阅读说明：本技术 用于管理电力的系统和方法 (System and method for managing power ) 是由 贝文·霍尔库姆 于 2020-02-12 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明提供了用于管理配电网络中的电力的系统。所述系统包括多个DC/DC转换器,每个DC/DC转换器电耦合在多个DC源中的一个的输出与DC总线之间,转换器并联地电耦合到DC总线并且每个转换器被配置为从DC源向DC总线传递电力；至少一个DC能量存储装置,其电耦合到DC总线；至少一个DC/AC逆变器,其具有电耦合到DC总线的输入以及电耦合到AC负载和AC电源中的至少一个的输出；以及一个或多个电子处理设备,其选择性地控制DC/DC转换器,从而选择性地控制向至少一个能量存储装置的电力传递。(The present invention provides a system for managing power in a power distribution network. The system includes a plurality of DC/DC converters, each DC/DC converter electrically coupled between an output of one of the plurality of DC sources and the DC bus, the converters electrically coupled in parallel to the DC bus and each configured to transfer power from the DC source to the DC bus; at least one DC energy storage device electrically coupled to the DC bus; at least one DC/AC inverter having an input electrically coupled to the DC bus and an output electrically coupled to at least one of an AC load and an AC power source; and one or more electronic processing devices that selectively control the DC/DC converter, thereby selectively controlling power transfer to the at least one energy storage device.)

1. A system for managing power in a power distribution network, the system comprising:

a) a plurality of DC/DC converters, each DC/DC converter electrically coupled between an output of one of a plurality of DC sources and a DC bus, the converters electrically coupled in parallel to the DC bus and each configured to transfer power from the DC source to the DC bus;

b) at least one DC energy storage device electrically coupled to the DC bus;

c) at least one DC/AC inverter having an input electrically coupled to the DC bus and an output electrically coupled to at least one of an AC load and an AC power source; and

d) one or more electronic processing devices that selectively control the DC/DC converter, thereby selectively controlling power transfer to the at least one energy storage device.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more electronic processing devices independently control the output of each DC/DC converter as a function of at least one of the converter output voltage and the DC bus voltage.

3. A system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the output voltage of each DC/DC converter is greater than the respective input voltage of each converter.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein the control of the output of each DC/DC converter is dependent on at least one of:

a) a charge limit of the at least one energy storage device;

b) a discharge limit of the at least one energy storage device;

c) a state of charge (SOC) of the at least one energy storage device; and

d) a state of health (SOH) of the at least one energy storage device.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein the one or more electronic processing devices communicate a common voltage limit to each DC/DC converter.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein the common voltage limit is indicative of a maximum charging voltage of the at least one energy storage device.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein the one or more electronic processing devices cause each DC/DC converter to:

a) implementing a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm until an output of the DC/DC converter reaches the common voltage limit; and is

b) Adjusting the output once the voltage limit is reached such that the voltage limit is not exceeded.

8. The system of any of claims 5 to 7, wherein the common voltage limit is at least 600 VDC.

9. The system of any of the preceding claims, wherein one or more of the DC/DC converters are galvanically isolated.

10. The system of any of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one energy storage device comprises one or more batteries having a nominal operating voltage of at least 600 VDC.

11. The system of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the DC source comprises a solar Photovoltaic (PV) power module.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein the DC/DC converter is integrated with a PV power module.

13. The system of any of the preceding claims, wherein the inverter is a bidirectional DC/AC inverter having an output coupled to the AC source via an impedance.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein the inverter comprises a distributed static compensator (dSTATCOM).

15. The system of claim 13 or 14, wherein the inverter is controllable by the one or more electronic processing devices to selectively cause power to flow between the DC bus and at least one of the AC load and AC power source.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein control of the inverter is prioritized over control of the DC/DC converter.

17. The system of any one of claims 1 to 16, comprising wireless communication between at least the one or more electronic processing devices, a DC/DC converter, at least one energy storage device, and the inverter.

18. A method for managing power in a power distribution network, the method comprising in one or more electronic processing devices:

a) determining one or more parameters of a system, the system comprising:

i) a plurality of DC/DC converters, each DC/DC converter electrically coupled between an output of a respective DC source and a DC bus, the converters electrically coupled in parallel to the DC bus and each configured to transfer power from the DC source to the DC bus;

ii) at least one DC energy storage device electrically coupled to the DC bus; and

iii) at least one DC/AC inverter having an input electrically coupled to the DC bus and an output electrically coupled to at least one of an AC load and an AC power source; and

b) selectively controlling the DC/DC converter, and thereby the transfer of power to the at least one energy storage device, in accordance with the determined parameter.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the output of each DC/DC converter is independently controlled according to the determined parameters, the determined parameters including at least one of a converter output voltage and a DC bus voltage.

