阅读说明：本技术 从低纯度原料电解生产高纯度锂 (Electrolytic production of high purity lithium from low purity feedstock ) 是由 崔屹 金阳 伍晖 刘凯 郎嘉良 于 2019-12-13 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明提供了从锂盐(包括低浓度锂盐)中提纯锂的装置和方法。用与熔融组合物接触的阳极和通过能够传导锂离子的固体电解质与熔融组合物隔开的阴极电解包含锂盐的熔融组合物。(The present invention provides an apparatus and method for purifying lithium from lithium salts, including low concentrations of lithium salts. The molten composition comprising the lithium salt is electrolyzed with an anode in contact with the molten composition and a cathode separated from the molten composition by a solid electrolyte capable of conducting lithium ions.)

1. An electrolysis process comprising electrolyzing a molten composition comprising a lithium salt, wherein an anode is in contact with the molten composition and a cathode is separated from the molten composition by a solid electrolyte capable of conducting lithium ions, wherein the solid electrolyte allows lithium ions but not other atoms to pass.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the lithium ion conducting solid electrolyte comprises a garnet-type oxide.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the garnet-type oxide comprises tantalum-doped Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂。

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the garnet-type oxide comprises Li_7-xLa₃Ta_xZr_2-xO₁₂Wherein x is 0.1 to 1.0.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein the garnet-type oxide comprises Li_7-xLa₃Ta_xZr_2-xO₁₂Wherein x is 0.4 to 0.6.

6. The method of claim 3, wherein the garnet-type oxide comprises Li_6.4La₃Ta_0.6Zr_1.4O₁₂、Li_6.5La₃Ta_0.5Zr_1.5O₁₂Or Li_6.6La₃Ta_0.4Zr_1.6O₁₂。

7. The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the solid electrolyte is in the form of a cylinder or a plate.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the solid electrolyte has a cross-sectional thickness of 0.05 cm to 0.6 cm.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein the solid electrolyte has a cross-sectional thickness of 0.15 cm to 0.4 cm.

10. The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the relative density of the solid electrolyte is greater than 97%.

11. The method of any of claims 1-10, wherein the lithium salt comprises LiCl.

12. The method of any of claims 1-11, wherein the molten composition comprises less than 99.7% lithium salt.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the molten composition comprises less than 97% lithium salt.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein the molten composition comprises less than 50% lithium salt.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein the molten composition comprises less than 1% lithium salt.

16. The method of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the molten composition further comprises an aluminum salt.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the aluminum salt is AlCl₃。

18. The process of claim 16 or 17, wherein the molar ratio of lithium to aluminum is from 20:1 to 1: 1.

19. The method of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the cathode comprises molten lithium.

20. The method of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the anode comprises metallic aluminum.

21. An apparatus for purifying lithium, comprising:

an electrolyte chamber for storing a molten electrolyte;

an anode comprising metallic aluminum, when included, placed in contact with the electrolyte;

a cathode compartment for storing molten lithium;

a solid electrode, when included, placed in contact with the molten lithium;

a solid electrolyte located between the electrolyte chamber and the cathode chamber,

wherein the solid electrolyte allows lithium ions but not any other atoms to pass through.

22. The device of claim 21, wherein the solid electrolyte is in the form of a cylinder.

23. The device of claim 21, wherein the cathode compartment is inside the cylinder and the electrolyte compartment is outside the cylinder.

24. The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising a channel positioned to contact the molten lithium and driven to remove the molten lithium from the cathode chamber.

25. The device of claim 21, further comprising a heating element to provide heat to the molten electrolyte and/or the molten lithium.

26. The device of any one of claims 21-25, wherein the solid lithium-ion electrolyte comprises a garnet-type oxide.

27. The device of claim 26, wherein the garnet-type oxide comprises tantalum-doped Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂。

28. The device of claim 26, wherein the garnet-type oxide comprises Li_7-xLa₃Ta_xZr_2-xO₁₂Wherein x is 0.1 to 1.0.

29. The device of claim 26, wherein the garnet-type oxide comprises Li_6.4La₃Ta_0.6Zr_1.4O₁₂、Li_6.5La₃Ta_0.5Zr_1.5O₁₂Or Li_6.6La₃Ta_0.4Zr_1.6O₁₂。

30. The device of claim 26, wherein the relative density of the solid electrolyte is greater than 97%.

Background

The density of lithium is the lowest among metals under standard conditions, a characteristic that makes it attractive in light alloys. Lithium is also widely used as a chemical reagent for producing organolithium. In recent decades, Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs) for portable electronic products, electric vehicles, and large energy systems have been subject to explosive growth, resulting in a significant increase in lithium consumption. Although currently commercial LIBs do not directly use metallic lithium as an electrode material, lithium metal anodes are essential for next-generation rechargeable batteries with high energy density, such as all-solid-state lithium metal batteries and lithium sulfur batteries. The demand for metallic lithium is expected to increase significantly in the next decades. The problem of sustainability of lithium resources is receiving increasing attention from both the academic research community and the industrial community. The lithium recovery from low-grade salt lakes and seawater may provide a practical solution for the sustainable development of lithium resources.

