Ship pipeline cleaning process
阅读说明：本技术 一种船舶管道清洗工艺 (Ship pipeline cleaning process ) 是由 周亮 于 2021-06-10 设计创作，主要内容包括：本申请涉及管道清洗的领域,具体公开了一种船舶管道清洗工艺,具体包括如下清洗步骤：S1、将船舶系统管道与清洗泵连接形成循环系统；S2、启动清洗泵将清洗剂A注入船舶系统管道循环清洗后排出废液；所述清洗剂A包括硝酸、硬脂酸、脂肪胺聚氧乙烯醚、羟基乙叉二膦酸、分散剂、起泡剂、水；S3、启动清洗泵将清洗剂B注入船舶系统管道循环清洗后排出废液；所述清洗剂B包括聚乙二醇、烷基苷糖表面活性剂、乳化剂；S4、启动清洗泵将35-45℃的清水注入船舶管路系统循环清洗2-4次即可。本申请的工艺能够提高船舶管道的清洗效果。(The application relates to the field of pipeline cleaning, and specifically discloses a ship pipeline cleaning process, which specifically comprises the following cleaning steps: s1, connecting a ship system pipeline with a cleaning pump to form a circulating system; s2, starting a cleaning pump to inject cleaning agent A into the pipeline of the ship system for circular cleaning, and then discharging waste liquid; the cleaning agent A comprises nitric acid, stearic acid, fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether, hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid, a dispersing agent, a foaming agent and water; s3, starting a cleaning pump to inject a cleaning agent B into the pipeline of the ship system for circular cleaning, and then discharging waste liquid; the cleaning agent B comprises polyethylene glycol, alkyl glycoside surfactant and emulsifier; and S4, starting a cleaning pump to inject clean water at 35-45 ℃ into the ship pipeline system for circulating cleaning for 2-4 times. The process can improve the cleaning effect of the ship pipeline.)
1. The ship pipeline cleaning process is characterized by comprising the following cleaning steps:
s1, connecting a ship system pipeline with a cleaning pump to form a circulating system;
s2, starting a cleaning pump to inject cleaning agent A into the pipeline of the ship system for circular cleaning, and then discharging waste liquid; the cleaning agent A comprises the following components in percentage by weight of 1: (1-3): (0.5-2): (0.03-0.5): (0.02-0.05): (0.005-0.07): 1.5 of nitric acid, stearic acid, fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether, hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid, a dispersing agent, a foaming agent and water;
s3, starting a cleaning pump to inject a cleaning agent B into the pipeline of the ship system for circular cleaning, and then discharging waste liquid; the cleaning agent B comprises the following components in parts by weight (1-3): (0.03-0.6): (0.08-0.15) alkylglycoside surfactant, polyethylene glycol, and emulsifier;
and S4, starting a cleaning pump to inject clean water at 35-45 ℃ into the ship pipeline system for circulating cleaning for 2-4 times.
2. The marine pipeline cleaning process according to claim 1, wherein: and the circulating cleaning time in the step S2 is 50-100 min.
3. The marine pipeline cleaning process according to claim 1, wherein: the circulating cleaning time in the step S3 is 40-70 min.
4. The marine pipeline cleaning process according to claim 1, wherein: the total amine value of the fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether in the cleaning agent A is 44-60 mgKOH/g.
5. The marine pipeline cleaning process according to claim 1, wherein: the dispersant in the cleaning agent A is a polycarboxylate amine salt dispersant.
6. The marine pipeline cleaning process according to claim 1, wherein: the number average molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol in the cleaning agent B is 400-800.
7. The marine pipeline cleaning process according to claim 1, wherein: and the emulsifier in the cleaning agent B is alkylphenol polyoxyethylene.
8. The process for cleaning ship pipelines according to claim 1, further comprising the step of cleaning the ship pipelines by using compressed air, specifically: and step S4, removing the cleaning pump, and introducing compressed air into the pipeline of the ship system.
9. The marine pipeline cleaning process according to claim 8, wherein: the pressure of the compressed air is 3-5 bar.
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of pipeline cleaning, in particular to a ship pipeline cleaning process.
