阅读说明：本技术 用于金属表面纳米化的金刚石涂层刀具装置及其制备方法 (Diamond coating cutter device for metal surface nanocrystallization and preparation method thereof ) 是由 刘鲁生 梁晨 黄楠 李秀艳 姜辛 卢柯 于 2020-05-26 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明涉及金刚石膜生长领域,尤其涉及一种用于金属表面纳米化的金刚石涂层刀具装置及其制备方法。该装置包括：金刚石涂层刀具组件座、螺钉、金刚石涂层刀具,金刚石涂层刀具组件座为座头与座身左右一体的组合结构,金刚石涂层刀具为圆柱段与楔形段上下一体的组合结构,金刚石涂层刀具安装于座头的凹槽内,金刚石涂层刀具的楔形段与凹槽内的楔形凹坑相对应并通过楔面紧密配合,金刚石涂层刀具的圆柱段上方与凹槽的螺纹通孔相对应,螺钉安装于凹槽的螺纹通孔,螺钉的下端穿过凹槽的螺纹通孔顶持于金刚石涂层刀具的圆柱段上表面。本发明的刀具基体为碳化钨钴硬质合金,外表面生长金刚石涂层,可以高效地对回旋体的工件表面纳米化处理。(The invention relates to the field of diamond film growth, in particular to a diamond coating cutter device for metal surface nanocrystallization and a preparation method thereof. The device includes: diamond coating cutter subassembly seat, the screw, diamond coating cutter subassembly seat is the integrated configuration of seat head and seat body side to side an organic whole, diamond coating cutter is integrated configuration about cylinder section and wedge section, diamond coating cutter installs in the recess of seat head, the wedge section of diamond coating cutter is corresponding and closely cooperate through the scarf with the wedge pit in the recess, the cylinder section top of diamond coating cutter is corresponding with the screw thread through-hole of recess, the screw is installed in the screw thread through-hole of recess, the screw lower extreme of screw passes the screw thread through-hole top of recess and holds in the cylinder section upper surface of diamond coating cutter. The tool matrix is made of tungsten carbide cobalt hard alloy, and a diamond coating is grown on the outer surface of the tool matrix, so that the workpiece surface of the revolution body can be efficiently subjected to nanocrystallization.)

1. A diamond coated cutting tool assembly for the nano-conversion of metal surfaces, the assembly comprising: diamond coating cutter subassembly seat, screw, diamond coating cutter, the concrete structure is as follows:

the diamond-coated cutter component seat is of a combined structure with a seat head and a seat body integrated left and right, the seat body is of a cuboid strip structure, the seat head is of a double-sided symmetrical milling flat structure, the outer end of the seat head is a groove with a lateral opening, a wedge-shaped pit is formed in the lower surface in the groove, a threaded through hole is formed in the upper portion of the groove, the threaded through hole corresponds to the wedge-shaped pit from top to bottom, and the center line of the threaded through hole is coaxial with the center line of the wedge-shaped pit; the diamond coating cutter is a combined structure integrating a cylindrical section and a wedge-shaped section, the diamond coating cutter is installed in a groove of a seat head, the wedge-shaped section of the diamond coating cutter corresponds to a wedge-shaped pit in the groove and is tightly matched with the wedge surface, the upper part of the cylindrical section of the diamond coating cutter corresponds to a thread through hole of the groove, a screw is installed in the thread through hole of the groove, the lower end of the screw penetrates through the thread through hole of the groove and is supported on the upper surface of the cylindrical section of the diamond coating cutter, the diamond coating cutter is clamped and fixed, and one side of the cylindrical section of the diamond coating cutter protrudes out of the groove.

2. The diamond coated cutting tool apparatus for the nano-crystallization of the metal surface according to claim 1, wherein the wedge-shaped section of the diamond coated cutting tool is formed by combining inclined planes with symmetrical both sides and the cylindrical surface of the rest part, and the joint of one end of the wedge-shaped section and the cylindrical section is circular, and the diameter of the wedge-shaped section is the same as the diameter of the cylindrical section of the diamond coated cutting tool; the other end of the wedge-shaped section is a straight line intersected by inclined planes with symmetrical two sides, and the length of the straight line is the same as the diameter of the cylindrical section of the diamond-coated cutter.

