阅读说明：本技术 热能存储系统容器的外部特征及模块化 (External features and modularity of thermal energy storage system vessels ) 是由 亚龙·班·能 埃亚尔·齐夫 于 2020-03-27 设计创作，主要内容包括：一种用于在一热能存储系统中进行热交换的储热容器,所述储热容器经由流过设置在所述储热容器内部的相变材料的流体来进行热交换,所述储热容器包括：一储热容器壳体、一流体入口及一流体出口,以及一个或多个膜盒,含有所述相变材料；其中所述壳体被成形为一细长容器；以及所述壳体的长度与宽度的一比率介于2及20之间。还描述了相关的设备及方法。(A thermal storage container for exchanging heat in a thermal energy storage system, the thermal storage container exchanging heat via a fluid flowing through a phase change material disposed inside the thermal storage container, the thermal storage container comprising: a heat storage container housing, a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet, and one or more bellows containing the phase change material; wherein the housing is shaped as an elongated container; and a ratio of the length to the width of the housing is between 2 and 20. Related apparatus and methods are also described.)

1. A thermal storage container for exchanging heat in a thermal energy storage system, comprising: the heat storage container exchanges heat via a fluid flowing through a phase change material provided inside the heat storage container, and includes:

a heat storage container housing;

a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet; and

one or more capsules containing the phase change material;

wherein:

said housing being shaped as an elongated container; and

the ratio of the length to the width of the housing is between 2 and 20.

2. The heat storage container of claim 1, wherein: a width of the housing is in a range between 20 centimeters and 70 centimeters.

3. Heat storage container according to any of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that: during operation, the walls of the heat storage container are rigid enough to support the weight of at least one more container.

4. Heat-storage container according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: the housing has a rectangular cross-section perpendicular to a long axis of the elongated housing.

5. A thermal energy storage system, characterized by: the thermal energy storage system comprising two or more heat storage containers of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein one heat storage container is stacked on another heat storage container.

6. The thermal energy storage system of claim 5, wherein: the thermal energy storage system is positioned along a wall.

7. The thermal energy storage system of claim 5, wherein: the thermal energy storage system is positioned as a partition wall.

8. The thermal energy storage system of any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein: a width of the thermal energy storage system is in a range between 20 centimeters and 70 centimeters.

9. The thermal energy storage system of any one of claims 5 to 8, wherein: an energy storage capacity of the thermal energy storage system is greater than 15TRH (ton refrigerant hour).

10. The thermal system according to any one of claims 5 to 9, wherein: a width of the thermal system is substantially equal to a width of one of the plurality of containers, and wherein a ratio between a height and a width of the system is greater than 1.

11. The thermal system according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein: the system is placed against a wall.

12. The thermal system of claim 11, wherein: a height of the system is no greater than a height of the wall.

13. The thermal energy storage system of any one of claims 5 to 10, wherein: the thermal energy storage system further comprises: a support member is provided for supporting a weight of a portion of a building.

14. Heat storage container according to any of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that: a weight ratio between a weight of the container and an area of a bottom surface of the container during operation is in a range between 50 to 800 kg/m when filled with at least 90% heat exchange fluid.

15. A thermal energy storage system comprising at least one thermal storage container of any one of claims 1 to 4 and 14, wherein: the plurality of containers are placed against a wall.

16. A method of providing a thermal energy storage system on a roof, comprising: the method comprises the following steps: providing a thermal storage container of claims 1-4 and 14; and

placing the heat storage container against a wall.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein: a height of the heat storage container is not greater than a height of the wall.

18. A method of assembling a thermal energy storage system to an existing space in a building, comprising: the method comprises the following steps:

providing a thermal storage container of claims 1-4 and 14; and

the heat storage container is placed in an existing space in a building.

19. A method of constructing a thermal energy storage system in a plurality of walls of a building, comprising: the method comprises the following steps:

providing a thermal storage container of claims 1-4 and 14; and

the heat storage container is built into a wall of a building.

20. A method of constructing a thermal energy storage system into a structure, comprising: the method comprises the following steps:

providing a thermal storage container of claims 1-4 and 14; and

building the heat storage container into the structure.

21. A method of providing a thermal energy storage system while conserving floor space, comprising: the method comprises the following steps:

providing a plurality of thermal storage containers of claims 1-4 and 14; and

stacking the plurality of heat storage containers on top of each other.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein: the method further includes placing the stacked plurality of containers against a wall.

23. A thermal system, characterized by: the thermal system includes:

two or more fluidly and mechanically coupled energy storage vessels configured to exchange heat in an interior volume of the plurality of vessels via a heat exchange fluid flowing through a phase change material disposed inside the vessels, and comprising:

a front wall, a rear wall;

a plurality of longitudinal walls extending between the front wall and the rear wall;

one or more external connection surfaces defined by at least one of the front wall, the rear wall, and the plurality of longitudinal walls; and

the interior volume is defined as a volume enclosed between the plurality of longitudinal walls, the front wall, and the rear wall;

wherein the two or more containers are mechanically coupled to one or more of the connecting surfaces of each container to define a container configuration.

24. The thermal system of claim 23, wherein: during operation, the plurality of longitudinal walls are rigid and support the weight of the plurality of containers.

25. The thermal system of any one of claims 23 to 24, wherein: the weight of the plurality of mechanically coupled containers is distributed along the container arrangement and supports the weight of the containers themselves when the two opposite ends of the container arrangement supports are connected.

26. The thermal system of any one of claims 23 to 25, wherein: the container is configured to be mounted on a construction surface and includes one or more contact surfaces defined by contact areas of one or more of the energy storage containers with the construction surface; and wherein during operation the maximum pressure exerted by the contact surface on the construction surface is below 350 kg/m.

27. The thermal system of any one of claims 23 to 26, wherein: the plurality of containers are arranged vertically, wherein two or more containers are stacked on top of each other, and a width is defined as the sum of the widths of the two or more containers; and

the ratio between the height and the width of the container arrangement is greater than 1.

28. The thermal system of any one of claims 23 to 26, wherein: the container configuration is horizontal, wherein two or more containers are stacked adjacent to each other, and a width is defined as the sum of the widths of the two or more containers; and

the ratio between the height and the width of the container arrangement is greater than 2.

29. The thermal system of any one of claims 23 to 28, wherein: the heat exchange fluid and the phase change fluid fill at least 90% of the interior volume.

30. The thermal system of any one of claims 23 to 29, wherein: the cross-section of the plurality of energy storage containers comprises at least two straight sides in a direction perpendicular to the flow direction.

31. The thermal system of claim 30, wherein: the straight edge defines at least a portion of the plurality of external connection surfaces.

32. The thermal system of claim 30, wherein: the cross section is polygonal.

33. A building, characterized by: the building includes: a plurality of energy storage vessels configured to exchange heat in an interior volume of the plurality of vessels via a heat exchange fluid flowing through the plurality of vessels and a phase change material disposed inside the vessels, the building comprising:

a construction surface, the construction surface being a structural portion of the building;

two or more modular energy storage containers mounted on the construction surface, fluidly and mechanically coupled to each other, and comprising:

a front wall, a rear wall;

a plurality of longitudinal walls extending between the front wall and the rear wall; and

one or more external connection surfaces defined by at least one of the front wall, the rear wall, and the plurality of longitudinal walls; and

the interior volume is defined as a volume enclosed between the plurality of longitudinal walls, the front wall, and the rear wall;

wherein the two or more containers are mechanically coupled to one or more of the connecting surfaces of each container to define a container configuration.

34. The building of claim 33, wherein: a weight limit of the construction surface is up to 800 kg/m, and the pressure exerted by the container arrangement on the construction surface is below the weight limit.

35. A building as claimed in any one of claims 33 to 34, wherein: during operation, the pressure exerted by the container arrangement on the construction surface is below 80% of the weight limit.

36. A building as claimed in any one of claims 33 to 35, wherein: the container arrangement provides an external support to support the weight of a construction surface of the building.

37. A method of storing thermal energy in a plurality of energy storage containers, characterized by: the method comprises the following steps: selecting a construction surface having an area, the area having:

a size that matches two or more energy storage containers; and

a load-bearing capacity for accommodating two or more energy storage containers, and

two or more energy storage vessels are disposed on the work surface by abutting two or more outside surfaces of the plurality of vessels.

Technical field and background

In some embodiments of the invention, the invention relates to a variety of thermal containers, particularly but not exclusively thermal containers that exchange heat by fluid flow through a phase change material in a thermal storage container of a thermal energy storage system.

Many studies of energy consumption in developed countries indicate that energy (electricity) consumption peaks occur in less than 400 to 300 hours (5% of the time) per year. A large number of these energy demand peaks may be attributed to structural cooling systems, such as: a chiller, an air conditioner, or a space heating system relying on a heat pump. Accordingly, there is a growing need to provide efficient, low cost cooling systems to counteract fluctuations in the power grid.

One way to cope with this demand is to develop thermal energy storage systems, in particular ice storage systems, which store cold or hot energy by running grid-powered chillers or heat pumps at off-peak times and then release the stored energy at peak or other times. Some current systems suffer from incompatibility with commercial buildings, lack of modularity, and large footprints, often requiring the use of expensive land assets in order to provide adequate thermal energy storage; therefore, the commercial sector (office buildings, shopping centers, hotels, hospitals, etc.) has almost no such energy storage method at all, which is a significant cause of the peak demand phenomenon.

The most common type of such conventional system for storing thermal energy is known as an "ice-on-coil" storage system. These systems include a holding tank filled with water/ice (as a phase change medium, PCM) for storing thermal energy, in particular using the phase change of liquid water into ice. These systems also include a coil (coil) placed inside the holding tank to exchange heat with the water/ice. When this type of system is chilled, ice forms around the coils, forming a large mass. The loss in efficiency of these systems is large because freezing of water often begins at or on the coils, which is a fairly good thermal insulator. Thus, when the holding tank is cooled below 0 ℃ by the coil, the thickness of a layer of ice on the coil increases to store shallow thermal energy. Therefore, the increase of the insulating layer makes it increasingly difficult to freeze the entire volume of the storing bath. This is a so-called "ice accretion" problem. Thus, conventional systems must use very low temperatures to cool the coils, which, however, is inefficient. Furthermore, operating at too low a temperature can compromise the COP of the cooler.

In addition, a different type of conventional thermal energy storage system is known as an "encapsulated ice" storage system, wherein a plurality of water-containing containers are placed in a storage tank as a Phase Change Material (PCM) for storing energy. Another medium, for example: a water glycol mixture for heat exchange with the water/ice in the container, pumped through the holding tank as needed. However, thermal energy storage systems of this type have heretofore lacked efficiency and reliability.

One inefficiency in existing systems (particularly "packaged ice" and "coiled ice" systems using water/ice) is slow or inconsistent ice nucleation, which results in inefficient thermal energy storage and cold extraction. Inconsistent ice nucleation and generation is generally due to the fact that subcooled water does not freeze at the desired temperature.

Another limitation of some prior systems is the limited ratio between the volume of the storage fluid (water) and the total system volume and/or the limited contact between the storage fluid (water) and the heat transfer fluid (e.g., ethylene glycol) due to the gradual increase in the water barrier between the two fluids within the membrane cassette as the cool down cycle advances, or the low fill factor of the storage fluid containers, or the poor design of the storage fluid containers, such that they do not have a large enough surface area exposed to or blocking the flow of the heat transfer fluid, thereby greatly reducing the efficiency of heat storage. Another limitation of some systems is the inefficient chilling process, and therefore the inability to melt all of the ice stored in the system. Furthermore, conventional systems provide inadequate and, in particular, reduced cooling rates, which are insufficient to support load demands. In other words, the conventional ice storage system generally has a problem in that a cooling behavior/cooling curve is unstable and deteriorated.

Another problem with some thermal energy storage systems using water/ice as the energy storage medium is that they suffer degradation of system performance during their service life, for example, due to material fatigue (material fatigue) or changes in system flow characteristics. In particular, in the current "packaged ice system", such a problem occurs due to repeated expansion and contraction of the volume of water during freezing. Another problem with conventional thermal energy storage systems is that during the second half of the cooling cycle, the power to use water as the PCM drops. This phenomenon is caused by the melt water in the membrane cartridge, which acts as a barrier to heat exchange/conduction, and as the ice melts, the barrier becomes larger.

The references disclosed above and in this specification and all citations mentioned in those references are hereby incorporated by reference.

Disclosure of Invention

According to some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a heat storage container for exchanging heat in a thermal energy storage system, the heat storage container exchanging heat via a fluid flowing through a phase change material disposed inside the heat storage container, the heat storage container comprising: a heat storage container housing, a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet, and one or more capsules (capsules) containing said phase change material; wherein the housing is shaped as an elongated container; and a ratio of the length to the width of the housing is between 2 and 20.

According to some embodiments of the invention, a width of the housing is in a range between 20 cm and 70 cm.

According to some embodiments of the invention, during operation, the walls of the heat storage container are rigid enough to support the weight of at least one or more containers.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the housing has a rectangular cross-section perpendicular to a long axis of the elongated housing.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a thermal energy storage system comprising two or more heat storage containers according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein one heat storage container is stacked on another heat storage container.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the thermal energy storage system is positioned along a wall.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the thermal energy storage system is positioned as a partition wall.

According to some embodiments of the invention, a width of the thermal energy storage system is in a range between 20 cm and 70 cm.

According to some embodiments of the invention, an energy storage capacity of the thermal energy storage system is greater than 15 Tons of Refrigerant Hours (TRH).

According to some embodiments of the invention, a width of the thermal system is substantially equal to a width of one of the plurality of containers, and wherein a ratio between a height and a width of the system is greater than 1.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the system is placed against a wall.

According to some embodiments of the invention, a height of the system is no greater than a height of the wall.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the thermal energy storage system further comprises: a support member is provided for supporting a weight of a portion of a building.

According to some embodiments of the invention, a weight ratio between a weight of the container and an area of a bottom surface of the container during operation is in a range between 50 to 800 kg/m when filled with at least 90% heat exchange fluid.

According to some embodiments of the invention, a thermal energy storage system comprises at least one heat storage container, wherein the plurality of containers are placed against a wall

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method of providing a thermal energy storage system on a roof, the method comprising: providing a heat storage container; and placing the heat storage container against a wall.

According to some embodiments of the invention, a height of the heat storage container is not greater than a height of the wall.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method of fitting a thermal energy storage system to an existing space in a building, the method comprising: providing a heat storage container; and placing the heat storage container in an existing space within a building.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method of constructing a thermal energy storage system in a plurality of walls of a building, the method comprising: providing a heat storage container; and constructing the heat storage container into a wall of a building.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method of constructing a thermal energy storage system into a structure, the method comprising: providing a heat storage container; and building the thermal storage container into the structure.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a method of providing a thermal energy storage system while conserving ground space, the method comprising: providing a plurality of heat storage containers; and stacking the plurality of heat storage containers on one another.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the method further comprises placing the stacked plurality of containers against a wall.

According to an aspect of some embodiments of the present invention there is provided a thermal system comprising: two or more fluidly and mechanically coupled energy storage vessels configured to exchange heat in an interior volume of the plurality of vessels via a heat exchange fluid flowing through a phase change material disposed inside the vessels, and comprising: a front wall, a rear wall; a plurality of longitudinal walls extending between the front wall and the rear wall; one or more external connection surfaces defined by at least one of the front wall, the rear wall, and the plurality of longitudinal walls; and the interior volume is defined as the volume enclosed between the plurality of longitudinal walls, the front wall and the rear wall; wherein the two or more containers are mechanically coupled to one or more of the connecting surfaces of each container to define a container configuration.

