阅读说明：本技术 具有由表面硬化材料形成的座表面的双冠部阀座插入件 (Dual crown valve seat insert having a seating surface formed of a hardfacing material ) 是由 A·A·哈蒂安加迪 屈蓉 P·斯莫里奇 K·斯内林 P·布罗德森 于 2020-04-09 设计创作，主要内容包括：一种用于控制气缸(16)换气的换气阀(24)的阀座插入件(38),包括插入件主体(50),该插入件主体(50)具有内周表面(56)、外周表面(58)和阀座表面(40),阀座表面(40)被构造成在关闭位置接触换气阀(24),并且成形为限制其阀凹陷。阀座表面(40)包括线性段(71)和弯曲段(69,73)的布置,线性段(71)和弯曲段(69,73)形成冠部(62,64)以在不同磨损状态下接触换气阀(24)。阀座插入件(38)还包括基底材料(57)和表面硬化材料(61),该表面硬化材料(61)以冶金方式结合到基底材料(57)并形成阀座表面(40)。(A valve seat insert (38) for a gas exchange valve (24) for controlling gas exchange in a cylinder (16), comprising an insert body (50), the insert body (50) having an inner peripheral surface (56), an outer peripheral surface (58) and a valve seat surface (40), the valve seat surface (40) being configured to contact the gas exchange valve (24) in a closed position and shaped to limit valve recession thereof. The valve seat surface (40) comprises an arrangement of linear (71) and curved (69, 73) segments, the linear (71) and curved (69, 73) segments forming crowns (62, 64) to contact the gas exchange valve (24) under different wear conditions. The valve seat insert (38) also includes a base material (57) and a hardfacing material (61), the hardfacing material (61) metallurgically bonded to the base material (57) and forming a valve seat surface (40).)

1. An engine head assembly (19), comprising:

an engine head (18) having a breather conduit (20, 21) formed therein;

a valve seat insert (38, 138, 228) positioned at least partially within the engine head (18) and defining a valve seat central axis;

a gas exchange valve (24, 25, 124, 224) comprising a valve head (26, 126), the valve head (26, 126) having an outer valve face (44) and an inner valve face (46, 146, 246), and the gas exchange valve (24, 25, 124, 224) being movable between a closed valve position and an open valve position, wherein the inner valve face (46, 146, 246) contacts the valve seat insert (38, 138, 228) in the closed valve position;

the valve seat insert (38, 138, 228) having an axial end surface (51, 148) facing the cylinder (16), an inner peripheral surface (56), an outer peripheral surface (58), and a valve seat surface (40, 159, 259), the inner peripheral surface (56) defining an opening (43) fluidly between the cylinder (16) and the breather conduit (20, 21), the valve seat surface (40, 159, 259) extending between the axial end surface (51, 148) and the inner peripheral surface (56);

the valve seat surface (40, 159, 259) is shaped to limit valve recession and includes, in profile, an outer curved segment (69, 162, 262) radially inward of the axial end surface (51, 148), an inner linear segment (71, 166, 266) adjacent the outer curved segment (69, 162, 262), and an inner curved segment (73, 168, 268);

the outer curved section (69, 162, 262) forming a first crown portion (62, 164, 264) in contact with the gas exchange valve (24, 25, 124, 224) in an early wear state, the inner curved section (73, 168, 268) forming a second crown portion (64, 170, 270) in contact with the gas exchange valve (24, 25, 124, 224) in a later wear state; and

the valve seat insert (38, 138, 228) includes a base material (57, 157, 257) and a hardfacing material (61, 161, 261), the hardfacing material (61, 161, 261) metallurgically bonded to the base material (57, 157, 257) and forming the valve seat surface (40, 159, 259).

2. The engine head assembly (19) of claim 1, wherein:

each of the axial end surface (51, 148) and the inner peripheral surface (56) is formed from the base material (57, 157, 257), and the hardfacing material (61, 161, 261) forms an annular band extending from the axial end surface (51, 148) to the inner peripheral surface (56);

a stroke length of the valve seat surface (40, 159, 259) is formed by the outer curved segment (69, 162, 262), the inner curved segment (73, 168, 268), and the inner linear segment (71, 166, 266), and a thickness of the hardfacing material (61, 161, 261) is less than the stroke length of the valve seat surface (40, 159, 259);

the valve seat insert (38, 138, 228) includes a welded interface (59, 158, 258) between the base material (57, 157, 257) and the hardfacing material (61, 161, 261), and the welded interface (59, 158, 258) includes a curved shape in profile; and is

The outer curved segment (69, 162, 262) is formed by a first radius having a first dimension, and the inner curved segment (73, 168, 268) is formed by a second radius having a second dimension, the first dimension being greater than the second dimension.

3. The engine head assembly (19) of claim 1 or 2, wherein:

the inner land (146, 246) is oriented at a valve angle relative to a plane perpendicular to the valve seat central axis and the inner linear section (71, 166, 266) is oriented at a seat angle greater than the valve angle relative to the plane such that an interference angle is formed by the inner land (146, 246) and the inner linear section (166, 266) and a gap (190, 290) is formed therebetween; and is

The inner peripheral surface (56) comprising in profile an upper curved section (173) forming an inlet flow crown (175) and an inclined section (171), the inclined section (171) extending between the upper curved section (173) and the inner curved section (168, 268); and is

The upper curved section (173) transitions with a second axial end surface (54) and the intake flow crown (175) projects radially inward from the engine head (18), the angled section (171) being oriented at a venturi angle relative to the valve seat central axis (142, 242) such that the inner peripheral surface (56) forms a venturi to accelerate the gas flow into the cylinder (16).

