阅读说明：本技术 通过调整牙齿位置而调整校准器的方法 (Method for adjusting aligner by adjusting tooth position ) 是由 约翰·莫顿 密特拉·德拉科杉 于 2016-01-05 设计创作，主要内容包括：提供一种聚合物壳体矫正器,其中,该聚合物壳体矫正器被构造为提供一个以上作动力,以促进牙齿移动。在许多实施例中,作动力被布置为提供在与牙齿移动的期望方向相反方向上的力。聚合物壳体矫正器可以包括一个以上的牙齿收容腔体,其中,多个牙齿收容腔体中的每个牙齿收容腔体都被成型和布置为提供多个牙齿中的每个牙齿的反力矩。(A polymeric shell appliance is provided wherein the polymeric shell appliance is configured to provide one or more actuation forces to facilitate tooth movement. In many embodiments, the actuation force is arranged to provide a force in a direction opposite to the desired direction of tooth movement. The polymeric shell appliance may include more than one tooth receiving cavity, wherein each tooth receiving cavity of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities is shaped and arranged to provide a counter moment for each tooth of the plurality of teeth.)

1. A method of designing an orthodontic appliance as part of an orthodontic treatment plan, the method comprising:

receiving an initial data set representing an initial arrangement of teeth of a patient;

determining a plurality of target arrangements of a patient's teeth, wherein each of the plurality of target arrangements corresponds to one of a plurality of treatment stages in the orthodontic treatment plan;

determining, for one of the plurality of target arrangements, a geometry of a respective orthodontic appliance such that the orthodontic appliance includes a plurality of tooth receiving cavities having a first plurality of tooth receiving cavities shaped to receive a first plurality of teeth and a second plurality of tooth receiving cavities shaped to receive a second plurality of teeth,

wherein the geometry is determined such that the first plurality of tooth receiving cavities are shaped to provide a first counter moment to the first plurality of teeth and the second plurality of tooth receiving cavities are shaped to provide a second counter moment to the second plurality of teeth, an

Wherein the first counter moment opposes the second counter moment to thereby facilitate closing or reducing a spacing between the first and second plurality of teeth; and

generating instructions for manufacturing the orthodontic appliance.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the spacing corresponds to a gap formed by extruding teeth between the first and second pluralities of teeth.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the interval corresponds to a lack of premolars.

4. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the first plurality of tooth receiving cavities are shaped to receive at least one of a posterior tooth, a posterior block of a plurality of teeth, one or more molars, or one or more premolars; and wherein the second plurality of tooth receiving cavities are shaped to receive at least one of anterior teeth, an anterior block of a plurality of teeth, one or more incisors, or canines.

5. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the first plurality of tooth receiving cavities are shaped to receive at least one of an anterior tooth, an anterior block of a plurality of teeth, one or more incisors, or canines; and wherein the second plurality of tooth receiving cavities are shaped to receive at least one of posterior teeth, posterior zones of a plurality of teeth, one or more molars, or one or more premolars.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second counter moments are configured to force the first plurality of teeth away from the second plurality of teeth, and wherein the first counter moment opposite the second counter moment is configured to facilitate movement of the first plurality of teeth toward the second plurality of teeth.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second counter moments are configured to prevent tilting of the first and second plurality of teeth while moving during the orthodontic treatment plan.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first counter moment is less than the second counter moment.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the geometry of the orthodontic appliance is determined to provide a differential moment to the patient's teeth so as to reduce or inhibit movement of one or more anchoring teeth.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of tooth receiving cavities are further shaped to provide a first moment to the first plurality of teeth, and wherein the second plurality of tooth receiving cavities are further shaped to provide a second moment to the second plurality of teeth.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein a difference torque between the first torque and the second torque allows for selective movement of a patient's teeth.

12. The method of any of claims 10-11, wherein a difference torque between the first torque and the second torque reduces or inhibits movement of one or more anchor teeth.

13. The method of any of claims 10-11, wherein the first moment is less than the first counter moment.

14. The method of any of claims 1-3, wherein closing or reducing the spacing between the first and second pluralities of teeth comprises moving the first or second plurality of teeth in groups.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the geometry of the orthodontic appliance comprises providing the geometry of the orthodontic appliance with a fastening feature, wherein the fastening feature is shaped to engage with an external force generating mechanism.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the fastening feature is a hook.

17. The method of claim 15, wherein the geometry of the orthodontic appliance is determined such that the fastening feature is configured to apply a force to the posterior group of one or more teeth so as to reduce movement of the posterior group of one or more teeth when the external force generating mechanism is engaged to the fastening feature.

18. The method of claim 15, wherein the geometry of the orthodontic appliance is determined such that when the external force generating mechanism is engaged to the fastening feature, the fastening feature is configured to apply a force to a posterior group of one or more teeth, and wherein the force comprises a distal component.

19. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the geometry of the orthodontic appliance comprises providing the geometry of the orthodontic appliance with a plurality of engagement structures shaped to receive a plurality of attachments.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the plurality of engagement structures are configured to interact with the plurality of attachments to force the first plurality of teeth away from the second plurality of teeth so as to urge movement of the first plurality of teeth toward the second plurality of teeth.

21. The method of any of claims 19-20, wherein the plurality of engagement structures are configured to provide translation of the first plurality of teeth to the second plurality of teeth while avoiding undesirable torque on the first set of teeth when engaged with the plurality of attachments.

22. The method of claim 1, the method further comprising:

manufacturing the orthodontic appliance based on the instructions, wherein manufacturing the orthodontic appliance comprises direct manufacturing.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein directly fabricating comprises using one or more of 3D printing, stereolithography, or fused deposition modeling.

24. The method of any one of claims 22-23, wherein the orthodontic appliance is shaped to provide translation of the first plurality of teeth toward the second plurality of teeth while avoiding undesirable torque on the first set of teeth.

25. The method of claim 1, wherein the orthodontic appliance is shaped to provide a mesial force to the first plurality of teeth, wherein the first plurality of teeth are posterior teeth.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the distal force is used to enhance anchorage of the first plurality of teeth.

27. The method of claim 1, wherein the orthodontic appliance is shaped to provide an outward force on the first plurality of teeth.

28. The method of claim 1, wherein the outward convex force is applied to the patient's lower dental arch.

29. The method of claim 1, wherein the outward convex force is applied to the patient's upper dental arch.

30. An orthodontic appliance, comprising:

a polymeric shell configured to be attached to a patient's tooth, wherein the polymeric shell comprises:

a first plurality of tooth receiving cavities shaped to receive a front set of teeth of a patient; and

a second plurality of tooth receiving cavities shaped to receive a rear set of teeth of a patient,

wherein the first plurality of tooth receiving cavities are shaped to provide a first counter moment to a front set of the patient's teeth;

wherein the second plurality of tooth receiving cavities are shaped to provide a second counter moment to the posterior group of the patient's teeth;

wherein the first counter moment is opposite to the second counter moment; and is

Wherein the first counter moment and the second counter moment facilitate closing or reducing a separation between the anterior group of the patient's teeth and the posterior group of the patient's teeth.

31. A system for orthodontic treatment, the system comprising:

a plurality of orthodontic appliances, wherein each orthodontic appliance of the plurality of orthodontic appliances corresponds to a stage in an orthodontic treatment plan, and wherein each orthodontic appliance of the plurality of orthodontic appliances comprises a polymeric shell configured to be bonded to a patient's tooth;

wherein one of the plurality of orthodontic appliances comprises:

a first plurality of tooth receiving cavities shaped to receive a front set of teeth of a patient; and

a second plurality of tooth receiving cavities shaped to receive a rear set of teeth of a patient,

wherein the first plurality of tooth receiving cavities are shaped to provide a first counter moment to the front set of patient teeth;

wherein the second plurality of tooth receiving cavities are shaped to provide a second counter moment to the posterior group of the patient's teeth;

wherein the first counter moment is opposite to the second counter moment; and is

Wherein the first counter moment and the second counter moment facilitate closing or reducing a separation between the anterior group of the patient's teeth and the posterior group of the patient's teeth.

Background

Existing methods and apparatus for straightening teeth may be undesirable in at least some situations. While a bridge (brace) can be used to move the teeth into alignment, the bridge may be cumbersome to wear and may require expertise to place it on the subject. Moreover, complex movements are difficult to achieve, and corrective positions may not ideally address complex movements of several teeth, at least in some cases.

Transparent shell appliances have been successfully used to move teeth. For example, a user can wear a series of transparent shell appliances. Each shell in the series of shells may correspond to a stage of treatment. For example, a fourth shell in the series of shells may correspond to a fourth stage of treatment. While transparent shell appliances can be used to successfully reposition teeth, transparent shell appliances may not provide desirable results in some cases. For example, complex movements of teeth, such as filling of extracted teeth, may be difficult to treat with transparent shell appliances. Also, in at least some instances, the wearer of the transparent shell appliance may not be able to complete the treatment, for example, when the teeth are not sufficiently moved with the appliance and the user stops the treatment.

Existing methods and apparatus for aligning teeth with transparent shell appliances can rely on providing a shell with a cavity shaped to the tooth profile with the final desired position and orientation for the treatment stage. Work in relation to the examples shows that cavities shaped to position teeth in the final desired position and orientation of the treatment stage may provide less than ideal movement. While it is possible to place an attachment on a tooth to facilitate movement of the tooth in conjunction with a polymeric shell appliance, the resulting movement may be less than ideal in some circumstances. For example, as the teeth move toward the target location, the force applied to the teeth may decrease. Moreover, the movement of the teeth may be inconsistent, and the teeth may move more easily along some dimensions than others. For example, movement of a tooth may occur along six degrees of freedom, and relative movement may differ between the degrees of freedom of the tooth compared to the target movement. Furthermore, the movements of the teeth can be correlated such that the movement of a first tooth can affect the movement of an adjacent tooth.

Existing user interface software can provide the user with the teeth shown at the target positions for the various stages of treatment. The polymeric shell appliance can be manufactured according to the target position of the tooth. While it can be effective to manufacture an appliance according to the target position of the teeth at the end of each treatment stage, work in relation to some embodiments has shown that, in at least some instances, the amount of force applied to each tooth may differ from the ideal amount of force, and the corresponding movement of the tooth may be less than ideal.

In view of the above, it would be desirable to provide an improved method and apparatus for moving teeth to a target location using a polymeric shell appliance. Ideally, such methods and apparatus would move the teeth more accurately to the target location with reduced force.

Disclosure of Invention

Embodiments of the present disclosure improve methods and apparatus for moving teeth. In many embodiments, an appliance, such as a polymeric shell appliance, is provided, wherein the appliance is configured to provide one or more actuation forces to facilitate tooth movement. In various embodiments, the actuation force provided by the respective appliances is arranged to provide a force to each of the plurality of teeth in a direction opposite to a desired direction of tooth movement, and the tooth movement may include a motion vector consisting of translation and rotation of the teeth for each of the plurality of teeth. The actuation force may include one or more of a force urging the tooth in a target direction of tooth movement or a reaction force opposing the force. In many embodiments, the teeth move about a center of resistance and the teeth are pushed by a force in a targeted direction of tooth movement, thereby creating a moment about the center of resistance. The reaction force can generate a reaction moment about the center of resistance, so that the teeth can be moved with a differential moment consisting of the difference of the moment and the reaction moment. The differential moment can be related to the tilt of the tooth in the target direction of movement, and the tilt of the target direction of tooth movement can be controlled to facilitate movement, and the amount of force that moves the tooth in the target direction can be reduced.

In many embodiments, each polymeric shell appliance includes a plurality of engagement structures shaped to engage a plurality of attachments to create a plurality of reaction forces and moments for a treatment session. The polymeric shell appliance may include a plurality of tooth receiving cavities having an inner surface contour shaped to correspond to a surface contour of a received tooth, wherein each tooth receiving cavity of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities is positioned and/or oriented away from a corresponding target position and orientation of a received tooth for a corresponding treatment stage.

In many embodiments, the processor includes a user input and a display for a user to position and orient a plurality of teeth to target positions and orientations for various stages of treatment. The processor may include instructions to: to provide actuation power to the appliance, the tooth receiving cavities of the appliance are positioned at a location away from the target location and orientation for each treatment stage. The processor may include instructions to: the plurality of appliances are fabricated using indirect fabrication including thermoforming or direct fabrication including one or more of 3D printing, stereolithography, or fused deposition modeling.