Optionally, during operation, the plurality of longitudinal walls are rigid and support the weight of the plurality of containers.

Optionally, the weight of the plurality of mechanically coupled containers is distributed along the container arrangement and supports the weight of the containers themselves when the two opposite ends of the container arrangement supports are connected.

Optionally, the container is configured to be mounted on a construction surface and includes one or more contact surfaces defined by contact areas of one or more of the energy storage containers with the construction surface; and wherein during operation the maximum pressure exerted by the contact surface on the construction surface is below 350 kg/m.

Optionally, the container configuration is vertical, wherein N containers are stacked on top of each other, N being greater than 1, and a width approximately equal to the width of one of the N containers; and the ratio between the height and the width of the container arrangement is about N or more.

Optionally, the container configuration is horizontal, wherein M containers are stacked adjacent to each other, M is greater than 1, and a width is defined as the sum of the widths of the M containers; and the ratio between the height and the width of the container arrangement is about 1/M. In some embodiments, the width of the container arrangement may be selectively the sum of the width of M plus some space between the containers, and the ratio may be less than 1/M.

Optionally, the heat exchange fluid and the phase change fluid fill at least 90% of the internal volume.

Optionally, the heat exchange fluid and the phase change fluid fill at least 65% of the internal volume of the energy storage vessel.

Optionally, the cross-section of the plurality of energy storage containers comprises at least two straight sides perpendicular to the flow direction.

Optionally, the straight edge defines at least a portion of the plurality of external connection surfaces.

Optionally, the cross-section is polygonal.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a building having a thermal energy storage system comprising a plurality of energy storage vessels configured to exchange heat in an interior volume of the plurality of vessels via a heat exchange fluid flowing through the plurality of vessels and a phase change material disposed inside the vessels, the building comprising:

a construction surface (construction surface) that is a structural portion of the building;

two or more modular energy storage containers mounted on the construction surface, fluidly and mechanically coupled to each other, and comprising: a front wall, a rear wall; a plurality of longitudinal walls extending between the front wall and the rear wall; and one or more external connection surfaces defined by at least one of the front wall, the rear wall, and the plurality of longitudinal walls; and the interior volume is defined as a volume enclosed between the plurality of longitudinal walls, the front wall, and the rear wall. The two or more containers are mechanically coupled to one or more of the connecting surfaces of each container to define a container configuration.

Optionally, a weight limit of the construction surface is up to 800 kg/m, and the container is arranged to exert a pressure on the construction surface below the weight limit.

Optionally, during operation, the pressure exerted by the container arrangement on the construction surface is below 80% of the weight limit.

Optionally, the container arrangement provides an external support to support the weight of a construction surface of the building.

According to some embodiments of the invention, there is provided a method of storing thermal energy in a plurality of energy storage containers, the method comprising:

selecting a construction surface having an area, the area having:

a size that matches two or more energy storage containers;

a load-bearing capacity for accommodating two or more energy storage containers, and

two or more energy storage vessels are disposed on the work surface by abutting two or more outside surfaces of the plurality of vessels.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a thermal energy storage array (thermal energy storage array) comprising a plurality of ice tiles, wherein each of the ice tiles comprises a plurality of capsules; wherein the ice tiles are interconnected for fluid communication with a first fluid flowing through the ice tiles, and wherein the plurality of ice tiles are configured in an arrangement of modular structures comprising one or more of: ice blocks stacked on top of each other; ice blocks with ends against each other; or ice bricks placed adjacent to each other.

Optionally, the array further comprises an insulating plate surrounding an outer surface of the modular structural arrangement of ice bricks. In one aspect, the insulating plates are provided to surround an outer surface of the module. On the other hand, the non-exterior surfaces should avoid the use of insulating plates. The insulation panels are designed to be attached to one or more ice blocks according to the planned modular ice block arrangement. This results in a homogenous ice tile structure that is easy to install and easy to remove. This arrangement saves all the insulation required since only the outer surface of the entire array needs to be insulated, rather than every surface of each tile.

Optionally, the capsule comprises a second fluid, the second fluid comprising water. Optionally, the array further comprises a fluid distribution system. Optionally, the first fluid has a freezing point below that of the second fluid. Optionally, the second fluid comprises an ice nucleating agent (ice nucleation agent). Optionally, the ice nucleating agent is quartz. Optionally, the ice bank comprises between 65% and 85% of the second fluid contained within the membrane cartridge. Optionally, the array further comprises a TES cooler for cooling the first fluid.

Optionally, the condensing portion of the TES cooler is cooled by a third fluid that also cools the load in the structure used by the array. Optionally, the array comprises an air compressor. Optionally, the capsule includes a filling nozzle located at an upper corner of the capsule to enable filling of the capsule to a maximum with the second fluid. Optionally, the bellows includes one or more narrow side spacers and wide side spacers, wherein when the spacers are packed together within the ice bank, a gap is formed between the bellows. Optionally, the bellows surface comprises a plurality of protrusions adapted to increase turbulence of the first fluid around the bellows. Optionally, the ice bricks are rectangular. Optionally, the ice bricks have dimensions of 50 × 50 × 400 cm. Optionally, the ice bricks have dimensions of 25 × 25 × 400 cm. Optionally, the ice brick has a capacity of 750 to 1200 liters. Optionally, the energy storage capacity of the ice brick is 15 to 23 TRH. Optionally, the capsule contains a cyclohexane shape. Optionally, the cyclohexane-shaped capsule is placed inside the ice-cube to settle freely inside the ice-cube.

Optionally, the ice tiles are adapted to be positioned underground. Optionally, the ice cube is cylindrical and comprises a conduit comprising a helical metal reinforcement extending along the exterior of the ice cube to enable placement of the ice cube in the ground. Optionally, the bellows is arranged in a fixed position inside the ice cube. Optionally, the ice bank further comprises a plurality of spacers interposed between the capsules, wherein the spacers ensure that the first fluid flows through the ice bank and maximize turbulence as the gap between the capsules increases due to melting of the second fluid.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the invention provides a method of discharging a Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system for cooling a load, the method comprising: providing a TES system, wherein the TES system comprises an array of ice tiles, a controller, and a fluid distribution system, wherein an array of ice tiles is divided into a plurality of subsets of ice tiles by the fluid distribution system; wherein the controller is a computing device; activating, via a controller of a first subset of the plurality of subsets, such that a first fluid flows through the first subset to cool the load; monitoring, via the controller, a temperature of the first fluid; activating, by the controller, another subset of the plurality of subsets when the temperature of the first fluid exceeds a threshold such that the first fluid flows through the other subset to cool the load, wherein the other subset is a subset that is not activated during active cooling; and the foregoing two steps are repeated.

Optionally, the method activates another subset in addition to the first subset, such that the first fluid flows through all activated subsets. Optionally, the method further comprises: determining, by the controller, whether all of the plurality of subsets are activated, and terminating, by the controller, the chilling when all of the plurality of subsets are activated. Optionally, the fluid dispensing system comprises: at least one pump and at least one flow control mechanism, wherein activating the subset comprises: activating the at least one pump and the at least one flow control mechanism such that the first fluid flows through the subset. Optionally, each of the ice tiles comprises a container comprising a plurality of capsules and comprising inlet and outlet conduits for enabling fluid communication of the first fluid within the array. Optionally, the plurality of bellows includes a second fluid that is cooler than the first fluid prior to cooling, and wherein the plurality of bellows cools the first fluid as the first fluid flows through the ice bank.

According to some embodiments of the invention, there is provided a thermal energy storage unit comprising: a tube having at least one inlet for a first fluid and at least one outlet; a plurality of bellows having a second fluid therein, wherein the plurality of bellows are disposed within the tube; wherein the first fluid is a heat transfer fluid for exchanging heat with a second fluid; the second fluid is a phase change medium; wherein the average length of the actual flow path of the first fluid from the inlet to the outlet is greater than the length of the tube.

According to some embodiments of the invention, there is provided a thermal energy storage unit comprising: a tube having at least one inlet for a first fluid and at least one outlet; a plurality of plate-like bellows having a second fluid therein, wherein the plurality of bellows are stacked within a tube or wherein the plurality of bellows are arranged inside the tube to form a stack of a plurality of bellows; wherein the first fluid is a heat transfer fluid for exchanging heat with a second fluid; the second fluid is a phase change medium; wherein a plurality of defined narrow or shallow flow paths for the first fluid are provided between the capsules.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit has a plurality of capsules adapted such that the flow path is provided in a curved pattern in at least a portion of the flow path.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured such that the conduit is rectangular; and the ratio of the length to the width of the tube is in the range of about 4 to 50; and/or the ratio of the width to the height of the tube is in the range of about 0.5 to 2.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured such that the shape of the conduit is rectangular and the length to width ratio of the tubes is in the range of about 12 to 20, optionally about 16; and/or the ratio of the width to the height of the tube is about 1.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured such that a total volume of the second fluid of the plurality of capsules is 50% to 90%, optionally 65% to 85%, of a total volume of the conduit. This has proven to be an optimal or near optimal ratio of the volume of the second fluid to the total volume of the tube. On the one hand, the first fluid must have sufficient space in order to be able to exchange heat with the fluid, and on the other hand, should have as much available capacity to store heat as possible.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured to provide thermal energy storage such that: (a) the inlet and the outlet are arranged at the same end of the pipe; and (b) on each bellows, the flow of the first fluid from the inlet to the outlet is substantially bi-directional. For example, a rubber sealing element disposed approximately in the middle of the bellows may act as a flow diverter for the first fluid inside the tube. Thus, two substantially bi-directional flows of the first fluid may pass through the bellows having different temperatures. Thus, the capsule is subjected to two different flows of the first fluid and is heated or cooled at two different temperatures, thereby providing a temperature gradient inside the capsule. This temperature gradient results in a favorable circulation of the second fluid (water) inside the capsule, providing a heat conduction effect inside the capsule and having an additional effect on the formation of an isolation barrier for the water of fusion inside the capsule.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured such that the broad side of its box-shaped or plate-shaped capsule is concave. Such a capsule has a plurality of concave walls which provide a certain elasticity of the wall surface at the center. Thus, the wall of the capsule can be bent so that the volume of the second fluid during its phase change increases without being damaged. In addition, the broadside concave shape provides a narrow and defined flow path between side-by-side stacked capsules. Due to the concave shape of the broad side of the wall of the bellows, a flow channel for the first fluid is formed between narrow (or shallow) stacked adjacent bellows. Thus, the surface-to-volume ratio (surface-to-volume ratio) of the channel is improved compared to a cylindrical channel, and the surface of the first fluid contacting the broad side of the capsule is increased. Thus, by providing the first fluid and the capsule with correspondingly (narrowly) shaped flow channels (and flow paths), the heat exchange through the contact surface between the capsule and the first fluid is improved, wherein this is another space-saving solution. In other words, by providing a flattened bellows with a corresponding flattened flow passage between the bellows and the first fluid, the rate of heat exchange between the bellows and the first fluid can be significantly increased.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured such that at least one surface of the capsule comprises a plurality of projections adapted to generate or increase turbulence of the first fluid through the conduit. This may increase the efficiency of the system.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured such that each capsule of the plurality of capsules is of the same type or each capsule of the plurality of capsules has the same volume for the second fluid. This may reduce manufacturing costs and ease the production of laminated capsules with defined flow paths.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit further comprises a rigid spacer placed between the plurality of capsules. Thus, rigid (e.g., grid-type) spacers, made of metal or plastic, are placed between the flat walls of the capsule, where the grid can have a variety of shapes: rectangular, diamond-shaped or square hole grid welding or chain lock type. The spacers may be sized to have sufficient free space for the walls of the capsule to expand, the free space should be greater than 15% of the capsule volume, but less than 30% of the hypothetical free flow area between capsules without spacers. The metal grid may be made of stainless steel rods with a diameter of about 2.8 mm welded into a square grid with dimensions 310 x 140 mm, with 8 longitudinal rods and 6 transverse rods.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit further comprises a resilient spacer placed between the plurality of bellows, wherein the resilient spacer comprises a flap. These flexible flaps may provide flexible flow control for autonomous adjustment according to the cold storage state of the bellows.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured such that the capsule is generally box-shaped or plate-shaped; and the spacers are sized so that the free flow area between the broadsides of the two capsules is in the range of 15% to 30% of the free flow area between capsules without spacers.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured such that at least one capsule comprises a nucleating agent, for example: and quartz. Therefore, the cooling temperature of the bellows can be higher than that of the conventional ice storage system.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured such that the capsule comprises a plurality of heat transfer strips, the heat transfer strips being selectively arranged such that they transfer heat to the interior of the capsule. One problem with some conventional water-containing capsules is that the heat transfer coefficient of water is low. Thus, heat transfer from the inside of the capsule to the outside is blocked by the water/ice near the wall. The use of heat transfer strips makes it possible to solve this problem, since they also provide efficient heat transfer to the inside of the capsule.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured such that the heat transfer strip is made of aluminum. Such materials provide good thermal conductivity. Alternatively, the heat transfer strips may be made of other materials with good thermal conductivity, such as: stainless steel. Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured such that the heat transfer strip is made of a material having a thermal conductivity k of greater than 10W/(m × k) under standard conditions. Optionally, the thermal conductivity k of the strip is greater than 75W/(m × k) under standard conditions. This may further improve the ice making process inside the capsule.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured such that the heat transfer strip has a thickness of 0.4 to 4 mm, a length of 35 to 350 mm, and a width of 5 to 10 mm. These dimensions may provide good heat transfer rates inside the capsule. Furthermore, these strips can be easily placed inside the capsule through a small opening.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured such that the capsule is generally box-shaped or plate-shaped; and the bellows includes a single injection port located at a corner of the bellows. This shape has a high surface area to volume ratio. This may improve the heat exchange rate between the first fluid and the second fluid.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured such that the capsule is generally box-shaped or plate-shaped; and the bellows includes a plurality of ridges such that the plurality of bellows are spaced apart from each other. The plurality of ridges enable a free space to be created for a defined flow path of the first fluid between the bellows.

Because the capsules have a broad side that is flat or not flat, a narrow (or shallow) space is formed between the two stacked capsules. Thus, an improved and defined flow path is established for the first fluid, thereby achieving a high heat exchange rate.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured such that the profile of the conduit is prismatic, the length of the prismatic pipe being four times its maximum diameter.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured such that the capsule has a base and a plurality of projections projecting from the base; the base is generally spherical and has a first radius; the plurality of projections are generally semi-circular and have a second radius; the second radius is at least 50% smaller than the first radius. This preferred embodiment relates to a cyclohexane-shaped capsule, as will be discussed below.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured such that the plurality of projections are evenly distributed over the surface of the base.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured such that the capsule has 12 lobes and is therefore in the shape of cyclohexane.

According to some embodiments of the invention, there is provided a thermal energy storage system comprising a plurality of thermal energy storage units as described above, the system being characterised in that the thermal energy storage units are part of a structural arrangement of a building; wherein the structural arrangement is a wall, floor or roof, or a combination of wall, floor or roof.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a thermal energy storage system comprising a plurality of thermal energy storage units as described above, the system being characterized by a ratio of a combined length of the plurality of tubes to a flow-cut-area (flow-cut-area) in a range of about 40 to 400 (centimeters per square centimeter), optionally about 60 and 150 (centimeters per square centimeter), wherein the flow-cut-area is defined as a cross-sectional free flow area of the first fluid in each capsule.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage system is configured such that the number of pipes is 3 to 5, optionally 4.