3. The diamond coated cutting tool device for the nano-crystallization of the metal surface according to claim 2, wherein the diameter of the cylindrical section of the diamond coated cutting tool is 4 to 50mm, the height thereof is 4 to 50mm, and the included angle of the symmetrical inclined planes of the wedge-shaped section is 40 to 140 °.

4. The diamond coated cutting tool assembly for metal surface nanocrystallization of claim 1, wherein the material of the diamond coated cutting tool assembly seat is 45 steel, and the surface is subjected to blackening and corrosion prevention treatment after the mechanical processing is completed.

5. The diamond coated cutting tool assembly for the nano-crystallization of metal surface according to claim 1, wherein the diamond coated cutting tool is a composite structure of a hard alloy surface deposited with diamond coating.

6. The diamond coated cutting tool assembly for metal surface nanocrystallization according to claim 5, wherein the cemented carbide is a tungsten carbide cobalt cemented carbide, and the thickness of the deposited diamond coating is 4 to 20 μm.

7. The diamond coated cutting tool assembly for the nano-sizing of metal surfaces as recited in claim 1 wherein the screw is a socket head set screw.

8. A method for preparing the diamond coated cutting tool device for metal surface nanocrystallization according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, firstly, a hard alloy rod is used as a substrate, the required cutting tool substrates with various specifications and sizes are obtained by processing through a wire cutting machine, one end of the hard alloy rod is processed into a wedge surface, and a cutting tool substrate with a structure of integrally combining a cylindrical section and the wedge section is formed; then, after surface treatment, depositing a polycrystalline diamond coating on the cylindrical surface of the cutter substrate by adopting a hot wire chemical vapor deposition method; after analysis, test, trimming and polishing, the diamond coating cutter is manufactured.

9. The method for preparing a diamond coated cutting tool assembly for nanocrystallization of metal surfaces according to claim 8, wherein the specific steps are as follows:

(1) carrying out sand blasting treatment on the processed cutter substrate to remove pollutants and loose layers on the surface;

(2) cleaning the cutter substrate in an ultrasonic cleaning machine by using distilled water and alcohol;

(3) carrying out surface corrosion treatment on the cutter substrate in acid and alkali liquor, and after ultrasonic cleaning by adopting distilled water and alcohol, putting the cutter substrate into hot wire CVD diamond deposition equipment;

(4) setting the pressure in a reaction cavity of hot wire CVD diamond deposition equipment to be 1000-9000 Pa, and introducing H with the flow rate of 100-800 sccm₂10 to 200sccm of CH₄Heating a hot wire to 2000-2600 ℃, and depositing a polycrystalline diamond coating on the surface of the cylindrical section of the cutter substrate to prepare the diamond coated cutter for metal surface nanocrystallization;

(5) after analysis and test, the surface quality is further improved through precision finishing and polishing, so that the working condition requirement of the metal surface nanocrystallization use environment on the cutter is met;

(6) the diamond-coated cutting tool finished products of different models are installed on a diamond-coated cutting tool component seat according to the structural requirements, the diamond-coated cutting tool is placed in a groove of a seat head, the diamond-coated cutting tool is firmly fixed on the diamond-coated cutting tool component seat through a threaded through hole by an inner hexagonal flat end set screw, and a cylindrical section protrudes out of one side of the groove and corresponds to a workpiece to be machined so as to carry out metal surface nanocrystallization on the workpiece.

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of diamond film growth, in particular to a diamond coating cutter device for metal surface nanocrystallization and a preparation method thereof.

Background

Since the advent of the nanometer material, the unique excellent properties of the nanometer material, such as high strength, good plastic deformation capability, high specific heat, high thermal expansion coefficient, unique physical and chemical properties, etc., have attracted great attention, and many engineering applications only need to improve the surface properties of the material, so that the comprehensive service performance and the service life of the whole material can be improved. At present, there are three main approaches to the surface nanocrystallization of materials: the surface coating or deposition, the surface self-nanocrystallization and the surface nanocrystallization by a mixing method, wherein the surface layer of the nanostructure prepared by the second method has no obvious interface with a matrix, is not easy to fall off, and the used equipment is simplest, so that the method is a nanotechnology capable of realizing industrialization in a short time.