4. A valve seat insert (38, 138, 228) for a gas exchange valve (24, 25, 124, 224), the gas exchange valve (24, 25, 124, 224) controlling gas exchange in a cylinder (16) of an internal combustion engine (10), the valve seat insert (38, 138, 228) comprising:

an annular insert body (50, 140, 240) defining a valve seat central axis extending between a first axial end surface (52, 148) and a second axial end surface (54), the first axial end surface being configured to face the cylinder (16) in the internal combustion engine (10);

the annular insert body (50, 140, 240) further having an inner peripheral surface (56) defining an opening (43) configured to fluidly connect the cylinder (16) to a breather conduit (20, 21) in an engine head (18), an outer peripheral surface (58), and a valve seat surface (40, 159, 259), the valve seat surface (40, 159, 259) extending between the first axial end surface (52, 148) and the inner peripheral surface (56);

the valve seat surface (40, 159, 259) is shaped to limit valve recession and includes, in profile, an outer curved segment (69, 162, 262) radially inward of the first axial end surface (52, 148), an inner linear segment (71, 166, 266) adjacent the outer curved segment (69, 162, 262), and an inner curved segment (73, 168, 268);

the outer curved section (69, 162, 262) forming a first crown portion (62, 164, 264) in contact with the gas exchange valve (24, 25, 124, 224) in an early wear state, the inner curved section (73, 168, 268) forming a second crown portion (64, 170, 270) in contact with the gas exchange valve (24, 25, 124, 224) in a later wear state; and

the valve seat insert (38, 138, 228) includes a base material (57, 157, 257) and a hardfacing material (61, 161, 261), the hardfacing material (61, 161, 261) metallurgically bonded to the base material (57, 157, 257) and forming the valve seat surface (40, 159, 259).

5. The valve seat insert (38, 138, 228) of claim 4, wherein:

each of the first axial end surface (52, 148) and the inner peripheral surface (56) is formed from the base material (57, 157, 257), and the hardfacing material (61, 161, 261) extends from the first axial end surface (52, 148) to the inner peripheral surface (56);

the annular insert body (50, 140, 240) includes a curved weld interface (59, 158, 258) between the base material (57, 157, 257) and the hardfacing material (61, 161, 261) in profile, and the curved weld interface (59, 158, 258) net advances radially inward and axially inward from the first axial end surface (52, 148) to the inner peripheral surface (56); and

the base material (57, 157, 257) is a base metal alloy and the hardfacing material (61, 161, 261) is a cobalt molybdenum alloy.

6. The valve seat insert (38, 138, 228) of claim 4 or 5, wherein:

the inner curved segment (73, 168, 268) abutting the inner peripheral surface (56), and the valve seat surface (40, 159, 259) further including in profile an outer linear segment (67, 160, 260) abutting the first axial end surface (52, 148); and is

Said valve seat surface (40, 159, 259) proceeding net radially inward and axially inward from said first axial end surface (52, 148) to said inner peripheral surface (56); and is

The outer curved segment (69, 162, 262) is formed by a first radius having a first dimension, and the inner curved segment (73, 168, 268) is formed by a second radius having a second dimension, the first dimension being greater than the second dimension.

7. The valve seat insert (38, 138, 228) of claim 6, wherein: the radius forming the outer curved segment (69, 162, 262) is about 6 millimeters or less in size and the radius forming the inner curved segment (73, 168, 268) is about 0.4 millimeters to about 3 millimeters in size.

8. The valve seat insert (38, 138) according to any one of claims 4-7, wherein: a running-in surface contact width (182) of the valve seat surface (40, 159) is between 3 millimeters and 6 millimeters; and the valve seat insert comprises an inlet valve seat insert (38, 138, 228), wherein the valve seat surface (40, 159) defines a seat angle (70, 176, 276) of about 20 °.

9. A valve seat insert (38, 138, 228) for a gas exchange valve (24, 25, 124, 224), the gas exchange valve (24, 25, 124, 224) controlling gas exchange in a cylinder (16) of an internal combustion engine (10), the valve seat insert (38, 138, 228) comprising:

an annular insert body (50, 140, 240) defining a valve seat central axis extending between a first axial end surface (52, 148) and a second axial end surface (54), the first axial end surface being configured to face the cylinder (16) in the internal combustion engine (10);

the annular insert body (50, 140, 240) further having an inner peripheral surface (56) defining an opening (43) configured to fluidly connect the cylinder (16) to a breather conduit (20, 21) in an engine head (18), an outer peripheral surface (58), and a valve seat surface (40, 159, 259) extending between the first axial end surface (52, 148) and the inner peripheral surface (56);

the valve seat surface (40, 159, 259) comprising a first crown (62, 164, 264), a second crown (64, 170, 270), and an intermediate seat surface (66), the first crown (62, 164, 264) for contacting the gas exchange valve (24, 25, 124, 224) in an early wear state, the second crown (64, 170, 270) located radially inward of the first crown (62, 164, 264) for contacting the gas exchange valve (24, 25, 124, 224) in a later wear state, the intermediate seat surface (66) being linear in profile and extending between the first crown (62, 164, 264) and the second crown (64, 170, 270), and the valve seat surface (40, 159, 259) being formed of a hardened material (61, 161, 261) relative to a base material (57, 157, 257) of the valve seat insert (38, 138, 228), for slowing down the valve seat recess in response to contact with the gas exchange valve (24, 25, 124, 224).