Optionally, the thermal energy storage system is configured such that the combined length of the plurality of pipes is 10 to 30 meters, optionally 16 meters. This does create an optimal or near optimal heat exchange rate for the system.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a capsule for a thermal energy storage system or unit as described above, wherein the capsule contains an ice nucleating agent, optionally comprising quartz.

According to some embodiments of the invention, there is provided a capsule for a thermal energy storage system or unit as described above, wherein the capsule contains at least one heat conducting element, optionally a metal strip.

The technical effects of the above-described embodiments will be explained in more detail hereinafter. One of the key performance indicators of a thermal energy storage system is the average cooling rate relative to the storage capacity, which can be maintained within a desired temperature range throughout the cooling life. A typical system holding a certain volume should be able to discharge as much of its stored volume as possible, for example, in 4 hours, and maintain the final outlet temperature of the first fluid below or equal to 5 ℃.

The effective heat transfer rate for a given capsule should be as high as possible, according to the above requirements. Specifically, the heat transfer rate of the capsule is determined by the following factors:

1. a heat transfer region comprising:

i. the effective transfer area of ice material (e.g., large chunks of ice) within the capsule 715 (heat transfer is initiated from the entire inner surface area of the capsule housing and is reduced as the ice material begins to melt, and vice versa)

inner region of capsule housing (i.e., ice/water heat transfer region of capsule material)

Outer region of bellows housing (i.e. outer heat transfer region to first fluid)

2. A Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) comprising:

i. the second fluid, i.e. ice to water (melting) or water to ice (freezing)

Further influence of the Water inside the Capsule (i.e. heat conduction from the inside of the Capsule through the Water itself)

A second fluid of the material of the capsule (so-called membrane HTC; i.e. boundary effect, e.g. depending on the circulation of the second fluid in the capsule)

Bellows material itself, for example: polymer (i.e. the thermal conduction of the capsule material itself)

Feeding the capsule material to the first fluid (i.e. boundary effects, e.g. dependent on the velocity and turbulence of the first fluid flowing outside the capsule)

3. A temperature differential comprising:

i. total temperature difference between the inside of the bellows and the first fluid

individual temperature difference for each stage 2i to 2 v.

Several variables can be considered approximately constant: 1ii, 1iii, 2i, 2ii, 2iii, 2iv, 3 i. The remaining variables are changed during the cooling process. The specific contents are as follows:

1 i: during the cooling process, the surface area of the ice material (nuggets) is significantly reduced. The rate of reduction is not necessarily linear with the percentage of ice melted.

2 v: the heat transfer coefficient of the capsule material to the second fluid 120 is highly dependent on the flow characteristics of the second fluid 120. As ice melts, the space in the flow path increases (the bellows contracts to its "water-filled size") causing the HTF velocity to decrease, with a consequent decrease in the plastic HTC of the HTF surface (not necessarily linearly proportional to the percentage of ice melted, depending on the Reynolds number of the flow)

The above embodiments take into account several of the above items 1 to 3. For example, a plate or box-like capsule provides an increased surface area of the capsule relative to its volume. The HTC through the capsule housing is improved by reducing the thickness of the capsule material through the use of rigid polymers. Providing a metal transfer strip within the capsule improves the HTC of ice versus water and the HTC of water. Internal circulation of the second fluid within the capsules is induced by exposure of each capsule to the bi-directional flow of the first fluid at different temperatures, resulting in an advantageous exchange of volume of the second fluid within the capsules, which improves the internal HTC of the capsule as circulation promotes heat conduction. By adding a protrusion to the surface of the capsule a turbulent flow profile is provided for the flow path of the first fluid, resulting in a more efficient heat transfer between the envelope of the capsule and the first fluid, since the heat transfer is also promoted by the transport of the first fluid itself. In contrast, a purely laminar flow profile will have a negative effect on the heat transfer rate, since the velocity of the first fluid at the capsule boundary tends to zero (due to boundary phenomena), so that in the case of purely laminar flow the movement of the first fluid itself does not provide or only provides a small heat transfer. The use of metal or other materials as a grid between spacers or capsules can create a turbulent flow profile and a well-defined flow path. The use of a variable/flexible spacer can maintain a tight flow path between the spacer and the capsule while also increasing the heat transfer rate.

In summary, some embodiments and aspects of the present invention may enable water to be a safe, clean, efficient, and economical energy accumulator for use.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and/or scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the present invention, a variety of exemplary methods and/or materials are described below. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

The term "ice bank" may be understood as a thermal energy storage unit, which is particularly suitable for enclosing a heat transfer fluid (i.e. a first fluid) and a plurality of capsules containing a PCM (i.e. a second fluid).

The term "tube" is understood to mean an elongated hollow body having a length at least two times (preferably 6 times) greater than its diameter. The cross-section of the tube may be circular, oval, square, rectangular or polygonal. Optionally, the tube is rectangular in cross-section and substantially constant in overall length.

The term "capsule" may be understood as an enclosed volume that permanently stores PCM (e.g., water or a mixture of water). In addition, some other components or compositions may be stored within this enclosed volume.

The term "heat" means that thermal energy can be stored and exchanged.

The efficiency or effectiveness of a heat exchanger is the ratio of the actual heat transfer rate in the heat exchanger to the maximum possible heat transfer rate.

The cross-sectional view shows a section in the width direction of the tube.

The methods and systems for practicing the present invention involve performing or completing certain selected tasks or steps manually, automatically, or a combination thereof. Furthermore, the actual instrumentation and equipment of the preferred embodiments of the method and system according to the invention may implement several selected steps in hardware or in software on any operating system of any firmware or combination thereof. For example, selected steps of the invention could be implemented as a chip or circuit as hardware. Selected steps of the invention could be implemented as a plurality of software instructions being executed by a computer using any suitable operating system. In any case, selected steps of the method and system of the invention may be described as being performed by a data processor, for example: a computing platform executing a plurality of instructions.

Although the present invention is described with respect to a "controller," "computing device," "computer," or "mobile device," it should be noted that, alternatively, any device having a data processor and capable of executing one or more instructions may be described as a computer, including but not limited to: any type of Personal Computer (PC), PLC (programmable logic controller), server, distributed server, virtual server, cloud computing platform, cellular phone, IP phone, smartphone, or PDA (personal digital assistant). Any two or more of such devices in communication with each other may optionally comprise a "network" or a "computer network".

As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, some embodiments of the invention may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, some embodiments of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a "circuit," module "or" system. Furthermore, some embodiments of the invention may take the form of a computer program product, which is embodied on one or more computer-readable media having computer-readable program code embodied thereon. Implementation of the methods and/or systems of some embodiments of the present invention may involve performing and/or completing selected tasks manually, automatically, or a combination thereof. Furthermore, the actual instrumentation and equipment according to some embodiments of the method and/or system of the present invention may carry out several selected tasks, such as: an operating system is used.

For example, according to some embodiments of the invention, hardware for performing selected tasks may be implemented as a chip or a circuit. As software, selected tasks according to some embodiments of the invention could be implemented as a plurality of software instructions being executed by a computer using any suitable operating system. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, one or more tasks according to some exemplary embodiments of the methods and/or systems described herein are performed by a data processor, for example: a computing platform for executing a plurality of instructions. Optionally, the data processor comprises volatile memory and/or non-volatile memory for storing instructions and/or data, such as: a magnetic hard disk and/or removable media for storing instructions and/or data. Optionally, the invention also provides network connectivity. The invention also optionally provides a display and/or user input device, such as: a keyboard or a mouse.

Any combination of one or more readable media may be used with some embodiments of the invention. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. For example, the computer-readable storage medium may be, but is not limited to: an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a Random Access Memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In this context, a computer readable storage medium may be a tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take many forms, including, but not limited to: electromagnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. A computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

Program code embodied on a computer readable medium and/or data used thereby may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, radio frequency, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

Computer program code for performing operations of some embodiments of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language, such as: java, SimalTalk, C + +, etc., and conventional programming languages, such as: a "C" programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer, partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including: a Local Area Network (LAN) or a Wide Area Network (WAN), or may be connected to an external computer (e.g., using a network service provider).

Some embodiments of the present invention may be described below with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

Some of the methods described herein are typically designed for computer use only, and may not be feasible or practical to perform in a purely manual manner by a human expert. A human expert who wants to perform similar tasks (e.g., control thermal energy storage) manually may use a completely different approach, e.g., using expert knowledge and/or pattern recognition capabilities of the human brain, which would be more efficient than manually performing the steps of the approach described herein.

The term "cold Ton (TR)", also known as freezing ton (RT), is a unit of power used by some countries (especially north america) to describe the heat absorption capacity of refrigeration and air conditioning equipment. TR refers to the heat transfer rate that results in freezing or melting of 1 short ton, 2000 pounds or 907 kilograms of pure ice at 0 ℃ for 24 hours.

The cold tons correspond approximately to 12000BTU/h or 3.5 kW.

Drawings

Some embodiments of the invention are described herein, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of the embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, the description of the figures makes it clear to a person skilled in the art how embodiments of the invention may be implemented.

In the drawings:

1A-1E are schematic illustrations of thermal energy storage systems according to at least some embodiments of the invention;

FIGS. 2A-2Y are illustrations of ice tiles, ice film boxes, and thermal storage arrays, according to at least some embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates a icebox in accordance with at least some embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates a cylindrical ice cube in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 5A shows a TES system capable of activating a separate subset of ice tiles through a controller;

FIG. 5B shows a flow chart of the operation of the TES system;

FIG. 5C shows experimental data for TES system operation in accordance with at least some embodiments of the invention;

6A-6G illustrate a plurality of spacers for ice tiles in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention;

figures 7A to 7D show cross-sectional views of a thermal energy storage unit and a thermal energy storage unit comprising a tube and a capsule;

fig. 8A and 8B show a capsule containing a metal strip;

FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate spacers between bellows;

10A and 10B are simplified diagrams of a top view and A-A side cross-section of a thermal system according to some embodiments of the invention;

fig. 10C is a simplified diagram of a perspective view of a container arrangement installed on a roof of a building according to some embodiments of the present invention.

Fig. 11A and 11B are simplified side views of a horizontal configuration of an energy storage container according to some embodiments of the invention.

Fig. 11C and 11D are top views of horizontal configurations of energy storage containers according to some embodiments of the invention.

12A-12D are simplified diagrams of side and perspective views of a vertical configuration according to some embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a simplified diagram of a vertical wall and perspective view of an energy storage container according to some embodiments of the invention;

14A-14C are simplified diagrams of side and cross-sectional views of an energy storage container according to some embodiments of the invention;

15A and 15B are simplified diagrams of top and side views of an energy storage container according to some embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 16 is a simplified diagram of a side view of a modular configuration of a plurality of containers according to some embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 17 is a simplified diagram of a design workflow according to some embodiments of the invention;

fig. 18A-18D are side and top simplified views of an energy storage container according to some embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 19 is a simplified diagram of an installation workflow according to some embodiments of the present invention;

fig. 20A-20H are simplified schematic diagrams of a thermal storage container according to some embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 21 is an example of a data table for a thermal storage container according to some embodiments of the invention;

Detailed Description

In some embodiments of the invention, the invention relates to a plurality of energy storage containers in a thermal system, more particularly but not exclusively: modularity of energy storage containers in a thermal energy storage system.

To summarize:

according to an aspect of some embodiments of the invention, the invention relates to a thermal system having a plurality of modular energy storage containers, and at least a portion of the plurality of containers are coupled to one or more configurations of containers.

According to some embodiments of the invention, heat is exchanged within the interior volume of the energy storage vessel by a heat exchange fluid flowing through the energy storage vessel and a phase change fluid within the vessel.

According to some embodiments, during operation, the plurality of vessels support the load of an outer structure and the load of an inner structure while being filled with a heat exchange fluid. In some embodiments, the plurality of energy storage containers support their own weight while being supported at one end of the containers and unsupported at the other end. In some embodiments, multiple containers support their own weight while being supported at two opposing ends of the containers.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the plurality of energy storage vessels are configured to be disposed on a construction surface having geometric limitations and weight limitations due to an external load that the construction surface (construction surface) is capable of supporting. According to some embodiments, the plurality of containers are shaped to fit the geometry of the construction surface. In some embodiments, the configuration is shaped to fit the geometry of the construction surface. In some embodiments, the plurality of containers have bottom surfaces facing the construction surface. In some embodiments, the configuration is shaped to fit geometric and load constraints (load constraints) of the construction surface. According to some embodiments, a load ratio (load ratio) between the weight of the energy storage vessel (when filled with heat exchange fluid in addition to its own weight) and the floor area during operation is defined in accordance with the load limit of the construction surface holding the plurality of vessels.

According to some embodiments, two or more energy storage containers have two or more interface walls (interface walls) and the plurality of containers are coupled in a configuration by abutting outer surfaces of the two or more interface walls. In some embodiments, a plurality of interface walls are shaped to abut interface walls of other containers. In some embodiments, the configuration of the plurality of containers is a structural component. In some embodiments, the configuration of the container is a structural component of a building. In some embodiments, the configuration of the container is a structural component of the container.

According to some embodiments, two or more energy storage containers are vertically aligned by abutting the containers. In some embodiments, the vertical configuration is focused on areas identified as having sufficient support capacity to hold external loads. One example is to place one or more containers vertically along the edge of a roof, where the roof is the most resilient and can hold external loads.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the plurality of containers are shaped to horizontally abut each other longitudinally, engaging in one or more straight connecting surfaces. In some embodiments, the plurality of straight containers are shaped to lie vertically one after the other longitudinally, engaging in one or more straight connecting surfaces.

According to some embodiments, the plurality of vessels are curved in a general flow direction. In some embodiments, the plurality of containers have one or more curved connecting surfaces. In some embodiments, the curved connecting surface of one container is shaped to mate with the curved connecting surface of another container to place the plurality of containers horizontally one after another and engage one or more of the connecting surfaces. In some embodiments, the curved connecting surface of one container is shaped to mate with the curved connecting surface of another container to vertically position the plurality of containers on the other container. In some embodiments, the vertical placement of the curved container follows the geometry of a curved bottom wall to which the container is mounted. In some embodiments, the plurality of containers have curved connecting surfaces for juxtaposing the plurality of containers with a curved structure on which the plurality of containers are mounted.

An aspect of some embodiments of the invention relates to a building having a thermal energy storage system, the thermal energy storage system comprising: a plurality of energy storage containers configured to be a structural component of itself and to be a structural component of the building.

According to some embodiments, the plurality of containers are configured to exchange heat between a heat exchange fluid flowing through the plurality of containers and a phase change material within the containers, and the structural component itself is defined such that at least 68% of the internal volume is filled with the phase change material and/or the heat exchange fluid.

According to some embodiments, the plurality of containers have two or more interface walls, the interior surfaces of the interface walls being exposed to fluid flowing through the containers and phase change fluid within the containers. The geometry of the interface walls is shaped to be modularly arranged on top of the floors of the building. In some embodiments, two or more containers are coupled into a container configuration. In some embodiments, the coupling is achieved by abutting an outer surface of the interface wall to an outer surface of an interface wall of another container.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the modular configuration is long and shallow. In some embodiments, the plurality of containers have a high ratio of length to height. In some embodiments, the modular configuration has a high ratio of width to height. One potential advantage of longitudinally distributed containers is that weight is distributed along a longer area and reduces stress on the mounting surface. One potential advantage of a horizontal distribution vessel is to distribute weight along a wider area to reduce stress on the mounting surface.

According to some embodiments, the plurality of energy storage containers may be vertically aligned. In some embodiments of the invention, the modular configuration is long and narrow, and the ratio between the length of the configuration and its width is high.