Other objects and features of the present disclosure will become apparent by a review of the specification, claims and appended figures.

Is incorporated by reference

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Drawings

The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantageous effects of the present disclosure will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the disclosure are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

fig. 1A shows a jaw, a plurality of teeth, and a polymeric shell appliance aligning the teeth according to an embodiment;

FIG. 1B illustrates a cross-sectional view of an appliance engaging a crown with a positioned attachment according to an embodiment;

fig. 2 shows components of a calibration device and corresponding forces according to an embodiment.

Fig. 3A illustrates a tooth position before completion of a treatment stage, a target position at completion of the stage, and a position and orientation of a tooth receiving cavity to complete the treatment stage, according to an embodiment;

figure 3B illustrates a polymeric shell appliance configured to have one or more points of action for storing energy with a tooth in a target position and orientation comprised of a non-convex position and orientation of the tooth, wherein the force is in an inward convex direction and is insufficient to cause the tooth to be convex inward and is sufficient to inhibit the tooth from being convex outward, according to an embodiment.

Figure 4 illustrates a method of determining a tooth receiving cavity of an appliance distal from a target location, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 5 shows a simplified block diagram of a data processing system according to an embodiment;

FIG. 6A illustrates a calibration device with an external force generating mechanism, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 6B illustrates a calibration device with an external force generating mechanism, according to an embodiment; and

fig. 7 illustrates a calibration apparatus with an external force generating mechanism according to an embodiment.

Detailed Description

The terms "torque" and "moment" as used herein are considered synonyms.

The term "and/or" as used herein is used as a functional word to indicate that two words or phrases are employed together or separately. For example, A and/or B includes A alone, B alone, and A and B together.

As used herein, "plurality of teeth" includes more than two teeth.

"moment" as used herein encompasses a force acting on a target such as a tooth at a distance from the center of resistance. For example, the moment can be calculated using the vector cross product of the vector forces applied to the corresponding locations of the displacement vectors from the center of resistance. The moment may comprise a vector pointing in one direction. For example, a moment that is opposite to another moment may include one of the moment vectors toward a first side of an object, such as a tooth, and the other moment vector toward an opposite side of the object, such as a tooth.

"differential moments," as used herein, include more than two moments coupled to each other to provide opposing moments to more than one tooth. The differential moment may include a first moment and a second opposing moment applied to the teeth. Alternatively or in combination, the differential moment may comprise a first moment of the first set of one or more teeth coupled with a second opposing moment of the second set of one or more teeth of the dental arch. The first set of one or more teeth of the dental arch may comprise a first section of the dental arch and the second set of one or more teeth of the dental arch may comprise a second section of the dental arch, wherein a first moment of the first section of the dental arch is coupled with a second opposing moment of the second section of the dental arch. The first set of one or more teeth may comprise a first plurality of adjacent teeth of the first section of the dental arch and the second set of one or more teeth may comprise a second plurality of adjacent teeth of the second section of the dental arch, wherein the first moment of the first plurality of adjacent teeth of the dental arch is opposite the counter moment of the second plurality of adjacent teeth of the dental arch.

As used herein, a tooth that includes a moment refers to a tooth that has a force acting on the tooth about a center of resistance. The force can be generated with an appliance attached to the tooth, either directly or with attachments on the tooth or a combination of both.

The counter moment disclosed herein can be used to precisely control the movement of more than one tooth and can be used to provide anchoring (anchors) of more than one tooth. In various embodiments, the plurality of posterior teeth include a counter moment to improve anchoring of the posterior teeth, and the more than one anterior teeth include a lesser counter moment and move toward the plurality of anchored posterior teeth. Alternatively, the counter moment of one or more posterior teeth of the plurality of posterior teeth can be configured such that the one or more posterior teeth can move towards the one or more anterior teeth.

To control the movement of the teeth, the moments of more than one tooth of a plurality of groups can be coupled to each other, and the moments of more than one group of teeth can be coupled to each other in a variety of ways. To provide a preferred movement of more than one set of more than one tooth, the moments of the sets of more than one tooth can be coupled to each other with an offset moment and/or a balancing moment. For example, posterior teeth can be provided with a greater counter moment than anterior teeth in order to move the anterior teeth toward the posterior teeth.

The moments and counter-moments disclosed herein are well suited for moving multiple types of teeth and teeth in multiple situations, and are well suited for many situations of teeth. Embodiments disclosed herein can be used to treat more than one of the following: for example, tilting of the occlusal plane, raising the teeth on one side of the mouth and lowering the teeth on the other side of the mouth, full expansion of the teeth along the arch (en massse expansion), occlusion of the extraction site, inward bulging, outward bulging, rolling, or tilting, or combinations thereof.

In many embodiments, the one or more posterior teeth include one or more of molars, premolars, or canines, and the one or more anterior teeth include one or more of central incisors, lateral incisors, cuspids, first bicuspids, or second bicuspids. For example, "posterior teeth" may be used herein to refer to molars and premolars, and "anterior teeth" may be used herein to refer to incisors or canines. It should be understood that "posterior" and "anterior" may also refer to the relative positioning of groups of more than one tooth, e.g., "posterior" may refer to any tooth disposed posteriorly relative to more than one "anterior" and "anterior" may refer to any tooth disposed anteriorly relative to more than one "posterior".

Embodiments disclosed herein can be used to join groups of more than one tooth to each other. The set of one or more teeth may include a first set of one or more anterior teeth and a second set of one or more posterior teeth. The first set of teeth can be coupled to the second set of teeth using the polymeric shell appliances disclosed herein.

The first set of teeth can be coupled to the second set of teeth in a variety of ways, and in many embodiments, the first set of one or more teeth includes a first moment and a first counter moment, and the second set of one or more teeth includes a second moment and a second counter moment. The first moment and the first counter moment may include a combined first moment and a combined first counter moment of the first set of one or more teeth, and the second moment and the second counter moment may include a combined second moment and a combined second counter moment of the second set of teeth. The combined first moment, the combined first counter moment, the combined second moment, and the combined second counter moment can be inter-coupled with the polymeric shell appliance in order to move the first set of one or more teeth, the second set of one or more teeth, or a combination thereof.

In many embodiments, the first set of one or more teeth includes a first moment and a first counter moment, respectively, and the second set of one or more teeth includes a second moment and a second counter moment, respectively. A first moment can be generated with a first force to one or more first teeth at a first region or location of a first tooth, and a first counter moment can be generated with a counter force to one first tooth at an opposite location. A second moment can be generated with a second force to one or more second teeth at the area of the second tooth, and a second counter moment can be generated with a counter force to one second tooth at the opposite location.

The center of resistance of a single tooth can be located near a double bifurcation or a triple bifurcation of, for example, the root of the tooth. For a tooth with a single root depth, the center of resistance can be located somewhere between about 25% to about 70% of the distance from the alveolar ridge to the end of the root, e.g., about 40% of the distance.

The center of resistance of a group of tooth segments comprising a plurality of teeth can be determined in one or more of a number of ways. For example, the center of resistance can be determined using finite element modeling, published values in the scientific literature, bench testing using experimental loads, mathematical formulas and approximations, and/or combinations thereof. For example, the center of resistance can be determined in response to a structure supporting the tooth, such as a periodontal ligament, soft tissue, and a bone support structure. Although the center of resistance of a set of teeth may vary with the direction of movement, one of ordinary skill in the art would be able to determine the center of resistance according to the embodiments disclosed herein.

Embodiments disclosed herein would be well suited for moving one or more teeth of a first set of one or more teeth, or moving one or more teeth of a second set of one or more teeth, or a combination of both.

The embodiments disclosed herein are well suited for use in combination with one known commercially available tooth moving member, such as attachments and polymeric shell appliances. In many embodiments, the appliance and the one or more attachments are configured to move the one or more teeth along a tooth movement vector comprised of six degrees of freedom, three of which are rotational degrees of freedom and three of which are translational degrees of freedom. Embodiments disclosed herein are capable of providing a differential moment vector based on a moment and a counter moment for each of a plurality of teeth. The differential moment vector can provide improved tooth movement accuracy and can result in a reduction in the amount of force that moves more than one tooth.

The present disclosure provides an orthodontic system and related methods for designing and providing an improved or more effective tooth movement system to cause desired tooth movement and/or to reposition teeth to a desired arrangement.

In one aspect, a method of moving a plurality of teeth with an appliance is provided. The method comprises the following steps: providing an appliance shaped to be placed over a plurality of teeth, the appliance comprising a plurality of tooth receiving cavities shaped to receive each of the plurality of teeth and provide differential moments to the plurality of teeth to move and/or anchor the teeth, the plurality of teeth comprising a first set of one or more teeth and a second set of one or more teeth, the first set of one or more teeth comprising a first counter moment and the second set of one or more teeth comprising a second counter moment, the first counter moment opposing the second counter moment.

In many embodiments, the differential moment for each of the plurality of teeth includes a moment resulting from a force about the center of resistance and a counter moment opposite the moment resulting from a counter force about the center of resistance, the counter force being opposite the force, the counter force being greater for each of the plurality of teeth in order to move the teeth.

In many embodiments, each tooth receiving cavity of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities is shaped and arranged to generate a total moment comprising a sum of the moment and the counter moment of each tooth of the plurality of teeth.

In many embodiments, the orthotic is shaped to: to move the first set of one or more teeth toward the second set of one or more teeth, a first portion of the first set of one or more teeth and a second portion of the second set of one or more teeth are urged away from each other. The orthotic can be shaped to: in order to move the first and second sets of one or more teeth toward each other, the first portion of the first set of one or more teeth and the second portion of the second set of one or more teeth are urged away from each other.

In many embodiments, the first set of one or more teeth comprises a first plurality of teeth, and the appliance comprises a shape that produces a first counter moment with each tooth of the first plurality of adjacent teeth, the first counter moment comprising a combination of similarly oriented moments from each tooth of the first plurality of adjacent teeth.

In many embodiments, the second set of one or more teeth comprises a second plurality of teeth, and the appliance comprises a shape that produces a second counter moment with each tooth of the second plurality of adjacent teeth, the second counter moment comprising a combination of similarly oriented moments from each tooth of the second plurality of adjacent teeth.

In many embodiments, the plurality of tooth receiving cavities are shaped and arranged to balance differential moments between the first and second sets of one or more teeth and to balance first and second counter moments between the first and second sets of one or more teeth.

In many embodiments, the first set of one or more teeth comprises an anterior set of one or more teeth and the second set of one or more teeth comprises a posterior set of one or more teeth, wherein the first counter moment of the anterior set of one or more teeth opposes the second counter moment of the posterior set of one or more teeth. The one or more teeth in the anterior group can include a single anterior tooth, and the appliance is shaped to generate the first counter moment with the single anterior tooth. The posterior group of one or more teeth can include a plurality of adjacent posterior teeth, and the appliance is shaped to generate a second counter moment with the plurality of adjacent posterior teeth. The appliance can be shaped to generate a second counter moment with each posterior tooth of the plurality of adjacent posterior teeth, the second counter moment comprising a combination of similarly oriented moments from each posterior tooth of the plurality of adjacent posterior teeth. The first counter moment can be smaller than the second counter moment in order to move one or more teeth in the front set towards a plurality of adjacent posterior teeth. The plurality of adjacent posterior teeth can include three adjacent posterior teeth with the appliance shaped to generate a second counter moment with the three adjacent posterior teeth. The three adjacent posterior teeth can include three adjacent anchored posterior teeth that are joined together as a block of teeth having a combined center of resistance that is distal from the center of resistance of each of the three adjacent posterior teeth.

In many embodiments, the first set of one or more teeth comprises a posterior set of one or more teeth and the second set of one or more teeth comprises an anterior set of one or more teeth, and the first counter moment of the anterior set of one or more teeth opposes the second counter moment of the anterior set of one or more teeth. The set of one or more anterior teeth can include a plurality of adjacent anterior teeth, and the plurality of adjacent tooth receiving cavities can include a plurality of adjacent anterior tooth receiving cavities shaped to generate a first counter moment.