20. A method according to claim 18 or 19, wherein the method comprises communicating, in the one or more electronic processing devices, a common voltage limit to each DC/DC converter.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the method comprises, in the one or more electronic processing devices:

a) implementing a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm in each DC/DC converter until the output of the DC/DC converter reaches the common voltage limit; and is

b) Adjusting the output once the voltage limit is reached such that the voltage limit is not exceeded.

22. The method of any one of claims 18 to 21, wherein the method includes controlling, in the one or more electronic processing devices, the inverter to selectively cause power to flow between the DC bus and at least one of the AC load and an AC power source.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein control of the inverter is prioritized over control of the DC/DC converter.

24. The method of any one of claims 18 to 23, comprising, in one or more electronic processing devices:

a) determining parameter values for one or more operating parameters of the AC source;

b) determining a target parameter value for the one or more operating parameters;

c) determining a difference between the parameter value and a target parameter value; and

d) based at least in part on the determined difference, generating a control signal to control the inverter to selectively cause a power flow between the DC bus and the AC source that causes the parameter value to trend toward the target parameter value.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the one or more operating parameters of the AC source comprise at least one of:

a) an AC source frequency;

b) an AC source voltage;

c) a phase load; and

d) load power factor.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the AC source comprises at least one of a utility grid or a generator.

27. The method of any of claims 24 to 26, wherein the step of determining the parameter value comprises, in the at least one electronic processing device:

a) determining, at the inverter output, measurements of an AC voltage amplitude, an AC current amplitude, and an AC current phase angle; and is

b) At the AC source, measurements of AC voltage amplitude, AC current amplitude, and AC current phase angle are determined.

28. The method of any of claims 24 to 27, wherein the control signal causes the inverter to at least one of:

a) causing a power flow from the AC source to the DC bus; and

b) causing power flow from the DC bus to the AC source.

29. The method of any of claims 24 to 28, wherein the control signals cause the inverter to induce a power flow from the DC bus to the at least one AC load.

30. The method of any one of claims 28 or 29, wherein the power flow comprises at least one of active power (kW) and reactive power (kVAR).

31. The method of claim 29 or 30, wherein the method comprises generating, in the at least one electronic processing device, a control signal that causes the inverter to actuate one or more switching devices to control operation of the at least one AC load.

32. The method of any one of claims 18 to 31, wherein the at least one electronic processing device causes the inverter output to become synchronized with the AC source.

33. The method of any of claims 24-32, wherein at least the one or more electronic processing devices, the inverter, the energy storage device, the at least one AC load, the AC source, and one or more external communication networks are controlled by wireless communication.

34. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the control signal is generated at least in part by a machine learning algorithm or from historical data of one or more operating parameters of the AC source.

35. A method according to any one of claims 24 to 34, comprising generating, in one or more electronic processing devices, a plurality of control signals to control a plurality of inverters to selectively cause a power flow between a plurality of energy storage devices and the AC source, the power flow causing the parameter values to tend towards the target parameter values, based at least in part on the determined differences.

Technical Field

The present invention relates to a system for managing power in a power distribution network. In a particular form, although not limited to such form, the invention relates to a system including solar Photovoltaic (PV) power generation integrated with an electrical power supply grid and including an energy storage device.

Background

The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgment or admission or any form of suggestion that the prior publication (or information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavour to which this specification relates.

The hot tide of residential, commercial and industrial electricity consumers in solar PV power generation is driven primarily by financial incentives including the price of on-line electricity and other subsidies. As these incentives have decreased over the years, slogans have tended to produce a 'self-drain' of electricity. Since the solar PV system typically produces maximum power during the day when the load is typically low, excess energy may be exported to the power grid rather than being consumed by the customer to power the load. During the night, when the solar energy system is inactive and the load is typically highest, the load will draw power from the grid and the customer will have to pay for the power generated by the grid operator.

Accordingly, it is desirable to include an energy storage device in the system so that excess power generated by the solar PV system can be stored by the energy storage device for use when the solar PV system is inactive. However, integration of energy storage devices, especially significant energy storage devices, into grid-tied solar PV systems is not an easy task, as performance, efficiency and cost attributes must be considered.

For example, systems incorporating energy storage devices have generally suffered from inefficiencies due to several stages of energy conversion between the solar module and the energy storage device prior to supplying power to the load or grid. Furthermore, energy storage systems have previously employed low voltage batteries, which typically require low frequency transformers, as storage media, which reduces efficiency.

It would therefore be advantageous to provide a system capable of managing electrical power in an electrical distribution network that integrates energy storage devices into a grid-tied solar PV system in an efficient manner.