10. The valve seat insert (38, 138, 228) of claim 9, wherein: each of the first axial end surface (52, 148) and the inner peripheral surface (56) is formed from the base material (57, 157, 257), and the hardened material (61, 161, 261) includes a surface hardened material (61, 161, 261) forming an annular band extending from the first axial end surface (52, 148) to the inner peripheral surface (56);

the annular insert body (50, 140, 240) comprising a weld interface (59, 158, 258) between the base material (57, 157, 257) and the hardfacing material (61, 161, 261); and is

Each of the valve seat surface (40, 159, 259) and the weld interface (59, 158, 258) progresses net radially inward and axially inward from the axial end surface to the inner peripheral surface (56).

Technical Field

The present invention relates generally to engine valves and associated hardware, and more particularly to an engine valve seat insert for a gas exchange valve having a hardened valve seat surface shaped to limit valve recession.

Background

Gas exchange valves are used in internal combustion engines to control the fluid connection between the cylinder and the intake air supply or supply of intake and other gases (e.g., recirculated exhaust gas), or between the cylinder and the exhaust manifold, to exhaust products of combustion during operation. Designs are known in which a single intake valve and a single exhaust valve are associated with each cylinder in the engine, and designs in which multiple gas exchange valves of each respective type are associated with each cylinder. A camshaft, typically rotating at half engine speed, is coupled with valve lifters, crossbars, rocker arms, and/or other devices for controlling the opening and closing of gas exchange valves at the appropriate engine timing.

The gas exchange valves move into and out of contact with the engine head or a valve seat insert in the engine head to effect their opening and closing action. The gas exchange valve can be moved between its open and closed positions by a large mechanical force. The in-cylinder environment is associated with combustion temperatures of several hundred degrees and relatively high pressures. These and other factors result in the operating conditions of gas exchange valves being rather severe. It has been observed that gas exchange valves and valve seats or valve seat inserts may over time exhibit a phenomenon known as valve recession. The contact between the gas exchange valve and its valve seat can reach millions and possibly billions of times during the service life of the engine, or between service intervals. Harsh conditions and large amounts of impact can cause the material from which the gas exchange valve and/or valve seat is made to wear and/or deform such that the valve "dents" toward or into the engine head beyond the desired degree. Where the seat recession becomes severe enough to impair engine operation or performance, sometimes requiring so-called premature tip servicing. Engineers have experimented with various techniques in an attempt to improve the degree and effectiveness of seat recession and other valve wear patterns. A strategy apparently aimed at preventing the partial wear of the outer diameter side of the valve face is proposed in japanese patent application publication No. JP8270417A, and according to the' 417 document, a convex surface protruding toward the seat surface of the valve face abuts against the seat surface of the valve seat to solve the partial wear problem.

Disclosure of Invention

In one aspect, an engine head assembly includes: an engine head having a breather conduit formed therein; and a valve seat insert positioned at least partially within the engine head and defining a valve seat central axis. The engine head assembly also includes a gas exchange valve including a valve head having an outer valve face and an inner valve face and movable between a closed valve position and an open valve position, wherein the inner valve face contacts the valve seat insert in the closed valve position. The valve seat insert has an axial end surface facing the cylinder, an inner peripheral surface defining an opening fluidly between the cylinder and the breather conduit, an outer peripheral surface, and a valve seat surface extending between the axial end surface and the inner peripheral surface. The valve seat surface is shaped to limit the valve recess and includes, in profile, an outer curved segment radially inward of the axial end surface, an inner linear segment adjacent the outer curved segment, and an inner curved segment. The outer curved section forms a first crown portion that contacts the gas exchange valve in an early wear state and the inner curved section forms a second crown portion that contacts the gas exchange valve in a later wear state. The valve seat insert includes a base material and a hardfacing material metallurgically bonded to the base material and forming a valve seat surface.

In another aspect, a valve seat insert for a gas exchange valve that controls gas exchange of a cylinder in an internal combustion engine, the valve seat insert comprising: an annular insert body defining a valve seat central axis extending between a first axial end surface and a second axial end surface, the first axial end surface configured to face the cylinder in an internal combustion engine. The annular insert body also has an inner peripheral surface defining an opening configured to fluidly connect the cylinder to a breather conduit in the engine head, an outer peripheral surface, and a valve seat surface extending between the first axial end surface and the inner peripheral surface. The valve seat surface is shaped to limit the valve recess and includes in profile: the first axial end surface includes an outer curved segment radially inward, an inner linear segment adjacent the outer curved segment, and an inner curved segment. The outer curved section forms a first crown portion that contacts the gas exchange valve in an early wear state and the inner curved section forms a second crown portion that contacts the gas exchange valve in a later wear state. The valve seat insert includes a base material and a hardfacing material metallurgically bonded to the base material and forming a valve seat surface.

In yet another aspect, a valve seat insert for a gas exchange valve for controlling gas exchange of a cylinder in an internal combustion engine, comprising: an annular insert body defining a valve seat central axis extending between a first axial end surface and a second axial end surface, the first axial end surface configured to face the cylinder in an internal combustion engine. The annular insert body also has an inner peripheral surface defining an opening configured to fluidly connect the cylinder to a breather conduit in the engine head, an outer peripheral surface, and a valve seat surface extending between the first axial end surface and the inner peripheral surface. The valve seat surface includes a first crown portion for contacting the gas exchange valve in an early wear state, a second crown portion located radially inward of the first crown portion for contacting the gas exchange valve in a later wear state, and an intermediate seat surface that is linear in profile and extends between the first crown portion and the second crown portion. The valve seat surface is formed of a hardened material relative to a base material of the valve seat insert for mitigating valve seat recession in response to contact with the gas exchange valve.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view of an internal combustion engine according to one embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a valve seat insert according to one embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the valve seat insert of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is another cross-sectional view of the valve seat insert of FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 is a detailed view of a portion of the valve seat insert of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional side view of a valve seat insert and a gas exchange valve in an early wear state according to an embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional side view of a valve seat insert and a gas exchange valve in a late wear state according to one embodiment;