In many embodiments, the method further comprises providing an external force or anchor generating mechanism coupled to the plurality of teeth, wherein the external force or anchor generating mechanism is arranged to apply a force and/or anchor to the posterior group of one or more teeth, thereby reducing movement of the posterior group of one or more teeth. The force applied by the external force generating mechanism to the one or more teeth of the posterior group includes a distal (digital) component. The external force or anchor generating mechanism can include class II traction or class III traction (elastic).

In many embodiments, each of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities includes an inner surface profile corresponding to a surface profile of a tooth to generate a moment and a counter moment with each of the plurality of teeth.

In many embodiments, the plurality of tooth receiving cavities comprises: a first set of one or more cavities shaped to receive a first set of one or more teeth; and a second set of one or more cavities shaped to receive a second set of one or more teeth, the first set of one or more teeth receiving cavities shaped to generate a first counter moment and the second set of one or more teeth receiving cavities shaped to generate a second counter moment, the first counter moment opposing the second counter moment.

In many embodiments, the first counter moment of the first set of one or more teeth is sufficient to move a first set of one or more roots of the first set of one or more teeth toward the second set of one or more teeth.

In many embodiments, the differential moment for each of the plurality of teeth comprises a moment and a counter moment opposing the moment, wherein for each of the plurality of teeth, the force at one location produces a moment about a center of resistance and the counter force at the opposite location produces a counter moment about the center of resistance, and wherein for each of the plurality of teeth, the sum of the force and the counter force comprises an overall resultant force. The combined force of the first set of one or more teeth is capable of urging the first set of one or more teeth toward the second set of one or more teeth. For each of the plurality of teeth, the overall resultant force can be lower than each of the force and the counter force to move the first set of one or more teeth toward the second set of one or more teeth with a reduced amount of force.

In many embodiments, one or more of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities includes one or more engagement structures shaped to receive one or more attachments and urge the first set of one or more teeth away from the second set of one or more teeth with a counter force to facilitate movement of the first set of one or more teeth toward the second set of one or more teeth. The one or more engagement structures shaped to receive the one or more attachments are capable of generating a force opposing the counter force to move the first set of one or more teeth in the target direction toward the second set of one or more teeth. The force can be greater than the counter force to move the one or more target teeth in the target direction, and the counter force can reduce a total amount of force to the one or more target teeth and generate a first counter moment.

In many embodiments, the appliance includes a plurality of structures shaped to receive the plurality of attachments and urge the first tooth away from the second tooth to facilitate movement of the first tooth toward the second tooth.

In many embodiments, the appliance includes a polymeric shell that includes a plurality of activation sites to store energy using a plurality of deflections of the polymeric shell to guide movement of the teeth. More than one of the plurality of deflections can store energy with a force against the tooth that is insufficient to move the tooth in a direction opposite the deflection when the tooth includes the target position and orientation, and the additional deflection can generate sufficient increased force to move the tooth in response to movement of the tooth away from the target position and orientation. The target location and orientation can include a non-convex location and orientation of the tooth, and the force can be in a convex direction and insufficient to cause inward bulging of the tooth and sufficient to inhibit outward bulging of the tooth. The target position and orientation can include a non-inward convex position and orientation of the tooth corresponding to a stage of the appliance, and the force can be in an outward convex direction and insufficient to make the tooth convex and sufficient to inhibit inward convex of the tooth.

In many embodiments, the plurality of teeth includes a plurality of adjacent teeth and a target tooth to be moved toward the plurality of adjacent teeth, the plurality of appliance cavities are shaped to receive each of the plurality of adjacent teeth and the target tooth to move the target tooth toward the plurality of adjacent teeth, wherein the plurality of cavities are shaped and arranged to provide opposing forces to the plurality of adjacent teeth and the target tooth to distribute the forces between the plurality of adjacent teeth and inhibit movement. The plurality of adjacent teeth can include a plurality of adjacent molars and the target tooth can include an anterior tooth that retracts toward the extraction site. The target tooth is capable of moving in a sagittal (sagittal) direction.

In many embodiments, the user adjusts the position and orientation of the teeth shown on the display for a treatment stage corresponding to the appliance via user input, wherein each tooth receiving cavity of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities includes a cavity shape profile corresponding to a tooth shape profile of a tooth to be received in the cavity, and wherein each cavity shape profile is positioned and/or oriented away from the corresponding tooth shape profile position and orientation shown on the display to provide the actuation energy to the appliance when the appliance is placed on the plurality of teeth.

In many embodiments, each cavity shape matches at least a portion of a surface of a received tooth. For example, the respective cavity shapes can match opposing surfaces of the received tooth to engage each opposing surface of the tooth. Each cavity shape profile can include first and second opposing surfaces that engage the each opposing surface of the tooth, wherein the first and second opposing surfaces are shaped to contact the tooth together along a direction of movement of the tooth.

In many embodiments, the first and second sets of one or more teeth are moved toward each other to provide a differential closing gap to the gap extending between the first and second sets of one or more teeth. The first set of one or more teeth can include a plurality of anterior teeth and the second set of one or more teeth can include a plurality of posterior teeth, and the plurality of posterior teeth can include a combined center of resistance distal from a center of resistance of each posterior tooth of the plurality of posterior teeth.

In many embodiments, the first counter moment corresponds to a first force from the appliance to the first set of one or more teeth about the first center of resistance at the first location, and the second counter moment corresponds to a second counter force to the second set of one or more teeth about the second center of resistance.

In many embodiments, the orthotic comprises a polymeric shell orthotic. The appliance can include a polymeric shell appliance directly manufactured using one or more of 3D printing, stereolithography, or fused deposition modeling.

In many embodiments, the plurality of tooth receiving cavities provide differential moments to the plurality of teeth to improve anchorage of more than one of the plurality of teeth.

In another aspect, an appliance shaped for placement over a plurality of teeth is provided. The appliance includes: a plurality of tooth receiving cavities shaped to receive each of the plurality of teeth and provide differential moments to the plurality of teeth to move and/or anchor one or more of the plurality of teeth, the plurality of tooth receiving cavities comprising: a first set of one or more tooth receiving cavities shaped to receive a first set of one or more teeth; and a second set of one or more tooth receiving cavities shaped to receive a second set of one or more teeth, the first set of one or more tooth receiving cavities shaped to provide a first counter moment to the first set of one or more teeth and the second set of one or more tooth receiving cavities shaped to provide a second counter moment to the second set of one or more teeth, the first counter moment opposing the second counter moment.

In many embodiments, each of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities is shaped and arranged to provide a differential moment comprising a moment to the received tooth resulting from a force about the center of resistance and a counter-moment opposite the moment resulting from a counter-force about the center of resistance, the counter-force being opposite the force, the force being greater than the counter-force for each of the plurality of teeth.

In many embodiments, a first set of one or more tooth receiving cavities is shaped and arranged to receive one or more anterior teeth and to generate a first counter moment, and a second set of one or more tooth receiving cavities is shaped and arranged to receive a posterior tooth and to generate a second counter moment, the second counter moment being greater than the first counter moment.

In many embodiments, each tooth receiving cavity of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities is shaped and arranged to generate a total moment comprising a sum of the moment and the counter moment of each tooth of the plurality of teeth.

In many embodiments, the first set of one or more tooth receiving cavities comprises a plurality of adjacent tooth receiving cavities shaped and arranged to receive a plurality of adjacent teeth, wherein the first counter moment comprises a combined counter moment of the plurality of adjacent teeth about a center of resistance that is remote from the center of resistance of each of the plurality of adjacent teeth.

In many embodiments, the second set of one or more tooth receiving cavities comprises a plurality of adjacent tooth receiving cavities shaped and arranged to receive a plurality of adjacent teeth, wherein the second counter moment comprises a combined counter moment of the plurality of adjacent teeth about a center of resistance that is remote from the center of resistance of each of the plurality of adjacent teeth.

In many embodiments, each tooth receiving cavity of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities includes a cavity shape profile corresponding to a tooth shape profile of a tooth to be received in the cavity, and wherein each cavity shape profile is positioned and/or oriented away from the corresponding tooth shape profile position and orientation to provide activation energy to the polymeric shell appliance when the polymeric shell appliance is placed on the plurality of teeth. Each cavity shape profile can include first and second opposing surfaces that engage the each opposing surface of the tooth, and the first and second opposing surfaces can be shaped to contact the tooth together along a direction of movement of the tooth.

In many embodiments, the polymeric shell appliance is shaped as: to move the first set of one or more teeth toward the second set of one or more teeth, the first portion of the first set of one or more teeth and the second portion of the second set of one or more teeth are urged away from each other. The polymeric shell appliance can be shaped as: in order to move the first and second sets of one or more teeth toward each other, the first portion of the first set of one or more teeth and the second portion of the second set of one or more teeth are urged away from each other. The first set of one or more teeth includes a first plurality of teeth, and the polymeric shell appliance can include a shape that creates a first counter moment with each tooth of the first plurality of adjacent teeth, the first counter moment including a combination of similarly oriented moments from each tooth of the first plurality of adjacent teeth. The second set of one or more teeth includes a second plurality of teeth, and the polymeric shell appliance can include a shape that creates a second counter moment with each tooth of the second plurality of adjacent teeth, the second counter moment including a combination of similarly oriented moments from each tooth of the second plurality of adjacent teeth.

In many embodiments, the plurality of tooth receiving cavities are shaped and arranged to balance differential moments between the first and second sets of one or more teeth and to balance first and second counter moments between the first and second sets of one or more teeth. The first set of one or more teeth can include an anterior set of one or more teeth and the second set of one or more teeth includes a posterior set of teeth, wherein the first counter moment of the anterior set of one or more teeth is opposite the second counter moment of the posterior set of one or more teeth. The posterior group of one or more teeth can include a plurality of adjacent posterior teeth, and the polymeric shell appliance is shaped to generate a second counter moment with the plurality of adjacent posterior teeth. The plurality of adjacent posterior teeth can include three adjacent posterior teeth with the polymeric shell appliance shaped to generate a second counter moment with the three adjacent posterior teeth. The three adjacent posterior teeth can include three adjacent anchored posterior teeth that are coupled together as a block of teeth having a combined center of resistance that is distal from the center of resistance of each of the three adjacent posterior teeth. The one or more teeth in the anterior group can include a single anterior tooth and the polymeric shell appliance is shaped to generate the first counter moment with the single anterior tooth.

In many embodiments, the polymeric shell appliance is shaped to generate a second counter moment with each posterior tooth of the plurality of adjacent posterior teeth, the second counter moment comprising a combination of similarly oriented moments from each posterior tooth of the plurality of adjacent posterior teeth. The first counter moment can be less than the second counter moment to move one or more teeth in the anterior group toward the plurality of adjacent posterior teeth.

In many embodiments, the first set of one or more teeth comprises a posterior set of one or more teeth and the second set of one or more teeth comprises an anterior set of one or more teeth, wherein the first counter moment of the anterior set of one or more teeth opposes the second counter moment of the anterior set of one or more teeth. The set of one or more anterior teeth can include a plurality of adjacent anterior teeth, and the plurality of adjacent tooth receiving cavities can include a plurality of adjacent anterior tooth receiving cavities shaped to generate a first counter moment.

In many embodiments, the appliance further comprises an external force or anchor generating mechanism providing coupling to the plurality of teeth, wherein the external force or anchor generating mechanism is arranged to apply a force and/or anchor to the posterior group of one or more teeth, thereby reducing movement of the posterior group of one or more teeth. The force applied by the external force generating mechanism to the posterior group of one or more teeth includes a distal component. The external force or anchor generating mechanism can include class II traction or class III traction.

In many embodiments, each of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities includes an inner surface profile corresponding to a surface profile of a tooth to generate a moment and a counter moment with each of the plurality of teeth.

In many embodiments, the plurality of tooth receiving cavities comprises: a first set of one or more cavities shaped to receive a first set of one or more teeth; and a second set of one or more cavities shaped to receive a second set of one or more teeth, the first set of one or more teeth receiving cavities shaped to generate a first counter moment and the second set of one or more teeth receiving cavities shaped to generate a second counter moment, the first counter moment opposing the second counter moment.