Disclosure of Invention

In one broad form, an aspect of the invention seeks to provide a system for managing electrical power in an electrical distribution network, the system comprising: a plurality of DC/DC converters, each DC/DC converter electrically coupled between an output of one of the plurality of DC sources and the DC bus, the converters electrically coupled in parallel to the DC bus and each configured to transfer power from the DC source to the DC bus; at least one DC energy storage device electrically coupled to the DC bus; at least one DC/AC inverter having an input electrically coupled to the DC bus and an output electrically coupled to at least one of an AC load and an AC power source; and one or more electronic processing devices that selectively control the DC/DC converter, thereby selectively controlling power transfer to the at least one energy storage device.

In one embodiment, one or more electronic processing devices independently control the output of each DC/DC converter as a function of at least one of the converter output voltage and the DC bus voltage.

In one embodiment, the output voltage of each DC/DC converter is greater than the respective input voltage of each converter.

In one embodiment, controlling the output of each DC/DC converter is dependent on at least one of: a charge limit of the at least one energy storage device; a discharge limit of the at least one energy storage device; a state of charge (SOC) of the at least one energy storage device; and a state of health (SOH) of the at least one energy storage device.

In one embodiment, one or more electronic processing devices communicate the common voltage limit to each DC/DC converter.

In one embodiment, the common voltage limit is indicative of a maximum charging voltage of the at least one energy storage device.

In one embodiment, the one or more electronic processing devices cause each DC/DC converter to perform: implementing a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm until an output of the DC/DC converter reaches a common voltage limit; and adjusting the output once the voltage limit is reached such that the voltage limit is not exceeded.

In one embodiment, the common voltage limit is at least 600 VDC.

In one embodiment, one or more of the DC/DC converters are galvanically isolated.

In one embodiment, the at least one energy storage device includes one or more batteries having a nominal operating voltage of at least 600 VDC.

In one embodiment, the DC source includes a solar Photovoltaic (PV) power generation module.

In one embodiment, the DC/DC converter is integrated with the PV power generation module.

In one embodiment, the inverter is a bidirectional DC/AC inverter having an output coupled to an AC source via an impedance.

In one embodiment, the inverter includes a distributed static compensator (d STATCOM).

In one embodiment, the inverter is controllable by one or more electronic processing devices to selectively cause power flow between the DC bus and at least one of the AC load and the AC power source.

In one embodiment, control of the inverter is prioritized over control of the DC/DC converter.

In one embodiment, the system includes wireless communication between at least one or more electronic processing devices, a DC/DC converter, at least one energy storage device, and an inverter.

In one broad form, an aspect of the invention seeks to provide a method for managing power in a power distribution network, the method comprising in one or more electronic processing devices: determining one or more parameters of a system, the system comprising: a plurality of DC/DC converters, each DC/DC converter electrically coupled between an output of a respective DC source and the DC bus, the converters electrically coupled in parallel to the DC bus, and each converter configured to transfer power from the DC source to the DC bus; at least one DC energy storage device electrically coupled to the DC bus; and at least one DC/AC inverter having an input electrically coupled to the DC bus and an output electrically coupled to at least one of the AC load and the AC power source; and selectively controlling the DC/DC converter in accordance with the determined parameter, thereby selectively controlling power transfer to the at least one energy storage device.

In one embodiment, the output of each DC/DC converter is independently controlled in accordance with a determined parameter, the determined parameter comprising at least one of the converter output voltage and the DC bus voltage.

In one embodiment, the method includes communicating, in one or more electronic processing devices, a common voltage limit to each DC/DC converter.

In one embodiment, the method includes, in one or more electronic processing devices: implementing a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm in each DC/DC converter until the output of the DC/DC converter reaches a common voltage limit; and adjusting the output once the voltage limit is reached such that the voltage limit is not exceeded.

In one embodiment, the method includes, in one or more electronic processing devices, controlling an inverter to selectively cause power to flow between a DC bus and at least one of an AC load and an AC power source.

In one embodiment, control of the inverter is prioritized over control of the DC/DC converter.

In one embodiment, the method includes, in one or more electronic processing devices: determining parameter values for one or more operating parameters of the AC source; determining a target parameter value for one or more operating parameters; determining a difference between the parameter value and the target parameter value; and generating a control signal to control the inverter to selectively cause a power flow between the DC bus and the AC source that causes the parameter value to trend toward the target parameter value based at least in part on the determined difference.

In one embodiment, the one or more operating parameters of the AC source include at least one of: an AC source frequency; an AC source voltage; a phase load; and load power factor.

In one embodiment, the AC source includes at least one of a utility grid or a generator.

In one embodiment, the step of determining the parameter values comprises, in the at least one electronic processing device: determining, at the inverter output, measurements of an AC voltage amplitude, an AC current amplitude, and an AC current phase angle; and determining, at the AC source, measurements of the AC voltage amplitude, the AC current amplitude, and the AC current phase angle.