An aspect of some embodiments of the invention relates to a thermal system having a container support structure, and an energy storage container disposed within the support structure.

According to some embodiments, the support structure comprises a plurality of compartments for accommodating the plurality of containers. According to some embodiments, the support structure is configured to support an internal structure of the plurality of containers. In some embodiments, the support structure reduces external pressure on a container disposed within the support structure. In some embodiments, the support structure is configured to support an external structure.

According to some embodiments, each compartment of the support structure has two or more longitudinal walls, and two or more containers are housed within the chamber and extend between the two or more longitudinal walls of the chamber.

According to some embodiments, a plurality of containers may be removed from the support structure and the configuration after installation. In some embodiments, one container may be removed from the compartment without removing the other container. In some embodiments, the vessel may be removed after the heat exchange fluid is exhausted from the vessel. In some embodiments, the container may be removed after the phase change material is expelled from the container.

According to some embodiments, the support structure is vertically mounted. In some embodiments, the container is laterally removable from the installed support structure.

According to some embodiments, the support structure is horizontally mounted. In some embodiments, the container is removable from the installed support structure in an upper direction. In some embodiments, the container is removable downwardly from the installed support structure. In some embodiments, the removable container allows removal from the wall. In some embodiments, the removable container allows removal from an underground installation (e.g., underground wall, parking lot floor, etc.).

According to some embodiments, the thermal storage container is configured to exchange heat between a heat exchange fluid flowing through the container and the phase change material via a capsule disposed within the ice bank and containing the phase change material. According to some embodiments, the heat storage vessel is configured to exchange heat between a heat exchange fluid flowing through the vessel and a cooled phase change material by using an iced coil system disposed within the vessel.

Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components and/or methods set forth in the following description and/or illustrated in the drawings and/or examples. The invention is capable of embodiments in various forms and of being practiced or of being carried out in other embodiments.

Thermal vessels of a thermal energy storage system and exchanging heat in thermal storage vessels of a thermal energy storage system by fluid flow through adjacent phase change materials are described herein. In addition, supplementary descriptions can be found in the international patent application PCT/IB 2018/001091.

The setting mode of the energy storage container is as follows:

fig. 10A and 10B are simplified diagrams of a top view and a-a side cross-section of a thermal system according to some embodiments of the invention.

Fig. 10A and 10B illustrate an example of a thermal system 1000. This example of a thermal system 1000 shows an example of a modular configuration 1002 (e.g., 1002-1 to 1002-4) of energy storage containers 1004. Thermal energy is exchanged in thermal system 1000 by flowing a heat exchange fluid through vessels 1004 that are fluidly connected by one or more conduits 1006. Thermal system 1000 cools the heat exchange fluid by flowing the fluid over the phase change fluid contained within vessel 1004, as described elsewhere herein.

According to some embodiments, the plurality of energy storage containers 1004 are configured to be mounted on a construction surface 1010 with geometric and weight limitations, as the external pressure surface 1010 may support. In some embodiments, construction surface 1010 includes a plurality of reinforced zones 1012, wherein reinforced zones 1012 enhance flexibility to external forces. As shown in fig. 10A, in some embodiments, the mounting location is selected on a reinforcement zone 1012. In some embodiments, the mounting locations are at least partially on a reinforcement region 1014 at the edge of the structure. In some embodiments, the mounting location is adjacent to a reinforced region 1014.

According to some embodiments, the plurality of containers 1004 are shaped and sized to fit the geometry of the construction surface 1010 or the reinforced area 1012. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 10B, the container 1004-2 has a bottom surface 1008-2 facing the work surface 1010. In some embodiments, the plurality of containers 1004 are longitudinal and have a longitudinal bottom 1008-2. In some embodiments, surface 1008-2 is flat. One potential advantage of the flat surface 1008-2 is the dispersion of the weight of the container 1004-2 and the weight of the modular configuration to reduce the pressure exerted on the work surface 1010.

According to some embodiments, a plurality of containers 1004 are fluidly connected in a modular configuration 1002. In some embodiments, the configuration 1002 is shaped and sized to fit the geometry of the construction surface 1010 or the reinforcement area 1012.

The example of modular configuration 1002-3 shows vessels 1004-5 and 1004-6 fluidly connected in series, where vessel 1004-5 is connected to downstream vessel 1004-6. The serial fluid connection is achieved by fluidly connecting a heat exchange fluid outlet of the first vessel 1004-5 to a heat exchange fluid inlet of the second vessel 1004-6. In some embodiments, a series configuration 1002-3 is used to extend the overall flow path of the fluid over the phase change material within each vessel 1004-5/6. One potential advantage of a series connection is improved system performance (e.g., higher, more stable power ratio and cooling depth). Another potential advantage of the series connection is the use of some vessels as fluid conduits to save on plumbing.

The example of modular configuration 1002-1 shows vessels 1004-1 and 1004-2 in parallel and in fluid connection with upstream and downstream vessels 1004-4/1004-5. One potential advantage of parallel fluid connections is that the overall capacity of the system is increased. Another potential advantage of parallel fluid connections is having redundant fluid flow subsets.

In some embodiments, every second vessel is connected in series, and then all other vessels are connected in parallel. If delayed cooling is required to support very high power, a new and different group will be connected after a few hours.

Another potential advantage of parallel-based redundancy is that in the event of a mechanical failure or a need to remove a component of a failed portion of the system, the failed portion of the system may be isolated by valving or other means and the remaining redundant components of the system may continue to operate. In some embodiments, redundancy is used to back up critical systems, such as hospital sensitive food or other storage or processing.

Selectively shaping and/or producing modular configurations 1002 according to weight constraints and/or space amount constraints when such constraints exist

As shown in fig. 10A-10B, the energy storage container 1004 has two or more interface walls 1008 (e.g., 1008-1, 1008-2, 1008-3 in 1004-2) through which the plurality of containers 1004 in the configuration 1002 abut one another (e.g., 1004-1 abuts 1004-2). The outer surfaces of the plurality of walls 1008 have geometries (coupling surfaces) configured to match the outer surface of one container (e.g., 1004-1) and the outer surface of another container (e.g., 1004-2) so that they may abut the plurality of walls 1008. It should be noted that even if the containers are curved, they may abut and be welded to each other.

According to some embodiments, the containers are placed adjacent, leaving a gap between the interface walls 1008. In some embodiments, the gap reduces the average pressure on the work surface. In some embodiments, the gap is less than 50 centimeters. In some embodiments, the gap is less than 30 centimeters. In some embodiments, the gap is less than 10 centimeters.

Horizontal configuration:

the modular configuration 1002-3 is one example of a long and shallow configuration, which has a high aspect ratio. In some embodiments, modular configuration 1002-1 is wide, having a high ratio between width and height. A potential advantage of longitudinally distributed containers 1004-5/6 is to distribute weight along a longer area and reduce pressure on mounting surface 1012. The elongated configuration may reduce the area used by the container. The elongated configuration may better match the elongated support area. By being connected to a smaller support area, an elongated configuration can be supported. A potential advantage of laterally distributed containers 1004-1/2 is to distribute weight along a wider area to reduce stress on mounting surface 1010.

FIG. 10A illustrates an example of a lateral configuration 1002-1 of two or more energy storage containers 1004-1 and 1004-2 formed by abutting a connecting surface 1008-4 of container 1004-1 with a connecting surface 1008-3 of container 1004-2. In some embodiments, the connecting surface 1008-4 is a surface that defines the length of the container 1004-2.

According to some embodiments, the horizontal configurations 1002-1/2 are constructed on the stiffened region 1012, the stiffened region 1012 identified as having sufficient support to maintain a load applied during operation by at least the horizontal configuration 1002-1.

Fig. 10C is a simplified diagram of a perspective view of a container arrangement installed on a roof of a building, in accordance with some embodiments of the invention.

Fig. 10A and 10C show examples of multiple container configurations on a roof 1000/1000'. In these examples, roof 1000/1000 'has elasticity to hold external loads along its edge 1014/1014'. In some embodiments, at least some of the containers 1004 (e.g., 1004-5/6) are horizontally arranged on an elastic region along edge 1014/1014' that can hold the containers. In other examples, there may be other locations that are most resilient to external loads. In some embodiments, the longitudinal configuration 1002-3/1002 "allows for alignment over a narrower support area than when the containers are aligned in a transverse configuration (e.g., 1002-1/1002').

Referring to fig. 11A and 11B, fig. 11A and 11B are simplified side views of a horizontal configuration of an energy storage container according to some embodiments of the invention.

According to some embodiments, the container arrangement 1110 is constructed by coupling a rigid heat storage container 1112. In some embodiments, the vessel 1112 is comprised of a housing 1116 and contains a flow of heat exchange fluid. In some embodiments, the housing 1116 is configured to support the weight of the arrangement 1110 as the fluid flows through the housing 1116 during operation. In some embodiments, the heat storage container is flexible. In some embodiments, the weight of the container arrangement is supported by a support structure, rather than by the container.

According to some embodiments, the container configuration 1110 is installed by laying the configuration 1110 on the installation surface 1114. In some embodiments, the weight exerted by the container 1112 on the mounting surface 1114 is directed by the arrangement 1110 to an area having a load bearing capacity capable of holding the weight. In some embodiments, the arrangement 1110 has one or more supports 1118 that secure the arrangement 1110 at a surface area on the surface 1114 that has a load bearing capacity to hold that weight.

According to some embodiments, the surface 1114 is horizontal. In some embodiments, the mounting surface 1114 is sloped. In some embodiments, the angled configuration is parallel to the angled mounting surface. In some embodiments, the tilted configuration is supported by coupling the configuration to underlying building elements. In some embodiments, the underlying support elements extend vertically to reduce tilt. In some embodiments, the container is leveled when installed on an inclined surface. In some embodiments, the tilted configuration includes coupling two or more containers placed at different angles to a horizontal surface (e.g., a V-shape,/\\ shape, or a ladder shape).

In some embodiments, surface 1114 is a roof. In some embodiments, surface 1114 is a floor. In some embodiments, surface 1114 is an elevated floor (e.g., deck). In some embodiments, surface 1114 is the ground. In some embodiments, surface 1114 is located underground. In some embodiments, the surface 1114 is a solid. In some embodiments, the surface 1114 is deformable.

According to some embodiments of FIG. 11A, the mechanical coupling of the container 1112 is accomplished by a connector 1122. In some embodiments, connector 1122 has one or more ports for passing fluid conduits between containers 1112-1/2. In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 11B, the connection is made by welds 1136.

FIG. 11B shows another example of two containers 1132-1/2 mechanically coupled in a portrait configuration 1130. Configuration 1130 defines an elongated beam mounted by attachment to vertical wall 1134. The container 1132 supports at least 50% of its weight between the vertical walls 1134 and may place the beam arrangement 1130 on a horizontal surface with reduced load bearing capacity. In some embodiments, the beam-like arrangement 1130 is a self-supporting beam that does not require a bottom support at all. In some embodiments, the beam-like arrangement 1130 forms a ceiling. In some embodiments, the beam-like arrangement 1130 reinforces a ceiling. In some embodiments, the beam-like arrangement 1130 is embedded within a ceiling. In some embodiments, the beam-like configuration 1130 is used to mount a thermal system on a surface that does not have sufficient strength to support the container 1132 during operation. In some embodiments, the beam-like arrangement 1130 is coupled to a standard building component (e.g., a building's building component). In some embodiments, beam-like arrangement 1130 replaces standard building components.

In some embodiments, the longitudinal configuration of the container is supported by a combination of attachment to a vertical wall and attachment to a horizontal surface.

Referring to fig. 11C and 11D, fig. 11C and 11D are top views of horizontal configurations of energy storage containers according to some embodiments of the invention.

In fig. 11C, three containers 1142 are mechanically coupled horizontally in a wide configuration 1140, positioned adjacent to each other at their longer walls 1144. In some embodiments, one or more connections 1146 between the containers 1142 are connected by welds between the walls 1144. In some embodiments, one or more connections 1146 between the containers 1142 are connected by a weld of the connectors. In some embodiments, the mechanical coupling of the containers 1142 is achieved by bolting, gluing, metal or non-metal strips, straps, interlocking devices, or other mechanical coupling methods that do not require welding.

According to some embodiments, wide configuration 1140 is mounted on a surface (as shown in FIG. 11A). As shown in fig. 11D, according to some embodiments, multiple containers 1156 are mounted in a wide configuration 1150 by connecting multiple containers 1156 to multiple vertical supports 1152. In some embodiments, configuration 1130 is at least a portion of a ceiling. In some embodiments, the configuration 1150 is rigid and reinforces the ceiling. In some embodiments, configuration 1150 is a platform that supports other components of a thermal system on a ceiling area that is not sufficiently strong and/or reduces the footprint of the system. In some embodiments, configuration 1150 is a floor. In some embodiments, configuration 1150 is a roof. In some embodiments, arrangement 1150 is used as a raised floor (e.g., deck). In some embodiments, configuration 1150 is a platform carrying one or more persons. In some embodiments, configuration 1150 is a platform carrying one or more vehicles. In some embodiments, configuration 1150 is a platform carrying equipment such as solar collectors, coolers, compressors, etc.

In some embodiments, the horizontal configuration 1100, 1130, 1150 is self-supporting in its weight. In some embodiments, the horizontal configuration 1100, 1130, 1150 carries a load of up to 1000 kilograms per container (self + external load). In some embodiments, the horizontal configuration 1100, 1130, 1150 carries a load of up to 800 kg per container (self + external load). In some embodiments, the horizontal configuration 1100, 1130, 1150 carries a load of up to 500 kg per container (self + external load). In some embodiments, if the load is evenly distributed over its contact surface (about 14000 kilograms), the container can support more than 20 times its own operating weight.

According to some embodiments, mechanical coupling of multiple containers 1156 is achieved through a connector 1158. In some embodiments, connector 1158 has one or more ports for passing one or more conduits 1160 therethrough. In some embodiments, the mechanical coupling of the plurality of containers 1156 is achieved by welding, bolting, and/or other mechanical methods. In some embodiments, the plurality of containers include coupling elements, such as holes or interlocking elements for inserting connectors.

In some embodiments, the mounting is a combination of mounting on a horizontal surface and connecting to a vertical support.

Vertical configuration:

FIG. 10B shows an example of two or more energy storage containers 1004-3 and 1004-4 arranged in a vertical configuration 1002-2 by coupling a connecting surface 1008-5 of container 1004-3 to a connecting surface 1008-6 of container 1004-4. In some embodiments, the connecting surfaces are coupled against each other. In some embodiments, the vertical configuration 1002-2 is centered on a reinforced area 1012, the reinforced area 1012 identified as having sufficient support to hold an external pressure (load) applied by at least the vertical configuration 1002-2 during operation. As shown in fig. 10A and 10B, at least some of the containers 1004 are vertically aligned along the edges of the roof 1010, where the roof 1010 is most resilient to holding external pressure.

12A-12D, FIGS. 12A-12D are simplified diagrams of side and perspective views of a vertical arrangement according to some embodiments of the invention.

As shown in fig. 12A and 12D, the vertical configuration 1200-1 of the container 1202 may be mounted against a vertical wall 1204.

According to some embodiments, the vertical wall 1204 supports the arrangement 1200. In some embodiments, the vertical wall 1204 is an exterior wall of a building (e.g., a building) and the arrangement 1200 is internal. A potential advantage of the internal configuration 1200 is that the container is protected from the environment. Another potential advantage of the internal configuration 1200 is reduced insulation effort.