The surface self-nanocrystallization method mainly comprises shot blasting, deep rolling, ultrasonic mechanical impact surface strengthening, laser impact strengthening, surface mechanical grinding (SMAT) and the like. The method of shot blasting, deep rolling, ultrasonic mechanical impact surface strengthening, laser impact strengthening and the like can improve the surface hardness of the metal material, and a residual compressive stress layer with a certain depth is obtained on the surface of the metal material, so that the fatigue property of the metal material can be effectively improved. However, the method has a limited range of improving the surface hardness of the metal material, and the residual compressive stress of the surface layer is easily released in the service process, which greatly reduces the strengthening effect. SMAT is used as a surface nanocrystallization method, a nanostructure layer with a certain depth can be obtained on the surface of a metal material, and the performance of the metal material is improved. However, when a tool made of a conventional material is used for performing SMAT treatment on a metal material, taking the latest hard alloy material in the conventional material as an example, the average vickers hardness value of the hard alloy is 1500HV, and due to the influence of the hardness, wear resistance and friction coefficient of the conventional tool material, the contact part of the tool and a workpiece to be treated is deformed during the use process, the surface roughness is increased, and the surface roughness Ra of the workpiece is obviously increased, which limits the application field of the SMAT surface nanocrystallization technology. The diamond coating cutter has the Vickers hardness value of 10000HV, good wear resistance which is 60-80 times that of hard alloy, low friction coefficient of 0.1, no deformation at the contact part of the cutter and a processed workpiece in the using process, effective guarantee of the surface roughness requirement of the workpiece and expansion of the application field of the SMAT surface nanocrystallization technology.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a diamond-coated tool device for metal surface nanocrystallization and a preparation method thereof, wherein the surface of the diamond-coated tool has extremely high hardness (HV10000) and extremely low friction coefficient of 0.1, so that the diamond-coated tool has the advantages of super-hardness, super-lubrication and excellent anti-adhesion.

The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:

a diamond coated cutting tool assembly for the nano-conversion of metal surfaces, the assembly comprising: diamond coating cutter subassembly seat, screw, diamond coating cutter, the concrete structure is as follows:

the diamond-coated cutter component seat is of a combined structure with a seat head and a seat body integrated left and right, the seat body is of a cuboid strip structure, the seat head is of a double-sided symmetrical milling flat structure, the outer end of the seat head is a groove with a lateral opening, a wedge-shaped pit is formed in the lower surface in the groove, a threaded through hole is formed in the upper portion of the groove, the threaded through hole corresponds to the wedge-shaped pit from top to bottom, and the center line of the threaded through hole is coaxial with the center line of the wedge-shaped pit; the diamond coating cutter is a combined structure integrating a cylindrical section and a wedge-shaped section, the diamond coating cutter is installed in a groove of a seat head, the wedge-shaped section of the diamond coating cutter corresponds to a wedge-shaped pit in the groove and is tightly matched with the wedge surface, the upper part of the cylindrical section of the diamond coating cutter corresponds to a thread through hole of the groove, a screw is installed in the thread through hole of the groove, the lower end of the screw penetrates through the thread through hole of the groove and is supported on the upper surface of the cylindrical section of the diamond coating cutter, the diamond coating cutter is clamped and fixed, and one side of the cylindrical section of the diamond coating cutter protrudes out of the groove.

The diamond coating cutter device for metal surface nanocrystallization is characterized in that a wedge-shaped section of the diamond coating cutter is formed by combining inclined planes with symmetrical two sides and cylindrical surfaces of the rest parts, one end of the wedge-shaped section and the cylindrical section are integrally connected into a circle, and the diameter of the wedge-shaped section is the same as that of the cylindrical section of the diamond coating cutter; the other end of the wedge-shaped section is a straight line intersected by inclined planes with symmetrical two sides, and the length of the straight line is the same as the diameter of the cylindrical section of the diamond-coated cutter.

A diamond coating cutter device for metal surface nanocrystallization, the cylinder section diameter of diamond coating cutter is 4 ~ 50mm, highly is 4 ~ 50mm, the symmetry inclined plane contained angle of wedge section is 40 ~ 140.

The diamond-coated cutting tool device for metal surface nanocrystallization is characterized in that the diamond-coated cutting tool component seat is made of No. 45 steel, and the surface of the diamond-coated cutting tool component seat is subjected to blackening and corrosion prevention treatment after machining is completed.