In one embodiment, the control signal causes the inverter to at least one of: inducing a power flow from the AC source to the DC bus; and inducing a power flow from the DC bus to the AC source.

In one embodiment, the control signals cause the inverter to induce a power flow from the DC bus to the at least one AC load.

In one embodiment, the power flow includes at least one of active power (kW) and reactive power (kVAR).

In one embodiment, the method includes generating, in at least one electronic processing device, a control signal that causes an inverter to actuate one or more switching devices to control operation of at least one AC load.

In one embodiment, at least one electronic processing device causes the inverter output to become synchronized with the AC source.

In one embodiment, at least one or more electronic processing devices, an inverter, an energy storage device, at least one AC load, an AC source, and one or more external communication networks are controlled via wireless communication.

In one embodiment, the control signal is generated at least in part by a machine learning algorithm or from historical data of one or more operating parameters of the AC source.

In one embodiment, the method includes generating, in the one or more electronic processing devices, a plurality of control signals to control the plurality of inverters to selectively cause a power flow between the plurality of energy storage devices and the AC source that causes the parameter values to trend toward the target parameter values based at least in part on the determined differences.

Drawings

Examples of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an example of a system for managing power in a power distribution network;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an example of a communication system;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of an example of a method of managing power in a power distribution network;

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of an example of a method of managing power in a power distribution network using a battery maximum charging voltage as a system parameter;

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a second example of a method for managing power in a power distribution network;

FIG. 6 is a flow chart of an example of a method of managing power in an electrical distribution network using a voltage level of an AC source as an operating parameter;

fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of another example of a system for managing power in a power distribution network.

Detailed Description

An example of a system for managing power in a power distribution network will now be described with reference to fig. 1. As will be understood from the following, the system may be used with any power source capable of producing a DC output, including, but not limited to, fuel cells, DC generators, wind turbines, and solar PV cells. In the example shown, the DC source includes a plurality of solar PV modules, which may form part of a top-mounted solar PV array, for example, but this is not intended to be limiting.

In this example, the system 100 includes a plurality of DC/DC converters 130, each DC/DC converter electrically coupled between an output of a respective DC source 120 and the DC bus 106, the converters 130 electrically coupled in parallel to the DC bus 106, and each converter 130 configured to transfer power from the DC source 120 to the DC bus 106.

The system 100 also includes at least one DC energy storage device electrically coupled to the DC bus 106; and at least one DC/AC inverter 160 having an input 161 electrically coupled to the DC bus 106 and an output 162 electrically coupled to at least one of the AC loads 182, 184 and the AC power source 150. The energy storage device 140 may be any suitable storage device, including, for example, an electrochemical storage device (such as a battery) or an electrostatic energy storage device (such as a capacitor or hydrogen storage). In the example shown, energy storage device 140 includes one or more batteries. The AC power source 150 will typically be a power grid or utility grid, but may also be a stand-alone AC generator. The AC loads 182, 184 represent controlled and uncontrolled loads in the system, including, for example, customer loads (such as AC appliances) and industrial loads (such as induction motors and various other AC machines).

Although not shown in fig. 1, system 100 further includes one or more electronic processing devices that selectively control DC/DC converter 130, and thus, power transfer to at least one energy storage device 140, as will be described in greater detail below.

An advantage of the above system is that it enables solar power generation to be integrated with a DC energy storage device in an efficient manner. Since the solar PV module 120 is connected in parallel with the DC/DC converter 130, the energy output of the solar module can be maximized. For series connected solar modules, the maximum output of the system is constrained by the weakest PV cell. Thus, the overall output is susceptible to variable shading, panel orientation, poor PV cell and/or connections, and the like.

Additionally, the above-described system has only a single power inverter stage, which occurs after the energy storage device 140 has stored the PV output. This minimizes the number of energy conversions required between the solar output and the energy storage device prior to powering the AC source and/or the AC load.

The ability to selectively control the DC/DC converter 130, and thus the transfer of power to the at least one energy storage device 140, further ensures that the DC bus voltage will be regulated so that the energy storage device 140 can be charged in an efficient manner, as will be described in greater detail below.

A number of further features will now be described.

The one or more electronic processing devices typically independently control the output of each DC/DC converter according to at least one of the converter output voltage and the DC bus voltage. These parameters may be measured using any suitable voltage sensor, including, for example, a voltmeter, multimeter, Vacuum Tube Voltmeter (VTVM), field effect transistor voltmeter (FET-VM), and the like. Independently controlling the DC/DC converters is advantageous because it enables the system to be inherently scalable (i.e., the system may include any number of solar PV modules, energy storage devices, or inverters).