There is a need for improved methods of purifying lithium from national sources, particularly those having low purity lithium.

Summary of The Invention

In some embodiments, the present invention provides devices and methods for purifying lithium from lithium salts, including lithium salts having low concentrations of lithium salts. This method does not require prior purification of the lithium salt from natural sources. Furthermore, the operating temperature is significantly reduced. Thus, the present techniques significantly reduce the cost and time of lithium purification compared to conventional methods.

Thus, according to one embodiment of the invention, there is provided an electrolysis method comprising electrolyzing a molten composition comprising a lithium salt, wherein an anode is in contact with the molten composition and a cathode is separated from the molten composition by a solid electrolyte capable of conducting lithium ions, wherein the solid electrolyte allows lithium ions but not other atoms to pass.

In some embodiments, the lithium ion conducting solid electrolyte comprises a garnet (garnet) type oxide, such as tantalum doped Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂. Examples of garnet-type oxides include Li_7-xLa₃Ta_xZr_2-xO₁₂Wherein x is 0.1 to 1.0, or preferably 0.4 to 0.6. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, Li_6.4La₃Ta_0.6Zr_1.4O₁₂、Li_6.5La₃Ta_0.5Zr_1.5O₁₂And Li_6.6La₃Ta_0.4Zr_1.6O₁₂。

The solid electrolyte may be present in any physical form, for example in the form of a cylinder or plate, provided it separates the molten composition from the cathode. In some embodiments, the cross-sectional thickness of the solid electrolyte is 0.05 cm to 0.6 cm, preferably 0.15 cm to 0.4 cm. In some embodiments, the solid electrolyte has a relative density greater than 97%.

In some embodiments, the lithium salt in the molten composition comprises LiCl. In some embodiments, the molten composition comprises a lithium salt (e.g., LiCl) at a concentration of less than 99.7%, less than 97%, less than 50%, less than 1%, or less. In some embodiments, the molten compositionFurther comprising aluminium salts, e.g. AlCl₃. The molar ratio of lithium to aluminium is preferably from 20:1 to 1: 1.

In some embodiments, there is also provided an apparatus for purifying lithium, comprising: an electrolyte chamber for storing a molten electrolyte; an anode comprising metallic aluminum, when included, placed in contact with the electrolyte; a cathode chamber for storing molten lithium; a solid electrode, when included, placed in contact with the molten lithium; a solid electrolyte located between the electrolyte chamber and the cathode chamber, wherein the solid electrolyte allows lithium ions without allowing any other atoms to pass through.

Drawings

The drawings described herein are for illustration purposes only. The drawings are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

FIG. 1 illustrates an electrolysis apparatus for purifying lithium.

FIGS. 2a-b compare a conventional electrolysis apparatus (a) and a novel electrolysis apparatus (b) that can be used to purify lithium. a. Schematic diagram of a conventional electrolysis device. b. Schematic of a novel electrolyzer using LLZTO solid electrolyte.

Figures 3a-d illustrate the electrolysis device of the present invention and its physical/electrical properties. a. Schematic of an electrolysis apparatus. The stainless steel casing served as the anode current collector and the stainless steel rod served as the cathode current collector. b. Digital photographs of the electrolysis apparatus. c. Digital photographs of LLZTO solid electrolyte tubes. d. Ion conductivity of LLZTO solid electrolyte at 40 deg.C to 280 deg.C.

Figures 4a-d show the production of electrolytic lithium. a. Voltage distribution of the electrolysis process. The electrolyte was composed of LiCl (1.09 g), NaCl (0.25 g), KCl (0.32 g), MgCl₂(0.41 g) and AlCl₃(1.14 g). The mass fraction of lithium ions was 5.5%. b.a efficiency of the electrolysis process. c. Voltage distribution of the electrolysis process. The electrolyte was composed of LiCl (1.27 g), LiBr (0.087 g), LiI (0.134 g), Na₂SO₄(0.142 g) and AlCl₃(1.33 g). d.c. efficiency of the electrolysis process. The current densities of the two electrolysis processes are both 5 mA cm^-2. The working temperature was 240 ℃.