The diamond coating cutter device for metal surface nanocrystallization is characterized in that the diamond coating cutter is of a composite structure with a diamond coating deposited on the surface of hard alloy.

The diamond coating cutter device for metal surface nanocrystallization is characterized in that the hard alloy is tungsten carbide cobalt hard alloy, and the thickness of the deposited diamond coating is 4-20 micrometers.

The diamond coating cutter device for metal surface nanocrystallization is characterized in that the screw is a hexagon socket flat end fastening screw.

Firstly, taking a hard alloy rod as a substrate, processing the hard alloy rod by a wire cutting machine to obtain required tool substrates with various specifications and sizes, and processing one end of the hard alloy rod into a wedge surface to form a tool substrate with a cylindrical section and a wedge section which are integrated into a whole; then, after surface treatment, depositing a polycrystalline diamond coating on the cylindrical surface of the cutter substrate by adopting a hot wire chemical vapor deposition method; after analysis, test, trimming and polishing, the diamond coating cutter is manufactured.

The preparation method of the diamond coating cutter device for metal surface nanocrystallization comprises the following specific steps:

(1) carrying out sand blasting treatment on the processed cutter substrate to remove pollutants and loose layers on the surface;

(2) cleaning the cutter substrate in an ultrasonic cleaning machine by using distilled water and alcohol;

(3) carrying out surface corrosion treatment on the cutter substrate in acid and alkali liquor, and after ultrasonic cleaning by adopting distilled water and alcohol, putting the cutter substrate into hot wire CVD diamond deposition equipment;

(4) setting the pressure in a reaction cavity of hot wire CVD diamond deposition equipment to be 1000-9000 Pa, and introducing H with the flow rate of 100-800 sccm₂10 to 200sccm of CH₄Heating a hot wire to 2000-2600 ℃, and depositing a polycrystalline diamond coating on the surface of the cylindrical section of the cutter substrate to prepare the diamond coated cutter for metal surface nanocrystallization;

(5) after analysis and test, the surface quality is further improved through precision finishing and polishing, so that the working condition requirement of the metal surface nanocrystallization use environment on the cutter is met;

(6) the diamond-coated cutting tool finished products of different models are installed on a diamond-coated cutting tool component seat according to the structural requirements, the diamond-coated cutting tool is placed in a groove of a seat head, the diamond-coated cutting tool is firmly fixed on the diamond-coated cutting tool component seat through a threaded through hole by an inner hexagonal flat end set screw, and a cylindrical section protrudes out of one side of the groove and corresponds to a workpiece to be machined so as to carry out metal surface nanocrystallization on the workpiece.

The design idea of the invention is as follows:

the tool organically combines the diamond material and the hard alloy material together, thereby not only ensuring that the surface of the tool has various excellent physical properties of diamond, but also ensuring that a matrix is produced and manufactured in a large quantity at low cost, and expanding the application field of the SMAT surface nanocrystallization technology.

The invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:

1. the tool matrix is made of the tungsten carbide cobalt hard alloy, the diamond coating is grown on the outer surface of the tool matrix, the hardness is high, the friction coefficient is low, the workpiece surface of the revolution body can be subjected to nano treatment efficiently, the surface roughness Ra of a metal material after SMAT treatment can be effectively reduced, and the application field of the SMAT surface nano technology is expanded.

2. The cutter consists of the diamond-coated cutter assembly seat and the diamond-coated cutter, can quickly replace the diamond-coated cutters with different sizes and models, and has simple, firm and durable structure.

3. The tool matrix can be finished by simply processing a standard tungsten carbide cobalt hard alloy bar through wire cutting, has low cost, is suitable for mass production and manufacture, can be applied to large-scale industrial production, and has high practical value.

4. The diamond-coated tool is a combined structure with the upper and lower cylindrical sections and the wedge-shaped section, is arranged in the groove of the seat head of the diamond-coated tool assembly and is used for replacing other traditional tools, is convenient to assemble and disassemble and use, and can be easily disassembled and assembled only by tightening the inner hexagonal flat end fastening screw.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a front view of the structure of the present invention.

Fig. 2 is a top view of the structure of the present invention.