Background
Marine pipelines are pipelines for transporting marine required substances such as water, oil, gas and the like and for connecting various mechanical devices. The ship pipeline is an indispensable mechanism for meeting daily life requirements of crews and passengers and improving the stability and the dust resistance of the ship.
And after the pipeline is used for a long time, dirt can be generated, so that the conveying efficiency of the ship pipeline is reduced, even the ship pipeline stops running, the pipeline needs to be cleaned in time, and the pipeline can be continuously used until the cleanliness of the pipeline reaches the standard of the design requirement. The prior method for cleaning the ship pipeline mainly comprises the step of carrying out sectional disassembly and cleaning by an alkali boiling or acid washing method, but has the problems of long cleaning time and poor descaling effect.
With respect to the above-described related art, the inventors consider that: it is highly desirable to improve the cleaning effect of ship pipelines.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to improve the cleaning effect of the ship pipeline, the application provides a ship pipeline cleaning process.
The application provides a boats and ships pipeline cleaning process adopts following technical scheme:
a ship pipeline cleaning process comprises the following cleaning steps:
s1, connecting a ship system pipeline with a cleaning pump to form a circulating system;
s2, starting a cleaning pump to inject cleaning agent A into the pipeline of the ship system for circular cleaning, and then discharging waste liquid; the cleaning agent A comprises the following components in percentage by weight of 1: (1-3): (0.5-2): (0.03-0.5): (0.02-0.05): (0.005-0.07) 1.5 parts of nitric acid, stearic acid, fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether, hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid, dispersant, foaming agent and water;
s3, starting a cleaning pump to inject a cleaning agent B into the pipeline of the ship system for circular cleaning, and then discharging waste liquid; the cleaning agent B comprises the following components in parts by weight (1-3): (0.03-0.6): (0.08-0.15) polyethylene glycol, alkyl glycoside surfactant and emulsifier;
and S4, starting a cleaning pump to inject clean water at 35-45 ℃ into the ship pipeline system for circulating cleaning for 2-4 times.
Through adopting above-mentioned technical scheme, through using cleaner A and cleaner B circulation washing boats and ships pipeline in proper order, strengthened the cleaning performance of boats and ships pipeline greatly. The nitric acid and the stearic acid in the cleaning agent A can dissolve most of dirt in the pipeline and are compounded with the fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether, the compatibility of a cleaning agent A system can be further improved, the interfacial tension can be reduced by the dispersing agent, the dirt is fully contacted with the cleaning agent A, part of residual cleaning agent A can be removed when the cleaning agent B is used for cleaning, and the dirt which is not removed by the cleaning agent A is further removed, so that the cleaning effect of the ship pipeline can be greatly improved by the cooperation of the cleaning agent A and the cleaning agent B.
Preferably, the cycle cleaning time in the step S2 is 50-100 min.
By adopting the technical scheme, the cleaning time is not too short or too long, the ideal cleaning effect cannot be achieved due to too short cleaning time, and the ship pipeline is easily corroded by the cleaning agent A due to too long cleaning time.
Preferably, the cycle cleaning time in the step of S3 is 40-70 min.
By adopting the technical scheme, the ideal cleaning effect cannot be achieved due to too short cleaning time, the cleaning time is too long, the cleaning effect cannot be changed, the cleaning time can be prolonged, and the time cost is wasted.
Preferably, the total amine value of the fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether in the cleaning agent A is 44-60 mgKOH/g.
By adopting the technical scheme, the fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether with the total amine value of 44-60mgKOH/g has stronger dispersity, can improve the uniformity of the cleaning agent A, promotes the diffusion performance of the cleaning agent A, and improves the cleaning effect of the ship pipeline.
Preferably, the dispersant in the cleaning agent A is a polycarboxylate amine salt dispersant.
By adopting the technical scheme, the amine group is contained in the polycarboxylate amine salt dispersing agent, the compatibility with the fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether is high, and the amine group and the fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether interact with each other, so that the diffusion of the cleaning agent A can be promoted, and the cleaning effect of the ship pipeline is further improved.
