after bluing is finished;

(4) repeating the steps of bluing and bluing for 4 times;

(5) closing the calcining furnace after the final bluing is finished, taking out the copper tire after the copper tire is cooled, and respectively polishing the bottle mouth and the bottle bottom of the copper tire;

(6) and finally, plating gold on the surface of the bottle bottom and the bottle mouth to obtain the filament-free cloisonne.

Example 4

In order to more intuitively show the preparation method of the zero-filigree cloisonne provided by the application, the embodiment only carries out the steps of tire making, point blue, blue firing and polishing.

A preparation method of the silk-free cloisonne comprises the following steps:

(1) determining a design scheme of cloisonne, and preparing a copper tire by taking pure copper as a tire body material according to the design scheme, wherein the appearance of the copper tire is shown in figure 1;

(2) grinding the required glaze material, sieving the ground glaze material with a 90-mesh sieve, carefully elutriating the glaze material used during the bluing until no macroscopic impurities exist, airing the elutriated glaze material at a cool place, placing the elutriated glaze material in a bowl, adding clear water into the bowl, stirring uniformly, wherein the mass ratio of the glaze material in the bowl to the added clear water is 1:1, absorbing the glaze material in the bowl by a bluing suction pipe, filling the glaze material on the surface of a tire body, uniformly coating the glaze material on the surface of a copper tire by a bluing gun for coloring, properly spraying water by a spray pot so that the colored glaze material is not cracked during the coloring, wherein the thickness of the glaze material coated on the surface of the copper tire during the bluing is 1.5mm, the shapes of the copper tire during the bluing process are respectively shown in figures 2 and 3, and figure 4 shows the process of removing the protruding glaze material by the bluing gun after bluing;

(3) preheating a calcining furnace, controlling the temperature in the furnace to be 950 ℃, putting the copper tire subjected to bluing into the calcining furnace for 40s, and taking out the copper tire after bluing is finished;

(4) repeating the steps of bluing and bluing for 4 times;

(5) and (3) closing the calcining furnace after the final bluing is finished, taking out the copper tire after the copper tire is cooled, and respectively polishing the bottle mouth and the bottle bottom of the copper tire, wherein the figure 5 shows the finished product of the prepared silk-free cloisonne.

As is apparent from fig. 2, fig. 3, and fig. 4, the method for preparing the silk-free cloisonne can color the spot blue of the tire body without a copper wire on the surface of the whole copper tire, and the glaze is not cracked and dropped.

Example 5

In order to more intuitively show the preparation method of the zero-filigree cloisonne provided by the application, the embodiment only carries out the steps of tire making, point blue, blue firing and polishing.

A preparation method of zero filigree cloisonne comprises the following steps:

(1) determining a design scheme of cloisonne, and preparing a copper tire by taking pure copper as a tire body material according to the design scheme, wherein the appearance of the copper tire is shown in figure 6;

(2) grinding the required glaze material and sieving the ground glaze material with a 100-mesh sieve, carefully elutriating the glaze material used during bluing until no macroscopic impurities exist, airing the elutriated glaze material at a cool place and placing the elutriated glaze material in a bowl, adding clear water into the bowl and stirring uniformly, wherein the mass ratio of the glaze material in the bowl to the added clear water is 1:1.3, then sucking the glaze material in the bowl by a bluing suction pipe, filling and coating the glaze material on the surface of a tire body, uniformly coating the glaze material on the surface of a copper tire by a bluing gun for coloring, wherein the colored glaze material is kept from cracking during coloring, water can be properly sprayed by a spray pot, the thickness of the glaze material coated on the surface of the copper tire during bluing is 1.8mm, the appearance of the copper tire during bluing is shown in figure 7, figure 8 shows the process of removing the protruding glaze material by the bluing gun after bluing, and figure 9 is the appearance of the copper tire before bluing;

(3) preheating a calcining furnace, controlling the temperature in the calcining furnace at 960 ℃, putting the copper tire subjected to bluing into the calcining furnace for 45s, and taking out the copper tire after bluing is finished;

(4) repeating the steps of bluing and bluing for 4 times;

(5) and (3) closing the calcining furnace after the final bluing is finished, taking out the copper tire after the copper tire is cooled, and respectively polishing the bottle mouth and the bottle bottom of the copper tire, wherein the figure 10 shows the finished product of the prepared silk-free cloisonne.

It can be clearly seen from fig. 7 and 8 that the preparation method of the silk-free cloisonne provided by the application can finish the coloring of the spot blue of the tire body without a copper wire on the surface of the whole copper tire and the glaze is not cracked and dropped, while it can be seen from fig. 9 that the blue glazes with three gradually progressive depths are sequentially arranged on the copper tire from top to bottom, and finally, it can be seen from fig. 10 that the blue area boundaries with three gradually progressive depths in the cloisonne finished product prepared by the embodiment are clear and distinguishable without the cross color phenomenon.

The embodiments in the present description are described in a progressive manner, each embodiment focuses on differences from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts among the embodiments are referred to each other.

The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present application. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the application. Thus, the present application is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.