Temperature sensor model creating method and device and electronic equipment
阅读说明：本技术 温度传感器的模型创建方法、装置和电子设备 (Temperature sensor model creating method and device and electronic equipment ) 是由 朱美印 王曦 赵伟 杨舒柏 张松 裴希同 但志宏 刘佳帅 王信 缪柯强 张楼悦 于 2021-09-27 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明提供了一种温度传感器的模型创建方法、装置和电子设备,将至少一个指定时间常数导入预设查表模块得到第一查表模块,以基于被测流体第一马赫数和第一流体密度输出第一时间常数；构建复域数学模型以基于第一流体温度和第一时间常数输出温度响应结果；基于第一查表模块和复域数学模型确定温度传感器的模型。该方式中,第一查表模块可以根据被测流体的马赫数和密度,输出对应的时间常数,复域数学模型再基于该时间常数和流体温度,确定温度响应结果,即,这种基于第一查表模块和复域数学模型确定温度传感器模型的方式综合考虑了被测流体的流速和密度,因而可以更加精确反映温度传感器的动态特性,进而满足对高精度温度传感器动态模型的需求。(The invention provides a model creating method and device of a temperature sensor and electronic equipment, wherein at least one specified time constant is imported into a preset table look-up module to obtain a first table look-up module so as to output a first time constant based on a first Mach number and a first fluid density of a measured fluid; constructing a complex domain mathematical model to output a temperature response result based on a first fluid temperature and a first time constant; a model of the temperature sensor is determined based on the first look-up table module and the complex domain mathematical model. In the method, the first table look-up module can output a corresponding time constant according to the Mach number and the density of the measured fluid, and the complex domain mathematical model determines a temperature response result based on the time constant and the fluid temperature, namely, the method for determining the temperature sensor model based on the first table look-up module and the complex domain mathematical model comprehensively considers the flow speed and the density of the measured fluid, so that the dynamic characteristic of the temperature sensor can be more accurately reflected, and the requirement on the high-precision temperature sensor dynamic model is further met.)
1. A method of model creation for a temperature sensor, the method comprising:
acquiring a first Mach number, a first fluid density, a first fluid temperature and at least one specified time constant of a measured fluid; wherein each of the specified time constants corresponds to a specified Mach number and a specified fluid density of the measured fluid;
importing the at least one appointed time constant into a preset table look-up module to obtain a first table look-up module; the first lookup table module is configured to output a first time constant corresponding to the first mach number and the first fluid density based on the received first mach number and the received first fluid density;
constructing a complex domain mathematical model; the complex domain mathematical model is used for outputting a temperature response result of the measured fluid based on the received first fluid temperature and the first time constant;
determining a model of the temperature sensor based on the first look-up table module and the complex domain mathematical model.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of constructing a complex domain mathematical model comprises:
constructing the complex domain mathematical model as a first-order inertia link; the time constant of the first-order inertia element is the first time constant.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of determining a model of the temperature sensor based on the first look-up table module and the complex domain mathematical model comprises:
and connecting the output end of the first table look-up module to the input end of the complex domain mathematical model to obtain the model of the temperature sensor.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of obtaining at least one specified time constant comprises:
acquiring a target flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor and at least one group of simulation parameters; each set of simulation parameters comprises a specified Mach number and a specified fluid density;
aiming at each group of simulation parameters, inputting the group of simulation parameters into the target flow field simulation model, and outputting a specified time constant corresponding to the group of simulation parameters;
and determining the at least one specified time constant based on the specified time constant corresponding to each group of simulation parameters.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of obtaining a target flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor comprises:
acquiring an initial flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor;
receiving a simulation instruction sent by a user;
performing simulation processing on the initial flow field simulation model based on the simulation instruction and preset simulation parameters to obtain a simulation result;
comparing the time constant of the simulation result with the time constant of a preset test result to obtain an error result of the time constant;
and if the error result of the time constant does not accord with a preset error threshold, continuing to execute the step of obtaining the initial flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor until the error result of the time constant accords with the preset error threshold, and obtaining the target flow field simulation model.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the step of obtaining an initial flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor comprises:
receiving a model building instruction sent by a user;
constructing a three-dimensional model of the temperature sensor based on the model construction instruction and the pre-acquired product parameters of the temperature sensor;
receiving a model import instruction and preset import parameters sent by the user;
and importing the three-dimensional model of the temperature sensor into preset simulation software based on the model import instruction and preset import parameters to obtain an initial flow field simulation model corresponding to the three-dimensional model of the temperature sensor.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein the simulation parameters comprise: calculating a domain setting parameter, a grid division parameter, a material thermophysical property parameter and a boundary condition parameter.