In many embodiments, the first counter moment of the first set of one or more teeth is sufficient to move a first set of one or more roots of the first set of one or more teeth toward the second set of one or more teeth.

In many embodiments, the differential moment for each of the plurality of teeth comprises a moment and a counter moment opposing the moment, wherein for each of the plurality of teeth, the force at one location produces a moment about a center of resistance and the counter force at the opposite location produces a counter moment about the center of resistance, and wherein for each of the plurality of teeth, the sum of the force and the counter force comprises an overall resultant force. The combined force of the first set of one or more teeth is capable of urging the first set of one or more teeth toward the second set of one or more teeth. For each of the plurality of teeth, the overall resultant force can be lower than each of the force and the counter force to move the first set of one or more teeth toward the second set of one or more teeth with a reduced amount of force.

In many embodiments, one or more of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities includes one or more engagement structures shaped to receive one or more attachments and urge the first set of one or more teeth away from the second set of one or more teeth with a counter force to facilitate movement of the first set of one or more teeth toward the second set of one or more teeth. The one or more engagement structures shaped to receive the one or more attachments can generate a force opposite the counter force to move the first set of one or more teeth in the target direction toward the second set of one or more teeth, and the force can be greater than the counter force to move the one or more target teeth in the target direction, and the counter force can reduce a total amount of force to the one or more target teeth and generate a first counter moment. In many embodiments, the orthotic further comprises more than one appendage.

In many embodiments, the polymeric shell appliance includes a plurality of engagement structures shaped to receive the plurality of attachments and urge the first tooth away from the second tooth to facilitate movement of the first tooth toward the second tooth. In many embodiments, the orthotic further comprises a plurality of attachments.

In many embodiments, the appliance includes a polymeric shell including a plurality of actuation points to store energy using a plurality of deflections of the polymeric shell to guide movement of the tooth. The one or more deflections of the plurality of deflections can store energy with a force against the tooth that is insufficient to move the tooth in a direction opposite the direction of deflection when the tooth includes a target position and orientation corresponding to the stage of the polymer shell, and wherein the additional deflection produces sufficient increased force to move the tooth in response to movement of the tooth away from the target position and orientation. The target location and orientation can include a non-convex location and orientation of the tooth, and the force can be in a convex direction and insufficient to cause inward bulging of the tooth and sufficient to inhibit outward bulging of the tooth. The target position and orientation can include a non-inwardly convex position and orientation of the tooth, and the force can be in an outwardly convex direction and insufficient to cause the tooth to be outwardly convex and sufficient to inhibit inward bulging of the tooth.

In many embodiments, the plurality of teeth includes a plurality of adjacent teeth and a target tooth to be moved toward the plurality of adjacent teeth, the plurality of polymeric shell appliance cavities are shaped to receive each of the plurality of adjacent teeth and the target tooth to move the target tooth toward the plurality of adjacent teeth, wherein the plurality of cavities are shaped and arranged to provide opposing forces to the plurality of adjacent teeth and the target tooth to distribute the forces between the plurality of adjacent teeth and inhibit movement. The plurality of adjacent teeth can include a plurality of adjacent molars and the target tooth can include an anterior tooth that retracts toward the extraction site. The target tooth can move in the sagittal direction.

In many embodiments, for a treatment stage corresponding to the polymeric shell appliance, a user adjusts a position and orientation of teeth shown on the display via user input, wherein each of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities includes a cavity shape profile corresponding to a tooth shape profile of a tooth to be received in the cavity, and wherein each cavity shape profile is positioned and/or oriented away from the corresponding tooth shape profile position and orientation shown on the display to provide activation energy to the appliance when the polymeric shell appliance is placed on the plurality of teeth. Each cavity shape contour can match opposing surfaces of a received tooth to engage each opposing surface of the tooth. The respective cavity shape profile can include first and second opposing surfaces that engage each opposing surface of the tooth, and the first and second opposing surfaces can be shaped to contact the tooth together along a direction of movement of the tooth.

In many embodiments, the appliance is configured to move the first and second sets of one or more teeth toward each other to provide a differentially closed gap for a gap extending between the first and second sets of one or more teeth. The first set of one or more teeth can include a plurality of anterior teeth and the second set of one or more teeth can include a posterior tooth, and the plurality of posterior teeth can include a combined center of resistance distal from a center of resistance of each posterior tooth of the plurality of posterior teeth.

In many embodiments, the first counter moment corresponds to a first force from the appliance to the first set of one or more teeth about the first center of resistance at the first location, and the second counter moment corresponds to a second counter force to the second set of one or more teeth about the second center of resistance.

In many embodiments, the orthotic comprises a polymeric shell orthotic. The appliance can include a polymeric shell appliance directly manufactured using one or more of 3D printing, stereolithography, or fused deposition modeling.

In many embodiments, the plurality of tooth receiving cavities provide differential moments to the plurality of teeth to improve anchorage of more than one of the plurality of teeth.

In another aspect, a system is provided that produces a plurality of appliances for moving a plurality of teeth of a subject. The system comprises: an input section; a display; and a processor coupled to the display and the input. The processor includes instructions embodied on a tangible medium to: displaying a plurality of teeth of a subject at a plurality of treatment stages, each stage corresponding to one appliance of a plurality of appliances; adjusting each tooth of the plurality of teeth on the display to a position and orientation responsive to the user input to position the tooth at each treatment stage of the plurality of treatment stages; and determining a shape profile of a polymeric shell appliance shaped for placement on a plurality of teeth at a corresponding treatment stage, the polymeric shell appliance comprising a plurality of tooth receiving cavities, each tooth receiving cavity of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities comprising a shape profile corresponding to the shape profile of the received tooth, wherein the shape profile of each tooth receiving cavity of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities is one or more positions or orientations located or oriented away from the position and orientation shown on the display for the corresponding treatment stage.

In many embodiments, the processor includes instructions to include an attachment on one or more of the plurality of teeth in response to a force on the one or more of the plurality of teeth.

In many embodiments, the processor includes instructions to generate one or more attachment engagement structures on the polymeric shell appliance.

In many embodiments, the shape profile of each tooth receiving cavity of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities matches the shape profile of the received tooth. The shape profile of each of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities can be configured to engage opposing surfaces of a received tooth. Each cavity shape profile can include first and second opposing surfaces that engage the each opposing surface of a received tooth, and the first and second opposing surfaces can be shaped to contact the teeth together along a direction of movement of the teeth.

In many embodiments, the processor includes instructions to determine a center of resistance for each of the plurality of individual teeth, wherein the processor includes instructions to determine a center of resistance for a set of adjacent teeth, wherein the center of resistance for the set of adjacent teeth is positioned away from the center of resistance for each of the set of adjacent teeth.

In many embodiments, the processor includes instructions to determine a differential moment about the center of resistance for each of the plurality of teeth. The differential torque can include: for each of the plurality of teeth, a first moment about the center of resistance in response to a first force, and a second moment about the center of resistance in response to a second force opposite the first force. For each of the plurality of teeth, the differential moment can be associated with a tilt along the direction of tooth movement.

In many embodiments, the processor includes instructions to generate an appliance, the appliance as described in any of the embodiments herein.

In another aspect, a method of moving teeth with a polymeric shell appliance is provided. The method comprises the following steps: providing a first force to a first crown of a first tooth and a second force to a second crown of a second tooth, thereby moving the first tooth toward the second tooth, the forces resulting in a first moment on the first tooth and a second moment on the second tooth; and providing a first opposing force to the first crown opposite the first force and a second opposing force to the second crown opposite the second force, thereby suppressing a first moment on the first tooth and a second moment on the second tooth, the first force being greater than the first opposing force and the second force being greater than the second opposing force, thereby moving one or more of: moving the first tooth toward the second tooth or moving the second tooth toward the first tooth.

In another aspect, a method includes providing a polymeric shell appliance. The polymeric shell appliance is configured to: providing a first force to a first crown of a first tooth and a second force to a second crown of a second tooth, thereby moving the first tooth toward the second tooth, the forces resulting in a first moment on the first tooth and a second moment on the second tooth; and providing a first opposing force to the first crown opposite the first force and a second opposing force to the second crown opposite the second force, thereby suppressing a first moment on the first tooth and a second moment on the second tooth, the first force being greater than the first opposing force and the second force being greater than the second opposing force, thereby moving one or more of: moving one or more first teeth toward a second tooth, or moving a second tooth toward a first tooth.

In many embodiments, the polymer shell appliance is configured to couple a first force to the first crown and a second force to the second crown with the polymer shell extending between the first crown and the second crown, and the polymer shell appliance is configured to provide a counter force to the first crown with the first attachment on the first crown engaging the polymer shell appliance and a second counter force to the second crown with the second attachment on the second crown engaging the polymer shell.

In many embodiments, the polymeric shell appliance is shaped to engage the first crown at a first location to generate a first force and to engage the second crown at a second location to generate a second force.

In many embodiments, the polymeric shell appliance is configured to couple the first force to the first crown at a first location and the second force to the second crown at a second location, wherein the polymeric shell appliance is configured to couple the first opposing force to the first crown at a third location and the second opposing force to the second crown at a fourth location, the first location being closer to the gingiva than the third location and the second location being closer to the gingiva than the second location.

In many embodiments, the polymeric shell appliance is configured to generate a first counter force with a first counter force and a second counter force with a second counter force, the first counter force being less than the second counter force to encourage the first tooth to move toward the second tooth.

In many embodiments, the first teeth comprise anterior teeth and the second teeth comprise posterior teeth.

In many embodiments, the first teeth comprise posterior teeth and the second teeth comprise anterior teeth.

In many embodiments, the posterior teeth include one or more posterior teeth including one or more of molars, premolars, or canines, and the anterior teeth include one or more anterior teeth including one or more of central incisors, lateral incisors, cuspids, first bicuspids, or second bicuspids.

In many embodiments, more than one anterior tooth or more than one posterior tooth move together in a full body separation (en massse separation) along the arch.

In many embodiments, the method further comprises providing an appliance of any of the preceding claims.

In another aspect, a method of moving a first tooth toward a second tooth is provided. The method comprises the following steps: a first force directed away from the second tooth is applied to the first tooth and a second force directed away from the first tooth is applied to the second tooth to inhibit rotation of the first and second teeth when one or more of the first tooth or the second tooth is urged toward the other tooth.

In another aspect, an appliance for moving more than one tooth is provided. The appliance includes: a plurality of tooth receiving cavities engaging a plurality of teeth, the plurality of teeth including a first tooth and a second tooth, the plurality of tooth receiving cavities including a first cavity shaped to receive the first tooth and a second cavity shaped to receive the second tooth, the first and second cavities arranged to urge the first tooth in a first direction and the second tooth in a second direction; a first engagement structure that engages a first tooth of the plurality of teeth; and a second engagement structure that engages a second tooth of the plurality of teeth; wherein the first and second engagement structures are arranged to urge the first tooth in a third direction opposite the first direction and to urge the second tooth in a fourth direction opposite the second direction.

In many embodiments, the first tooth comprises a first attachment and the first engagement structure comprises a first attachment engagement structure and the second tooth comprises a second attachment and the second engagement structure comprises a second attachment engagement structure. The first engagement structure, the second engagement structure, the first tooth receiving cavity and the second tooth receiving cavity can be arranged to provide a first counter moment to the first tooth to reduce rotation of the first tooth and a second counter moment to reduce rotation of the second tooth. The first engagement structure can include one or more of one or more first attachment engagement structures, a first powered ridge, or a first shape profile corresponding to a surface of the first tooth, and the second engagement structure can include one or more of a second attachment engagement structure, a second powered ridge, or a second shape profile corresponding to a surface of the first tooth.

In many embodiments, the appliance comprises an appliance as any of the embodiments provided herein.

In another aspect, a system is provided that generates a plurality of appliances for moving a plurality of teeth of a subject. The system comprises: an input section; a display; and a processor coupled to the display and the input. The processor includes instructions embodied on a tangible medium to: displaying a plurality of teeth of a subject at a plurality of treatment stages, each stage corresponding to one appliance of a plurality of appliances; adjusting each tooth of the plurality of teeth on the display in response to the user input to position the tooth at each treatment stage; and determining a shape profile of a polymeric shell appliance shaped for placement over the plurality of teeth, the polymeric shell appliance including a plurality of tooth receiving cavities shaped to receive each of the plurality of teeth and provide a differential moment to each of the plurality of teeth to move the teeth.