Controlling the output of each DC/DC converter depends on at least one of: a charge limit of the at least one energy storage device; a discharge limit of the at least one energy storage device; a state of charge (SOC) of the at least one energy storage device; and a state of health (SOH) of the at least one energy storage device.

The state of health (SOH) of an energy storage device represents the condition of the storage device compared to an ideal condition, and may include factors that take into account internal resistance, capacity, voltage, self-discharge, number of charge/discharge cycles, and the like. Taking into account one or more of the above-mentioned parameters of the energy storage device enables the DC/DC converter to be controlled so that the energy storage device can be charged efficiently without any damage by charging, for example, in the event of a voltage exceeding a charging voltage limit.

In a specific example, one or more electronic processing devices communicate the common voltage limit to each DC/DC converter. In an example, the common voltage limit indicates a maximum charging voltage of the at least one energy storage device. After the common voltage limit for each DC/DC converter is set, the one or more electronic processing devices cause each DC/DC converter to implement a tracking algorithm (e.g., a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm) until the output of the DC/DC converter reaches the common voltage limit, and adjust the output once the voltage limit is reached so that the voltage limit is not exceeded.

The common voltage limit is typically at least 600V. Storing energy at high voltage, such as this, is an efficient way to store electrical energy, compared to low voltage storage (e.g., 48VDC lead acid batteries), which typically require inefficient low frequency transformers.

Preferably, a bidirectional inverter having an output coupled via an impedance to the AC source is controllable by the one or more electronic processing devices to selectively cause power to flow between the DC bus and at least one of the AC load and the AC source. Thus, the one or more processing devices control both the power flow from the DC/DC converter to the energy storage device to optimize battery charging and the power flow through the inverter between the DC bus and at least one of the AC load and the AC source to provide power to the load or grid, for example to control one or more operating parameters of the AC source. In a preferred control hierarchy, the control of the inverter takes precedence over the control of the DC/DC converter. In other words, the control on the AC side of the system takes precedence over the control of battery charging in the two-tier control hierarchy.

The system generally includes wireless communication between at least one or more electronic processing devices, a DC/DC converter, at least one energy storage device, and an inverter. The system may also be in wireless communication with one or more AC loads, an external communication network (e.g., in communication with the power grid), and an AC source meter configured to measure and record the amount of power consumed from an AC source for a household or business over a fixed time interval.

In one example, a control method for managing power includes determining, in one or more electronic processing devices, parameter values for one or more operating parameters of an AC source, the one or more operating parameters of the AC source including at least one of an AC source frequency, an AC source voltage, a phase load, and a load power factor. The method further includes determining a target parameter value for the one or more operating parameters and determining a difference between the parameter value and the target parameter value. The method then includes generating a control signal to control the inverter to selectively cause a power flow between the DC bus and the AC source that results in the parameter value tending to the target parameter value based at least in part on the determined difference.

In this manner, the inverter may be used to control AC side parameters of the power distribution network (including operating parameters of the AC source). In some examples, the power flow may be directly between the AC source and the energy storage device via the DC bus.

The step of determining the parameter values comprises determining, in the at least one electronic processing device, measurements of the AC voltage amplitude, the AC current amplitude and the AC current phase angle at the output of the inverter, and determining measurements of the AC voltage amplitude, the AC current amplitude and the AC current phase angle at the AC source. From these measurements, all other AC side parameters, such as load power factor, etc., can be determined.

In one example, the control signals generated by the one or more electronic processing devices cause the inverter to cause power flow from the AC source to the DC bus one stage causes at least one of the power flows from the DC bus to the AC source.

In another example, the control signals generated by the one or more electronic processing devices cause the inverter to at least one of: causing a flow of power from the AC source to the energy storage device, and causing a flow of power from the energy storage device to the AC source.

In yet another example, the control signals cause the inverter to induce a power flow from the DC bus to the one or more loads. In the above example, the power flow includes at least one of active power (kW) and reactive power (kVAR).

In yet another example, the method includes, in at least one electronic processing device, generating a control signal that causes the inverter to actuate one or more switching devices to control operation of one or more loads. For example, a switching device (e.g., a relay or switch) may regulate the power drawn by the load, or completely disconnect the load from the network.

Although the control signal may be generated based on certain parameter values obtained by measurements or the like, it is also possible to generate the control signal at least partly by a machine learning algorithm or from historical data of one or more parameters of the network, such as typical peak load values expected during a certain time of day, for example.

In yet another example, the method includes generating, in the one or more electronic processing devices, a plurality of control signals to control the plurality of inverters to selectively cause a power flow between the plurality of energy storage devices and the AC source that causes the parameter values to trend toward the target parameter values based at least in part on the determined differences. In a system with multiple inverters and energy storage device modules, greater control capability is provided since the modules can be installed at selected locations along the distribution feeder (e.g., at locations where they are most needed to support the network).