8. An apparatus for creating a model of a temperature sensor, the apparatus comprising:
the first acquisition module is used for acquiring a first Mach number, a first fluid density, a first fluid temperature and at least one specified time constant of the measured fluid; wherein each of the specified time constants corresponds to a specified Mach number and a specified fluid density of the measured fluid;
the second acquisition module is used for importing the at least one specified time constant into a preset table look-up module to obtain a first table look-up module; the first lookup table module is configured to output a first time constant corresponding to the first mach number and the first fluid density based on the received first mach number and the received first fluid density;
the construction module is used for constructing a complex domain mathematical model; the complex domain mathematical model is used for outputting a temperature response result of the measured fluid based on the received first fluid temperature and the first time constant;
a determination module to determine a model of the temperature sensor based on the first lookup table module and the complex domain mathematical model.
9. An electronic device comprising a processor and a memory, the memory storing machine executable instructions executable by the processor, the processor executing the machine executable instructions to implement the model creation method for a temperature sensor of any one of claims 1-7.
10. A machine-readable storage medium having stored thereon machine-executable instructions which, when invoked and executed by a processor, cause the processor to implement the method of model creation for a temperature sensor of any of claims 1-7.
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of temperature sensors, in particular to a method and a device for creating a model of a temperature sensor and electronic equipment.
Background
The armored thermocouple temperature sensor is a commonly used temperature measuring device in the field of industrial temperature measurement, has the advantages of small heat capacity of a measuring end, high response speed, good flexibility and the like, can be installed in narrow or complex-structure measuring occasions, and is pressure-resistant, vibration-resistant and impact-resistant; the armored thermocouple temperature sensor is used as a feedback sensor of the control system, and an accurate dynamic model of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor has important significance for the design of the control system; in the related art, a dynamic model of an armored thermocouple temperature sensor is generally simplified into a first-order transfer function with a fixed time constant gamma, and considering that the dynamic characteristic of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor is influenced by various factors such as the flow velocity and the density of a measured fluid, the structure of an armored protective sleeve, the size of a temperature sensing element and the like, the modeling mode with the fixed time constant gamma only can approximately reflect the dynamic characteristic of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor and cannot meet the requirement of a control system on the dynamic model of the high-precision temperature sensor.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a model creating method and device for a temperature sensor and electronic equipment, so that the dynamic characteristics of the temperature sensor can be accurately reflected, and the requirement of a control system on a high-precision dynamic model of the temperature sensor can be met.
The invention provides a model establishing method of a temperature sensor, which comprises the following steps: acquiring a first Mach number, a first fluid density, a first fluid temperature and at least one specified time constant of a measured fluid; wherein each specified time constant corresponds to a specified Mach number and a specified fluid density of the measured fluid; importing at least one appointed time constant into a preset table look-up module to obtain a first table look-up module; the first lookup table module is used for outputting a first time constant corresponding to the first Mach number and the first fluid density based on the received first Mach number and the received first fluid density; constructing a complex domain mathematical model; the complex domain mathematical model is used for outputting a temperature response result of the measured fluid based on the received first fluid temperature and the first time constant; a model of the temperature sensor is determined based on the first look-up table module and the complex domain mathematical model.