Preferably, the number average molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol in the cleaning agent B is 400-800.
By adopting the technical scheme, the polyethylene glycol with the number average molecular weight of 400-800 has proper viscosity and proper compatibility in a cleaning agent B system, and can promote the cleaning effect of the ship pipeline.
Preferably, the emulsifier in the cleaning agent B is alkylphenol polyoxyethylene.
By adopting the technical scheme, the alkylphenol polyoxyethylene has alkyl, has higher compatibility with the alkyl glycoside surfactant with the same alkyl, and can improve the uniformity of the cleaning agent B, thereby further improving the cleaning effect of the ship pipeline.
Preferably, the process for cleaning the ship pipeline further comprises the step of cleaning the ship pipeline by using compressed air, and specifically comprises the following steps: and step S4, removing the cleaning pump, and introducing compressed air into the pipeline of the ship system.
Through adopting above-mentioned technical scheme, let in compressed air and can shorten the drying time of boats and ships pipeline to blow out some dirt that remain in the boats and ships pipeline, improve the cleaning performance of boats and ships pipeline.
Preferably, the pressure of the compressed air is 3-5 bar.
In summary, the present application has the following beneficial effects:
1. according to the process steps, the cleaning agent A and the cleaning agent B are used for cleaning the ship pipeline in a circulating mode in sequence, so that the cleaning rate of the ship pipeline can be greatly improved, the corrosion rate of the ship pipeline is reduced, and the cleaning effect of the ship pipeline can be greatly enhanced;
2. the cleaning agent A is preferably prepared from the fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether with the total amine value of 44-60mgKOH/g, and the fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether with the total amine value of 44-60mgKOH/g has strong dispersibility, can improve the uniformity of the cleaning agent A, promotes the diffusion performance of the cleaning agent A, and improves the cleaning effect of the ship pipeline;
3. according to the application, the polycarboxylate amine salt dispersing agent is preferably adopted to prepare the cleaning agent A, the polycarboxylate amine salt dispersing agent has an amino group, the compatibility with fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether is high, the two interact, the diffusion of the cleaning agent A can be promoted, and the cleaning effect of the ship pipeline is further improved.
Detailed Description
The present application will be described in further detail with reference to the following preparation examples and examples, and the sources of the raw materials used in the present application are shown in Table 1 unless otherwise specified.
TABLE 1 sources of raw materials used in the present application
Preparation example of cleaning agent A
Preparation example 1
A cleaning agent A is prepared by the following steps:
uniformly mixing 200g of nitric acid, 400g of stearic acid, 200g of fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether, 40g of hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid, 8g of dispersing agent, 6g of foaming agent and 300g of water to prepare a cleaning agent A;
the total amine value of the used fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether is 75-85 mgKOH/g; the dispersant is carboxylate dispersant, and the model is HY-65A; the foaming agent used was n-butanol, CAS number 71-36-3, available from Jinan Prolihua chemical Co., Ltd.
Preparation examples 2 to 9
Preparation examples 2 to 9 are based on preparation example 1 and differ from preparation example 1 only in that: the amounts of the raw materials are different, and are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 preparation examples 1 to 9 Each raw material amount
Preparation example
Nitric acid (g)
Stearic acid (g)
Fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether (g)
Hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid (g)
Dispersant (g)
Foaming agent (g)
Water (g)
Preparation example 1
200
400
200
40
8
6
300
Preparation example 2
200
200
200
40
8
6
300
Preparation example 3
200
600
200
40
8
6
300
Preparation example 4
200
400
100
40
8
6
300
Preparation example 5
200
400
400
40
8
6
300
Preparation example 6
200
400
200
100
8
6
300
Preparation example 7
200
400
200
6
8
6
300
Preparation example 8
200
400
200
40
4
14
300
Preparation example 9
200
400
200
40
10
1
300
Preparation example 10
Preparation 10 is based on preparation 1, differing from preparation 1 only in that: the total amine value of the used fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether is 28-32 mgKOH/g.
Preparation example 11
Preparation 11 is based on preparation 10, and differs from preparation 10 only in that: the total amine value of the used fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether is 44-50 mgKOH/g.