According to some embodiments, as shown in fig. 12D, the arrangement 1200 is mounted outside the monument and is arranged beside the outside of the wall 1204. A potential advantage of the external configuration 1200 is that it does not take up internal space. Another potential advantage of the external configuration 1200 is that it can be installed from outside the building without affecting or interrupting internal activities. A potential advantage of the external configuration 1200 is that maintenance of the thermal system can be done externally. As shown in fig. 12D, the building houses other components 1210 of the thermal system, such as a cooler outside the building, for example, a cooler on the roof of the building.

As shown in FIG. 12B, the vertical configuration 1200-2 of the container 1202 may be installed without a supporting wall. According to some embodiments, the vertical configuration 1200-2 is rigid to self-support its vertical configuration. In some embodiments, the container 1202 is rigid and provides the support required for the vertical configuration 1200-2. In some embodiments, the vertical arrangement 1200 constructs a wall of a building and replaces a wall structure block.

As shown in fig. 12C, in some embodiments, the vertical configuration 1200-3 can carry the weight of the structure and the support portion 1208. In some embodiments, the vertical configuration 1200-3 supports a ceiling 1208.

According to some embodiments, the vertical wall 1204 supports the arrangement 1200. In some embodiments, the vertical wall 1204 is an exterior wall of a structure (e.g., a building), and the arrangement 1200 is inclined at an interior side of the vertical wall 1204.

Referring to fig. 13A and 13B, fig. 13A and 13B are simplified perspective views of vertical walls and an energy storage container according to some embodiments of the invention.

According to some embodiments, the container 1300 is curved. In some embodiments, the container 1300 is curved to fit the geometric requirements of the mounting area. In some embodiments, the container 1300 is curved to produce flow parameters of the fluid flowing within the container 1300.

According to some embodiments, the walls 1302 of the structure are curved, and the curved vertical configuration of the energy storage container 1300 is mounted adjacent to the curved walls 1302.

According to some embodiments, is mounted adjacent the outside of the wall 1302, and the inner surface 1304 of the container 1300 is shaped to mate with the outer surface 1306 of the wall 1302. In some embodiments, it is mounted adjacent the inside of the wall 1302, and the outer surface 1308 of the container 1300 is shaped to mate with the inner surface 1310 of the wall 1302.

According to some embodiments, a curved vertical configuration is mounted on the upper surface 1312 of the wall 1302, and the curvature of the container 1300 is defined according to the curvature of the surface 1312. In some embodiments, the curvature of the container 1300 is defined by architectural requirements.

Cross-sectional shape of the vessel:

referring to fig. 14A-14C, fig. 14A-14C are simplified diagrams of side and cross-sectional views of an energy storage container according to some embodiments of the invention.

The shape and size of the cross-section of the energy storage container may be selectively defined according to mechanical (internal or external), flow requirements, and/or thermodynamic requirements. According to some embodiments, the cross-section is defined as having modular vessels.

According to some embodiments, the cross-section along the length of the container is uniform. In some embodiments, the cross-section has a uniform shape with varying dimensions along the length of the container.

As shown in fig. 14A, the container 1400 may have one or more cross-sections (a-D) in different portions of its body. According to some embodiments, the cross-section of the container defines a plurality of closure walls of the container 1400. In some embodiments, the edges of the cross-section constitute a plurality of contact faces 1402/4, as described elsewhere herein.

As shown in fig. 14A, the cross-section 1400 of the container may be polygonal. In some embodiments, the cross-section includes one or more curved edges. According to some embodiments, the cross-section has two or more straight sides. In some embodiments, the straight edges 1402'/1404' constitute a flat mating contact surface 1402/1404 as described elsewhere herein.

As shown in fig. 14B, the cross-section of the container may include one or more protruding portions 1406. In some embodiments, the cross-section of the container may include one or more protruding portions (overhang portions) 1408. In some embodiments, a coupling region for placing bulge 1406 and projection 1408 of containers adjacent to each other is defined by mating projection 1406 with projection 1406.

Longitudinal shape of the container:

referring to fig. 15A-15B, fig. 15A and 15B are simplified diagrams of top and side views of an energy storage container according to some embodiments of the invention.

According to some embodiments, the cross-section along the length of the container is uniform. In some embodiments, the cross-section has a uniform shape with different dimensions along the length of the container.

As shown in fig. 15A (top view of container 1500), in some embodiments, the cross-section has varying dimensions along the length of the container. In some embodiments, the distance between the plurality of walls 1502/4 varies along the length of the container. In some embodiments, one or more walls 1502/4 have a wavy shape. In some embodiments, the wave shape is used to control the fluid flow profile within the container. In some embodiments, one or more walls 1502/4 have a sinusoidal shape. In some embodiments, the distance between the walls has a constant gradient along the length of the vessel 1500.

As shown in fig. 15B, the container 1500 has an upper wall 1506 and a lower wall 1508. In some embodiments, one or more walls 1506/8 are curved in a vertical direction.

According to some embodiments, the distance between the upper wall 1506 and the lower wall 1508 varies along the length of the container 1500.

According to some embodiments, the shape of the walls 1502 to 1508 is defined in accordance with hydrodynamic parameters (e.g., speed of modification). According to some embodiments, the walls 1502 to 1508 are shaped for mounting the container 1500 in a modular configuration. In some embodiments, the walls 1502 to 1508 are shaped according to architectural requirements.

According to some embodiments, the catalog of containers is defined to list container parameters, such as: shape, cold storage rate, cold extraction rate, flow length. In some embodiments, the containers are ordered according to these parameters.

A container support structure:

during and after installation, it may be desirable to use energy storage containers in the thermal systems described elsewhere herein.

Referring to fig. 16, fig. 16 is a simplified diagram of a side view of a modular configuration of a plurality of containers according to some embodiments of the invention.

Fig. 16 shows an example of a modular configuration 1600, the modular arrangement 1600 being made up of a container support structure 1602, the container support structure 1602 being configured to hold a container 1604 in a vertical configuration. The support structure 1602 has a plurality of compartments 1606 for holding a plurality of containers 1604. In fig. 16, top compartment 1606 and container 1604 are shown in a cross-sectional view to show the interior of compartment 1606 and container 1604 disposed therein.

In some embodiments, the support structure 1602 is configured as a stiffened configuration 1600. In some embodiments, the support structure 1602 reduces the external pressure on the container 1604. According to some embodiments, compartment 1606 has two or more longitudinal walls 1608, and one or more containers 1604 are housed within compartment 1606. In some embodiments, the receptacle 1604 extends between two or more opposing walls 1608.

According to some embodiments, container 1604 may be removed from compartment 1606 without removing other containers disposed in other compartments. In some embodiments, removal of vessel 1604 is performed after the heat exchange fluid exits vessel 1604. In some embodiments, vessel 1604 has an inlet 1610 and an outlet 1612 for filling and draining heat exchange fluid. In some embodiments, inlet 1610 and outlet 1612 are accessed through ports 1614 and 1616 defined at compartment 1606.

According to some embodiments, the one or more containers 1604 are enclosed containers having a plurality of bellows 1618, the bellows 1618 being filled with a phase change fluid that is used to freeze the bellows 1618 to create an iced heat exchange surface. In some embodiments, container 1604 includes one or more bellows fill conduits 1622/1624 for filling and/or draining phase change fluid from bellows 1618. In some embodiments, draining the phase change fluid reduces the weight of the container 1604. In some embodiments, the discharge reduces the size (shrinkage) of the receptacle 1604. In some embodiments, the draining occurs before unloading container 1604 from compartment 1606 in structure 1602.

In some embodiments, the container 1604 is removed from the side of the mounted support structure 1602. For example, when the support structure 1602 adjusts a wall, or when the support structure 1602 forms a wall.

Having a support compartment 1606 enables use of a mechanically weakened container 1604 according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the walls of the container 1604 are not rigid. In some embodiments, the walls of the receptacle 1604 are flexible.

According to some embodiments (not shown), the support structure is mounted horizontally. In some embodiments, the container is removed from the installed support structure in an upper direction. For example when the support structure is located on a floor, or when the support structure forms a floor. In some embodiments, the container is detached from the installed support structure. For example, when the support structure is adjusting a ceiling, or when the support structure forms a ceiling.

According to some embodiments, the compartments 1606 of the support structure are straight. In some embodiments, container 1604 is shaped and sized to fit straight compartments 1606.

According to some embodiments, the compartment 1606 is curved. In some embodiments, the compartment 1606 is curved to form a "serpentine" shape. In some embodiments, container 1604 is shaped to fit into curved compartment 1606.

According to some embodiments, support structure 1602 is configured to isolate container 1604.

Flow of the exemplary design:

according to some embodiments, a portion of the design of the thermal system includes designing a layout (layout) of the energy storage containers. The design may include steps related to mechanical design, fluid dynamics, and thermal design. The design depends on input regarding the mounting location, for example: geometry, static parameters, dynamic parameters, and safety factors. The heat and fluid flow design may depend on the desired output, input conditions, input to other devices upstream and downstream vessels, etc.

Referring to fig. 17, fig. 17 is a design workflow according to some embodiments of the invention. According to some embodiments, the design workflow includes the following steps. Some steps are optional and some steps may be performed in a different order.

Geometric data of the installation area is received 1702.

Weight and size limitations of the mounting surface are received 1704.

Data is received 1706 regarding external forces (e.g., wind, rain, snow, etc.) of the mounting surface.

Mapping 1708 one or more energy storage container layouts.

In some embodiments, mapping 1708 includes positioning the container on an area with higher weight support.

Steps 1702 to 1708 may be considered as preparatory steps for mechanical design.

The containers are assembled 1710 in one or more arrangements.

In some embodiments, the assembly 1710 includes defining container parameters, such as: geometry, width, height, length, and number. In some embodiments, the assembling includes defining a weight of the container. In some embodiments, the assembly 1710 includes connecting the container with other devices of the thermal system.

According to some embodiments, assembling 1710 includes selecting a container of a predefined container library. In some embodiments, the assembly 1710 includes designing containers that are not on a predefined library.

Static data layout is simulated 1712.

In some embodiments, the simulation 1712 includes 2D or 3D modeling. In some embodiments, the simulation 1712 includes a static simulation.

The results are compared 1714 with the plan.

If the results are acceptable, the container will be produced 1716 or selected from existing containers after inspection.

If the results are not acceptable, steps 1710 (or 1708) to 1714 will be repeated after checking 1714.

According to some embodiments, the thermodynamic design may be done in parallel or incorporate mechanical design steps (e.g., 1702-1714). In some embodiments, the thermodynamic design comprises:

receiving 1718 the cold accumulation and cold extraction time requirements.

Receiving 1720 cold accumulation and cold collection temperature requirements. In some embodiments, the requirement includes heat capacity.

The size and layout of the thermal data is simulated 1722.

The thermodynamic results are compared 1724 to the plan.

According to some embodiments, the design flow includes designing a control system that is dependent on a parameter of the vessel. In some embodiments, the control system has a parameter related to the size of the container. In some embodiments, the control system has a parameter related to the flow geometry in the vessel.

In some embodiments, system parameters such as cold storage rate, cold withdrawal rate, and cooling capacity are influenced by the container layout. In some embodiments, the number of containers affects system parameters.

Fitting contact surface of container:

referring to fig. 18A-18D, fig. 18A-18D are side and top simplified views of an energy storage container according to some embodiments of the invention.

According to some embodiments, the exterior surfaces top 1802, bottom 1804, and sidewalls 1806/1808 of the container 1800 may be shaped for assembling a plurality of containers 1800 in a modular structure. In some embodiments, the shaping of the outer surface is used to orient a plurality of containers.

As shown in fig. 18A-18D, one or more of the exterior surfaces 1802-1808 includes one or more protruding portions 1810. In some embodiments, a ledge 1810 is disposed at the bottom face 1804. In some embodiments, ledge 1810 disposed at bottom face 1804 retains a lowermost container on the mounting surface. In some embodiments, the projection 1810 is disposed at an upper surface 1802. In some embodiments, a ledge 1810 is disposed at side surface 1806/8. In some embodiments, one or more of the external surfaces 1802-1808 include one or more protruding portions 1812. In some embodiments, the protruding portion 1810 and the protruding portion 1812 define a coupling region for placing the containers 1800 adjacent to each other by mating the protruding portion 1810 with the protruding portion 1812.

An exemplary installation procedure:

according to some embodiments of the invention, the installation of the thermal system comprises installation of an energy storage container. The installation of the energy storage container may comprise related steps, such as steps related to mechanical coupling, related to fluid connection and electrical connection.

Referring to fig. 19, fig. 19 is an installation workflow according to some embodiments of the invention. According to some embodiments, the installation workflow includes the following steps. In some embodiments, certain steps are optional, and certain steps are performed in a different order.

A plurality of mounting surfaces is defined 1902.

Multiple containers are mechanically coupled 1904 in one configuration.

In some embodiments, the coupling 1904 is performed by welding the container. In some embodiments, the coupling is by a connector.

The container is configured to connect 1906 to a mounting surface.

A plurality of containers are fluidly coupled 1908.

Vessel inlet 1910 is coupled to a source of heat exchange fluid.

The vessel outlet 1912 is coupled to a heat exchange fluid outlet.

The thermal system 1914 is connected to electrical power.

Insulating 1916 multiple containers. According to some embodiments, the insulation 1916 includes insulation of individual containers. In some embodiments, a group of containers is insulated 1916. In some embodiments, the insulation 1916 includes adding environmental protection to the container.

A controller is provided 1918. In some embodiments, the controller is set/told what types of containers are connected and their distances and/or other attributes. In some embodiments, the system may also be self-calibrating, e.g., may attempt to cool and look at the rate of its cooling/cooldown.

According to some embodiments, the order of steps 1904 to 1918 is different than that shown in fig. 19. For example: coupling 1904 may occur after connection 1906 and coupling inlet 1910 may occur after coupling outlet 1912.

According to some embodiments, there is an optional step of filling the capsule with a phase change material. In some embodiments, the capsule is filled prior to coupling 1904. In some embodiments, the filling is a plurality of capsules fluidly connected to a source of phase change material fluid, and after coupling 1904.

Exemplary parameters of the container:

according to some embodiments, a weight ratio R1 between the weight of the vessel 1004 during operation (when filled with heat exchange fluid) and the area of the floor 1008-2 is defined in accordance with the weight limit of the work surface 1010 holding the vessel 1004. In some embodiments, the weight ratio R1 is between 100 and 800 kg/m. In some embodiments, the weight ratio R1 is between 75 and 500 kilograms per square meter. In some embodiments, the weight ratio R1 is between 50 and 200 kg/m.

According to some embodiments, a length ratio R2 is defined between the length L1 and the width L2 of the container 1004. In some embodiments, the width L2 of the container 1004 is defined as the distance between the interface walls 1008. In some embodiments, the width L2 is in the range of 20 to 70 centimeters. In some embodiments, the width L2 is in the range of 30 to 50 centimeters. In some embodiments, the length ratio R2 is between 2 and 20. In some embodiments, the length ratio R2 is between 5 and 12. In some embodiments, the length ratio R2 is between 4 and 8.

According to some embodiments, a weight ratio R3 between the weight of the modular configuration 1002 and the bottom surface area of the configuration 1002 during operation (when filled with heat exchange fluid) is defined according to the weight limit of the construction surface 1010 holding the configuration 1002. In some embodiments, the installation is on a roof, and the ratio R3 is defined by a shallow modular spread of containers 1004 on the roof. In some embodiments, the weight ratio R3 is between 100 and 700 kg/m. In some embodiments, the weight ratio R3 is between 200 and 500 kg/m. In some embodiments, the weight ratio R3 is between 200 and 350 kilograms per square meter.