FIGS. 5a-b show molten salts from low lithium ion concentrationsTo extract lithium. a. Voltage distribution of the electrolysis process. The electrolyte was composed of LiCl (0.01 g), NaCl (1.75 g), KCl (0.30 g), MgCl₂(0.57 g) and AlCl₃(4.00 g). The current density was 1 mA cm^-2The working temperature is 240 ℃. b. The mass of lithium ions in the electrolyte varies before and after the electrolysis process.

Fig. 6a-b show the production of low cost electrolytic lithium. a. Voltage distribution of the electrolysis process. The electrolyte was composed of technical grade LiCl (1.41 g) and AlCl₃(0.57 g). b.a efficiency of the electrolysis process. The current density in the electrolysis process was 5 mA cm^-2. The working temperature was 240 ℃.

Fig. 7 shows a scanning electron microscope image of LLZTO solid electrolyte.

Fig. 8 shows the X-ray diffraction pattern of LLZTO solid electrolyte.

Reference will now be made in detail to certain embodiments of the invention. While certain embodiments of the present invention have been described, it is to be understood that it is not intended to limit embodiments of the invention to the disclosed embodiments. On the contrary, references to embodiments of the invention are intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, which may be included within the spirit and scope of the embodiments of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Detailed Description

For the purposes of the following description, it is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention presented may assume various alternative variations and step sequences, except where expressly specified to the contrary. Moreover, other than in the examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing, for example, quantities of ingredients used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about". Accordingly, unless expressly indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties to be obtained. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

Moreover, it should be understood that any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of "1 to 10" is intended to include all sub-ranges between (and including) the minimum value of about 1 and the maximum value of about 10, i.e., having a minimum value equal to or greater than about 1 and a maximum value of equal to or less than about 10. Also, in this application, the use of "or" means "and/or" unless specifically stated otherwise, even though "and/or" may be explicitly used in some instances.

The industrial production of lithium metal relies on the electrolysis of high purity lithium chloride. Thus, the high complexity and cost of obtaining high purity lithium chloride severely limits the sustainable production of lithium. In some embodiments, the present invention provides novel apparatus and methods that can produce high purity lithium from low purity lithium chloride at low cost, without the need to produce the high purity lithium chloride required by conventional processes.

In some embodiments, the new methods utilize an electrolysis system with a solid electrolyte. In some embodiments, the solid state electrolyte can conduct lithium ions and allow lithium ions to pass through. However, the solid-state electrolyte does not allow other atoms (in particular cations and other metal atoms) to pass through.

For example, one embodiment provides an electrolysis method comprising electrolyzing a molten composition comprising a lithium salt, wherein an anode is in contact with the molten composition and a cathode is separated from the molten composition by a solid electrolyte. The cathode may include molten lithium, the total amount of which will increase during electrolysis.

This method enables direct extraction of high purity lithium from a high purity or low purity lithium source, taking advantage of the high lithium ion selectivity of the solid electrolyte. As shown in the experimental examples, high purity lithium was obtained from mixed salts with ultra-low concentrations of lithium (e.g., 0.06 wt.%), indicating that even natural salts from brines can be used as sustainable sources for producing high purity electrolytic lithium.

The novel techniques described herein have at least two significant advantages. First, it was shown that high-purity lithium can be obtained at low cost. The cost of obtaining electrolytic lithium as described herein is estimated to be only 20% of the conventional lithium metal process. Second, lower electrolysis temperatures than conventional electrolysis processes may be used in the present techniques. More interestingly, when AlCl is used₃The operating temperature of the electrolysis process can be reduced from 400 ℃ to 240 ℃ when added to the molten composition.

Given that nearly 90% of the recoverable lithium resource is deposited in the brine, lithium recovery from the brine is one of the most important methods for obtaining lithium metal. The industrial production of metallic lithium requires the electrolysis of molten LiCl-KCl salts extracted and purified from natural resources (figure 2 a). In this process, molten LiCl is used as a raw material source for the electrolysis of lithium and an ion-conducting electrolyte, and thus high-purity LiCl and KCl are required to ensure the purity of the lithium metal product. Otherwise, foreign cations, e.g. Na⁺、Mg²⁺And Al³⁺Will be deposited on the cathode together with the lithium metal (fig. 2 a). In this process, the purity of LiCl should be higher than 99.3% to produce high purity lithium metal.

The purification of LiCl is very complicated and expensive. Particularly, the Mg/Li ratio of partial salt lake brine is high, which brings difficulty to the recovery of lithium. Further, the LiCl-KCl mixed salt has a high melting point of 350 ℃ or higher. Thus, the operating temperature is higher than 400 ℃. In addition, chlorine gas is generated at the anode and corrodes the equipment. However, the present technique does not have such a disadvantage.