Preparation example 12
Preparation 12 is based on preparation 10, and differs from preparation 10 only in that: the total amine value of the used fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether is 50-60 mgKOH/g.
Preparation example 13
Preparation 13 is based on preparation 12 and differs from preparation 12 only in that: the dispersant used is a polycarboxylate amine salt dispersant.
Comparative preparation example
Comparative preparation example 1 is based on preparation example 8, differing from preparation example 8 only in that: fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether with equal mass is used for replacing fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether; the fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether is AEO-5, and is purchased from Nantong Runfeng petrochemical company Limited.
Comparative preparation example 2
Comparative preparation example 2 is based on preparation example 8, differing from preparation example 8 only in that: equal mass of nitric acid was used instead of stearic acid.
Comparative preparation example 3
Comparative preparation 3 is based on preparation 8, differing from preparation 8 only in that: replacing hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid with hexamethylene tetramine with equal mass; the CAS number for hexamethylenetetramine used was 100-97-0, available from Nanjing reagents, Inc.
Preparation example of cleaning agent B
Preparation example 14
A cleaning agent B is prepared by the following steps:
uniformly mixing 400g of polyethylene glycol, 60g of alkyl glycoside surfactant and 20g of emulsifier to prepare a cleaning agent B;
the number average molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol used is 200 (PEG-200); the emulsifier is fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, the model of which is AEO-5, and the emulsifier is purchased from Nantong Runfeng petrochemical Co.
Preparation examples 15 to 16
Preparation examples 15 to 16 are based on preparation example 14 and differ from preparation example 14 only in that: the dosage of each raw material is different, and the specific table is shown in table 3.
TABLE 3 preparation examples 14 to 16 each raw material amount
Preparation example
Polyethylene glycol (g)
Alkyl glycoside sugar surfactant (g)
Emulsifier (g)
Preparation example 14
400
60
20
Preparation example 15
600
6
30
Preparation example 16
200
120
16
Preparation example 17
Preparation 17 is based on preparation 14 and differs from preparation 14 only in that: the polyethylene glycol used had a number average molecular weight of 1000 (PEG-1000).
Preparation example 18
Preparation 18 is based on preparation 17, differing from preparation 17 only in that: the polyethylene glycol used had a number average molecular weight of 400 (PEG-400).
Preparation example 19
Preparation 19 is based on preparation 17, differing from preparation 17 only in that: the polyethylene glycol used had a number average molecular weight of 600 (PEG-600).
Preparation example 20
Preparation 20 is based on preparation 17, differing from preparation 17 only in that: the polyethylene glycol used had a number average molecular weight of 800 (PEG-800).
Preparation example 21
Preparation 21 is based on preparation 20 and differs from preparation 20 only in that: and the alkylphenol ethoxylates with equal mass is used for replacing the fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether.
Examples
Example 1
A ship pipeline cleaning process comprises the following cleaning steps:
s1, connecting a ship system pipeline with a cleaning pump to form a circulating system;
s2, starting a cleaning pump to inject the cleaning agent A prepared in the preparation example 1 into a pipeline of a ship system for circulating cleaning for 80min, and then discharging waste liquid;
s3, starting a cleaning pump to inject the cleaning agent B prepared in the preparation example 2 into a pipeline of a ship system for circulating cleaning for 50min, and then discharging waste liquid;
and S4, starting a cleaning pump to inject clean water of 40 ℃ into the ship pipeline system for circulating cleaning for 3 times.
Examples 2 to 3
Examples 2 to 3 are based on example 1 and differ from example 1 only in that: the washing conditions were varied and are shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4 cleaning conditions of examples 1-3
Examples
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
S2 step circulation cleaning time (min)
80
50
100
S3 step circulation cleaning time (min)
50
70
40
S4 clean Water temperature (DEG C)
40
35
45
S4 procedure for cleaning times
3
2
4
Source of cleaning agent A
Preparation example 1
Preparation example 1
Preparation example 1
Source of detergent B
Preparation example 14
Preparation example 14
Preparation example 14
Preparation examples 4 to 22
Preparation examples 4 to 22 are based on example 1 and differ from example 1 only in that: the sources of cleaning agent A and cleaning agent B are different, and are shown in Table 5.