Further, the step of constructing the complex domain mathematical model comprises: constructing a complex domain mathematical model as a first-order inertia link; the time constant of the first-order inertia element is a first time constant.
Further, the step of determining a model of the temperature sensor based on the first look-up table module and the complex domain mathematical model comprises: and connecting the output end of the first table look-up module to the input end of the complex domain mathematical model to obtain the model of the temperature sensor.
Further, the step of obtaining at least one specified time constant comprises: acquiring a target flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor and at least one group of simulation parameters; each set of simulation parameters comprises a specified Mach number and a specified fluid density; aiming at each group of simulation parameters, inputting the group of simulation parameters into a target flow field simulation model, and outputting a specified time constant corresponding to the group of simulation parameters; and determining at least one designated time constant based on the designated time constant corresponding to each group of simulation parameters.
Further, the step of obtaining a target flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor includes: acquiring an initial flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor; receiving a simulation instruction sent by a user; performing simulation processing on the initial flow field simulation model based on the simulation instruction and preset simulation parameters to obtain a simulation result; comparing the time constant of the simulation result with the time constant of the preset test result to obtain an error result of the time constant; and if the error result of the time constant does not accord with the preset error threshold, continuing to execute the step of obtaining the initial flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor until the error result of the time constant accords with the preset error threshold, and obtaining the target flow field simulation model.
Further, the step of obtaining an initial flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor includes: receiving a model building instruction sent by a user; constructing a three-dimensional model of the temperature sensor based on the model construction instruction and the pre-acquired product parameters of the temperature sensor; receiving a model import instruction and preset import parameters sent by a user; and importing the three-dimensional model of the temperature sensor into preset simulation software based on the model import instruction and preset import parameters to obtain an initial flow field simulation model corresponding to the three-dimensional model of the temperature sensor.
Further, the simulation parameters include: calculating a domain setting parameter, a grid division parameter, a material thermophysical property parameter and a boundary condition parameter.
The invention provides a model creating device of a temperature sensor, comprising: the first acquisition module is used for acquiring a first Mach number, a first fluid density, a first fluid temperature and at least one specified time constant of the measured fluid; wherein each specified time constant corresponds to a specified Mach number and a specified fluid density of the measured fluid; the second acquisition module is used for importing at least one specified time constant into the preset table look-up module to obtain the first table look-up module; the first lookup table module is used for outputting a first time constant corresponding to the first Mach number and the first fluid density based on the received first Mach number and the received first fluid density; the construction module is used for constructing a complex domain mathematical model; the complex domain mathematical model is used for outputting a temperature response result of the measured fluid based on the received first fluid temperature and the first time constant; a determination module to determine a model of the temperature sensor based on the first look-up table module and the complex domain mathematical model.
The invention provides an electronic device which comprises a processor and a memory, wherein the memory stores machine executable instructions capable of being executed by the processor, and the processor executes the machine executable instructions to realize the model creation method of the temperature sensor.
The present invention provides a machine-readable storage medium having stored thereon machine-executable instructions which, when invoked and executed by a processor, cause the processor to implement the method of model creation for a temperature sensor of any of the above.