FIG. 8 is a partial cross-sectional side view of a portion of a gas exchange valve and valve seat insert according to one embodiment;

FIG. 9 is a detailed view taken through circle 9 of FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 is a detailed view taken from circle 10 of FIG. 9;

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional side view of a portion of a gas exchange valve and valve seat insert according to one embodiment;

FIG. 12 is a detailed view taken from circle 12 of FIG. 11; and is

Figure 13 is a detailed view taken through circle 13 of figure 12.

Detailed Description

Referring to FIG. 1, an internal combustion engine is shown according to one embodiment, including an engine housing 12 having a cylinder block 14 with a cylinder 16 formed in the cylinder block 14. Internal combustion engine 10 (hereinafter "engine 10") may be any of a variety of engines, including a compression-ignition diesel engine, a spark-ignition gasoline engine, a gaseous fuel engine configured to operate on fuel that is gaseous at standard temperatures and pressures, a dual-fuel engine, or other engine. Suitable gaseous fuels may include natural gas, methane, landfill gas, biogas, blends of these, or others. An exemplary liquid fuel in a dual or single fuel application is a diesel fraction fuel. The engine head 18 is coupled to the cylinder block 14 and has a first scavenging conduit 20 and a second scavenging conduit 21 formed therein. Each of the ventilation conduits 20 and 21 may be an intake conduit configured to fluidly connect with an intake manifold or an exhaust conduit configured to connect with an exhaust manifold. Accordingly, each of the ventilation ducts 20 and 21 may include an intake duct, each may include an exhaust duct, or may be one of each.

Piston 32 is movable within cylinder 16 between bottom and top dead center positions and is coupled to a crankshaft (not shown) by a connecting rod 34 in a generally conventional manner. Engine 10 may include any number of cylinders arranged in any suitable configuration, such as a V-configuration, an in-line configuration, or other configurations. Engine head 18 may include a one-piece engine head associated with all of the plurality of individual cylinders in engine 10, or may be one of a plurality of individual engine head portions, each associated with less than all of the cylinders in engine 10. The engine 10 further comprises a gas exchange valve 24, in the embodiment shown a second gas exchange valve 25, the gas exchange valve 24 comprising a valve head 26, the valve head 26 having an outer valve face or combustion face 44 and an inner valve face or sealing face 46. The engine head 18 together with the gas exchange valves 24 and 25 form an engine head assembly 19. The gas exchange valve 24 is discussed herein in the singular, however, it should be understood that the description of the gas exchange valve 24 may be similarly applied to the gas exchange valve 25 and any other gas exchange valve within the engine 10. The gas exchange valves 24 and 25 are shown as being oriented generally perpendicular relative to the direction of reciprocation of the piston 32, however, it should also be understood that other configurations, such as diagonally oriented gas exchange valves, are also contemplated herein. The gas exchange valve 24 also includes a shaft 28 connected to the valve head 26 and coupled to another gas exchange valve 25 by a valve bridge 30 such that the gas exchange valves 24 and 25 may be moved together between open and closed positions, for example, in response to rotation of a camshaft and movement of rocker arms, valve lifter assemblies, and/or other devices. The return spring 36 is coupled to the gas exchange valve 24 in a generally conventional manner. Engine 10 also includes a valve seat insert 38, with valve seat insert 38 positioned at least partially within engine head 18 and having a valve seat surface 40 extending circumferentially about a valve seat central axis 42. The scavenging valve 24 is movable between a closed valve position in which the inner valve surface 46 contacts the valve seating surface 40 and the cylinder 16 is prevented from fluid communication with the scavenging conduit 20, and an open valve position. As will become more apparent from the following description, the valve seat insert 38 is constructed from a hardened material and valve seat geometry to mitigate valve recession and other wear-related phenomena during the service life or service interval of the engine 10.

To this end, referring now also to fig. 2-5, the valve seat insert 38 may be formed from a generally annular, one-piece metal insert body 50, the metal insert body 50 being maintained within the engine head 18 by an interference fit. During top end service, engine head 18 may be removed from cylinder block 14, and a plurality of valve seat inserts, substantially identical to valve seat insert 38, may be removed from engine head 18 as needed for replacement. As mentioned above, it has been observed that at top end service, conventional and related gas exchange valves may have experienced an undesirable degree of valve recession, meaning that upon reaching the closed position, deformation and/or wear of the material may cause the gas exchange valve to move farther into the corresponding valve seat insert than desired. Excessive valve recession can lead to reduced performance of the gas exchange valves and the overall engine.