TABLE 5 examples 4-22 sources of Cleaner A and Cleaner B
Examples
Source of cleaning agent A
Source of detergent B
Example 4
Preparation example 2
Preparation example 14
Example 5
Preparation example 3
Preparation example 14
Example 6
Preparation example 4
Preparation example 14
Example 7
Preparation example 5
Preparation example 14
Example 8
Preparation example 6
Preparation example 14
Example 9
Preparation example 7
Preparation example 14
Example 10
Preparation example 8
Preparation example 14
Example 11
Preparation example 9
Preparation example 14
Example 12
Preparation example 10
Preparation example 14
Example 13
Preparation example 11
Preparation example 14
Example 14
Preparation example 12
Preparation example 14
Example 15
Preparation example 13
Preparation example 14
Example 16
Preparation example 13
Preparation example 15
Example 17
Preparation example 13
Preparation example 16
Example 18
Preparation example 13
Preparation example 17
Example 19
Preparation example 13
Preparation example 18
Example 20
Preparation example 13
Preparation example 19
Example 21
Preparation example 13
Preparation example 20
Example 22
Preparation example 13
Preparation example 21
Example 23
Example 23 is based on example 22 and differs from example 22 only in that: after the washing with the water at step S4, the washing pump was removed, and then compressed air at a pressure of 8bar was introduced into the piping of the marine system.
Example 24
Example 24 is based on example 23 and differs from example 23 only in that: after the washing with the water at step S4, the washing pump was removed, and then compressed air at a pressure of 3bar was introduced into the piping of the marine system.
Example 25
Example 25 is based on example 23 and differs from example 23 only in that: after the washing with the water at step S4, the washing pump was removed, and then compressed air at a pressure of 5bar was introduced into the piping of the marine system.
Example 26
Example 26 is based on example 23 and differs from example 23 only in that: after the washing with the water at step S4, the washing pump was removed, and then compressed air at a pressure of 4bar was introduced into the piping of the marine system.
Comparative example
Comparative example 1
Comparative example 1 is based on example 11 and differs from example 11 only in that: formulation a was derived from comparative preparation 1.
Comparative example 2
Comparative example 2 is based on example 11 and differs from example 11 only in that: formulation a was derived from comparative preparation 2.
Comparative example 3
Comparative example 3 is based on example 11 and differs from example 11 only in that: formulation a was derived from comparative preparation 3.
Comparative example 4
Comparative example 4 is based on example 11 and differs from example 11 only in that: and directly cleaning the ship pipeline after the step S1 in a step S3.
Comparative example 5
Comparative example 5 is based on example 11 and differs from example 11 only in that: and directly cleaning the ship pipeline after the step S2 in a step S4.
Performance test
The following performance tests were performed on the washed marine pipelines of examples 1 to 26 and comparative examples 1 to 5, respectively.
And (3) cleaning rate test: the cleaning rate of the ship pipelines cleaned in the examples 1-26 and the comparative examples 1-5 is tested according to the regulations of GB/T25148-.
And (3) corrosion rate testing: the corrosion rate of the ship pipelines cleaned in the examples 1-26 and the comparative examples 1-5 is tested according to the regulations of GB/T25147-2010 (method for testing the corrosion rate and the total corrosion amount of metals in chemical cleaning of industrial equipment, gravimetric method), and the test results are shown in Table 6.