In some embodiments, the invention also provides apparatus suitable for use in the methods of the invention. In one embodiment, an apparatus for purifying lithium is provided, comprising an electrolyte chamber for storing a molten electrolyte; an anode comprising (or at least partially covering) metallic aluminum, when included, placed in contact with an electrolyte; a cathode compartment for storing molten lithium; a solid electrode, when included, placed in contact with the molten lithium; a solid electrolyte located between the electrolyte chamber and the cathode chamber. In some embodiments, the solid electrolyte allows lithium ions without allowing any other atoms to pass through.

Fig. 1 provides a schematic representation of an embodiment of an electrochemical device suitable for the method of the invention, filled with molten electrolyte/composition and molten lithium. The device includes a cathode 102 comprising lithium metal or lithium metal alloy and an anode that is a molten composition 104 comprising a lithium salt or a cylinder 101 electrically connected to the molten composition. A solid electrolyte in the form of a tube 103 separates the cathode 102 and the molten composition 104. In addition, the device may include a cathode current collector 105 in contact with the cathode 102 and electrically connected to the anode 106. The molten composition 104 is contacted with a cylinder 101 that may also serve as an anode current collector.

The solid electrolyte may be in the form of an open-ended cylinder or a closed-ended cylinder. One or both open ends of the cylinder may be sealed with a material that is capable of maintaining the integrity of the seal under operating conditions (e.g., temperatures below 600 ℃) and during temperature cycling from 0 ℃ to 600 ℃ and upon exposure to molten lithium, molten lithium alloy, and molten lithium salt.

Other configurations of the electrochemical device are possible in addition to the configuration shown in fig. 1. For example, in fig. 2b, the anode, solid electrolyte and/or cathode may be in the form of parallel plates separating the anode and cathode.

The solid electrolyte may include a material capable of conducting lithium ions. Preferably, the solid electrolyte does not allow other atoms or ions to pass through, in particular other metal atoms or ions that may contaminate the purified lithium. The solid electrolyte maintains separation between the anode and cathode during use. For example, the solid electrolyte may comprise a lithium ion conducting oxide, a lithium ion conducting phosphate, a lithium ion conducting sulfide, or a combination of any of the foregoing.

Examples of suitable lithium ion conducting oxides include garnet-type oxides, lithium super ion conductor (LISICON) -type oxides, perovskite-type oxides, and combinations of any of the foregoing.

The lithium ion conducting oxide may comprise a garnet-type oxide, e.g. tantalum doped Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂. Garnet type oxygenThe compound may contain Li_7-xLa₃Zr_2-xTa_xO₁₂Wherein x may be, for example, 0.1 to 1.0, 0.2 to 0.9, 0.3 to 0.8, or 0.4 to 0.6.

The garnet-type oxide may include Li_6.5La₃Zr_1.5Ta_0.5O₁₂. The garnet-type oxide may include Li_6.4La₃Zr_1.4Ta_0.6O₁₂(also referred to herein as "LLZTO"). The garnet-type oxide may include Li_6.6La₃Zr_1.6Ta_0.4O₁₂. The garnet-type oxide may include Li_6.5La₃Zr_1.5Ta_0.5O₁₂。

Suitable lithium super ion conductor (LISICON) type oxides include, for example, Li₁₄ZnGe₄O₁₆. Suitable perovskite-type oxides include, for example, Li_3xLa_2/3-xTiO₃And La_(1/3)-xLi_3xNbO₃Wherein x can be, for example, 0.1 to 1.0, 0.2 to 0.9, 0.3 to 0.8, or 0.4 to 0.7.

Examples of suitable lithium ion conducting phosphates include Li_1.4Al_0.4Ti_1.6(PO₄)₃、LiZr₂(PO₄)₃、LiSn₂(PO₄)₃And Li_1+xAl_xGe_2-x(PO₄) Wherein x can be, for example, 0.1 to 1.0, 0.2 to 0.9, 0.3 to 0.8, or 0.4 to 0.7.

Examples of suitable lithium ion conducting sulfides include Li₂S-SiS₂、Li₂S-GeS₂-P₂S₅And combinations thereof.

The LLZTO solid electrolyte provided by the present invention can have a density greater than 96%, greater than 97%, greater than 98%, or greater than 99%. For example, the LLZTO solid electrolyte may have a density of 96% to 99.9%, 97% to 99.9%, 98% to 99.9%, or 98% to 99%.

The LLZTO solid electrolyte provided by the present invention can be prepared by using high pressure cold isostatic pressing and spray granulation.

The LLZTO solid electrolyte provided by the present invention can have a cross-sectional thickness of, for example, 0.1 cm to 0.6 cm, 0.15 cm to 0.5 cm, or 0.2 cm to 4 cm.