In many embodiments, the processor includes instructions to: determining a shape profile of an appliance having a plurality of attachment engaging structures shaped to engage a plurality of attachments, the plurality of attachments and the plurality of attachment engaging structures shaped and arranged to engage one another and provide a plurality of differential moments for each of the plurality of teeth.

In many embodiments, the processor includes instructions to generate an appliance, the appliance as described in any of the embodiments herein.

In many embodiments, the processor includes instructions to directly manufacture the polymeric shell appliance using one or more of 3D printing, fused deposition modeling, or stereolithography.

Although reference is made to appliances including polymer shell appliances, the embodiments disclosed herein are well suited for many appliances that receive teeth, for example, appliances that do not have one or more of a polymer or shell. For example, the orthotic can be manufactured from one or more of a number of materials, such as metal, glass, reinforced fibers, carbon fibers, composites, reinforced composites, aluminum, biomaterials, and combinations thereof. For example, the orthotic can be shaped in a variety of ways, such as using thermoforming or direct manufacturing as described herein. Alternatively or in combination, the appliance can be made using machining, such as using computer numerically controlled machining of appliances made from blocks of material.

The orthodontic system of the present disclosure can include a tooth attachment body and one or more orthodontic appliances that engage the attachment body when worn by a patient. Fig. 1A generally illustrates an appliance having tooth receiving cavities that receive teeth and reposition the teeth via application of force, for example, due to the elasticity of the appliance. As shown, fig. 1A illustrates an example adjusting polymeric shell appliance 11, the adjusting polymeric shell appliance 11 being worn by a patient to achieve incremental repositioning of each of a plurality of teeth 10 in a jaw. The appliance can include a shell (e.g., a polymeric shell) having tooth receiving cavities that receive and resiliently reposition teeth. Similar orthotics, including those used in the invigoration (tm) system, are described in a number of patents and patent applications, belonging to Align Technology, inc, such as U.S. patent nos. 6,450,807 and 5,975,893, and on company websites accessible over the internet (see, e.g., the website "Align. An appliance according to the present disclosure can be designed to engage with more than one attachment positioned on a patient's teeth, as described further below. As further described herein, the dental attachments can be designed, oriented, and/or positioned on the teeth of the patient to precisely control the moment generated on the teeth of the patient when the appliance is worn by the patient. The customized design and use of orthodontic treatment described herein can advantageously improve the effectiveness of the treatment and clinical outcome by more precisely applying the force vectors of the magnitude and direction required for the desired movement. The orthodontic system of the present disclosure, including the above-described appliances and tooth attachments, also provides an efficient force distribution mechanism that is more effective in reducing undesirable forces and moments.

A plurality of teeth 10 may include more than one attachment 102. The polymeric shell appliance 11 includes a plurality of tooth receiving cavities 101 shaped to receive each of a plurality of teeth. Each tooth receiving cavity of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities includes an inner surface profile shaped to correspond to an outer surface of a received tooth. In many embodiments, the inner surface of the polymeric shell appliance matches at least a portion of a surface of the received tooth, such as an opposing surface of a contour of the received tooth. The polymeric shell appliance 11 may include more than one engagement structure 104 to engage more than one attachment. In many embodiments, the one or more engagement structures are configured to: when the appliance engages more than one attachment, a force is provided to the teeth. The one or more engagement structures 104 can be configured in a variety of ways to provide a force in a predetermined direction to the one or more attachment bodies 102. For example, the one or more engagement structures may include a structure that: to apply force to the attachments and teeth, the structure is configured to receive more than one attachment 102 with at least some deflection and/or twisting of the engagement structure 104. The engagement structure 104 may include more than one protrusion 105, for example, the protrusion 105 is configured to engage an attachment body. In many embodiments, the engagement structure 104 includes a cavity 106 shaped to receive the attachment body. One or more protrusions 105 protrude from the polymer housing inside the cavity 106, have a shape that engages the planar surface of the attachment body and exert a force in a direction substantially orthogonal to the planar surface of the attachment body.

One or more attachments 102 for transferring a moving force or series of forces are also illustrated by reference to fig. 1B. Tooth movement can be described with reference to the center of resistance 103. A dental attachment device for transmitting force similar to the attachment of fig. 1B and suitable for incorporation in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein is described in U.S. application serial No.12/623,340 filed 11/20/2009, which is published as u.s.2010/0138025 on 6/3/2010 entitled "orthodontic systems and methods including parametric attachments," the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Methods and systems for determining dental aligner geometries suitable for incorporation in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein are described in U.S. application serial No.13/865,091 filed on 2013, 4, month 17, entitled "methods and systems for optimizing dental aligner geometries" which is disclosed in u.s.2013/0230818, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

When the appliance is worn by a patient, the attachments couple to the tooth surfaces on the crowns of the teeth and can couple or engage with the dental appliance or aligner shown in fig. 1A. When worn by a patient, the appliance engages the crown and the attachments, applying a series of forces to cause tooth movement using interaction/contact between one or more surfaces or portions of an actuating body (activator), such as an internal cavity of the appliance, and the corresponding surface/portion of the tooth attachment and/or crown. Various tooth movements can be achieved, as will be further noted below.

As set forth in the previous application, the appliances can be designed and/or provided as part of a set of appliances or as part of a plurality of appliances, and the treatment can be performed according to a treatment plan. In such embodiments, each appliance may be configured such that more than one tooth receiving cavity has a geometry corresponding to the desired intermediate or final tooth arrangement of the appliance. The appliance geometry can be further designed or modified (e.g., modified to accommodate or cooperate with the tooth attachments) to apply a desired force or series of forces to the patient's teeth and cause the desired tooth movement and gradual repositioning of the teeth to a desired arrangement. By placing a series of incremental position adjusting appliances on the patient's teeth, the patient's teeth are incrementally repositioned from their initial tooth arrangement toward the final tooth arrangement. All of the adjustable appliances can be produced at the same stage, or in groups or batches, for example, at the beginning of a treatment session and the individual appliances worn by the patient until the pressure of the individual appliances on the teeth is no longer felt. A plurality of different appliances (e.g., a set) can be designed and even manufactured before a patient wears any of the plurality of appliances. At this point, the patient replaces the current adjusted appliance with the next adjusted appliance in the series until no more appliances remain. The appliances are typically not fixed to the teeth, and the patient can place and replace the appliances at any time during the procedure. The last one or several appliances in the series have a geometry selected to overcorrect the tooth arrangement, i.e., have a geometry that will cause (if fully realized) individual teeth to move beyond the tooth arrangement that has been selected as the "final tooth arrangement". Such over-correction may be desirable in order to compensate for potential reversion after the repositioning method has ended, e.g., to allow individual teeth to move toward returning to their pre-corrected positions. Overcorrection may also benefit the rate of correction, for example, by having an appliance with a geometry that is positioned beyond a desired intermediate or final position toward which individual teeth will shift at a faster rate. In such cases, use of the appliance can be terminated before the teeth reach the position defined by the appliance.

An orthodontic appliance, such as the appliance shown in fig. 1A, applies forces to the crown of a tooth and/or an attachment positioned on the tooth at various points of contact between the tooth receiving cavity of the appliance and the received tooth and/or attachment. The magnitude of each of these forces and their distribution over the tooth surface determine the type of orthodontic tooth movement that results. The types of tooth movement are traditionally summarized as convex, rotational, tilting, translational and root movement. Tooth movement where crown movement is greater than root movement is referred to as tilting. Equal movement of the crown and root is called translation. A movement of the tooth root greater than the crown movement is called a tooth root movement. Tooth movement may be in any direction in any plane of space and may include more than one rotation and translation along more than one axis.

In many embodiments, the appliances herein are used to reposition one or more teeth of a patient to treat an orthodontic condition and/or achieve a desired tooth arrangement. For example, orthodontic appliances as described above can be used to reposition teeth to reduce the size of the space between the teeth, also known as "space closure". A gap may be present in the dental arch of a patient due to extraction of more than one tooth, such as extraction of a first bicuspid or extraction of a second bicuspid. Closing the gap may be performed by repositioning one or more teeth near the extraction point, for example, by moving one or more teeth in front of the extraction point in a backward direction, by moving one or more teeth behind the extraction point in a forward direction, or a combination thereof. In many embodiments, closing the gap involves moving more than one anterior tooth toward the gap while maintaining the posterior tooth in its current position. Alternatively, closing the gap can involve moving one or more posterior teeth toward the gap while maintaining the anterior teeth in their current position. Optionally, to close the gap, the one or more anterior teeth and the one or more posterior teeth are moved towards each other. In such embodiments, the anterior teeth may move before, simultaneously with, or after the posterior teeth move, and the distance the anterior teeth move can be greater than, less than, or equal to the distance the posterior teeth move.

Fig. 2 shows the components of the calibration apparatus 100 and the corresponding forces. The calibration apparatus 100 may include one or more attachments and polymeric shell appliances constructed and arranged to provide tooth movement forces as described above. Each of the plurality of teeth 10 comprises: the tooth root 12 and the crown 14, and a polymeric appliance (omitted for clarity) can apply a force to the crown and/or attachments to the crown to move the individual teeth. Each tooth of the plurality of teeth is movable relative to the center of resistance.

The plurality of teeth 10 may include two or more of any teeth in the mouth. The plurality of teeth 10 may include more than one of the plurality of posterior teeth 20, such as a plurality of molars or bicuspids and combinations thereof. For example, the plurality of posterior teeth 20 may include more than one of bicuspids 26, first molars 24, or second molars 22. The plurality of posterior teeth may include, for example, third molars that comprise wisdom teeth. Alternatively, or in combination, the plurality of teeth 10 may include more than one of the plurality of anterior teeth 30. For example, the plurality of anterior teeth may include more than one bicuspid, cuspid (canine), or incisor. In many embodiments, the plurality of anterior teeth 30 includes cuspid teeth 32 (canine teeth) and one or more adjacent incisors, such as incisors 34 and incisors 36.

In many embodiments, each attachment body of the plurality of attachment bodies (e.g., attachment bodies 110, 112, 114, and 130, and 140) includes a flat surface to engage with a corresponding respective engagement structure of an aligner (not shown). The engagement structure of the aligner may include a protrusion that engages the planar surface to apply a force from the polymeric shell appliance to the attachment body and the tooth with the attachment body. For example, the protrusions of the engagement structure can be configured in various ways, and may include protrusions on an inner surface of an attachment receiving cavity of an orthotic, or a spherical structure that engages a flat surface. In many embodiments, the attachment engaging structure of the orthotic engages the attachment body, thereby applying a force in a direction generally orthogonal to the planar surface of the attachment body.

Many of the embodiments disclosed herein are particularly well suited for closing an extraction site, such as between posterior teeth 29 and anterior teeth 30. In many embodiments, more than one tooth is moved to fill the extraction site with movement in the target direction 105. Although target direction 105 can extend in any direction, in many embodiments target direction 105 extends along a sagittal direction (e.g., along a medial-distal (medio-digital) direction). To directly move one or more teeth with an appropriate amount of force, the amount of tilt and/or counter-rotation of the teeth can be controlled depending on the size and shape of the appliance, the engagement structure of the appliance, and/or the attachment.

In many embodiments, when moving a tooth for closing a gap or other orthodontic treatment, it is desirable to move the root of the tooth simultaneously with the crown so that the tooth translates along a target direction with little or no tilt, also referred to as "gross movement" of the tooth. For example, when repositioning more than one anterior tooth for closing the gap, it may be desirable to retract the anterior tooth without tilting the crown toward the tongue, thereby avoiding loss of tilt of the tooth and/or change in the superior-inferior height of the tooth.

The tilting of the tooth may occur when the appliance applies a force primarily to the crown and/or when the amount of force on the crown exceeds a certain threshold. In many embodiments, each tooth includes a center of resistance to the force applied to the tooth, and the tooth is rotatable about the center of resistance, or substantially rotatable about the center of resistance in three dimensions. The center of resistance of the tooth can be positioned away from the crown such that a force applied to the crown results in a moment about the center of resistance to the tooth that causes the tooth to rotate.