The valve seat surface 40 has an anti-valve seat recession profile configured to mitigate possible observed valve seat recession, and generally so that greater reliability and uniformity may be desired among a plurality of different valve seat inserts in an engine. In some cases, with existing designs, excessive seat recession in a single seat insert of a plurality of seat inserts may require earlier top end service than otherwise desirable. The anti-valve recession profile can be understood as the profile of the valve seat surface 40 shown in cross-section in fig. 3 to 5. The valve seat surface 40 includes a valve seat central axis 42, as well as an anti-valve recession profile that will be similarly understood in connection with the other embodiments discussed herein. Valve seat surface 40 may be understood as a composite because it includes a plurality of structurally distinct but functionally interrelated components, as opposed to a valve seat having a single seat surface contacted by a valve body. It may also be noted that the valve seat central axis 42 extends between a first axial end surface 52 and a second axial end surface 54 of the insert body 50, the first axial end surface 52 facing and facing, in use, the cylinder 16. The insert body 50 also includes an inner peripheral surface 56 and an outer peripheral surface 58. The opening 43 is formed in the insert body 50 by an inner peripheral surface 56 and passes through the insert body 50 to be fluidly positioned between the cylinder 16 in the engine 10 and the breather conduit 20 in the engine head 18. Opening 43 may be understood as being formed by the narrowest inner diameter dimension 84 defined by inner peripheral surface 56. The inner peripheral surface 56 has a non-uniform inner profile that flares outwardly, i.e., flares axially, between the opening 43 and the second axial end surface 54. The outer peripheral surface 58 has a non-uniform outer profile that slopes inwardly between the first and second axial end surfaces 52, 54 and such that a coolant cavity 48 is formed for circulating engine coolant around the valve seat insert 38. The valve seat insert according to the present invention may also be "dry", thus forming a coolant-free cavity. It should also be appreciated that the description herein of features or functions of any one embodiment should be read in a similar manner to reference other embodiments, except where otherwise indicated or apparent from the context.

The valve seat insert 38 may be formed primarily of a base material 57, such as a base metal alloy of a nature such as tool steel formed as a casting. The valve seat insert 38 may also include a material that hardens relative to the base material 57, including a hardfacing material 61. The hardfacing material 61 is metallurgically bonded to the base material 57 and forms the valve seat surface 40. Each of the first axial end surface 52 and the inner peripheral surface 56 may be formed from a base material 57, and the hardfacing material 61 may form an annular band extending from the first axial end surface 52 to the inner peripheral surface 54. As shown in FIG. 3, the stroke length 63 of the valve seat surface 40 is greater than the thickness of the hardfacing material 61, including the maximum thickness 65. The valve seat insert 38 may be manufactured by, for example, casting the insert body 38, then machining a recess in the casting, and filling the machined recess with the hardfacing material 61. Techniques for applying hardfacing material 61 include, for example, plasma transfer welding or laser welding, welding such as by melting a wire of hardfacing material 61, and allowing the molten hardfacing material 61 to solidify within the machined grooves. Hardfacing material 61 may comprise a variety of different metal alloys, and in one practical embodiment comprises a cobalt-molybdenum alloy, such as the cobalt-molybdenum alloy commercially available under the trade name T400. Other techniques, such as induction hardening, may potentially be used to harden the base metal alloy forming the insert body 50. The stroke length 63 may be formed by different outer and inner curved and linear profile segments of the valve seat surface 40, as discussed further herein. In a practical embodiment, the thickness 65 may be about 1.5 millimeters to about 2.0 millimeters.

The valve seat insert 38 (i.e., the insert body 50) may also include a weld interface 59 between the base material 57 and the hardfacing material 61, and the weld interface 59 has a curved-shaped profile. The curved weld interface 59 generally corresponds to the shape of the recess formed for the insert body 50 to be prepared for case hardening, with a net progression radially inward and axially inward from the first axial end surface 52 to the inner peripheral surface 54. Likewise, the valve seat surface 40 has a net progression radially inward and axially inward from the first axial end surface 52 to the inner peripheral surface 54. It may thus be noted that the base material 57 may form the axially outermost surface of the insert body 50. The entire insert body 50 may be formed from the base material 57, except for the hardfacing material 61.

Returning to the geometry of the valve seat surface 40, as further described herein, the valve recession resistant profile is formed by an outer curved section 69, an inner curved section 73, and an inner linear section 71, the outer curved section 69 forming a first crown 62 in contact with the valve head 26 at an early wear state or stage of the valve head 26 and valve seat insert 38, and the inner curved section 73 forming a second crown 64 in contact with the valve head 26 at a later wear state or stage of the valve head 26 and valve seat insert 38. The outer curved segment 69 is located radially inward of the first axial end surface 52 and the inner linear segment 71 is adjacent to and adjoins each of the outer curved segment 69 and the inner curved segment 73 and merges with each of them. The term "blend" or "transition" as used herein should be understood to mean that the end point of one linear or curved segment is the end point of the adjoining linear or curved segment. The outer linear section 67 may extend between the first axial end surface 52 and an outer curved section 69. The inner linear section 71 is formed by the intermediate seat surface 66; a linear profile extending between the first crown 62 and the second crown 64. The terms "early" and "late" are used herein in a sense relative to one another. Thus, "early" does not necessarily mean original or new, and "late" does not necessarily mean used or old, however, in some cases such description may be accurate. The valve seat insert 38 may also include a chamfer 68 disposed adjacent the second crown 64. Second crown 64 may merge with chamfer 68 and first crown 62 may merge with outer linear segment 67.