In some embodiments, the cathode comprises molten lithium. The molten lithium salt in the anode may include any one or more lithium salts available from artificial or natural sources. In some embodiments, the lithium salt comprises LiCl.

As described above, the purity of LiCl does not have to be very high as required in the conventional art. In some embodiments, the molten composition comprises less than 99.7% lithium salt. In some embodiments, the molten composition comprises less than 99.5%, 99%, 98%, 97%, 95%, 90%, 80%, 75%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, or 0.01% lithium salt. In some embodiments, the molten composition comprises less than 99.7%, 99.5%, 99%, 98%, 97%, 95%, 90%, 80%, 75%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, or 0.01% LiCl.

In some embodiments, the molten composition further comprises an aluminum salt, such as AlCl₃. The aluminum salt may be naturally present in the lithium salt, or may be added before or during electrolysis. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of lithium to aluminum in the molten composition is from 20:1 to 1: 1. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of lithium to aluminum in the molten composition is 20:1 to 2:1, 20:1 to 3:1, 20:1 to 4:1, 20:1 to 5:1, 20:1 to 6:1, 20:1 to 7:1, 20:1 to 8:1, 19:1 to 2:1, 19:1 to 3:1, 19:1 to 4:1, 19:1 to 5:1, 19:1 to 6:1, 19:1 to 7:1, 19:1 to 8:1, 18:1 to 2:1, 18:1 to 3:1, 18:1 to 4:1, 18:1 to 5:1, 18:1 to 6:1, 18:1 to 7:1, 18:1 to 8:1, 17:1 to 2:1, 17:1 to 3:1, 17:1 to 4:1, 17:1 to 5:1, 17:1 to 6:1, 17:1 to 7:1 to 8:1, 17:1 to 16:1, 17:1 to 2:1, 1 to 16:1, 1 to 2:1, 17:1, 1 to 3:1, 1 to 4:1, 17:1, 1 to 5:1, 17:1, 1 to 6:1, 17:1, 1 to 6:1, 1 to 8:1, 17:1, 1 to 1, 1 to 1, 1 to 1, 17:1 to 1, 1 to 8:1, 1 to 1, 1 to 2:1, 1 to 1, 1 to 2:1, 1 to 1, 1 to 2:1, 1 to 1, 1 to 2:1, 1 to 2:1, 1 to 2:1 to 2:1, 1 to 2:1, 1 to 2:1, 1 to 2:1 to 2:1, 1 to 2:1 to 1, 1 to 2:1, 1 to 2:1, 1 to, 16:1 to 4:1, 16:1 to 5:1, 16:1 to 6:1, 16:1 to 7:1, 16:1 to 8:1, 15:1 to 2:1, 15:1 to 3:1, 15:1 to 4:1, 15:1 to 5:1, 15:1 to 6:1, 15:1 to 7:1, 15:1 to 8:1, 14:1 to 2:1, 14:1 to 3:1, 14:1 to 4:1, 14:1 to 5:1, 14:1 to 6:1, 14:1 to 7:1, 14:1 to 8:1, 13:1 to 2:1, 13:1 to 3:1, 13:1 to 4:1, 13:1 to 5:1, 13:1 to 6:1, 13:1 to 7:1, 13:1 to 8:1, 12:1 to 2:1, 12:1 to 3:1, 12:1 to 4:1, 12:1 to 5:1, 12:1 to 6:1, 12:1 to 7:1, 12:1 to 3: 1.8:1, 11:1 to 2:1, 11:1 to 3:1, 11:1 to 4:1, 11:1 to 5:1, 11:1 to 6:1, 11:1 to 7:1, 11:1 to 8:1, 10:1 to 2:1, 10:1 to 3:1, 10:1 to 4:1, 10:1 to 5:1, 10:1 to 6:1, 10:1 to 7:1, 10 to 8:1, 9:1 to 2:1, 9:1 to 3:1, 9:1 to 4:1, 9:1 to 5:1, 9:1 to 6:1, 9:1 to 7:1, 9:1 to 8:1, 8:1 to 2:1, 8:1 to 3:1, 8:1 to 4:1, 8:1 to 5:1, 8:1 to 6:1, or 8:1 to 7: 1.

The cathode current collector may comprise any suitable material, such as stainless steel, copper alloys, carbon, graphite, or a combination of any of the above. The cathode current collector may be inert when exposed to molten lithium and/or molten lithium alloy.

The anode current collector may comprise any suitable material, such as stainless steel, copper alloys, carbon, graphite, or a combination of any of the above. In some embodiments, the anode current collector comprises metallic aluminum, which may be present on a surface in direct contact with the molten composition containing the lithium salt.