The system architecture shown in fig. 1 will now be described in more detail. The system 100 includes a plurality of solar PV modules 120, which may form part of a roof-mounted PV array of a residential building, for example. The low voltage output 122 (typically less than 80VDC) of each PV module is electrically coupled to a DC/DC converter 130. In an example, each DC/DC converter is integrated with a PV module, which may be achieved, for example, by using high frequency magnetic components in the converter. The DC/DC converter 130 may also be galvanically isolated and/or provide fault detection, such as described in co-pending patent application No. WO 2014/078904. Galvanically isolating the DC/DC converter enables other components of the system, such as the inverter, to be non-isolated.

The DC/DC converters 130 are electrically coupled in parallel to the DC bus 106 via the fuse 108. The DC bus 106 is preferably a high voltage DC bus (typically at least 600 VDC). Thus, the output voltage of each DC/DC converter is greater than the corresponding input voltage of each converter. Specifically, the DC/DC converter 130 functions to step up the low voltage output from the solar modules to the high voltage of the DC bus 106. This is advantageous for the high voltage DC bus 106 because it inherently reduces the size/cost of the conductors and capacitors required.

An energy storage device 140 is electrically coupled to the DC bus 106. The energy storage device 140 typically includes one or more high voltage batteries directly connected to the DC bus 106. The DC bus 106 is also electrically coupled to a DC/AC inverter 160, the DC/AC inverter 160 delivering power from the solar module 120 and/or the battery 140 to an AC source 150 and one or more AC loads 182, 184, the AC source 150 and one or more AC loads 182, 184 forming part of a power distribution network. Thus, the grid-connected DC/AC inverter 160 converts the DC bus voltage to AC mains or grid voltage in the mains frequency (e.g., 230-.

In one example, the inverter 160 is a four quadrant self-synchronous type that operates in synchronization with the AC source 150 through a small impedance 154 via a synchronous contactor 164. Examples of inverter topologies that may be used in the system are described in the IEEE power and energy association (PES) for "LV Distribution Level STATCOM with Reduced DC total Capacitance for Networks with High PV penetration (a LV Distribution Level STATCOM with Reduced DC Bus Capacitance for Networks with High PV penetration" (2013). Accordingly, the inverter 160 may be a bi-directional DC/AC inverter that includes a distributed static compensator (dSTATCOM) such that the inverter may facilitate power transfer to and from the AC source 150. For example, power may be transferred from the DC bus to the AC source 150, or from the AC source 150 back to the DC bus and back into the battery.

The system 100 may further include metering at the AC source 150. Preferably, the meter [ r.h1]152 is a smart meter capable of measuring and recording the amount of power consumed from the AC source 150 at home or business over a fixed time interval.

As previously described, system 100 also includes one or more electronic processing devices that selectively control DC/DC converter 130, thereby selectively controlling the transfer of power to at least one energy storage device 140. One or more electronic processing devices further control the operation of the inverter 160 and, in some examples, the battery 140 and the local loads 182, 184.

Referring now to fig. 2, it is shown that various devices of system 100 may communicate via a communication network 200. The devices may communicate via any suitable mechanism, such as via wired or wireless connections, including but not limited to mobile networks, private networks (such as 802.11 networks), the internet, LANs, WANs, and the like, as well as via direct or point-to-point connections (such as bluetooth, Zigbee, and the like).

In the example shown, DC/DC converter 30 is connected to the network at node 202, battery 140 communicates data via node 204, and system controller 170 (comprised of one or more electronic processing devices) is connected via node 206. The system controller 170 may be connected to an external communication network 208, which external communication network 208 may communicate with, for example, a public power network operator. Although not shown, it is understood that the inverter, AC load, and AC source meter will likewise be connected to the communication network 200 via respective nodes.

While the system controller 170 may be a single entity, it will be understood that the system controller 170 may be distributed over a plurality of geographically separated locations, for example, using a processing system and/or database provided as part of a cloud-based environment. However, the above arrangement is not essential and other suitable configurations may be used.

In one example, system controller 170 may include any suitable electronic processing device or devices (including one or more processing systems) that may optionally be coupled to one or more databases, e.g., containing information regarding historical loads and AC source parameters. Thus, the one or more processing systems can include any suitable form of electronic processing system or device capable of controlling one or more of an inverter, a DC-DC converter, an energy storage device, a local load, an AC source meter, and an external communication network.

In one example, a suitable processing system includes a processor, memory, input/output (I/O) devices such as a keyboard and a display, and external interfaces coupled together via a processing system bus. It will be understood that the I/O device may further include inputs such as a keyboard, keypad, touch screen, buttons, switches, etc. to allow a user to enter data, although this is not required. The external interface is used to couple the processing system to system equipment including an inverter, an energy storage device, a local load, an AC source meter, and an external communication network.