In one embodiment, the first crown 62 is formed by forming the outer curved segment 69 from a radius having a first dimension, the second crown 64 is formed by forming the inner curved segment 73 from a radius having a second dimension, and the first dimension is greater than the second dimension. The radii described herein may be a single radius or multiple contiguous radii of varying size. The dimensions disclosed herein for the body curved segment and/or crown refer to the radius of the circle defined by the curved physical structure forming the outer curved segment 69 and the inner curved segment 73. The width of the inner linear section 71 and the width of the intermediate seat surface 66 may be greater than the width of the first axial end surface 52. The size of the radius forming the outer curved segment 69, and thus the size of the first crown 62, may be about 6 millimeters or less, and in the embodiment of fig. 2-5 may be about 2 millimeters. The radius forming the second crown 64 may have a dimension of about 0.4 mm to about 3 mm, and may be about 1 mm in the embodiment of fig. 2-7. The size of the chamfer 68 may be about 2.2 millimeters. As used herein, the term "about" in this context should be understood as being conventionally rounded to a consistent number of significant digits. Thus, "about 2" means 1.5 to 2.4, "about 2.0" means 1.95 to 2.04, and so on. Where the term "about" is used without an associated quantity or range, then the quantity or range so expressed is intended to be accurate within manufacturing tolerances.

The intermediate seat surface 66 is also understood to define a seat angle 70, which is oriented perpendicular to the valve seat central axis 42, relative to a plane 76 shown in FIG. 5. The seat angle 70 may be less than 20 ° and is typically between 19 ° and 20 °. The intermediate seat surface 66 has a width 74 between the first and second crown portions 62, 64, the width 74 being greater than 3 millimeters, and typically between 3 and 4 millimeters. In one embodiment, the seat angle 70 is about 19.6 ° and the width 74 is about 3.6 millimeters. The running-in surface contact width of the valve seat insert 38 may be equal to or slightly greater than the width 74, and may be between 3 millimeters and 6 millimeters, since the initial full surface contact between the valve seat surface 40 and the inner valve surface 46 includes contact between the inner valve surface 46 and all of the intermediate seat surfaces 66 plus some contact with the first crown 62. The run-in surface contact width discussed herein in connection with the valve seat insert 38 and other valve seat inserts of the present invention is a structural attribute of the associated valve seat surface. The inner diameter dimension 84 at the opening 43 may be about 42 millimeters. The outer diameter dimension 86 at or near the second axial end surface 54 may be about 55 millimeters. The insert body 50 may be substantially longer in the radial direction than it is in the axial direction.

Referring now also to FIG. 6, the valve seat insert 38 may be present in an early wear state or stage of the valve head 26 and valve seat insert 38. It can be seen that the inner valve surface 46 protrudes from the intermediate seat surface 66, meaning that the inner valve surface 46 extends radially outward and axially outward beyond the point where the intermediate seat surface 66 transitions with the first crown 62. As used herein, the term "axially outward" may be understood to refer to a midpoint of a line segment away from the valve seat central axis 42 corresponding to the entire axial length of the insert body 50, while "axially inward" refers to the opposite direction toward the midpoint. "radially inward" and "radially outward" are terms commonly used conventionally. The inner valve face 46 defines a valve angle 78 relative to the plane 76. The seat angle 70 is greater than the valve angle 78 such that the first crown 62 forms a contact band 88 with the inner valve surface 46 in the closed position, as approximately shown in fig. 6. The start face gap 80 extends radially inward and axially inward from the contact band 88. The contact strip 88 will be endless and the contact strip 88 may be or be close to a line contact pattern when the component is first put into use. Thus, it should be understood that the outer and inner valve seating surfaces 66, 46 may be very close to each other, but nominally not in contact except where the first crown 62 contacts the protruding inner valve surface 46 when the component is first placed into use. Starting from the early wear configuration shown in fig. 6, deformation and wear of the components may occur such that the contact pattern changes and the contact band 88 progresses and expands radially inward and axially inward.

As described above, the seat angle 70 may be about 19.6 and the valve angle 78 may be 19.3, and thus the seat angle 70 and the valve angle 78 may be collectively defined as the interference angle 82. The interference angle 82 can be understood as the angle formed by the starting face gap 80 between the intermediate seat surface 66 and the inner valve surface 46 when the components are first put into use and the gas exchange valve 24 is closed. It should also be appreciated that shortly after or even just as it is placed into use, contact of the valve head 26 with the valve seat insert 38 may deform the valve head 26 such that full surface contact between the intermediate seat surface 66 and the inner valve face 46 occurs along the full surface width 74. The interference angle 82 may be about 0.35 ° when the part is first placed into use, and may ultimately be expected to decrease to 0 ° when the part is worn.

Referring now to FIG. 7, the valve head 26 and valve seat insert 38 are shown as they may appear late in wear or in a worn state where it can be seen that the valve head 26 has begun to recess into the valve seat insert 38. In the state shown in fig. 7, the contact strip 88 extends across substantially the entire outer seat face 46 such that full face contact occurs and the second crown 64 now comes into contact with the valve head 26. Starting from the state shown in fig. 7, further valve recession can be expected over time, although at a slower rate than observed in known designs. In valve seat inserts shaped according to certain known designs, relatively sharp corners are typically provided between or adjacent to the valve seat surfaces. This geometry tends to provide less resistance to valve recession due to the greater tendency to dig or cut into the internal valve face, whereas similar contact can be cushioned in the present design. The larger interference angles of some known designs may be as high as 1 deg. without the valve head deforming or wearing as easily as the valve seat inserts and gas exchange valves according to the present invention into full face contact with the respective valve seat insert. Finally, in known designs, the full face width of the valve seat surface is small, in some cases about 20% less than the full face width 74, which will generally provide a small surface area and contact length to distribute pressure.