Under operating conditions, the electrochemical devices used in these methods may be heated above the melting temperature in order to melt the lithium or lithium salt during operation. For example, under operating conditions, the temperature of the battery may be less than 600 ℃, less than 500 ℃, less than 400 ℃, less than 300 ℃, or less than 250 ℃, and above the melting point of the lithium and/or lithium salt.

During use, a sealant may be used to hold the anode/cathode material. The sealant may be in the form of a paste or a gasket. It is desirable that the gasket material not degrade and maintain a viable seal under the conditions of use of the electrochemical cell. Suitable gasket materials do not significantly degrade after prolonged exposure to anode and cathode materials in the temperature range of 200 ℃ to 600 ℃ or 200 ℃ to 300 ℃. Suitable gasket materials include elastomers such as silicone, perfluoroether, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyepoxide.

In some embodiments, the electrochemical device is also connected to or equipped with a heating element for providing heat to the device.

Examples

Example 1

One-step electrolytic production of high purity lithium from low purity sources using solid electrolytes

This example describes the use of a solid electrolyte (e.g., garnet-type Li)_6.4La₃Ta_0.6Zr_1.4O₁₂(LLZTO)) as a separation layer between two molten electrodes, a new method for preparing high purity electrolytic lithium from low cost and low purity LiCl. By utilizing the high lithium ion selectivity of the solid electrolyte, the present example directly obtains high purity lithium metal (lithium content) by electrolyzing low purity LiCl (-95 wt.%)>99.7 wt.%). This example further demonstrates the extraction of lithium from a mixed salt of low concentration of lithium (0.06 wt.%), indicating that natural salts from brine can be used as a sustainable source for the production of electrolytic lithium.

The new method of extracting lithium metal from LiCl offers at least two significant advantages. First, it was shown that high-purity lithium can be obtained at low cost. The cost of electrolytic lithium is estimated to be only 20% of the existing lithium metal processes. Second, in the new process, lower electrolysis temperatures than conventional processes can be used. More interestingly, when AlCl was added₃In this case, the operating temperature of the electrolysis process may be reduced from 400 ℃ to 240 ℃.

Method

A process for the garnet-type LLZTO electrolyte. Mixing Li₂CO₃（Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd，99.99%）、La₂O₃（Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd，99.99%）、ZrO₂(Aladdin, 99.99%) and Ta₂O₅(Ourchem, 99.99%) with Li_6.5La₃Zr_0.5Ta_1.5O₁₂Was mixed well (20% excess of La was added)₂O₃) And then heated at 900 ℃ for 6 hours. The resulting powder was ball milled thoroughly for 12 hours and then pressed into a U-shaped tube under a cold isostatic pressure of 220 MPa for 90 seconds. The tube covered with the same master powder was then annealed in air at 1140 c for 16 hours. All heat treatments are carried out in an alumina crucible (>99% Al₂O₃) The crucible is covered with a vitriol cover.

Construction of the electrolyzer. Metallic lithium (0.1 g) was first placed in a LLZTO tube and then transferred to a box furnace (MTI) to melt it at 300 ℃ for 1 hour. The mixed salt was then placed in a stainless steel-aluminum shell and transferred to a box furnace (MTI) at 150 ℃ for 60 minutes to melt it into a liquid state. The LLZTO tube filled with liquid lithium was placed in molten salt at 240 ℃. Stainless steel rods with a diameter of 1 mm were inserted into the liquid lithium as cathode current collectors. The entire assembly process was carried out in an argon glove box.

And (4) performing electrochemical measurement. Electrochemical testing of the electrolysis process was performed in a box furnace (MTI) at a temperature of 240 ℃. All devices were loaded into an electrolytic test (LAND 2001 CT Battery tester) at 1 mA/cm²To 10 mA/cm²Is charged at a current density of (1).

And (5) characterizing. The relative density of the LLZTO tube was measured by Archimedes method. The microstructure of all samples was studied by scanning electron microscopy using a MERLIN Compact Zeiss scanning electron microscope. Using a tube equipped with CuK_αD/max-2500 diffractometer of radiation source (Rigaku, Japan) the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the produced material was evaluated. Impedance spectrum measurement was carried out by using a broadband dielectric spectrometer (NOVOCOOL) (frequency range: 10 MHz-40 Hz; alternating voltage: 10 mV; temperature: 40-280 ℃ C.). The purity of the electrolytic lithium and commercial lithium was determined by ICP-MS measurement (ELAN-DRC-e).