According to some embodiments, the container 1004 is an ice bank (e.g., 112) as described elsewhere herein. As shown in the figure. As shown in fig. 2H and 7A-7C, according to some embodiments, the enclosure walls 220/712 of the enclosure (ice bricks 112/711) define an interior volume of the enclosure 112/711 in which the heat exchange surfaces 114/715 are housed and the heat exchange fluid flows during operation. In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 7C, housing wall 220/712 defines a perimeter of cross-section 712A of vessel 112 in which heat exchange surface 114/715 is housed and heat exchange fluid flows 718A during operation.

In some embodiments of the invention, the thickness of the container wall is between 2 mm and 80 mm, for example between 2 and 10 mm, between 10 and 30 mm, between 30 and 50 mm, and/or between 50 and 80 mm or thicker or intermediate dimensions. In some embodiments of the invention, the thickness is dependent on the material used for the container, such as steel or a polymer or composite material (e.g., a fiber reinforced polymer).

In some embodiments of the invention, elongated ribs are used to reinforce the container (e.g., between 1 and 50 ribs, e.g., between 3 and 20 ribs, between 20 and 50 ribs, or a greater number of ribs), e.g., ribs having a height of between 1 and 100 millimeters, e.g., between 5 and 30 millimeters, between 30 and 70 millimeters, between 70 and 100 millimeters, and/or a medium or larger size. One or more of the ribs optionally extend into and/or out of the container.

In some embodiments of the invention, instead of ribs, one or more cross-sectional elements are provided, such as a plane bisecting the container. Alternatively or additionally, the surface of the container is corrugated to increase its rigidity. It should be noted that the bellows layout and/or dimensions can be selected so as not to interfere with such ribs when the bellows is inserted into the container.

According to some embodiments, the phase change fluid is encased within a membrane cassette having a heat exchange surface 114/715 disposed within the vessel 1004. In some embodiments, the heat exchange surface 114/715 is defined by the bellows 717, and the shape of the heat exchange surface 114/715 is defined to follow the shape of the one or more housing walls 220/712. According to some embodiments, at least some of the containers 1004 have an icing surface created by one or more coiled elements on ice disposed within the containers 1004.

Fig. 20A-20H are simplified schematic diagrams of a thermal storage container according to some embodiments of the invention; and

FIG. 21 is an example of a data table for a thermal storage container according to some embodiments of the invention.

Referring now to fig. 1A-1E, fig. 1A-1E are schematic illustrations of a thermal energy storage system according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown, a Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system 100 uses an air conditioning (HVAC) chiller 102 of an HVAC system in a facility. Non-limiting examples of facilities include: office buildings, residential buildings, shopping centers, airport terminals, factories, server rooms, or the like. When operating without the system 100 of the present invention, the HVAC chiller 102 cools a third fluid 124, which is then circulated throughout the facility for use by the cooling load machines 130. The third fluid 124 is optionally water.

As mentioned above, it is an object of the present invention to use TES 100 for "storage cooling". Alternatively, the same system 100 may be used to store heat. TES 100 includes a fluid distribution system 104 that includes those components required to distribute a first fluid 120, a second fluid 122, and a third fluid 124 throughout system 100. Thus, the distribution system 104 includes one or more pumps 106, piping 108, flow control mechanisms 107 (e.g., valves), and monitoring components 109 for monitoring temperature and flow rate within the system 100. The monitoring component 109 optionally feeds data to the controller 105 to control the freezing and/or cooling process by controlling the components of the coolers 102 and 150, the Heat Exchanger (HE)170, the load machine 130, the array 110, and the fluid distribution system 104, as described further below. During normal use, the HVAC chiller 102 cools the third fluid 124, which third fluid 124 is directed by the fluid distribution system 104 from the HVAC chiller 102 via the duct 108C to the duct 108L to flow through the load machine 130.

TES 100 also includes a thermal storage array 110. Array 110 includes a plurality of ice bricks 112. Each ice tile 112 includes a plurality of ice bank boxes 114 surrounded by a first fluid 120. Embodiments of ice brick 112 and ice film box 114 are further described below with reference to fig. 2A-2U and fig. 3. Iced bellows 114 is a closed or sealed bellows containing second fluid 122. The second fluid 122 is optionally water, such that the bellows 114 is exposed to the cryogenic first fluid 120 surrounding the bellows 114, thereby causing the bellows 114 to cool, and the second fluid 122 in turn cools and phase changes to ice.

The first fluid 120 optionally has a lower freezing point than the second fluid 122. Non-limiting examples of the first fluid 120 include: ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol mixed with water, brine or similar fluids. TES 100 also includes a TES cooler 150, which TES cooler 150 is used to cool first fluid 120 to a temperature below the freezing point of second fluid 122. TES cooler 150 is air-cooled or water-cooled.

The second fluid 122 is optionally water mixed with an ice nucleating agent. The ice nucleating agent is optionally quartz. The type of quartz used may be, but is not limited to: henymond (Herkimer), leucogen, amethyst, rose quartz, chalcedony, cryptocrystalline quartz, agate, chalcedony, alluvial, opal quartz, agate, onyx, jasper, opal quartz, fumed quartz, tiger's eye stone, amethyst, trichogen, or alexandrite quartz. Quartz is inexpensive, readily available, and resistant to repeated freezing cycles of the second fluid. Furthermore, quartz also increases the onset temperature required for freezing by a few degrees. Thus, the nucleating agent increases the efficiency and responsiveness of the thermal energy storage system 100.

Optionally, the second fluid 122 comprises a metal strip floating in the second fluid 122 inside the capsule 114 and causes an even distribution of ice formation inside the capsule 114. Optionally, the metal is aluminum. Optionally, the thickness of the metal strip does not exceed 0.5 mm. Optionally, the length of the metal strip is at most 30 cm and the width of the metal strip is at most 1 cm. This optional aspect will be explained in more detail with reference to fig. 8.

Each ice bank 112 optionally has an elongated form factor as shown in fig. 2E-2H to achieve efficient heat transfer between the capsule 114 and the first fluid 120. The ice tile 112 having an elongated form factor optionally has a length L that is at least three or four times greater than its maximum width W and/or height H. Ice tiles 112 may be selectively connected in an end-to-end manner to form a long linear module comprising a plurality of ice tiles 112. The modular structure used and the number of ice bricks 112 enable the rate of energy extraction to be controlled to meet the exact thermal energy storage requirements of each facility, and also provide flexible installation options such as: the array 110 may be shaped as desired. This optional aspect will be explained in more detail with reference to fig. 8A and 8B.

Bellows 114 are selectively spaced slightly within ice bank 112 to increase the overall ratio between the surface area and volume of second fluid 122 to be frozen. Optionally, the ice bank 112 contains 65% to 85% of the second fluid 122. Optionally, the ice bank 112 contains 75% of the second fluid 122. Bellows 114 optionally contains a polymer, such as: polyvinyl chloride or other suitable durable and low cost material. The bellows 114 optionally include bumps or protuberances on its outer surface to provide spacing between the bellows 114 for the flow of the first fluid 120 and for increasing turbulence of the first fluid 120.

In use of system 100 shown in FIG. 1A, TES cooler 150 selectively cools first fluid 120 to a temperature below the freezing point of second fluid 122. First fluid 120 is pumped from TES cooler 150 via conduit 108G and directed by fluid distribution system 104 via conduit 108T through array 110 to freeze second fluid 122 (also referred to herein as a "cold storage process"). The elevated temperature first fluid 120 then exits the array 110 via conduit 108T and is directed by the fluid distribution system 104 back to conduit 108G to cool the cooler 150 again. The provision of the first fluid 120 may be continuous or discontinuous during the cold storage process. The cold storage process is selectively stopped when a desired temperature of the first fluid 120 is reached within one or more of the ice bricks 112, or when a predetermined period of time has elapsed, or when a predetermined amount of energy is stored in the array 110. The (fully) cold storage array 110 generally includes a plurality of bellows 114 with a second fluid 122 in a frozen state.

Once the array 110 has been chilled, a cooling process (also referred to herein as a chilling process) is used to cool the loaders 130 using the array 110. The first fluid 120 within the array 110 is directed to the distribution system 104 via conduit 108T and enters the heat exchanger 170 via conduit 108S, where the first fluid 120 cools the third fluid 124. The distribution system 104 then directs the cooled third fluid 124 through a conduit 108H into a conduit 108C to flow through the HVAC chiller 102 and then to a load machine 130 (via a conduit 108L).

Alternatively, the third fluid 124 is in parallel with the HVAC chiller 102 via the conduit 108H and is delivered directly to the conduit 108L to the load machine 130 via the fluid distribution system 104. Because the third fluid 124 has been cooled by the first fluid 120 in the HE 170, the HVAC chiller 102 need not be activated, thereby saving energy. As the first fluid 120 is circulated between the HE 170 and the array 110, the bellows 114 containing the chilled second fluid 122 cools the first fluid 120, and then the first fluid 120 directly or indirectly cools the third fluid 124 and the loader 130. Optionally, the temperature of the first fluid 120 entering the heat exchanger 170 is between 5 ℃ at the inlet and 10 ℃ at the outlet. As the bellows 114 cools the first fluid 120, the frozen second fluid 122 gradually undergoes a phase change and melts until the array 110 no longer cools the first fluid 120 sufficiently and the array 110 is deemed to have cooled. The (fully) chilled array 110 generally includes a bellows 114 with a second fluid 122 in a liquid state.

The cold storage process is optionally performed during off-peak hours (when the grid load is low), while the cold extraction process is optionally performed according to the requirements of the load machines 130, even during peak hours. The chilling process is selectively stopped when a shutdown temperature of the first fluid 120 is reached, or when a predetermined period of time has elapsed, or when a predetermined amount of energy is output from the array 110, or under the control of the load machine 130, or when the cooling demand at the load machine 130 is reduced to a desired level. The flow direction of the first fluid 120 in the array 110 during cold storage may be the same or different from the flow direction of the first fluid 120 during cold removal.

Alternatively, the system 100 is used for heating. For heating, TES cooler 150 is selectively operated as a heat pump. TES cooler 150 selectively heats first fluid 120 during off-peak hours. First fluid 120 is pumped from TES cooler 150 via conduit 108G and is channeled by fluid distribution system 104 via conduit 108T and through array 110 to heat second fluid 122 (also referred to herein as a cold storage process). The reduced temperature first fluid 120 then exits array 110 and is directed by fluid distribution system 104 through conduit 108T and conduit 108G to TES cooler 150 for reheating. The supply of the first fluid 120 may be continuous or discontinuous during the heating process. The heating process is selectively stopped when the first fluid 120 reaches a desired temperature in one or more ice bricks 112, or when a predefined period of time has elapsed, or when a predefined amount of energy is stored in the array 110, and the like. No phase change occurred in the array.

Once the array 110 has been chilled, a heating process (also referred to herein as a chilling process) is used that heats the load machines 130 through the array 110. The first fluid 120 within the array 110 is directed through the distribution system 104 through conduits 108T and 108S to the heat exchanger 170, where the first fluid 120 heats the third fluid 124. The distribution system 104 then directs the heated third fluid 124 from the conduit 108H, through the conduit 108C, to the HVAC chiller 102, and then to the load machine 130 (via the conduit 108L). Alternatively, the third fluid 124 is routed in parallel with the HVAC chiller 102 via conduit 108H and is routed directly to the load machine 130 via the fluid distribution system 104 to conduit 108L. Since the third fluid 124 has been heated by the first fluid 120 in the HE 170, the HVAC chiller 102 (functioning as a heat pump) selectively need not be activated when the third fluid 124 has been heated to create energy savings. As the first fluid 120 circulates between the heat exchanger 170 and the array 110, the bellows 114 containing the heated second fluid 122 heats the first fluid 120, and then the first fluid 120 directly or indirectly heats the third fluid 124 and the loader 130.

The cold storage process may be optionally performed during off-peak hours (when the grid load is low), while the cold extraction process may be optionally performed according to the requirements of the load machines 130, even during peak hours.

The monitoring assembly 109 of the fluid distribution system 104 optionally includes one or more temperature monitors for monitoring at least one of: the temperature of the first fluid 120 before entering the array 110; the temperature of the first fluid 120 at any location within the array 110; the temperature of the first fluid 120 after exiting the array 110; the temperature of the second fluid 122 within the one or more bellows 114; the temperature of the one or more ice bricks 112; the temperature of the first fluid 120 prior to entering the HE 170; and the temperature of the first fluid 120 upon exiting the HE 170. Additionally or alternatively, the monitoring assembly 109 includes one or more flow monitors (not shown) for monitoring at least one of the following of the array 110: flow of the first fluid 120 before, inside, and after the array 110; and the flow of the first fluid 120 before, within, and after the HE 170.

Although fig. 1A-1E show a single example of the components of coolers 102 and 150, HE 170, load machine 130, array 110, and fluid distribution system 104, it should be understood that TES 100 may include any suitable number of these components.

The system 100 of FIG. 1B operates in the same manner as FIG. 1A, but the illustrated embodiment includes an air compressor 140. The compressor 140 draws air 126 from the top of each ice bank 112. Such air 126 is selectively compressed to between 10 and 20 bar, resulting in the air 126 being heated as a result of the compression. The compressed air 126 is then pumped into the bottom of each ice bank 112 through an air-to-air heat exchanger 142 and/or an expansion valve (not shown) to reduce the temperature to between-20 and-30 c. Air 126 is bubbled through each ice bank 112 to further cool the contents, and then exits through the top of the ice bank 112 between-5 and +5 ℃. This cold air 126 is then sent into the compressor 140 again, forming the cooling closed loop 108P. For simplicity, the cooling closed loop 108P is shown as being directly connected to the thermal storage array 110, but the cooling closed loop 108P is optionally part of the fluid distribution system 104 and is controlled as with the other piping systems described herein. In this embodiment, the second fluid 122 is optionally combined with a salt or other suitable material to lower the freezing point of the second fluid 122.

The system of FIG. 1C operates in the same manner as FIG. 1A, but includes a heat exchanger 152 supplied from third fluid 124 if the condensation cycle of TES cooler 150 is water cooled. In this embodiment, load machine conduit 108K is adapted to be connected to HE 152 in TES cooler 150. The loader tubes 108K carry a third fluid 124 that has been cooled by the HVAC chiller 102, typically at a temperature between, but not limited to, 7 to 12℃.

TES cooler 150 then cools first fluid 120 via HE 154 to a temperature below the freezing point of second fluid 122 such that first fluid 120 can be pumped through array 110 to freeze second fluid 122 within capsule 114. For other embodiments, the chilling process then occurs in the HE 170. This arrangement increases the energy efficiency of the TES cooler 150, which cooler 150 may be adequately supplied with the cooled third fluid 124 when the load machine 130 is partially or fully not in use, such as but not limited to nighttime use in an office building. Alternatively, when the outside temperature is lower and the cost of electricity is lower, the HVAC chiller 102 cools the third fluid 124 during the night for more efficient and less expensive energy use. Since water-cooled TES cooler 150 is more efficient, it may also be smaller than in other embodiments using air-cooled coolers.

The system of FIG. 1D combines the functionality of FIGS. 1B and 1C to provide a TES cooler 150 connected to a third fluid by an HE 152 and supplemented by cooling from compression by air compressor 140.

The system of FIG. 1E operates in the same manner as FIG. 1A, but in the illustrated embodiment, some or all of ice bank 112 does not include bellows 114. In the embodiment of FIG. 1E, TES 100 is used to store first fluid 120 in ice bank 112. Thus, the first fluid 120 is cooled by the cooler 150, and the cooled first fluid 120 is then pumped into the ice bank 112 for storage and use to cool a third fluid (via the HE 170) at other times. As noted above, non-limiting examples of the first fluid 120 include: ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol mixed with water, salts mixed with water, or other combinations of these or other fluids to form a "slurry" or similar fluid.