Fig. 3 is a side view of the structure of the present invention.

Fig. 4(a) -4 (c) are dimensional diagrams of 3 major models of diamond coated tools according to the invention. In which fig. 4(a) is the first, fig. 4(b) is the second, and fig. 4(c) is the third.

Fig. 5 is a flow chart of the preparation of the diamond coated tool of the present invention.

In the figure: 1-diamond coated tool assembly seats; 11-seat body; 12-a seat head; 13-a groove; 2-a flat end holding screw of the inner hexagon; 3-diamond coated cutting tools; 31-a cylindrical section; 32-wedge shaped section.

The specific implementation mode is as follows:

the following describes embodiments of the present invention in further detail with reference to the drawings and examples. With respect to the detailed description of these embodiments, it is to be understood that one skilled in the art can practice the invention and that other embodiments may be utilized and that changes and/or modifications may be made to the illustrated examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims. In addition, although specific features of the invention are disclosed in the embodiments, such specific features can be modified as appropriate to achieve the functions of the invention.

As shown in fig. 1 to 3, 4(a) to 4(c), the diamond coated cutting tool device for metal surface nano-crystallization of the present invention mainly comprises: the diamond-coated cutting tool comprises a diamond-coated cutting tool component seat 1, an inner hexagonal flat-end set screw 2 and a diamond-coated cutting tool 3, wherein the diamond-coated cutting tool component seat 1 is of a left-right integrated combined structure of a seat head 12 and a seat body 11, the seat body 11 is of a cuboid strip structure, the seat head 12 is of a double-sided symmetrical milling flat structure, a groove 13 with a lateral opening is formed in the outer end of the seat head 12, a wedge-shaped pit is formed in the lower surface in the groove 13, a threaded through hole is formed in the upper portion of the groove 13, the threaded through hole is vertically corresponding to the wedge-shaped pit, and the center line of the threaded through hole is coaxial with the wedge-shaped pit; diamond coating cutter 3 is integrative integrated configuration from top to bottom for cylinder section 31 and wedge section 32, diamond coating cutter 3 installs in the recess 13 of seat head 12, the wedge section 32 of diamond coating cutter 3 corresponds and closely cooperates through the wedge face with the wedge pit in the recess 13, the cylinder section 31 top of diamond coating cutter 3 corresponds with the screw through-hole of recess 13, hexagon socket head cap end holding screw 2 is installed in the screw through-hole of recess 13, the lower extreme of hexagon socket head cap end holding screw 2 passes the screw through-hole top of recess 13 and holds in the cylinder section 31 upper surface of diamond coating cutter 3, it is fixed with diamond coating cutter 3 centre gripping, cylinder section 31 one side salient in recess 13 of diamond coating cutter 3.

In the invention, the diamond coating cutter 3 is a composite structure of a hard alloy surface deposited with a diamond coating; milling one end of a cuboid strip-shaped structure flat symmetrically on two sides to form a diamond-coated cutter component seat 1 with a seat body 11 and a seat head 12 integrated combined structure, wherein the diamond-coated cutter component seat 1 is made of No. 45 steel, and the surface is subjected to blackening and corrosion prevention treatment after machining. When the diamond coating tool is used, the diamond coating tool 3 is placed in the groove 13 of the seat head 12, the inner hexagonal flat-end set screw 2 firmly fixes the diamond coating tool 3 on the diamond coating tool component seat 1 through the threaded through hole, and the cylindrical section 31 protrudes out of one side of the groove 13 and corresponds to a workpiece to be machined so as to carry out metal surface nanocrystallization on the workpiece.

The present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to examples.

Examples

In this embodiment, the preparation method of the diamond coated cutting tool device for metal surface nanocrystallization is as follows:

firstly, YG6 hard alloy fine grinding round bar is used as a base body, the base body is processed by a wire cutting machine to obtain the required cutter base bodies with various specifications, one end of the YG6 hard alloy fine grinding round bar is processed into a wedge-shaped section, the integral connection part of one end of the wedge-shaped section and a cylindrical section is circular, the other end of the wedge-shaped section is a bevel surface with symmetrical two sides, and the bevel surface is intersected at the diameter part of one end of the round bar to form a tip, so that the cutter base body with the cylindrical section and the wedge-shaped section in an up-and-down integrated combined structure is formed. Then, after surface treatment, a polycrystalline diamond coating with the thickness of 10 microns is deposited on the cylindrical surface (namely the surface of a working area) of the cutter base body by adopting a hot wire chemical vapor deposition method. After analysis, test, trimming and polishing, the diamond coating cutter is manufactured.