According to the model establishing method and device for the temperature sensor and the electronic equipment, the first Mach number, the first fluid density, the first fluid temperature and at least one specified time constant of the measured fluid are obtained; importing at least one appointed time constant into a preset table look-up module to obtain a first table look-up module; the first lookup table module is used for outputting a first time constant corresponding to the first Mach number and the first fluid density based on the received first Mach number and the received first fluid density; constructing a complex domain mathematical model; the complex domain mathematical model is used for outputting a temperature response result of the measured fluid based on the received first fluid temperature and the first time constant; a model of the temperature sensor is determined based on the first look-up table module and the complex domain mathematical model. In the mode, the first table look-up module can output the corresponding time constant according to the Mach number and the density of the measured fluid, and the complex domain mathematical model can determine the corresponding temperature response result based on the time constant and the fluid temperature, namely, the flow speed and the density of the measured fluid are comprehensively considered in the mode of determining the temperature sensor model based on the first table look-up module and the complex domain mathematical model, so that the dynamic characteristic of the temperature sensor can be more accurately reflected, and the requirement on the high-precision temperature sensor dynamic model is further met.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a sheathed thermocouple temperature sensor according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a method for creating a model of a temperature sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of another method for creating a model of a temperature sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method for dynamically modeling an armored thermocouple temperature sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a dynamic modeling scheme for an armored thermocouple temperature sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a CAD model diagram of an armored thermocouple temperature sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a computational domain of a CAD model of an armored thermocouple temperature sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating a gridding of a sheathed thermocouple temperature sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a fluid inlet arrangement according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an average temperature rise curve of a temperature measuring node surface according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a calibration thermal wind tunnel dynamic thermal response testing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of a dynamic model of a sheathed thermocouple temperature sensor according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a comparative verification platform according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of the comparison and verification result of the 1 st calibration hot wind tunnel test data provided in the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of the comparison and verification result of the 2 nd calibration hot wind tunnel test data provided in the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram of the comparative verification result of the 3 rd calibration hot wind tunnel test data provided in the embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 17 is a schematic structural diagram of a model creating apparatus for a temperature sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 18 is a schematic structural diagram of an electronic device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the following embodiments, and it should be understood that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The armored thermocouple temperature sensor is a commonly used temperature measuring device in the field of industrial temperature measurement, and is a solid combination body which is formed by combining and assembling a thermocouple wire, an insulating material (magnesium oxide powder and the like) and a metal protective sleeve and then stretching the thermocouple wire, the insulating material and the metal protective sleeve, has the advantages of small heat capacity of a measuring end, high response speed and good flexibility, can be installed in narrow or structurally complex measuring occasions, and is pressure-resistant, vibration-resistant and impact-resistant, referring to a structural schematic diagram of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor shown in fig. 1. The armored thermocouple temperature sensor is used as a feedback sensor of the control system, and an accurate dynamic model of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor has important significance for the design of the control system. Because the dynamic characteristics of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor are influenced by various factors such as the flow velocity and the density of a measured fluid, the structure of an armored protective sleeve, the size of a temperature sensing element and the like, the establishment of an accurate dynamic model of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor becomes a big problem in the field of control engineering. In the related technology, the existing dynamic modeling method for the armored thermocouple temperature sensor usually simplifies the dynamic model of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor into a first-order transfer function with a constant time gamma, and because the method ignores the influence of factors such as the flow velocity and the density of a measured fluid, the structure of an armored protective sleeve, the size of a temperature sensing element and the like on the constant time gamma, the dynamic characteristic of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor can only be approximately reflected by adopting the method, and the requirement of a control system on the high-precision dynamic model of the temperature sensor cannot be met.
Based on the above, the embodiments of the present invention provide a method and an apparatus for creating a model of a temperature sensor, and an electronic device, where the technique may be applied in a scenario where a model of a temperature sensor needs to be created, and particularly, in a scenario where a dynamic model of an armored thermocouple temperature sensor needs to be created.
In order to facilitate understanding of the embodiment, a detailed description is first given of a model creation method for a temperature sensor disclosed in the embodiment of the present invention; as shown in fig. 2, the method comprises the steps of:
step S202, acquiring a first Mach number, a first fluid density, a first fluid temperature and at least one specified time constant of a measured fluid; wherein each specified time constant corresponds to a specified mach number and a specified fluid density of the measured fluid.