Referring now to fig. 2A-2U, fig. 2A-2U are diagrams of ice tiles, ice film boxes, and thermal storage arrays according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig. 2A-2D illustrate a preferred embodiment of the bellows 114. Bellows 114 includes a filling nozzle 202 disposed at an upper corner of bellows 114 to enable bellows 114 to be filled to a maximum with second fluid 122 while still effectively packaging bellows 114. Bellows 114 optionally includes narrow side spacers 204 and wide side spacers 206. When provided, spacers 204 and 206 form a gap between bellows 114 when bellows 114 is packaged within ice cube 112. The gap allows the first fluid 120 to flow between the bellows 114, freezing the second fluid 122 within the bellows 114. The bellows 114 includes a high ratio of depth D to length L to height H to create a greater surface area around the thinner ice pieces so that the second fluid (122) is able to transfer heat more efficiently.

Fig. 2E-2H show a preferred embodiment of ice tile 112 containing bellows 114. Ice tile 112 includes a rectangular housing 220 for enclosing a plurality of bellows 114. Bellows 114 are packaged together to maximize the amount of second fluid 122 contained within ice bank 112. The ice bank is provided with alignment or support plates 227 at each end for aligning the bellows 114 and sealing the bank end plate 226 to make the ice bank 112 waterproof when sealed. The ice bricks 112 are connected to the array 110 by inlet/outlet pipes 224. Mounting brackets 222 are used to mount ice tiles 112 in fixed positions in array 110, as described below. The ice brick 112 is completely sealed to completely contain the first fluid 120 flowing through the ice brick 112, except for the inlet/outlet pipe 224 for connecting the ice bricks and interconnecting piping 228.

Optionally, the ice bricks 112 are 50 x 400 cm in size. Optionally, the ice brick 112 has a volume of 1000 liters and contains 75% (750 liters) of the second fluid 122. Optionally, ice brick 112 has an energy storage capacity of 19.8trh |69 kWh. Alternatively, the ice bricks 112 may have dimensions of 25 × 25 × 400 cm. The dimensions of the ice bricks 112 are selected to provide a balance between sufficient energy storage and the modularity of the construction of the array.

Fig. 2I to 2N show a preferred embodiment of ice bricks 112 in a flexible configuration of thermal storage array 110. The ice tiles 112 serve as building blocks for configuring the array 110 with any desired layout and capacity. As shown in fig. 2I and 2J, ice tiles 112 are stacked together, laid end-to-end, and also laid adjacent to each other. Inlet/outlet pipe 224 and interconnecting piping 228 are then used to provide fluid connection for first fluid 120 between ice bricks 112 in the array. The ice bricks 112 are fluidly connected in parallel or alternately in series or alternately in a combination of parallel and series.

As shown in fig. 2K-2N, once the array 110 is constructed with the desired capacity (number of tiles 112) and shape (arrangement of tiles 112), insulation plates 230 are attached to the outer surface of the array 110 to fully insulate the array and maintain thermal storage within the tiles 112. This configuration saves the total insulation required because only the outer surface of the entire array 110 needs to be insulated, rather than every surface of each ice tile 112. The array 110 is selectively assembled on top of a pedestal 232, the pedestal 232 being selectively insulated on its underside.

Once the array 110 has been arranged into the desired form (e.g., the rectangular box of fig. 2M or the flat platform of fig. 2N, or any combination of these forms) to create any structural configuration required for a particular installation, such form may be integrated into the structure to which the thermal storage system 100 is applied. As one non-limiting example, the platform in FIG. 2N may be used as a floor, or may stand vertically to serve as a wall, or may serve as a floor and wall, or may serve as a raised platform inside, beside, or above a building/structure to which TES system 100 is applied.

Fig. 2O-2R illustrate additional preferred embodiments of ice brick 112 containing bellows 114, wherein bellows 114 is narrower in the middle portion, thereby forming a gap between bellows 114 for the flow of first fluid 120.

Fig. 2S-2U show other preferred embodiments of bellows 114, in which bellows 114 includes a widened middle portion with support ridges 250 so that upper portion 256 and lower portion 254 do not collapse when ice forms within bellows 114. When capsule 114 is packaged within ice cube 112, ridges 250 and 252 form gaps between capsule 114. Such clearance is required to allow the first fluid 120 to flow between the bellows 114, thereby freezing the second fluid 122 within the bellows 114. Bellows 114 also includes a plurality of bosses 260. The plurality of projections 260 increase the reynolds number of the first fluid 120 outside the capsule 114, resulting in greater turbulence of the first fluid 120, which in turn results in better distribution of ice formation inside the capsule 114.

Fig. 2V shows a side view of the bellows 114 with a plurality of bosses 260, a protuberance 252, and a filling nozzle 202. The filling nozzle is positioned so that it does not increase beyond the general outer shape of the rectangular bellows 114. Fig. 2W shows the capsule of fig. 2V in another side view, perpendicular to the view of fig. 2V. Fig. 2X shows the capsule in fig. 2V and 2W in a front view, wherein the broad side of the capsule 114 and the general flow direction 290 of the first fluid 120 are shown. The bellows 114 has a plurality of lobes 260, the configuration of the plurality of lobes 260 being such that the flow path of the first fluid 260 through the bellows 114 is provided in a serpentine mode 291 (or serpentine mode). The bending mode 291 in the sense of the invention is characterized in that the flow direction is repeatedly changed. Optionally, the bending mode 291 is characterized by a regular change in flow direction. More preferably, the bending mode is approximately symmetrical around the centre line, at least in a part of the bending mode. Reference numeral 292 refers to the flat area of the bellows 114 between the plurality of projections 260. Fig. 2Y shows a perspective view of bellows 114, bellows 114 being shown in fig. 2v, 2W and 2X.

Referring now to fig. 3, fig. 3 illustrates a icebox in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention. As shown in fig. 3, the bellows 114Cy is selectively provided in a cyclohexane shape. During use, a plurality of cyclohexane-shaped bellows 114Cy are placed within ice bank 112 to freely settle within ice bank 112. Therefore, the capsule 114Cy is not fixed inside the ice bank 112. The irregular shape of cyclohexane-shaped bellows 114Cy allows for a high fill factor within ice bank 112 while creating a gap that allows first fluid 120 to flow around bellows 114Cy to freeze second fluid 122 therein. In addition, cyclohexane-shaped bellows 114C also provide a defined flow path within ice brick 112C, because such defined cyclohexane-shaped bellows 114C will create a defined geometric pattern of the bellows 114C when the plurality of cyclohexane-shaped bellows 114C are placed within the enclosed volume.

Referring now to fig. 4, fig. 4 illustrates a cylindrical ice cube in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention. In an alternative embodiment as shown in fig. 4, ice bank 112C is cylindrical and includes bellows 114C arranged in one or more arrays. Optionally, multiple arrays are placed at different heights within ice tile 112C. Optionally, cylindrical ice bank 112C is adapted to be placed underground. The ice bank 112C is made from a pipe that includes a helical metal reinforcement (not shown) that extends along the outside of the ice bank 112C to place the ice bank 112C underground. Optionally, the volume of ice brick 112C is between 100 and 10000 cubic meters.

Referring now to FIG. 5A, FIG. 5A illustrates a TES system capable of activating a subset of individual ice tiles via a controller, FIG. 5B illustrates a flow chart of TES system operation, and FIG. 5C illustrates experimental data of TES system operation in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 5A, TES system 100 is constructed and operates in accordance with TES system 100 of FIG. 1A. Alternatively, any of the embodiments of fig. 1A-1E may be used in the manner as described with reference to fig. 5B. In the embodiment of fig. 5A, system 100 includes N ice bricks 112, where N is an integer greater than 2. It should be understood that as described above, array 110 optionally includes as many ice bricks 112 as needed to provide adequate thermal energy storage. The ice bricks 112 are interconnected with interconnecting piping 228 using inlet/outlet pipes 224 and further interconnected using components of the fluid distribution system 104. The flow controller 107 of the fluid distribution system 104 enables the array 110 to be partitioned into subsets 520 of ice bricks 112, which may be individually activated in a manner described below.

As described above, the first fluid 120 flows through the ice bank 112 to perform cold storage and cold extraction. In the cooling process 500 of fig. 5B, in step 501, the cooling process is activated. The steps of the process 500 are optionally controlled by the controller 105, and as described above, the controller 105 controls the components of the system 100. Activation of the chilling process may involve a number of steps, such as, but not limited to: activating pump 106, opening or closing valves in flow controller 107, and monitoring the temperature and flow rate of fluids 120, 122, and 124 using monitoring assembly 109.

In step 502, as part of the activation process, the controller 105 activates a first subset 520A of the ice tiles 112 and the first fluid 120 is pumped only through this first subset 520A and not through any other ice tile 112. As shown in fig. 5A, the first subset 520A includes ice tiles 112A and 112B, however, any number of ice tiles 112, even a single ice tile 112, may be included in the subset, and the example of two ice tiles 112 in the subset 520 should not be considered limiting. Optionally, a plurality of subsets 520 are activated in step 502. As the first fluid 120 passes through the first subset 520A, the first fluid 120 is cooled while the second fluid 122 is heated. In step 503, the temperature of the first fluid 120 is monitored, for example, by the monitoring assembly 109 as the first fluid 120 exits the array 110. Optionally, the temperature of other fluids in the system 100 is also measured in step 503.

In decision step 504, the monitoring component 109 indicates whether the monitored temperature has risen above a defined threshold. If the monitored temperature does not exceed the threshold, the controller 105 takes no action and continues to the step 503 of monitoring. When the monitoring assembly 109 indicates that the temperature has risen above a defined threshold (selectively defined in the controller 105), then it means that the second fluid 122 passing through the subset 520A is no longer sufficiently cooled by the subset 520A because the temperature of the second fluid 122 of the subset 520A has risen. In a non-limiting example, when the temperature of the first fluid 120 rises above 5 ℃ at the outlet of the array 110, the subset 520A no longer cools the first fluid 120 sufficiently.

In decision step 505, the controller 105 checks whether all subsets of the ice tiles 112 have been activated. When it is determined that all of the subsets of ice bricks 112 have not been activated, controller 105 activates the next subset 520B of ice bricks 112 in step 506. As described above, although fig. 5A shows subset 520B including only ice bricks 112C and 112D, this should not be considered limiting, and subset 520B may include any number of ice bricks 112. In addition to subset 520, subset 520B is selectively activated. Alternatively, when subset 520B is activated, subset 520 is deactivated. Optionally, a plurality of subsets are activated in step 506. Activation of the subset 520B results in a decrease in the temperature monitored by the monitoring component 109 in step 503.

Steps 503, 504 and 505 are repeated as shown in fig. 5B until all available subsets (at most subset 520N) of ice bricks 112 are used as determined in step 505, and the chilling process 500 is stopped in step 507.

FIG. 5C shows experimental data for TES system operation. As shown in the graph of fig. 5C, the temperature of the first fluid 120 is monitored at the outlet of the array 110 and plotted as a line 532, the line 532 being a function of the time elapsed since the chilling process was activated. In the experimental system, three ice bricks 112 were activated at time 0, as shown, the temperature rose from-5 ℃ to around 5 ℃ (at the time shown at time point 530). At time 530, in addition to the first three tiles, another tile is activated, which immediately reduces the outlet temperature shown in graph 532 to around 0 ℃. And the air temperature gradually rises to about 5 ℃ again along with the cooling of the fourth ice brick. As can be seen from experimental plot 532, the gradual activation of ice bricks 112 or subsets of ice bricks 520 results in more balanced cooling of TES system 100, longer cooling times results in longer TES cooling times for loader 130, and better utilization of each ice brick 112 that has been fully cooled.

Referring now to fig. 6A-6G, fig. 6A-6G illustrate spacers for use in ice blocks in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention. Spacers 600 and 620 are inserted between bellows 114 inside ice cube 112. The ice tile 112 optionally includes a plurality of spacers 600 or 620.

Alternatively, ice tile 112 includes a combination of spacers 600 and 620.

Fig. 6D and 6E show two bellows 114 without any spacers 600 or 620 in the cold (fig. 6D) and cold (fig. 6E) taking states. Fig. 6F and 6G show two bellows 114 with the spacer 620 in the cold (fig. 6F) and cold (fig. 6G) states. Two bellows 114 are shown for simplicity, and it is clear that any number of bellows and spacers may be provided within ice bank 112 as desired. The purpose of spacers 600 and 620 is to maintain a minimum flow area 630 around the capsule 114. The flow area 630 is necessary because the capsule 114 is inflated (fig. 6E) when the capsule 114 is fully storing cold (the second fluid 122 (e.g., water) has become ice). This expansion of the bellows 114 may impede the flow of the first fluid 120 by contracting the flow area 630 (fig. 6E), thereby preventing the first fluid 120 from passing through the ice bricks and 112 and preventing effective cooling of the first fluid 120. Furthermore, when the second fluid 122 (e.g., water) is in a cold state (FIG. 6D), the bellows 114 contract and the flow area 630 between the bellows 114 increases, resulting in a significant decrease in the first fluid flow rate, which affects the heat transfer for cold extraction and storage.

In the embodiment of fig. 6A, sufficient flow area 630 is ensured by fitting spacers 600 between the bellows 114 so that the bellows 114 cannot expand to fill the flow area. The holes 604 in the spacer 600 provide for the flow of the first fluid 120. When the bellows 114 cools, the flexible flap 602 opens from the spacer 600 to occupy the flow area 630, thereby increasing the first fluid flow rate.

In the embodiments of fig. 6B, 6C, 6F, and 6G, sufficient flow area 630 is ensured by fitting spacers 620 between bellows 114 so that bellows 114 cannot expand when frozen to fill flow area 630. FIG. 6C shows a cross-section A '-A' of the spacer 620. The gap 624 between the vertical bars 621 and the horizontal bars 622 in the spacer 620 provides for the flow of the first fluid 120. As shown in fig. 6F, a spacer 620 is mounted between the bellows 114 and the vertical rod 621, and the horizontal rod 622 increases the flow rate of the first fluid through the flow region 630. As the capsule 114 is storing cold and expanding, the spacer 620 prevents the capsule 114 from blocking the flow region 630, thereby ensuring a continuous flow of the first fluid 120 around the capsule 114, as shown in fig. 6G.

Referring now to fig. 7A to 7D, fig. 7A to 7D show the ice bank 112, i.e. the thermal energy storage unit 711.

The thermal energy storage unit 711 of fig. 7A comprises a tube 712 having the shape of an elongated hollow body. The tube 712 is optionally made of metal, for example: carbon steel or stainless steel. The front end member 713A and the rear end member 713B are arranged to close both ends of the tube, thereby providing a rectangular enclosure. Elements 713A and 713B are also optionally made of metal, such as: stainless steel or carbon steel and provides a means of mounting the thermal energy storage unit 711 to, for example, a support means (not shown). The front end member 713A and the rear end member 713B have an inlet 714A and an outlet 714B, respectively. The inlet 714A and outlet 714B may be connected to other thermal energy storage units 112, pipes 10, and/or fluid distribution systems 104. Within the tube 712, a plurality of bellows 715 are provided. The bellows 715 has the shape of a plate or brick. Further, the bellows 715 has a concave or concave shape of its main surface (i.e., its wide side). The arrangement of the bellows 715 within the tube is selectively configured by a plurality of horizontally disposed stacks 717 of bellows 715 (i.e., stacked in the width direction of the tube 712). For example, 16 or 8 bellows 715 may form a stack 717 of bellows 715. A plurality of stacks 717 are arranged in series along the length of the tube 712. The capsule contains a phase change material as the second fluid 122 (e.g., water) and preferably a nucleating agent (e.g., quartz). Spaces 716 are provided between the bellows 715 and between the bellows and the tube 712, wherein the first fluid 120 (e.g., a water/glycol mixture) may flow within the tube 712 from the inlet 714A to the outlet 714B.