For example, referring again to the embodiment of fig. 2, the first molars 24 may include centers of resistance 25 located near the three bifurcations of the root. The second molars 22 may include centers of resistance 23 located near the three prongs of the root. For example, the dual cuspid 26 may include a center of resistance 27. Cuspid teeth 32 may include a center of resistance 33. Incisors 34 and 36 may each include a center of resistance. The location of each center of resistance of the centers of resistance of the plurality of teeth as described herein may correspond to a center of resistance as known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

The application of force to the teeth to move the teeth can result in a moment to the teeth about the center of resistance. In many embodiments, a target tooth to be moved, such as a cuspid 32, is subjected to a force from the polymeric shell appliance, which can be a direct force from the interior surface of the shell, or an indirect force through the attachment, or a combination of both. For example, the attachment 140 can be selectively placed on the tooth 32 in order to guide the tooth 32 for planned movement. Engagement of the attachments 140 with the polymeric shell appliance 11 (e.g., via engagement structures located on the polymeric shell appliance 11) can result in force vectors to the attachments 140 and teeth, as indicated by arrows 141. As the teeth 32 resist these forces with the center of resistance 33, a moment 146 can be created about the center of resistance. The moment 146 can cause the tooth 32 to rotate, e.g., tilt.

In many embodiments, the appliances herein are shaped to adjust the force system applied to the teeth, thereby causing translational tooth movement with little or no tilting movement. For example, the appliances herein can be shaped to reduce the amount of force applied to the crown, for example, to a range from about 0.5N to about 3N. Adjustment of the force system can be achieved by adjusting the shape of the tooth receiving cavity, utilizing the attachment and attachment engagement structure, utilizing an external force generating mechanism such as traction, or combinations thereof, as previously discussed and discussed herein.

Alternatively or in combination, the appliances herein can be shaped to adjust the energy distribution on the teeth, thereby causing translational tooth movement with little or no tilt movement. For example, the appliances herein can be shaped to distribute energy to the roots of the teeth as well as the crowns of the teeth. The adjustment of the energy distribution can be achieved by adjusting the shape of the tooth receiving cavity, utilizing the attachment and attachment engagement structure, utilizing an external force generating mechanism such as traction, or a combination thereof, as previously discussed and discussed herein.

Various methods can be used to alter the force system and/or energy distribution on the tooth, thereby causing overall movement of the tooth. For example, in many embodiments, the appliances herein are shaped to apply a counter moment to the teeth that opposes the moment that would otherwise cause rotation of the teeth, such that the difference between the moment and the counter moment is used to provide movement of the teeth. The counter moment can be generated by adjusting the position and/or orientation of the tooth receiving cavity relative to the position and/or orientation of the corresponding received tooth such that the tooth receiving cavity applies the counter moment to the tooth when the appliance is worn by the patient. Alternatively or in combination, in many embodiments, the attachments on the teeth are arranged to generate a counter moment, such that the difference between the moment and the counter moment is used to provide movement of the teeth. The counter moment can be generated by interaction between the attachment body and an engagement structure located on the orthotic when the orthotic is worn. In many embodiments, an attachment configured to generate a counter moment is positioned farther from the center of resistance than an engagement site of the attachment or the crown surface that pushes the target tooth in a target direction such that a force vector in the target direction is greater than the counter moment in an opposite direction, thereby generating a differential moment and pushing the target tooth in the target direction.

Referring again to the exemplary embodiment of fig. 2, the attachment 130 or direct engagement of the tooth with the polymeric shell appliance 11, or a combination of both, can be utilized to provide a counter moment 136 that creates a force vector as shown by arrow 131 as opposed to the force vector of the attachment 140 as shown by arrow 141. In many embodiments, the attachment 140 that pushes the tooth 32 in the target direction 105 is positioned closer to the center of resistance 33 and the gingiva than the opposing attachment 130, so that the counter moment 136 can approximate the moment 146, thereby controlling the rotation of the tooth 32 as it moves in the target direction 105. For example, counter moment 136 can be less than moment 146 to enable concomitant rotational tilting of the tooth in target direction 105, counter moment 136 can be greater than moment 146 to enable rotation of the crown away from target direction 195, or counter moment 136 can be similar to moment 146 to maintain the orientation of tooth 32 as the tooth moves in target direction 105. In many embodiments, the appliance 11 including the polymeric shell includes an engagement structure that engages the attachment body, and the position and shape of the engagement structure can be arranged to provide an appropriate amount of counter force to provide a counter moment to guide tooth movement along a target path.

In many embodiments, the posterior-most tooth includes a substantially exposed surface 16 adapted to engage the polymeric appliance. The polymeric shell appliance 11 is capable of generating a force along the posterior surface of the crown at the site of coaptation, as indicated by arrow 122. For example, the forward directed force shown by arrow 122 creates a moment 126 about the center of resistance 23 of the second molar tooth 22. In many embodiments, the appliance force, shown by arrow 122, creates a moment 127 about the center of resistance 25 of the first molar tooth 24, and a moment 128 about the center of resistance 27 of the bicuspid tooth 26, for example. More than one of the plurality of posterior teeth may have an attachment disposed thereon to generate a counter moment.

The attachment 110 is capable of generating a reaction force as indicated by arrow 111, in opposition to the force indicated by arrow 122, thereby generating a counter moment 116. The counter moment 116 can be greater than the moment 126 such that, for example, the crown of the second molar 22 is rotated away from the first molar 24 using the differential moment resulting from the sum of the moment 126 and the counter moment 116. Alternatively, the counter moment 116 can be less than the moment 126 and also inhibit the second molar 22 from rotating toward the first molar 24.

The moment and counter moment of each tooth can be determined based on the amount of force applied to the tooth and the distance from the center of resistance to the location of the force along the long axis of the tooth. The force indicated by arrow 122 is applied at a distance 160 from the center of resistance 23 along the long axis of the tooth. The counter force indicated by arrow 111 is applied at a distance 162 from the center of resistance 23. In many embodiments, moment 126 is approximately equal to distance 160 multiplied by the force represented by arrow 122. The counter moment 112 is substantially equal to the product of the distance 162 and the counter force on the attachment body 110, indicated by arrow 111. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate the many ways to determine the moments described herein, for example, using finite element modeling, integrating the moments at various locations along the teeth relative to the center of resistance.

The attachment 112 can generate a reaction force indicated by an arrow 113 opposite to the force indicated by an arrow 122, thereby generating a counter moment 117. The counter moment 117 can be greater than the moment 127, such that the crown of the first molar 24 is rotated away from the bicuspid 26, for example, with a differential moment resulting from the sum of the moment 127 and the counter moment 117. Alternatively, counter moment 117 can be less than moment 127 and also inhibit rotation of first molar tooth 24 toward bicuspid tooth 26.

The attachment body 114 is capable of generating a counter force, indicated by arrow 115, opposite to the force indicated by arrow 122, thereby generating a counter moment 118. The counter moment 118 can be greater than the moment 128, such that, for example, the crown of the bicuspid 26 is rotated away from the target tooth containing the cuspid 32 using a differential moment resulting from the sum of the moment 128 and the counter moment 118. Alternatively, counter moment 118 can be less than moment 128 and also inhibit rotation of bicuspid 26 toward the target tooth containing cuspid 32.

In many embodiments, a ratio between the magnitude of the total moment applied to the tooth and the amount of force applied to the tooth along the target direction of movement is defined, referred to herein as "moment-to-force ratio. For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 2, the moment-to-force ratio of tooth 32 is defined as the ratio between the sum of moment 146 and counter moment 136 and force 141. The value of the moment-force ratio may determine the resulting tooth movement, such as whether the tooth is translating, rotating, or both. In many embodiments, the appropriate torque-force ratio to be applied to a tooth varies based on the characteristics of the particular tooth, e.g., tooth size, complexity of root structure, and/or location of the center of resistance, such that translation occurs while reducing rotation. For example, for posterior teeth, the torque-force ratio that produces translation with little or no rotation can be in the range from about 4mm to about 10 mm. As another example, for anterior teeth, the torque-force ratio that produces translation with little or no rotation can be in the range from about 6mm to about 15 mm.

In many embodiments, it is desirable to move the one or more teeth of the first set while maintaining the one or more teeth of the second set ("anchor teeth") in their current arrangement. For example, the gap may be closed by retracting one or more anterior teeth while anchoring one or more posterior teeth, or by advancing one or more posterior teeth while anchoring one or more anterior teeth. In the embodiment of fig. 2, to control the orientation of one or more teeth, one or more of the plurality of posterior teeth 20 can be configured with a differential moment. In many embodiments, the counter moment of the posterior teeth is arranged to inhibit movement of the posterior teeth. The work practices associated with the examples show that rotating the crown of a tooth away from a force moving an adjacent tooth can inhibit movement of the tooth, and that rotating the crown of the tooth toward the force from the adjacent tooth can facilitate movement of the tooth toward the adjacent tooth. In many embodiments, the plurality of posterior teeth 20 includes a block of adjacent teeth that are configured to anchor the appliance and move the target tooth, while the plurality of adjacent anchor teeth do little or no movement. Alternatively or in combination, for example, one or more of the plurality of posterior teeth 20 can be configured to move toward the target tooth. While certain embodiments herein are described in the context of repositioning anterior teeth while anchoring posterior teeth, it should be understood that the present disclosure is equally applicable to repositioning posterior teeth while anchoring anterior teeth.

The systems, methods, and devices of the present disclosure can be used to apply differential moments to a patient's teeth to reduce or inhibit movement of one or more anchor teeth, also referred to herein as "enhanced anchoring. In many embodiments, the orthodontic appliance is shaped to apply a moment to the first set of one or more teeth to be moved (e.g., to close the gap) and a counter moment to the second set of one or more anchored teeth, thereby creating a differential moment between the first and second sets of teeth. The differential moment can be generated by adjusting the shape of one or more tooth receiving cavities, by using an attachment and attachment engagement structure, by using an external force generating mechanism such as traction, or a combination thereof, as previously discussed and discussed herein.

In many embodiments, to provide improved control over tooth movement, a differential moment is provided between the groups of teeth described herein. In many embodiments, the first set of teeth includes a first moment and the second set of teeth includes a second moment, and a differential moment between the first moment of the first set of teeth and the second moment of the second set of teeth enables the teeth, e.g., the front teeth and/or the back teeth, to be selectively moved. For example, in many embodiments, a large differential torque is provided between a set of more than one posterior teeth and a set of more than one anterior teeth, thereby anchoring the posterior teeth. The counter moment of the posterior teeth can be greater than the moment of the anterior teeth, thereby anchoring the posterior teeth, e.g., providing maximum anchoring to the posterior teeth. In an alternative embodiment, a large differential moment is provided between a set of more than one posterior teeth and a set of more than one anterior teeth, thereby anchoring the anterior teeth. The counter moment of the anterior teeth can be greater than the moment of the posterior teeth, thereby anchoring the anterior teeth, e.g., providing maximum anchoring to the anterior teeth.

In many embodiments, multiple teeth are coupled together such that they can act collectively as a single unit, e.g., to increase the anchorage of the teeth. Teeth coupled together in this manner may exhibit greater resistance to repositioning. Shell appliances described herein may provide greater ability to create an anchor as a result of increased contact between appliance surfaces and surfaces of received teeth (e.g., occlusal, lingual, and/or buccal surfaces) as compared to other types of appliances (e.g., wire and bracket appliances). The polymeric shell appliance can be configured to couple groups of one or more teeth to one another in a variety of ways. For example, the first set of one or more teeth can be coupled to the second set of one or more teeth. In many embodiments, for example, referring to fig. 2, the first set of one or more teeth comprises a first plurality of teeth and the polymeric shell appliance comprises a shape that produces a first counter moment with each tooth of the first plurality of adjacent teeth, wherein the first counter moment comprises a combination of similarly oriented moments from each tooth of the first plurality of adjacent teeth, as shown and described herein. The second set of one or more teeth may include a second plurality of teeth and the polymeric shell appliance may have a shape that produces a second counter moment with each tooth of the second plurality of adjacent teeth, wherein the second counter moment includes a combination of similarly oriented moments from each tooth of the second plurality of adjacent teeth.