Referring now to fig. 8-10, there is shown another valve seat insert 138 configured to slow and affect the progression of certain wear patterns resulting from contact with the gas exchange valve 124 having a valve head 126, similar to but with a certain difference from the previous embodiment. The valve seat insert 138 may comprise an air inlet valve seat insert, although not limited thereto. The scavenging valve 124 has an inner valve face 146. The seat insert 138 includes a seat surface 159, the seat surface 159 being shaped to limit valve recession and including, in profile, an outer linear segment 160, an outer curved segment 162, an inner linear segment 166, and an inner curved segment 168, the outer curved segment 162 abutting and merging with the outer linear segment 160, the inner linear segment 166 abutting, merging with the outer curved segment 162, and the inner curved segment 168 abutting, abutting and merging with the inner linear segment 166. The inner linear section 166 may be understood as being formed by a mid-seat surface that is linearly contoured. The outer curved section 162 forms a first crown 164 for contacting the gas exchange valve 124 in an early wear state, and the inner curved section 168 forms a second crown 170 radially inward and axially inward of the first crown 164 for contacting the gas exchange valve 124 in a late wear state.

When the valve seat insert 138 and the gas exchange valve 124 are first placed into service, initial contact may occur at the annular band of contact between the inner valve face 146 and the first crown 164. As the various components deform and wear, they may transition from an early wear state, in which the components have line contact, or near line contact, forming a band between the inner valve face 146 and the first crown 164, to a late wear state, in which the inner valve face 146 is substantially parallel to and in contact with the second crown 170 and a portion of the inner linear section 166, in which full surface contact is maintained, and additional contact occurs with the second crown 170.

The valve seat insert 138 and insert body 140 further include a base material 157, and a hardfacing material 161 metallurgically bonded to the base material 147 and forming a valve seat surface 159. The curved weld interface 158 is formed from a base material 157 and a hardfacing material 161. Other structural and design and manufacturing attributes of the valve seat insert 138 with respect to the base material 147 and hardfacing material 161 may be substantially the same as those discussed with respect to the previous embodiments. For example, it may be noted that each of the curved weld interface 158 and the valve seat surface 159 net advances radially inward and axially inward from the first axial end surface 148 to the inner peripheral surface 152. The maximum thickness of the hardfacing material can be about 1.5 millimeters to about 2.0 millimeters.

The inner peripheral surface 152 also includes in profile a slanted section 171, the slanted section 171 being linear and extending between an inner curved section 162 forming a second crown 170 and an upper curved section 173 forming an inlet flow crown 175. The upper curved section 173, and thus the inlet flow crown 175, may be formed from a radius having a dimension of about 1 millimeter to about 3 millimeters. The inclined section 171 may extend circumferentially about the valve seat central axis 142 and be oriented at a venturi angle 177 relative to the axis 142, which venturi angle 177 may be circumferentially uniform about the valve seat central axis 142. In various embodiments contemplated herein, the venturi angle 177 may be about 10 ° to about 30 °, and may be about 14 ° in the valve seat insert 138. The angled section 171 may further transition with an upper curved section 173 and with a lower curved section 185 that forms a second flow crown 187. The vertical segment 183 is oriented parallel to the valve seat central axis 142 and transitions with each of the lower curved segment 185 and the inner curved segment 168. The stroke length of the vertical section 183 may be about 1.5 millimeters. Other embodiments may include only a single flow crown similar to the inlet flow crown 175, with a generally similar angled section extending between the inlet flow crown and the second flow crown for contacting the valve head and abutting or forming a portion of the valve seat surface. The inlet flow crown portion 175 and the upper curved section 173 extend radially inward (from the associated engine head) a protrusion distance 181, which protrusion distance 181 may be greater than the size of the radius forming the upper curved section 173 and the inlet flow crown portion 175. The size of the radius forming the outer curved segment 162, and thus the first crown 164, may be less than 6 millimeters, and in the embodiment of fig. 8-10 may be about 3 millimeters to about 6 millimeters. The size of the radius forming the inner curved segment 168, and thus the second crown 170, may be about 0.4 millimeters to about 3 millimeters.

In the illustration of FIG. 8, it can also be seen that the inner valve face 146 is oriented at a valve angle 174 relative to a plane 172 oriented perpendicular to the valve seat central axis 142. The inner linear section 166 is oriented at a seat angle 176 relative to the plane 172 that is greater than the valve angle 174. The inner valve face 146 forms an interference angle 178 with the inner linear segment 166 and a gap 180 is formed between the inner valve face 146 and the inner linear segment 166. The valve angle 174 may differ from the seat angle 176 by about 0.4 ° to about 0.6 °; the seat angle 176 may be about 20 ° to about 30 °, and the seat angle 176 may be about 20 ° in a practical embodiment. The interference angle 178 may be about 0.37 °.

Referring now also to fig. 9 and 10, a second gap 190 may be formed between the inner valve surface 146 and the outer curved segment 162 and extend radially outward and axially outward from a contact band formed between the inner valve surface 146 and the first crown 164 in an early wear state generally as shown. The size of the second gap 190 may include a facing length 192 of about 0.1 millimeters between the inner valve face 146 and the outer curved section 162 of the valve seat surface 159. The facing length 192 may be understood as the distance from the contact band to the outer edge of the valve head 126. Another angle 194 may be formed between the outer linear segment 160 and the inner linear segment 166 and may be about 5 °. The edge clearance distance is shown at 196 and represents the clearance distance to the outer curved section 162 at the outer edge of the inner valve face 146 and may be about 0.00056 millimeters.

Also shown in FIG. 8 is the full seat width dimension 184, or theoretical full seat width, of the valve seat insert 138, which may eventually become available as wear between components progresses, as compared to the break-in surface contact width obtained when full surface contact initially occurs. The width of the inner linear segment 166 between the outer curved segment 162 and the inner curved segment 168 is greater than 3 millimeters, typically between 3 and 6 millimeters. The running surface contact width 182 may be about 4 mm to about 5 mm. The end face width of the first axial end surface 148 is shown in fig. 9, which may be about 1 millimeter. The linear segment width of the outer linear segment 160 is shown at 188 and may be about 0.5 millimeters.