This arrangement enables efficient heat exchange between the first fluid 120 and the second fluid 122 via the walls of the bellows 715. The actual rate of heat exchange between the bellows 715 and the first fluid 120 depends on several factors, including: the flow rate, the effective area of the interface between the first fluid 120 and the bellows 715, and the type of flow (e.g., turbulent or laminar). The embodiment of fig. 7A improves upon all of these factors. This will be explained in more detail below.

The elongated shape of the tubes in conjunction with the stacked configuration of the bellows 715 defines a remaining free space within the space 716 that results in a plurality of predetermined flow paths 718 for the first fluid proximate the bellows. The total flow of the first fluid 120 at the inlet 714A is divided into a plurality of predetermined flow paths 718, wherein each flow path 718 passes through a plurality of capsules along the length of the tube 712. Further, the bellows 715 is configured such that the flow path 718 is defined in a frozen (expanded) state of the bellows 715 and a non-frozen (non-expanded) state of the bellows 715. In other words, a plurality of predefined or fixed flow paths for the first fluid 120 are provided between the bellows 715 while taking into account the volume change of the bellows due to the volume change of the second fluid, particularly when changing phase. Thus, compared to conventional tank thermal energy storage units, a predefined system of multiple flow paths 718 for the first fluid 120 exchanging heat is provided. The flow of heat transfer fluid in conventional tank thermal energy storage units is highly random, among others: it is difficult for the first fluid to reach the rim of the tank.

Furthermore, the plate shape of the bellows 715 geometrically increases the surface (i.e., its surface to volume ratio) of the bellows 715, with the largest surface (i.e., the broad side) of the bellows 715 advantageously defining its primary surface for exchanging heat.

Accordingly, each flow path 718 of fig. 7A has a narrow shape aligned parallel to the major surface of the capsule 715. The narrow shape defining the flow path 718 utilizes the major surface of the capsule 715 such that the heat transfer rate is increased. In other words, the configuration of the thermal energy storage unit 711 described above significantly increases the effective area of the contact surface for exchanging heat, while keeping the pressure drop at an acceptable level (e.g., below 1 bar).

The elongated shape of the tube 712 provides a defined flow path for the first fluid 120 that is significantly longer than conventional systems. Thus, the heat exchange of the first fluid 120 with the plurality of stacks 717 is optimized because the stacks 717 are gradually activated when the bellows 715 is frosted or defrosted.

In addition, the average length of the flow path increases to be longer than the length L of the tube 712. This further increases the heat transfer rate.

Fig. 7B shows a cross-section of an empty tube 712. Fig. 7C shows a cross-section of a tube 712 including a stack 717 of capsules 715 with liquid (non-frozen) water. Thus, the thermal energy storage unit 711 of fig. 7C is completely cooled. Fig. 7D shows a cross-section of the tube 712 including a stack 717 of bellows 715 and frozen/solid water. Thus, the thermal energy storage unit 711 of fig. 7D is fully cold-stored. Ideally, the tube 712 of FIG. 7B would have the total cross-section (i.e., cross-sectional area) of the tube 712A for the first fluid 120 if considered without any bellows 715. If the stack 717 of the capsules 715 is placed within the tube 712, a narrow flow path is provided between the capsules 715; in fig. 7C, one of the narrow flow paths 718 is indicated by circles indicating the flow direction of the first fluid 120. For the first fluid 120, a flow path 718 is provided in the cross-sectional area between each of the two bellows 120 (one of these free-flow cross-sectional areas of the flow path is denoted by reference numeral 718A in fig. 7C), and on the left and right sides of fig. 7C, between the wall of the tube 120 and the outermost left and right bellows 715, respectively. In fig. 7C, one of the cross-sectional areas defining the flow path 718 is designated with reference numeral 718A. Fig. 7D shows almost the same configuration as fig. 7C, the key difference being that the remaining cross-sectional area of the flow of the first fluid 120 between the bellows 715 is small, because the bellows 715 expands due to the frozen second fluid 122 inside the bellows 715. One of these free-flow cross-sectional areas, which defines the flow path 718 of the first fluid 120, is indicated by numeral 718B in fig. 7D. The arrangement of the plurality of stacks 717 provides a continuous flow path 718 generally along the length of the tubes from the front end to the back end of the tubes. The average length of these flow paths 718 is longer than the length of the tubes 712 themselves. Optionally, the stack 717 of capsules 715 has the same number of capsules 715. Optionally, the stacks 717 are arranged consecutively adjacent to each other, such that the flow path 718 is provided by a plurality of stacks 717 themselves.

The capsule 715 in fig. 7C requires more space than the capsule in fig. 7B due to the volumetric expansion of the water as it accumulates/freezes. This effect is also referred to as the "breathing-effect" of the bellows 715. Due to this breathing effect, the remaining space of the first fluid 120 changes depending on the state of the second fluid 122 within the bellows 715. In defining the flow path 718, the breathing effect of the bellows 715 must be considered. First, the stack 717 must be adjusted so that the flow path 718 is not blocked in the cold storage and cold extraction states. Second, the stack 717 must be adjusted so that the flow path 718 provides an acceptable pressure drop with both the frozen and non-frozen bellows 715. Third, the overall thermodynamic configuration of the thermal energy storage unit 711 must be optimized. This includes, among other things, the fluid dynamics of the first fluid 120 in the flow path 718, which should be configured such that efficient heat transfer between the bellows 715 and the first fluid 120 can occur.

The first term mentioned above is to ensure that the flow of the first fluid 120 is provided at all times.

The above second item is explained in more detail below. The longer the flow path, the smaller the cross-sectional area of the flow path, and the greater the increase in pressure drop. The disadvantage of increased pressure drop is higher pumping power consumption (i.e. higher system losses, lower overall system efficiency) and increased mechanical requirements on the overall system. Therefore, the pressure drop from the inlet 714A to the outlet 714B of the heat storage device must be below 1 bar (atmospheric pressure). Optionally, the thermal energy storage unit is configured such that the pressure drop in its fully cold-storage and fully cold-extraction states is less than 0.5 bar.

With respect to the third item above, the ratio of the combined length of the plurality of tubes (or a very long tube) to the flow cut area is in the range of about 40 to 200 (centimeters per square centimeter), optionally in the range of about 60 to 150 (centimeters per square centimeter). These ratios of the flow cut area to the combined length of the plurality of tubes (i.e., the total length of the plurality of tubes 712 connected together in series) provide an effective heat transfer rate with an acceptable pressure drop.

On the one hand, this allows more time for the capsule placed closest to the inlet (reduced heat transfer rate due to melting of ice within the capsule) to continue transferring heat into the first fluid 120 at a lower heat transfer rate and lower exchange temperature, while the capsule 715 located further downstream in the flow of the first fluid 120 continues its heat transfer at a higher heat transfer rate.

The term "flow-cut-area" is a number calculated as follows:

AFFCAp＝(TCSA－(CCSA-LS+CCSA-FS)/2×CPS)/CPS

wherein the variables are defined as follows:

AFFCAp: mean free flow cut area per capsule

TCSA: the total available cross-sectional area 712A of the tube (see fig. 7B);

CCSA-LS: the bellows cross-sectional area 715 of the second fluid in a liquid state (i.e., a chilled state, see fig. 7C);

CCSA-FS: bellows cross-sectional area 715 of the frozen state second fluid (i.e., cold storage state, see fig. 7D);

CPS: the number of bellows 715 mounted in parallel.

The mean free-flow cross-sectional area (i.e., AFFCAp) of each bellows 715 is used to calculate the total flow area available in the cross-section of the tube, according to the above formula. The results were then used to calculate the average cross-sectional flow area, i.e., the flow cut area, for each bellows.

The calculated flow cut area can be used to calculate the gamma ratio, which is a good indicator of the efficiency of heat transfer between the capsule and the first fluid, as follows:

gamma ratio: the combined length/flow cut area of the plurality of tubes, for example, uses centimeters as the length unit and square centimeters as the area unit, [ centimeters per square centimeter ].

A gamma ratio of the combined length of the plurality of tubes to the flow cutting area of about 150 cm/cm is an example of value in applications. A system configured according to the above requirements proves a yield value (percentage of the second fluid melted during 4 hours of extraction) higher than 80%, an acceptable outlet temperature of the first fluid lower than 5 ℃, and an acceptable pressure drop (about 0.5 bar). Increasing the ratio to 200 cm/cm (with the shape of the bellows according to the embodiment explained above) will increase the pressure drop over the desired limit. Reducing the ratio to below 40 cm/cm will reduce the proportion of the yield value on cooling to 50%. A ratio in the range of 60 to 90 cm/cm will also result in a reasonable efficiency of the unit 711. Furthermore, the embodiments provide a flat and stable cooling profile (behavior) compared to conventional "packed ice" systems.

It should be noted that the above range and values of the gamma ratio are the results of theoretical and practical experiments using the above embodiments.

Fig. 8A shows the capsule 114 with a filling nozzle 202 having a predefined diameter. Flat metal strips 801 are provided so that they are disposed within the bellows 114. The width of the metal strip is adapted to the diameter of the filling nozzle 202 so that the metal strip can be inserted into the bellows 114. It should be noted that the metal strip 801 placed in the filling nozzle 202 in fig. 8A is shown for illustrative purposes only. The bellows 114 ultimately used for the heat storage unit is only provided with a metal strip 801 located completely inside the bellows 114. The length of the metal strips 801 are preferably sized so that they fit well with the length of the bellows 114. In this way, the metal strip 801 will remain in place inside the capsule 114 and will affect most of the internal volume of the capsule 114. Optionally, multiple metal strips are used to improve the overall heat transfer efficiency of the capsule 114. These metal strips 801 serve as heat transfer elements that improve heat transfer inside the capsule 114 and increase the overall heat transfer efficiency of the individual capsules.

Fig. 8B shows the capsule 114 with a filling nozzle 202 having a predefined diameter. A spiral flat metal strip 802 is provided so that they are disposed within the bellows 114. The width of the metal strip is adapted to the diameter of the filling nozzle 202 so that the metal strip can be inserted into the bellows 114. It should be noted that the metal strip 802 placed in the filling nozzle 202 in fig. 8A is for illustrative purposes only. The spiral flat metal strip 802 provides better heat distribution inside the capsule 114.

Fig. 9A shows a rigid spacer 620 with vertical rods 621, horizontal rods 622, and gaps 624 between the rods. A rigid spacer 600 is disposed between two adjacent bellows 114. Refer to fig. 6B and 6C and the corresponding description. For example, the rigid spacer may be used in conjunction with the embodiment described in the context of fig. 7.

When the capsule wall deflects toward the adjacent capsule wall while cold storage (i.e., when the second fluid 122 freezes), the horizontal rod 622 maintains a free flow path in its vicinity, which will allow for parallel flow 650 of the first fluid 120, which parallel flow 650 will cause ice to melt across the entire capsule width. The vertical upright bars will create turbulence which will improve the heat transfer coefficient between the membrane cassette walls and the flow of the first fluid 120, as indicated by the curved arrows 640.

Fig. 9B shows a flexible spacer 600 with a flap 602. A flexible spacer 600 is disposed between two adjacent bellows 114. Refer to fig. 6A and corresponding description. In addition, a plurality of protrusions 603 are provided to generate more turbulence. For example, the flexible spacer 600 may be used in conjunction with the embodiments described in the context of fig. 7.

Placing the flexible spacer 600 equipped with the fins 602, the fins 602 are preloaded to press against the 114 flat walls of the adjacent bellows, which will force the first fluid to flow through the narrow gap between the 114 flat walls of the bellows. This increases the rate of heat transfer of the first fluid 120 with the capsule 114. In addition, the turbulence of the flow increases. This is represented by line 900 in fig. 9B. The minimum gap (i.e., the minimum dimension of the gap) for the cold storage phase should be about 1 millimeter per side.

Further, the flexible spacer 600 may be configured such that the gap grows to about 3 to 5 millimeters on each side (due to ice melting). This will advantageously result in the fluid flow velocity of the first fluid 120 being reduced to one quarter of its maximum velocity in the tube (1/4).

The fins (wings) are predisposed to expand away from the vertical plate and move towards the capsule wall and maintain a narrow flow gap for the first fluid 120 near the capsule 114 and will prevent performance degradation as described above.

It is expected that during the life of a patent maturing from this application many relevant thermal storage vessels will be developed and the scope of the term thermal storage vessel is intended to include all such new technologies a priori.

Summarizing:

the term "about" as used herein means-60% and + 200%.

The terms "comprising," including, "" containing, "" having, "and variations thereof mean" including, but not limited to.

The term "consisting of …" means "including and limited to".

The term "consisting essentially of …" means that the composition, method, or structure may include additional ingredients, steps, and/or portions, but only if the additional ingredients, steps, and/or portions do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed composition, method, or structure.

As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

In this application, various embodiments of the invention may be presented in a range format. It is to be understood that the description of the range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible sub-ranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, descriptions of ranges such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed sub-ranges, e.g., from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6, etc., as well as individual numbers within the ranges, e.g.: 1. 2, 3, 4,5 and 6. This applies to any range of widths.

Whenever a numerical range is indicated herein, it is meant to include any reference number (fractional or integer) within the indicated range. The phrases "range between a first indicated number and a second indicated number" and "range from a first indicated number to a second indicated number" are used interchangeably herein and are meant to include the first and second indicated numbers and all fractions and integers therebetween.

It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination or as suitable in any other described embodiment of the invention. Certain features described in the context of various embodiments should not be considered essential features of those embodiments unless the embodiments are inoperable without those elements.

While the present invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the present invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.

All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. Further, any reference herein to or identified in this application is not to be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention. Where a section heading is used, the section heading should not be construed as necessarily limiting. In addition, any priority documents of the present application are incorporated herein in their entirety by this reference.

List of reference numerals

Energy Storage (TES) system 100

Cooler 102/150

Fluid distribution system 104

Controller 105

Pump 106

Flow control mechanism 107

Pipes 108 to 108T

Monitoring assembly 109

Array 110

Ice blocks 112, 112B, 112C, 112D

Iced-film boxes 114, 114C, 114Cy

First fluid 120

A second fluid 122

Third fluid 124

Air 126

Cooling loader 130

Air compressor 140

Heat Exchangers (HE) 142, 152, 170

Filling nozzle 202

Narrow side spacer 204

Wide side spacers 206

Rectangular outer casing 220

Mounting bracket 222

Inlet/outlet tube 224

End plate 226

Support panel 227

Interconnecting conduit 228

Base frame 232

Ridges 250, 252

Lower part 254

Upper 256

Protrusions 260

General flow direction 290

Flexural mode 291

Chilling process 500

Subsets 520, 520A, 520B

Spacers 600, 620

Wing 602

Protrusions 603

Vertical rod 621

Horizontal rod 622

Gap 624

Flow region 630

Curved arrow 640

Flow 650

Pipe 712

Overall cross-section of tube 712A

Front end element 713A

Back end component 713B

Inlet 714A

Outlet 714B

Bellows 715

Space 716

Stacked bellows 717

Flow path 718

Liquid free-flow cross-sectional area 718A of the second fluid

The free flow cross-sectional area 718B of the second fluid in the frozen state.