In many embodiments, the teeth that include moments include teeth with a force applied from the appliance to create a moment or counter moment about the center of resistance. A set of teeth that include a moment or counter moment may include an appliance that engages more than one tooth to provide a moment or counter moment about the center of resistance.

In many embodiments, the plurality of tooth receiving cavities are shaped and arranged to balance differential moments between the first and second sets of one or more teeth with the polymeric appliances extending between the first and second sets of one or more teeth. Alternatively or in combination, the plurality of tooth receiving cavities can be shaped and arranged to balance a first counter moment and a second counter moment between the first and second sets of one or more teeth.

In many embodiments, counter-torque is provided by a set of more than one tooth, such as by a plurality of posterior teeth. The counter moment may comprise a sum of the counter moments of the individual teeth of the set of teeth. The combined counter moment may include a counter moment about a combined center of resistance that is remote from the center of resistance of each tooth in the set. One of ordinary skill in the art can determine the center of resistance for a set of teeth using one or more known methods and in accordance with the embodiments disclosed herein.

Referring again to the embodiment of fig. 2, in many embodiments, moment 136 is opposite to moment 116, moment 117, and moment 118, e.g., moments 116, 117, and 118 are similarly oriented as shown. With the right-handed three coordinate system, moment 136 will be toward one side of the plurality of teeth (out of the page toward the viewer), and moment 116, moment 117, and moment 118 will similarly be toward the opposite side of the teeth (in from the page away from the viewer) as moment 136. For example, moment 136 can be toward the buccal side of a set of teeth, and moment 116, moment 117, and moment 118 can be similarly toward the lingual side of a set of teeth. The sum of the moment 116, the moment 117 and the moment 118 can be regarded as a counter moment on the posterior teeth 20, which counter moment is opposite to the moment 136 on more than one anterior tooth 20. In many embodiments, the counter moment on the posterior teeth 20 increases the anchoring of the posterior teeth 20, while the moment 136 on the anterior teeth 20 induces movement of the anterior teeth.

Although the plurality of posterior teeth have been referenced as anchor blocks with counter torque, in many embodiments, the plurality of posterior teeth can be configured as anchor blocks without counter rotation and counter torque and without attachments to move one or more target teeth with a polymer shell coupled to the plurality of posterior teeth and the one or more target teeth.

In many embodiments, movement of more than one tooth along the target vector can result in movement of more than one adjacent tooth. For example, as depicted in fig. 2, movement of cuspid teeth 32 toward the site of extraction can cause one or more adjacent incisors to bulge outwardly, such as incisors 34 and 36. In many embodiments, the polymeric shell appliance 11 is configured to provide more than one actuation force to more than one tooth. The polymeric shell appliance 11 can be configured to apply an actuation force 150 to the incisors 34 using actuation of the polymeric shell. In many embodiments, the actuation force 150 is insufficient to cause the incisors 34 in the target position to bulge inward, and the actuation force 150 is sufficient to inhibit bulging outward of the incisors 34. The bulging of the incisors 34 with the movement of the cuspids 32 can result in increased deflection of the appliance 11 and increased actuation force 150, thereby inhibiting further bulging of the incisors 34. Similarly, the polymeric shell appliance can be configured to apply the actuation force 152 to the incisors 36, and the actuation force 152 may not be sufficient to cam the incisors 36 inward while inhibiting the outward bulging of the incisors 36. Additionally, as discussed above and herein, the polymeric shell appliance can be configured to apply a counter moment 154 (e.g., a lingual root moment) to the incisors 32, 34, and 36 to prevent tipping while retracting the incisors.

Optionally, the orthosis herein can include more than one external force generating mechanism. The external force generating mechanism can be any device that can be coupled to a tooth to apply a force to the tooth, such as a pull (e.g., class I pull, class II pull, class III pull), a spring, a wire, and the like. The external force generating mechanism can be separated from the orthodontic appliance worn on the tooth. The external force generating mechanism can be directly coupled to one or more teeth (e.g., via bonding or adhesive), or can be indirectly coupled to one or more teeth (e.g., via attachments or buttons mounted on the tooth surfaces, hooks or other fastening features on an aligner, a Temporary Anchor Device (TAD) implanted in a bone of the upper or lower jaw, or a combination thereof). In embodiments where the external force generating mechanism is coupled to an attachment or button mounted on the tooth, the shell appliance can include an aperture or cutout that receives the attachment or button. In many embodiments, the external force generating mechanism comprises: a first end directly or indirectly coupled to a tooth in the patient's upper jaw; a second end that is directly or indirectly coupled to a tooth in the patient's lower jaw. Alternatively, the ends of the external force generating mechanism can be directly or indirectly coupled to different teeth on the same jaw (e.g., upper or lower jaw).

The external force generating mechanism can be used to perfect the transmission of forces, moments and/or counter-moments on the teeth to provide improved control of the movement or anchoring of the teeth. In many embodiments, the external force generating mechanism is coupled to one or more teeth to enhance the anchorage of the one or more anchored teeth. For example, the external force generating mechanism can apply a force to a set of one or more anchor teeth, also referred to as "candidate anchors," in a direction that reduces or inhibits movement of the set of anchor teeth. The external force generating mechanism can be referred to herein as an "external anchor generating mechanism". Alternatively or in combination, the external force generating mechanism can be coupled to one or more teeth to increase movement of the one or more teeth, for example, to close a gap.

Fig. 6A shows a calibration apparatus 600 including an external force generating mechanism 602. The calibration apparatus 600 includes shell appliances (omitted for clarity) worn over a plurality of upper teeth 604. Optionally, the alignment apparatus 600 includes a plurality of attachments 606, the plurality of attachments 606 attached to the upper teeth 604 and arranged to interact with the shell appliance to apply a force to the teeth 604. In many embodiments, the teeth 604 include a set of one or more anterior teeth 608 and a set of one or more posterior teeth 610, and the calibration apparatus generates one or more moments 612 on the anterior teeth 608 and one or more counter-moments 614 on the posterior teeth 610. The moment 612 and counter-moment 614 can cause retraction of the anterior teeth 608 while maintaining anchoring of the posterior teeth 610 as described above and herein, e.g., to close the gap between the anterior teeth 608 and the posterior teeth 610.

In the illustrated embodiment, the external force generating mechanism 602 is a class II traction having a first end 616 coupled to one or more upper teeth 604 (e.g., upper canines) and a second end 618 coupled to one or more lower teeth 620 (e.g., lower molars). The first end 616 can be coupled directly or indirectly (e.g., via a tooth-mounted attachment or shell appliance) to the crown of the upper tooth 604. The second end 618 can be coupled to the crown of the lower tooth 620 directly or indirectly (e.g., via an attachment mounted on the tooth or a shell appliance worn over the lower tooth 620). The first end 616 can be positioned anterior relative to the second end 618, thereby creating tension within the external force generating mechanism 602 that pulls the upper dental arch in a posterior direction. This tension can be viewed as being made up of a mesial force component 622 and a convex force component 624 exerted on the upper dental arch. It should be understood that tension can also be viewed as being made up of a mesial (medial) component and a mesial (not shown) component applied to the lower arch. In many embodiments, distal component 622 is transmitted to posterior teeth 610 of the upper arch, thereby enhancing anchoring and maintaining their position within the upper arch (e.g., inhibiting forward movement). Optionally, distal component 622 is transmitted to anterior teeth 608 of the upper arch to enhance posterior movement, e.g., to close the gap.

Fig. 6B illustrates a calibration apparatus 650 including an external force generating mechanism 652. The calibration device 650 includes shell appliances (omitted for purposes of cleaning) worn over a plurality of lower teeth 654. Optionally, the alignment apparatus 650 includes a plurality of attachments 656 attached to the lower teeth 654 and arranged to interact with the shell appliances to apply forces to the teeth 654. In many embodiments, tooth 654 includes one or more sets of anterior teeth 658 and one or more sets of posterior teeth 660, and the calibration apparatus generates one or more moments 662 on anterior teeth 658 and one or more counter-moments 664 on posterior teeth 660. Moment 662 and counter moment 664 can cause retraction of anterior tooth 658, e.g., to close the gap between anterior tooth 658 and posterior tooth 660, while maintaining anchoring of posterior tooth 660 as described above and herein.

In the illustrated embodiment, the external force generating mechanism 652 is a class III traction having a first end 666 coupled to one or more upper and lower teeth 654 (e.g., lower canines), and a second end 668 coupled to one or more upper teeth 670 (e.g., upper molars). The first end 666 can be coupled directly or indirectly (e.g., via a tooth-mounted attachment or shell appliance) to the crown of the lower tooth 654. The second end 668 can be coupled directly or indirectly (e.g., via an attachment mounted on a tooth or a shell appliance worn over the upper tooth 670) to the crown of the upper tooth 670. The first end 666 can be positioned anterior relative to the second end 668 so as to create tension within the external force generating mechanism 652 that pulls the lower dental arch in a posterior direction. The tension can be viewed as being made up of a distal component 672 and a convex component 674. It should be understood that tension can also be viewed as being made up of a mesial component and a mesial-convex component (not shown) applied to the upper arch. In many embodiments, distal component 672 is transmitted to posterior teeth 660 of the lower arch, thereby enhancing anchoring and maintaining their position within the lower arch (e.g., inhibiting forward movement). Optionally, distal component 672 is transmitted to anterior tooth 658 of the lower arch, thereby enhancing posterior movement, e.g., to close the gap.

Fig. 7 shows a calibration apparatus 700 comprising an external force generating mechanism 702. The calibration device 700 includes shell appliances (omitted for clarity) worn over a plurality of upper teeth 704. Optionally, the alignment apparatus 700 includes a plurality of attachments 706 attached to the upper teeth 704 and arranged to interact with the shell appliance to apply a force to the teeth 704. In many embodiments, the teeth 704 include one or more sets of anterior teeth 708 and one or more sets of posterior teeth 710, and the calibration apparatus generates one or more moments 712 on the anterior teeth 708 and one or more counter-moments 714 on the posterior teeth 710. The moment 712 and counter-moment 714 can cause retraction of the anterior teeth 708 while maintaining anchoring of the posterior teeth 710 as described above and herein, e.g., to close the gap between the anterior teeth 708 and the posterior teeth 710.

In the illustrated embodiment, the external force generating mechanism 702 has a first end 716 coupled to one or more upper teeth 704 (e.g., upper canine teeth), and a second end 718 coupled to a Temporary Anchor (TAD) implanted in a bone of the patient's upper jaw. The first end 716 can be coupled to a crown of the upper tooth 704 directly or indirectly (e.g., via a tooth-mounted attachment or shell appliance). The first end 716 can be positioned anterior relative to the second end 718, thereby creating tension within the external force generating mechanism 702 that pulls the upper dental arch in a posterior direction. The tension can be viewed as being made up of a distal component 722 and a convex component 724. In many embodiments, the distal component 722 is transmitted to the posterior teeth 710, thereby enhancing anchoring and maintaining their position within the upper arch (e.g., inhibiting forward movement). Optionally, the distal component 722 is transmitted to the anterior teeth 708 to enhance posterior movement, e.g., to close the gap.

In an alternative embodiment, the external force generating mechanism can be coupled between the lower teeth and the TAD in the patient's lower jaw, thereby applying a distal force to the teeth of the lower jaw. Other configurations and combinations (e.g., external force generating mechanism coupled between TAD in the upper jaw and the lower teeth, or external force generating mechanism coupled between TAD in the lower jaw and the upper teeth) are also possible and are within the scope of the invention. Additionally, it should be understood that the embodiments of the external force generating mechanism described herein can be modified to increase the anchoring of one or more anterior teeth while inducing movement of one or more posterior teeth. For example, class III traction can be used to support the anchoring of one or more posterior teeth in the lower arch, for example, by coupling one end of the class III traction to a TAD in the posterior region of the upper arch, thereby facilitating retraction of one or more anterior teeth in the lower arch. As another example, class II traction can be used to support the anchoring of one or more posterior teeth in the upper arch, for example, by coupling one end of the class II traction to a TAD in the posterior region of the lower arch, thereby facilitating retraction of one or more anterior teeth in the upper arch.