Turning now to FIG. 11, features of a valve seat insert 238 and insert body 240 in contact with the gas exchange valve 224 are shown according to another embodiment. The valve seat insert 238 includes a valve seat surface 259, the valve seat surface 259 being shaped to limit valve recession and including, in profile, an outer linear segment 260 adjacent a first axial end surface (not numbered) and an outer curved segment 262 adjacent the outer linear segment 260 and forming a first crown 264 that contacts the gas exchange valve 224 in an early wear state. The valve seat surface 259 also includes an inner linear segment 166 adjacent the outer curved segment 262 and an inner curved segment 268 adjacent the inner linear segment 166 and forming a second crown 270 that contacts the gas exchange valve 224 under late wear conditions. The incoming flow crown is shown at 275. The inner valve face 246 is oriented at a valve angle 274 relative to a plane 272 perpendicular to the valve seat central axis 242. The inner linear segment 266 is oriented at a seat angle 276 greater than the valve angle 274 relative to the plane 272, thereby forming an interference angle 278. A gap 280 is formed between the gas exchange valve 224 and the inner linear section 266. The valve angle 274 may be about 44.4 °. The seat angle 276 may be about 45 °. The interference angle 278 may be about 0.6 °. As shown in fig. 12 and 13, the second gap 290 extends radially outward and axially outward from the band of contact between the inner valve surface 246 and the first crown 264.

In the valve seat insert 238, which may include an exhaust valve seat insert, for example, the full seat width dimension 284 may be about 5.2 millimeters. The radius forming the outer curved segment 262, and thus the first crown 264, may be less than 6 millimeters in size, and may be about 3 millimeters to about 6 millimeters. The radius forming the inner curved segment 268, and thus the second crown 270, may have a dimension of about 0.4 millimeters to about 3 millimeters. The running-in surface contact width 282 may be greater than 3 millimeters and between 3 and 6 millimeters, such as about 4 to about 5 millimeters. The linear segment width 288 may be about 0.3 millimeters and the end face width 286 may be about 1.88 millimeters. The gap facing length 292 may be about 0.1 millimeters and the edge gap 296 may be about 0.00052 millimeters. The angle 294 between the outer linear section 260 and the inner linear section 266 may be about 10 °. The valve seat insert further includes a base material 257, and a hardfacing material 261 metallurgically bonded to the base material 257 and forming a valve seat surface 259. The weld interface 158 is formed from a base material 257 and a hardfacing material 261. The features and functions of hardfacing material 261 can be similar to those discussed in connection with the previous embodiments.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

It is expected that the operation of the engine according to the invention will over time result in wear of the gas exchange valve and the valve seat insert, so that the gas exchange valve and the valve seat insert transition from a new or early wear state to a later wear state. In early wear states, the initial contact between the components may be a line contact or near line contact, with the material gradually wearing and/or deforming over time such that the components exhibit face contact as described herein in later wear states. Wear and seat recession will continue throughout the life of the component, but is slowed down compared to certain known designs based on the use of hardfacing materials and the valve recession resistant profiles disclosed herein.

Engineers have attempted over the years to develop strategies for reducing the rate and/or manner of gas exchange valve and valve seat/valve seat insert wear, with challenges mixed with the ongoing variation in engine construction and operating characteristics that may make fine-tuned designs for one application less suitable or even improved versions of the same engine. Along these lines, the geometry of the valve seat insert considered herein with respect to valve seat and valve recession performance, as well as other performance (such as cooling geometry, gas flow and other flow rates, and material properties of the valve seat surface) may be understood as a cross-coupled variable system, where modifying one aspect of the valve seat insert geometry may typically affect other aspects of the valve seat insert geometry in an unpredictable manner.

For example, given any one valve seat insert design, wear performance may ideally vary based on dialing (such as seat angle, crown size, or run-in surface contact width), but in response to such changes, gas flow effectiveness may be adversely affected or require redesign of the associated gas exchange valve. For another example, in some instances, if the general size and/or shape of the valve seat surface or other structure of a valve seat insert or associated gas exchange valve is to be maintained, attempting to change the radius size or surface width may require compensatory changes in the size of the other radius or width of the other surface. Furthermore, the use of relatively hard materials (such as the hardfacing materials discussed herein) may further compound design or research options, as the hardfacing materials may interact with the gas exchange valve in ways other than might be expected using conventional base metal alloys, for example, particularly where factors such as angle, crown size, or other changes. In accordance with the present invention, the valve seat inserts may be formed within certain geometric design parameters to provide a valve seat surface profile adapted to resist valve recession, which valve seat surface profile cooperates with the use of hardened materials to extend service life at least several times longer than known systems and to improve wear uniformity between the plurality of valve seat inserts in use in liquid cooled or dry intake and exhaust valve applications.

This description is intended for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed to narrow the scope of the present invention in any way. Accordingly, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications might be made to the embodiments of the invention without departing from the full and fair scope and spirit thereof. Other aspects, features, and advantages will become apparent upon examination of the following drawings and appended claims. As used herein, the crown words "a" and "an" are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with "one or more". Where only one item is intended, the terms "a" and "an" or similar language are used. Furthermore, as used herein, the terms "having," "having," and the like are intended to be open-ended terms. Further, the phrase "based on" is intended to mean "based, at least in part, on" unless explicitly stated otherwise.