Results and analysis

This example demonstrates a new method for producing electrolytic lithium based on a lithium ion solid electrolyte. With Li_6.4La₃Ta_0.6Zr_1.4O₁₂(LLZTO) ceramics as solid electrolyte and separator, low purity molten LiCl-AlCl₃The salt was used as the electrolysis raw material to obtain high purity electrolytic lithium metal (fig. 2 b).

The results show that technical grade lithium chloride (-95 wt.%) can be used as a feedstock for the production of high purity electrolytic lithium (> 99.7 wt.%). The cost of industrial grade LiCl is much lower than that of high purity LiCl. Therefore, the cost of lithium metal produced by the present method is estimated to be only 20% of the international price of lithium metal. Extraction of lithium from low concentration LiCl (< 0.4 wt.%) mixed salts was also confirmed. The concentration of lithium ions (0.06 wt.%) was the same as the concentration of the native salt obtained from the brine. At this ultra-low concentration, more than 80% of the lithium ions are reduced to metallic lithium, indicating that the process can extract lithium directly from the natural salts in the brine.

The schematic of the electrolysis apparatus is shown in FIG. 3a, and the digital photograph thereof is shown in FIG. 3 b. As an important component of the electrolysis apparatus, LLZTO ceramic tubes (FIGS. 3c, 7 and 8) exhibit a thickness of 38 mS cm at 240 ℃^-2Is about 100 times higher than at room temperature (fig. 3 d). The ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte is not an issue in electrolytic systems. The LLZTO ceramic tube also has a relative density of 99%, which prevents leakage of the liquid electrode. Since both the cathode (molten lithium) and the electrolyte (molten salt) are liquids, the interface between the solid electrolyte and the cathode or electrolyte is a liquid-solid interface. Thus, the interface remains in good contact during electrolysis. The above facts indicate that the LLZTO tube can serve as an electrolyte and a barrier layer of an electrolyzer.

LLZTOHigh selectivity of solid electrolyte

To demonstrate the high selectivity of LLZTO ceramic tubes, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl were used₂And AlCl₃The mixed salt of the composition is used as an electrolyte. Sodium and potassium ions are common impurities in the LiCl feedstock. In the conventional method, when LiCl is extracted by taking brine as a raw material, magnesium ions and lithium ions are difficult to separate. In the method of the invention, AlCl is added₃To lower the melting point of the mixed salt. Metallic aluminum also serves as an anode, and thus the electrolytic reaction equation can be expressed as:

Al + 3Li⁺ + 4Cl^- → 3Li + [AlCl₄]^- (1)

only lithium ions can penetrate the solid electrolyte (fig. 2 b) and other cations cannot participate in the electrolytic reaction. A small amount of commercial lithium was used to connect the LLZTO ceramic tubes and current collectors. The voltage profile of the electrolysis process is shown in figure 4 a. The initial electrolytic voltage is about 1.85V and is kept stable until the capacity reaches 500 mAh. The cut-off voltage was 2V and the final capacity was 583.5 mAh. To prevent corrosion of the stainless steel housing by the molten salt, the cutoff voltage was set to 2V. If the capacity of 583.5 mAh is 100% due to lithium metal deposition, this will translate to 0.151g of lithium metal. In practice, 0.145 g of metallic lithium was obtained, with a lithium metal coulombic efficiency of 96.0% (fig. 4 b). This difference may be due to weighing errors and minor side reactions. The increase in the electrolytic voltage at the final stage is caused by the decrease in the lithium ion concentration in the electrolyte. This example extracted about 82% of lithium based on the initial mass of LiCl in the mixed salt (1.09 g).

In order to test the purity of the resulting electrolytic lithium, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurements were performed. Commercial lithium metal having a purity of 99.7% was measured as a comparison by the same method. As shown in table 1, the purity of commercial lithium and electrolytic lithium was almost the same. The concentration of impurities (sodium, potassium, magnesium, aluminum) in the electrolytic lithium is very low, similar to that of commercial lithium. The very low concentrations of lanthanum, tantalum and zirconium (< 0.01 ppm) indicate that LLZTO solid electrolyte has very high chemical stability to molten lithium. Notably, the purity of the electrolytic lithium obtained was about 99.7%. Considering the initial mass fraction of lithium ions in the molten salt (5.5%), the lithium ion concentration after electrolysis increased by more than 17 times. The obtained high purity lithium ion battery demonstrated high selectivity and high quality of LLZTO solid electrolyte.