As shown in fig. 4(a) -4 (c), the diamond coated tool has 3 main types of outline dimension diagrams, wherein: the wedge-shaped section 32 of the diamond coating cutter is formed by combining inclined planes with symmetrical two sides and cylindrical surfaces of the rest parts, the integral joint of one end of the wedge-shaped section 32 and the cylindrical section 31 is circular, and the diameter of the wedge-shaped section is the same as that of the cylindrical section 31 of the diamond coating cutter; the other end of the wedge-shaped section 32 is a straight line intersected by bilaterally symmetrical inclined planes, and the length of the wedge-shaped section is the same as the diameter of the cylindrical section 31 of the diamond-coated cutter. The diameters of the cylindrical sections 31 are respectively 8mm, 10mm and 12mm, and the heights of the cylindrical sections 31 are all 6 mm; the circular diameters of one end of the wedge-shaped section 32 are respectively 8mm, 10mm and 12mm, and the included angles of the symmetrical inclined planes of the wedge-shaped section 32 are all 120 degrees. Therefore, the diamond coating cutter can be replaced according to the required size, the production of a mold like a spherical diamond cutter is not needed, a large amount of cost is saved, and the surface is smooth and clean and has low roughness.

As shown in fig. 5, the preparation process of the diamond coated tool of the present invention is as follows: (1) substrate processing → (2) substrate cleaning → (3) substrate pretreatment → (4) coating deposition → (5) substrate charging → (6) substrate pretreatment → (7) analytical test → (8) finish polishing → (9) tool end product.

Firstly, the processed cutter base body is subjected to sand blasting treatment to remove pollutants on the surfaceAnd a porous layer; then using distilled water and alcohol to clean in an ultrasonic cleaning machine; then carrying out surface corrosion treatment in prepared acid and alkali liquor, and after ultrasonic cleaning by adopting distilled water and alcohol, loading the cutter substrate into hot wire CVD diamond deposition equipment. Setting the pressure in a reaction cavity of hot-wire CVD diamond deposition equipment at 3000Pa, and introducing H with the flow rate of 600sccm₂50sccm CH₄Heating the hot wire to 2400 ℃ to deposit a polycrystalline diamond coating with the thickness of about 10 mu m on the surface of the cylindrical section of the cutter substrate, thus preparing the diamond coated cutter for metal surface nanocrystallization. After analysis and test, the surface quality is further improved through precision finishing and polishing, so that the working condition requirement of the metal surface nanocrystallization using environment on the cutter is met. Finally, the diamond-coated tool finished products of different models are arranged on the diamond-coated tool component seat according to the structural requirements of the figure 1, the figure 2 and the figure 3.

The surface of the diamond coated cutter used for metal surface nanocrystallization and the surface of a hard alloy cutter with the highest hardness in other traditional material cutters are respectively subjected to Vickers hardness test, the Vickers hardness value of the surface of the diamond coated cutter is 10000HV, the Vickers hardness value of the surface of the hard alloy cutter is 1500HV, and the Vickers hardness of the surface of the diamond coated cutter is 6.6 times of that of the surface of the hard alloy cutter.

The embodiment result shows that the diamond coating cutter for metal surface nanocrystallization provided by the invention has high hardness and low friction coefficient, and can efficiently perform nanocrystallization treatment on the workpiece surface of a revolution body; the tool matrix can be finished by simply processing a standard tungsten carbide cobalt hard alloy bar through wire cutting, and the tool matrix is low in cost and suitable for mass production and manufacturing; the cutter comprises diamond coating cutter subassembly seat and diamond coating cutter, can swiftly change the diamond coating cutter of different size models, and simple structure is sturdy and durable. Therefore, the method can be applied to large-scale industrial production and has high practical value.

The foregoing description is only illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention. It should be noted that changes and/or variations can be made in the illustrated examples by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the appended claims and the scope of the principles of the present invention, which should also be construed as within the scope of the appended claims.