TABLE 6 test results of examples 1-26 and comparative examples 1-5
Examples
Cleaning ratio (%)
Corrosion rate (g/m)2·h）
Examples
Corrosion rate (g/m)2·h）
Corrosion rate (g/m)2·h）
Example 1
96.76
0.48
Example 17
97.20
0.41
Example 2
96.74
0.49
Example 18
97.21
0.38
Example 3
96.69
0.51
Example 19
97.99
0.32
Example 4
96.75
0.49
Example 20
98.01
0.31
Example 5
96.73
0.49
Example 21
97.97
0.32
Example 6
96.74
0.52
Example 22
98.31
0.25
Example 7
96.75
0.49
Example 23
99.23
0.21
Example 8
96.74
0.49
Example 24
99.23
0.12
Example 9
96.74
0.51
Example 25
99.22
0.11
Example 10
96.73
0.52
Example 26
99.25
0.08
Example 11
96.72
0.54
Comparative example 1
88.35
0.68
Example 12
96.74
0.51
Comparative example 2
78.96
2.32
Example 13
96.81
0.45
Comparative example 3
82.34
1.72
Example 14
96.81
0.44
Comparative example 4
55.32
0.75
Example 15
97.21
0.39
Comparative example 5
68.13
2.55
Example 16
97.22
0.39
/
/
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As can be seen from the analysis of the data of the present application, the cleaning efficiency of the ship pipe is high and the corrosion rate is low after the cleaning by the ship pipe cleaning process of the present application, and as can be seen from the analysis of the data of examples 1 to 12, example 1 is the most preferable example of examples 1 to 12.
Analyzing the data of the embodiment 11 and the comparative examples 4 to 5 shows that in the process steps of the present application, the cleaning rate of the ship pipeline can be greatly improved and the corrosion rate of the ship pipeline can be reduced by using the cleaning agent A and the cleaning agent B to sequentially and circularly clean the ship pipeline, that is, the cleaning effect of the ship pipeline can be greatly enhanced, and analyzing the data of the comparative examples 1 to 5 shows that the nitric acid and the stearic acid in the cleaning agent A can dissolve most of dirt in the pipeline and can be compounded with the fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether, so that the compatibility of the cleaning agent A system can be further increased, and the dispersing agent can reduce the interfacial tension, so that the dirt can be fully contacted with the cleaning agent A, and part of the residual cleaning agent A can be removed when the cleaning agent B is used for cleaning, and further the dirt.
Analysis of the data of examples 13 to 14, examples 12 and example 11 revealed that the cleaning agent A prepared using the aliphatic amine polyoxyethylene ether having a total amine value of 44 to 60mgKOH/g exhibited a high cleaning rate and a low corrosion rate, and that the aliphatic amine polyoxyethylene ether having a total amine value of 44 to 60mgKOH/g exhibited a high dispersibility, and thus the uniformity of the cleaning agent A was improved, the diffusibility of the cleaning agent A was improved, and the cleaning effect of the marine pipeline was improved.
Analysis of the data of examples 15 and 14 shows that when the dispersant used to prepare detergent a is a polycarboxylate amine dispersant, the cleaning rate of the marine pipeline is increased and the corrosion rate is reduced, which indicates that the polycarboxylate amine dispersant has an amine group and is highly compatible with fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether, and the amine group and the fatty amine polyoxyethylene ether interact with each other to promote the diffusion of detergent a and further improve the cleaning effect of the marine pipeline.
Analysis of the data of examples 19-21, 18 and 15 shows that when the number average molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol in the preparation of the cleaning agent B is 400-.
Analysis of the data in examples 22 and 21 revealed that when the emulsifier used in the preparation of detergent B was alkylphenol ethoxylates, the cleaning rate of the ship pipes after cleaning was significantly improved, indicating that alkylphenol ethoxylates have alkyl groups, and that the compatibility with the alkylglycoside surfactants having alkyl groups was high, and the uniformity of detergent B could be improved, thereby further improving the cleaning effect of the ship pipes.
As is clear from the analysis of the data of examples 23 to 24 and example 22, the cleaning efficiency of the ship pipes after cleaning can be improved by adding the step of cleaning the ship pipes with compressed air, and it is explained that the drying time of the ship pipes can be shortened by introducing compressed air, and some of the dirt remaining in the ship pipes can be blown out, thereby improving the cleaning effect of the ship pipes. Wherein when the pressure of the introduced compressed air is 3-5bar, the corrosion rate of the cleaned ship pipeline is low.
The present embodiment is only for explaining the present application, and it is not limited to the present application, and those skilled in the art can make modifications of the present embodiment without inventive contribution as needed after reading the present specification, but all of them are protected by patent law within the scope of the claims of the present application.