TABLE 1 ICP-MS measurement of electrolytic lithium, commercial lithium and ultrapure water

Other anions, including Br^-、I^-And SO₄ ^2-Was also added to the electrolyte and tested for the effect of the anion on the electrolysis process. The voltage profile of the electrolysis process is shown in FIG. 4 c. The electrolytic voltage is stabilized at 1.75V. When the capacity reached 430 mAh, the electrolysis process was stopped. If 100% of the capacity is due to lithium metal deposition, approximately 50% of the lithium ions in the mixed salt will be reduced, yielding 0.112g of lithium. In practice, 0.107 g of metallic lithium was obtained, which provides a coulombic efficiency of 95.5% for lithium metal deposition (fig. 4 d). According to the ICP-MS measurement (table 2), the effect of the anion on the resulting lithium purity was negligible. The chlorine element mainly originates from ultrapure water used for ICP-MS measurement.

TABLE 2 ICP-MS measurement of electrolytic lithium, commercial lithium and ultrapure water

Extraction of lithium from low concentration lithium ion source

Extracting lithium from brines containing low concentrations of lithium ions is a challenging task. To test the extraction capacity of the solid electrolyte, this example prepared a mixed salt according to the cation ratio of the salt lake brine. The initial concentration of lithium ions was only 0.06wt%, which is the average level of several salt lakes in china. As shown in FIG. 5a, the final capacity was 7.77 mAh, slightly above theoretical (6.28 mAh). This difference is mainly caused by side reactions. After electrolysis, the residual salts were dissolved in 100 mL of ultrapure water for ICP-MS measurement. 2.58 ppm of elemental lithium remained in the solution, indicating that 84.2% of the lithium ions were extracted to form metallic lithium (FIG. 5 b). The purity of the obtained lithium metal was the same as that of commercially available high-purity lithium metal (table 3). After the electrolytic treatment, the concentration of the lithium element is improved by more than 1500 times. This result demonstrates that our solid electrolyte method can extract lithium directly from natural salts.

TABLE 3 ICP-MS measurement of electrolytic lithium obtained from low lithium ion concentration mixed salt

Low cost production of electrolytic lithium

By using a lithium-based solid electrolyte as a lithium ion selective layer, high-purity metallic lithium can be produced using low-purity LiCl containing a large amount of sodium ions, magnesium ions, potassium ions, and aluminum ions as a raw material. Since the price of low-purity LiCl is relatively low, it is possible to greatly reduce the production cost of electrolytic lithium by using it as a raw material. To illustrate the potential of this approach, commercial grade LiCl (-95 wt.%) and AlCl were used₃(molar ratio 8: 1) as an electrolyte to produce electrolytic lithium. The electrolysis voltage distribution is shown in FIG. 6 a. The electrolytic voltage is stabilized at-1.7V. To avoidFree from Al generation₂Cl₆Gas, as LiCl and AlCl in the electrolyte₃When the molar ratio of (A) to (B) is reduced to 1:1, the electrolysis process is stopped. In principle 65.6% of the lithium ions will be reduced to metallic lithium, yielding 0.156g of metallic lithium. In practice, 0.148g of metallic lithium was obtained, 94.8% of theory (FIG. 6 b). The concentrations of impurities common in the production of lithium metal were determined and the results are shown in table 4. There was no significant difference in impurity concentrations between electrolytic lithium and commercial lithium. The most exciting result is that the magnesium impurity content of the electrolytic lithium metal is very low. Because magnesium has a radius similar to that of lithium ions, the conventional separation method is difficult to separate magnesium from lithium. In this case, however, Mg is present due to its divalent charge²⁺The ions diffuse very slowly in the lithium solid electrolyte. The purity of the electrolytic lithium obtained was about 99.7% taking into account impurities in ultrapure water.

TABLE 4 ICP-MS measurement of electrolytic lithium, commercial lithium and ultrapure water

This example demonstrates a new method for producing electrolytic lithium using a solid electrolyte. Due to the high selectivity of the solid electrolyte, high-purity metallic lithium can be produced using low-purity LiCl containing a large amount of other metal cations as a raw material. Compared with the high-purity LiCl used for producing high-purity lithium by the traditional electrolytic method, the low-purity industrial LiCl is much lower in price. The method greatly reduces the cost of lithium electrolysis. In addition, AlCl is added into the electrolyte₃Effectively reduces the working temperature of the electrolysis device and avoids corrosive Cl₂Is generated. Most notably, the high selectivity of lithium ion solid electrolytes has a prominent separation effect on those challenging impurities (e.g., magnesium ions). Therefore, the salt lake brine with high magnesium/lithium ratio can be used as a low-cost lithium recovery source, and the cost of lithium electrolysis is further reduced. The embodiment realizes the extraction of lithium from the mixed salt of the lithium ions with ultra-low concentration, and makes the recovery of lithium from natural salt possible.

Finally, it should be noted that there are alternative ways of implementing the disclosed embodiments of the invention. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. Furthermore, the claims are not to be limited to the details given herein, and are entitled to their full scope and equivalents.