The processor executes, in use, instructions in the form of application software stored in the memory to at least allow selective control of the DC/DC converter 130 to selectively control the delivery of power to the at least one energy storage device 140. Accordingly, for purposes of the following description, it will be understood that the actions performed by one or more processing systems are typically performed by a processor under the control of instructions stored in a memory and, therefore, will not be described in further detail below.

Thus, it will be appreciated that the one or more processing devices may be formed by any suitably programmed processing system. However, an electronic processing device will typically be in the form of a microprocessor, microchip processor, a configuration of logic gates, firmware optionally associated with implementing logic, such as an FPGA (field programmable gate array), an EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory), or any other electronic device, system or arrangement capable of interacting with and controlling the various devices in the system.

Referring now to fig. 3, a flow diagram of an example of a method of managing power from multiple DC sources is shown. At step 300, one or more electronic processing devices determine one or more system parameters including, for example, an output voltage of a respective DC/DC converter, a DC bus voltage, a charge limit of an energy storage device, a discharge limit of the energy storage device, a state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage device, and a state of health (SOH) of the energy storage device. The state of health of an energy storage device represents the condition of the storage device as compared to an ideal condition, and may include factors that take into account internal resistance, capacity, voltage, self-discharge, number of charge/discharge cycles, and the like. The one or more determined parameters are then interpreted by the one or more electronic processing devices and used to selectively control the DC/DC converter to selectively control the transfer of power from the plurality of DC sources to the at least one energy storage device at step 302.

The control method enables the system to regulate the output of a DC source (e.g., a solar PV module) in order to optimize charging of the energy storage device. Preferably, each DC/DC converter is autonomously controlled independently of the system configuration, so that the architecture is fully scalable.

A specific example of a suitable control method is shown in fig. 4. In this example, at step 400, the system parameter determined by the one or more processing devices is a battery maximum charging voltage. The parameter may be wirelessly communicated from the battery to the one or more processing devices. At step 402, the voltage is transmitted or broadcast by one or more processing devices to each DC/DC converter. The voltage is then used as a common voltage limit by each DC/DC converter.

Assuming that the solar PV modules are active, at step 404, the one or more processing devices cause each DC/DC converter to implement a tracking algorithm, such as a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm, that enables maximum power to be obtained from each PV module of the system. Each DC/DC converter will operate in MPPT mode until the voltage output of the individual DC/DC converters reaches a common voltage limit. At step 406, the one or more electronic processing devices determine a voltage output of each DC/DC converter and, at step 408, compare each voltage output to a common voltage limit. If it is determined that the voltage output of the particular converter has reached the set common voltage limit, at step 410, the one or more processing devices cause the voltage output of the particular converter to be adjusted such that the output voltage drops back below the limit.

Each DC/DC converter is controlled independently so that the output of one or more converters can all be regulated while the other converters are still operating in, for example, MPPT mode. In this way, each DC/DC converter is controlled independently of what the other converters are doing so, so that the system is inherently scalable (i.e., the system can include any number of solar modules, energy storage devices, or inverters).

In addition to selectively controlling the DC/DC converter to selectively control power transfer to the at least one energy storage device, the one or more processing devices may be further used to control the inverter to selectively cause power flow between the DC bus and the AC source to control an operating parameter of the AC source.

Referring now to fig. 5, a second example of a method for managing power in an electrical distribution network is shown that attempts to control one or more operating parameters of an AC source. At step 500, one or more electronic processing devices determine parameter values for one or more operating parameters of an AC source. For example, where the AC source is a utility grid of a power distribution network, the one or more operating parameters may include AC source voltage, AC source frequency, phase load (for a three-phase system), and load power factor. The load power factor is the ratio of active power (kW) to apparent power (kVA), which is a combination of active power and reactive power (kVAR). A load that consumes or produces reactive power will draw more current from the AC source for a given amount of transferred active power that actually does work to power the load. Thus, a load with a low power factor draws more current from the AC source and is inefficient.

One or more parameter values for one or more operating parameters may be determined from suitable measurements. In an example, at the AC source meter, measurements of AC voltage amplitude, AC current amplitude, and AC current phase angle are made, and at the AC output of the inverter, measurements of AC voltage amplitude, AC current amplitude, and AC current phase angle are made. From these measurements, one or more processing devices may determine all operating parameters of the AC source. The measurement of the AC voltage may be performed using any suitable voltage sensor including, for example, a voltmeter, a multimeter, a Vacuum Tube Voltmeter (VTVM), a field effect transistor voltmeter (FET-VM), and the like. The measurement of the AC current may be performed using any suitable current sensor, including a multimeter, an ammeter, a picoammeter, or the like.