The orthodontic shell appliances of the present disclosure can include tooth receiving cavities that can be shaped to produce the forces, moments, and/or counter-moments described herein. In many embodiments, the tooth receiving cavities include a position and/or orientation that is remote from the current position and/or orientation of the corresponding received tooth, and deflection and/or deformation of the tooth receiving cavities due to mismatches between positions and/or orientations results in a force being applied to the teeth. The position and/or orientation of the tooth receiving cavity can be configured to apply a force system to the tooth, thereby causing the tooth to reposition to a target position and/or orientation. The position and/or orientation of the tooth receiving cavity may be substantially similar to a target position and/or orientation of the received tooth. Alternatively, the position and/or orientation of the tooth receiving cavity may be remote (e.g., different) from the target position and/or orientation of the received tooth.

Fig. 3A shows the tooth positions before completion of the treatment stage, the target positions at the completion of the stage, and the positions and orientations of the tooth receiving cavities to complete the stage of treatment. The received tooth of the plurality of teeth 10 includes a position and orientation prior to placement of the appliance 11. The target position and orientation of the teeth at the completion of the treatment session can be determined 200 using user input. Each tooth receiving cavity of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities 101 of the polymeric shell appliance 11 includes one or more positions and orientations away from a target position and orientation along a target direction of movement 105. The target movement may comprise a movement vector, for example, with the position and orientation of the tooth receiving cavity away from the target position and orientation. The received teeth may have more than one attachment and the polymer shell may have more than one engagement structure to provide differential torque as described herein.

Figure 3B illustrates a polymeric shell appliance configured with more than one actuation point to store energy with teeth in a target position and orientation including a non-convex position and orientation of the teeth. In the embodiment described, the force is directed inwardly and is insufficient to cause inward bulging of the teeth and is sufficient to inhibit outward bulging of the teeth. The tooth receiving cavity of the polymeric shell appliance includes a shape profile 50 in a free-standing, non-loaded configuration. When the polymeric shell appliance receives a tooth, the actuation point of the polymeric shell appliance deflects to the deflected shape profile 50, storing energy and conforming to the shape profile 60 of the received tooth. The stored energy provides a force in the inward convex direction that is insufficient to cause the teeth to become inwardly convex.

Alternatively, the target position and orientation includes a non-inwardly convex position and orientation of the tooth and the force is in an outwardly convex direction and is insufficient to cause the tooth to be outwardly convex and is sufficient to inhibit inward bulging of the tooth.

Fig. 4 illustrates a method 400 of determining a tooth receiving cavity of an appliance distal from a target position, according to an embodiment. Some or all of the steps of method 400 can be performed using more than one processor. In many embodiments, some or all of the steps in method 400 are performed automatically, without requiring user input. Alternatively or additionally, some or all of the steps of method 400 may involve user input received, for example, via a user input interface or device.

In step 410, an initial data set of initial positions of one or more teeth is received. For example, the initial data set can represent an initial arrangement of the patient's teeth. The initial data set can include more than one three-dimensional digital model of the teeth in the initial arrangement, obtained, for example, via scanning techniques known to those skilled in the art.

In step 415, the user manipulates the initial data set to determine target positions for one or more teeth for each of a plurality of stages of treatment. In many embodiments, a user (e.g., an orthodontic practitioner or technician) inputs commands via a user interface (e.g., a user interface implemented as part of the treatment planning software and presented to the user on a display) to specify a target position of a tooth. For example, the teeth of the initial data set can be divided from each other so as to be independently manipulated, and the user can move the respective teeth from the initial position to the target position. The user can view the teeth and determine a tooth position appropriate for each of the plurality of treatment stages.

In step 420, a target data set of target positions for one or more teeth is received. The target data set can represent a target arrangement of teeth of the patient that is desired to be achieved by treatment of the appliances described herein.

The processor system may include instructions to include an attachment on one or more of the plurality of teeth. In many embodiments, the processor system includes instructions to determine the shape of the attachment and the attachment engagement structure of the orthotic.

Alternatively or in combination, the processor system may include instructions to include an external force generating mechanism coupled to one or more of the plurality of teeth. In many embodiments, a processor system includes instructions to: the shape and location of the external force generating mechanism is determined to apply a target force to more than one tooth, for example, for candidate anchoring to posterior teeth, as described herein.

In step 430, one or more intermediate data sets representing one or more intermediate positions of one or more teeth are generated. Each intermediate data set can correspond to a treatment stage that includes an intermediate arrangement of teeth between the initial arrangement and the target arrangement. In many embodiments, the intermediate data sets represent a sequence of successive tooth arrangements experienced by one or more teeth as the one or more teeth move from their initial positions to their target positions. Alternatively, the intermediate data set can be displayed to the user (e.g., as a manipulable three-dimensional digital dental model on a display) to enable the user to directly view and/or modify the intermediate arrangement as desired. In an alternative embodiment, the intermediate data set is not displayed to the user, such that the treatment phase of step 430 is performed automatically without involving user input.

In step 440, one or more appliance geometries for moving one or more teeth from an initial position to a target position are generated. The geometry can include the geometry (e.g., position, orientation, inner surface contour, attachment structure) of the tooth receiving cavity for the appliance described herein. Various techniques can be used to determine the appropriate appliance geometry for moving teeth. For example, each appliance can be designed to move more than one tooth from a previous arrangement to a subsequent arrangement in a sequence of initial, intermediate, and target arrangements. Alternatively, the orthosis can be designed such that: more than one tooth is maintained when the position of the teeth in the previous and subsequent arrangements does not change (e.g., anchor teeth). In many embodiments, the geometry of each appliance is shaped to apply a force system to each tooth (e.g., directly on the tooth surface, or indirectly via an attachment mounted on the tooth) to cause the desired tooth movement (or retention). The force system can include any suitable combination of forces, counter forces, moments, or counter moments as provided herein. For example, the appliance geometry can be designed to produce a pair of moments and counter-moments on the tooth (or teeth) when worn by the patient, thereby producing a differential moment for controlling tooth movement, as described herein. The processor may include instructions to: the attachment is included in response to a target differential moment on the tooth to move the tooth in a target direction. The processor may include instructions to: to adjust the force system applied to more than one tooth, an external force generating mechanism is included.

In many embodiments, the processor system includes instructions to determine one or more forces as described herein. The processor system may include instructions to: it determines one or more first forces about a first center of resistance of the first tooth, a first counter force of the first tooth, a first moment about the first tooth, a first counter force of the first tooth, a first counter moment of the first tooth, a first force opposite the second force, a first moment opposite the second moment, a sum of the first force and the second force, a sum of the first force along a desired direction of tooth movement, and an iteration (iteration) for the first tooth to move the first tooth in a target direction. The processor system can be configured to determine each of these forces for the second tooth to be a similar force for each of the plurality of teeth.

In many embodiments, the tooth arrangement of the appliance is remote (offset or different) from the corresponding tooth arrangement that is desired to be achieved by wearing the appliance. For example, the at least one tooth receiving cavity of the appliance can include a position and/or orientation that is distal from a desired position and/or orientation of the corresponding received tooth. Such an offset between the appliance geometry and the corresponding desired tooth arrangement can allow for more precise control and application of the force system to move (or hold) the teeth (e.g., via application of different moments). This approach can be advantageous over alternative approaches in which the appliance geometry matches a desired tooth arrangement (e.g., the position and/or orientation of the tooth receiving cavity matches a desired position and/or orientation of the tooth). Tooth response data suitable for effecting movement in response to a movement target and associated forces incorporated in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein is described in U.S. application serial No.12/623,340 filed 11/20/2009, which patent is published 6/3/2010 as u.s.2010/0138025 entitled "orthodontic systems and methods including parametric attachments" and described in U.S. application serial No.13/865,091 filed 4/17/2013, which patent is published as u.s.2013/0230818 entitled "methods and systems for optimizing dental aligner geometry", the entire disclosures of which patents have been previously incorporated herein by reference. The appliance can be designed with a tooth receiving cavity positioned and/or oriented in response to tooth movement data and a target tooth position for each of a plurality of teeth in each of a plurality of treatment stages. In many embodiments, the use of an appliance geometry as described herein that does not match a corresponding tooth arrangement can improve the performance of an orthodontic appliance to achieve planned tooth movement.

In many embodiments, the resulting appliance geometry is not displayed to the user, such that the user only sees a sequence of consecutive tooth arrangements for moving teeth, and does not see the corresponding appliance geometry for achieving such an arrangement. This can be beneficial to simplify and integrate the information presented to the user, particularly when the appliance geometry, including the position and orientation of the shape profile of the tooth receiving cavity, is offset from the desired tooth arrangement for each of the plurality of treatment stages.

Optionally, after step 440, the resulting appliance geometry can be output, for example, as instructions for controlling a manufacturing machine for manufacturing orthodontic appliances having the specified geometry, and optionally, tooth attachments and/or external force generating mechanisms used in conjunction with the appliances.

While the above steps illustrate the step 400 of determining the geometry of an appliance according to an embodiment, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate numerous variations based on the teachings described herein. Some steps may include sub-steps. Many of the steps may be repeated as long as they are beneficial. Some steps may be eliminated and additional steps may be provided. One or more steps of method 400 may be performed with a data processing system, such as the embodiments described herein. Some steps are optional, such as step 430. The order of the steps can be varied. For example, steps 410, 415, 420, and 430 may be performed in any suitable order.

FIG. 5 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a data processing system 500 according to an embodiment, which data processing system 500 may be used in performing methods and processes according to the description herein. The data processing system 500 typically includes at least one processor 502, with the processor 502 communicating with one or more peripheral devices via a bus subsystem 504. These peripheral devices typically include a storage subsystem 506 (memory subsystem 508 and file storage subsystem 514), a set of user input and output devices 518, and an interface to an external network 516. This interface is shown schematically as a "network interface" block 516 and is connected to corresponding interface devices in other data processing systems via a network interface 524. Data processing system 500 can include, for example, more than one computer, such as a personal computer, workstation, mainframe, notebook, or the like.

The user interface input devices 518 are not limited to any particular device and can generally include, for example, a keyboard, a pointing device, a mouse, a scanner, an interactive display, a touch screen, a joystick, and the like. Similarly, various user interface output devices can be employed in the systems of the present invention and can include, for example, printers, display (e.g., visual, non-visual) systems/subsystems, controllers, projection devices, audio outputs, and the like.

The storage subsystem 506 maintains the basic required programming, including computer-readable media having instructions (e.g., operational instructions, etc.), and a data architecture. Program modules depicted herein are typically stored in storage subsystem 506. The storage subsystem 506 generally includes a memory subsystem 508 and a file storage subsystem 514. The memory subsystem 508 generally includes: a number of memories (e.g., RAM 510, ROM 512, etc.) including a computer readable memory for storing fixed instructions, and data during program execution, a basic input/output system, etc. File storage subsystem 514 provides persistent (non-volatile) storage for program and data files, and can include one or more of a removable or fixed drive or media, hard disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM, DVD, optical drive, and the like. One or more storage systems, drives, etc. may be located at a remote location, connected via a server on a network, or via the internet/world wide web. In the present context, the term "bus subsystem" is used generically to include any mechanism for enabling various components and subsystems to communicate with each other as desired, and can include various suitable components/systems known or deemed suitable for use therein. It will be appreciated that the various components of the system may, but need not, be at the same physical location, but may be connected by various local or wide area network propagation media, transmission systems, and the like.

Scanner 520 includes any means for obtaining a digital representation (e.g., an image, surface topography data, etc.) of a patient's teeth (e.g., by scanning a physical model of the teeth such as cast 521, by scanning an impression taken from the teeth, or by directly scanning an oral cavity), which can be obtained either from the patient or from a professional of treatment such as an orthodontist, and scanner 520 includes means for providing the digital representation to data processing system 500 for further processing. The scanner 520 may be located at a remote location relative to the other components of the system and may be capable of communicating image data and/or information with the data processing system 500 via, for example, the network interface 524. The manufacturing system 522 manufactures the appliances 523 based on a treatment plan that includes the data set information received from the data processing system 500. The manufacturing system 522 can, for example, be located at a remote location and receive data set information from the data processing system 500 via the network interface 524.

While preferred embodiments of the present disclosure have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention herein. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.