The mach number is generally an important dimensionless parameter for characterizing the compressibility degree of a fluid in fluid mechanics, and is defined as a ratio of a velocity v of a certain point in a flow field to a local sound velocity c of the point, namely Ma ═ v/c, and generally, the larger the mach number is, the more significant the influence of compressibility of a medium is; the density of the fluid is expressed as a mass per unit volume of the fluidAn amount, which may be expressed in ρ; the first mach number, the first fluid density and the first fluid temperature are actual simulation input parameters which need to be input, and the actual simulation input parameters can be set according to actual requirements, input by a user or output by other related modules; the above-mentioned specified mach number may be a specified mach number of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, or the like; the specified fluid density is understood to be the fluid density ρ of the measured fluid at standard sea level conditions0The fluid density corresponding to the ratio of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, etc.; each specific mach number and each specific fluid density are generally corresponding to a specific time constant, for example, when the specific mach number is 0, and the ratio of the specific fluid density to the fluid density ρ 0 under the standard sea level condition is 0.3, the corresponding specific time constant is 29.170, and the like, at least one specific time constant can be represented in a table form, that is, the specific mach number, the specific fluid density and the specific time constant are represented by a table, the table can also be referred to as a dynamic characteristic table of the temperature sensor, and in the dynamic characteristic table, a specific numerical value of the specific fluid density can not be directly represented, but the specific fluid density and the fluid density ρ 0 under the standard sea level condition can be generally represented by a specific numerical value of the specific fluid density and the fluid density ρ 00The ratio therebetween; in practical implementation, when a dynamic model of the temperature sensor needs to be created, the first mach number, the first fluid density, the first fluid temperature, and at least one specified time constant of the measured fluid are generally acquired.
Step S204, importing at least one appointed time constant into a preset table look-up module to obtain a first table look-up module; the first lookup table module is used for outputting a first time constant corresponding to the first Mach number and the first fluid density based on the received first Mach number and the received first fluid density.
The preset Table look-up module can be a two-dimensional interpolation Table 2-D Lookup Table in Matlab/Simulink software, and can also be a module which can realize the same function in other software; in practical implementation, after the at least one specified time constant is obtained, the at least one finger may be usedThe timing constant is imported into a preset table look-up module to obtain a first table look-up module, and after a first Mach number and a first fluid density are input through an input end of the first table look-up module, a corresponding first time constant can be output through the first table look-up module; for example, if at least one specified time constant is represented by a dynamic characteristic Table, the dynamic characteristic Table can be imported into a 2-D Lookup Table, so that a first time constant of a corresponding temperature sensor can be obtained by interpolation according to a first mach number and a first fluid density of a measured fluid; if the specific value of the specified fluid density is not directly reflected in the dynamic characteristic table, the specified fluid density and the fluid density rho under the standard sea level condition are used0The ratio between the first fluid density and the fluid density p under the standard sea level condition is usually calculated0And interpolating to obtain a first time constant of the corresponding temperature sensor based on the ratio and the first Mach number.
Step 206, constructing a complex domain mathematical model; the complex domain mathematical model is used for outputting a temperature response result of the measured fluid based on the received first fluid temperature and the first time constant.
The complex domain mathematical model can be a first-order inertia link, namely a first-order transfer function and the like, and can also be other mathematical models and the like which can realize the same function; the input end of the complex domain mathematical model can input the first fluid temperature and the first time constant output by the first look-up table module, and the temperature measurement result of the temperature sensor for the measured fluid, namely the temperature response result, is output based on the input parameters.
In step S208, a model of the temperature sensor is determined based on the first look-up table module and the complex domain mathematical model.
Based on the obtained first table look-up module and the constructed complex domain mathematical model, the model of the temperature sensor can be determined, and specifically, the output end of the first table look-up module can be connected with the input end of the complex domain mathematical model, so that the model of the temperature sensor can be obtained.