At step 502, target parameter values for one or more operating parameters are determined by one or more processing devices. For example, the one or more processing devices may receive data from a utility grid indicating target parameter values, or the target values may be retrieved from a database. At step 504, the one or more processing devices determine a difference between an actual parameter value and a target parameter value for the one or more operating parameters. At step 506, the one or more processing devices generate a control signal to control the inverter to transfer power between the energy storage device and the AC source based at least in part on the determined difference. The resulting power flow to or from the inverter causes the parameter values to trend towards the target parameter values. In this way, the energy storage device may be used as a power source or sink to improve the efficiency and power quality of the power distribution network.

A specific example of a method of managing power in an electricity distribution network is shown in fig. 6. In this example, at step 600, one or more processing devices determine an AC voltage level of an AC source. For example, the AC voltage may be suitably measured by a voltage sensor located at an AC source meter that sends a signal indicative of the AC source voltage to one or more processing devices. At step 602, a target voltage level for the AC source is determined (the target voltage level may be an acceptable range having upper and lower limits). For the case where the AC source is a utility grid, the utility operator will set the target voltage level. At step 604, a difference between the voltage level of the AC source and the target voltage level is determined by one or more processing devices.

At steps 606 and 608, the one or more processing devices determine whether the AC source voltage is greater than or less than the target voltage, respectively. In other words, the system determines whether there is an over-voltage problem or an under-voltage problem in the network. In response to the overvoltage, at step 610, the one or more processing devices generate a control signal to cause the inverter to sink reactive power from the AC source into the energy storage device to reduce the AC source voltage. In response to the under-voltage, the one or more processing devices generate control signals to cause the inverter to pull reactive power from the energy storage device to the AC source to boost the AC source voltage at step 612.

In another example, for a system with a low load power factor (e.g., when there are one or more inductive AC loads that consume reactive power), the inverter may be used to inject reactive power into the grid or supply reactive power directly to the load in order to increase the load power factor to an acceptable level.

In another example, because the inverter is synchronized with the AC source, the system can provide an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) to one or more AC loads, for example, when the AC source is lost or unable to provide sufficient power to the loads. In this example, the system may obtain power from the energy storage device to power one or more AC loads, provided that the energy storage device has sufficient capacity.

In another example, a system may be used to reduce voltage imbalances in a three-phase network through dynamic load balancing. The voltage level of each phase may be measured using a suitable voltage sensor. One or more electronic processing devices then determine a voltage level based on these measurements and send control signals to the inverter to cause power to be transferred from the overloaded phase to the lightly loaded phase. Alternatively, the inverter may induce power flow (e.g., reactive power compensation) from the energy storage device to one or more lightly loaded phases to balance the overloaded phases.

In the above example, control of the operating parameters of the AC source may be prioritized over charging of the energy storage device in a two-tier form of control hierarchy. For example, the control of the inverter is prioritized over the control of the DC/DC converter that charges the energy storage device. Likewise, the inverter will draw in/out power between the DC bus and the AC source as appropriate to maintain satisfactory AC source operating parameters. In this way, the inverter controls the DC bus voltage depending on whether power is drawn in or out through the inverter. Thus, the DC/DC converter will be subject to control of the AC source parameters, say if the inverter draws power from the DC bus, the DC/DC converter will simply continue to operate in MPPT mode to maximize the power output of the solar PV module and maintain the DC bus voltage. If the inverter is not drawing power from the DC bus, the DC/DC converter will charge the battery and operate in MPPT mode until they reach the maximum voltage limit (as previously described), and then adjust its output so that it does not exceed the battery maximum charging voltage.

Referring now to fig. 7, another example of a system for managing power in a power distribution network is shown. The system includes a plurality of energy storage devices 740 (e.g., high voltage batteries), each energy storage device 740 electrically coupled to a respective DC/AC inverter via a respective high voltage DC bus. The output 762 of each DC/AC inverter 760 is electrically coupled to an AC source 750. For example, each inverter 760 may be coupled to a feeder of a power grid, where the AC source represents a distribution feeder. A plurality of loads 780 are coupled to the grid. In one example, each module 700 (including at least one of energy storage device 740 and DC/AC inverter 760) may be installed by a utility operator at selected locations along a feeder line (where each module 700 may be best utilized to support an electricity distribution network). In another example, each module 700 may represent a residential-mounted system.

In the arrangement shown in fig. 7, each module 700 may be used to support the network and improve operating parameters such as AC source voltage, AC source frequency, phase loading (for a three-phase system), and load power factor. Additionally, the modules 700 may communicate with each other such that, for example, if the load in a portion of the network is low (and the battery is sufficiently charged), the battery may be used to power another battery with a low charge or a portion of the network with a higher load.

Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.

It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that many variations and modifications will be apparent. All such variations and modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are deemed to fall within the spirit and scope of the invention as broadly described herein before.