The model establishing method of the temperature sensor obtains a first Mach number, a first fluid density, a first fluid temperature and at least one specified time constant of a measured fluid; importing at least one appointed time constant into a preset table look-up module to obtain a first table look-up module; the first lookup table module is used for outputting a first time constant corresponding to the first Mach number and the first fluid density based on the received first Mach number and the received first fluid density; constructing a complex domain mathematical model; the complex domain mathematical model is used for outputting a temperature response result of the measured fluid based on the received first fluid temperature and the first time constant; a model of the temperature sensor is determined based on the first look-up table module and the complex domain mathematical model. In the method, the first table look-up module can output a corresponding time constant according to the Mach number and the density of the measured fluid, and the complex domain mathematical model determines a temperature response result based on the time constant and the fluid temperature, namely, the method for determining the temperature sensor model based on the first table look-up module and the complex domain mathematical model comprehensively considers the flow speed and the density of the measured fluid, so that the dynamic characteristic of the temperature sensor can be more accurately reflected, and the requirement on the high-precision temperature sensor dynamic model is further met.
The embodiment of the invention also provides another model establishing method of the temperature sensor, which is realized on the basis of the method of the embodiment; the method mainly describes a specific process of constructing a complex domain mathematical model and a specific process of determining a model of a temperature sensor based on a first table look-up module and the complex domain mathematical model, and specifically corresponds to the following steps S306 to S308; as shown in fig. 3, the method comprises the steps of:
step S302, acquiring a first Mach number, a first fluid density, a first fluid temperature and at least one specified time constant of a measured fluid; wherein each specified time constant corresponds to a specified mach number and a specified fluid density of the measured fluid.
The process of obtaining at least one specified time constant can be implemented by the following steps one to three:
acquiring a target flow field simulation model of a temperature sensor and at least one group of simulation parameters; wherein each set of simulation parameters includes a specified mach number and a specified fluid density.
The target flow field simulation model can be understood as a flow field simulation model when the error between the simulation analysis result when the flow field simulation is carried out at a specific working condition point and the wind tunnel test result under the same working condition point meets a certain precision requirement; in this embodiment, the simulation parameters may include a plurality of sets, each set of simulation parameters generally includes a specific mach number and a specific fluid density, for example, the specific mach number may be 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, etc., and the density ratio of the specific fluid density to the fluid density under the standard sea level condition may be 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, etc.; in practical implementation, when at least one specified time constant needs to be obtained, a target flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor and at least one set of simulation parameters are generally obtained.
The obtaining of the target flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor can be specifically realized through the following steps a to E:
and step A, acquiring an initial flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor.
The step a can be specifically realized by the following steps a to d:
step a, receiving a model building instruction sent by a user.
And b, constructing a three-dimensional model of the temperature sensor based on the model construction instruction and the pre-acquired product parameters of the temperature sensor.
The model building instruction can be understood as an instruction sent when a user needs to build a three-dimensional model of the temperature sensor; the product parameters of the temperature sensor generally include related design parameters of the temperature sensor, such as structural parameters, material characteristics, sensitive element parameters, environmental stress, use conditions and other information; in practical implementation, the model building instruction and the product parameter of the temperature sensor may be received by three-dimensional modeling software, such as CAD (Computer Aided Design), and after receiving the model building instruction and the product parameter, a three-dimensional model of the temperature sensor may be built based on the model building instruction and the product parameter.
And c, receiving a model import instruction and preset import parameters sent by a user.
And d, importing the three-dimensional model of the temperature sensor into preset simulation software based on the model import instruction and preset import parameters to obtain an initial flow field simulation model corresponding to the three-dimensional model of the temperature sensor.
The model import instruction can be understood as an instruction sent when a user needs to import the constructed three-dimensional model of the temperature sensor into preset simulation software; the import parameter can be related parameters such as grid local encryption, grid size setting and the like set by a user; the preset simulation software can be flow field simulation software and the like, such as FloEFD (fluid heat transfer analysis software) software and the like; in actual implementation, the three-dimensional model of the temperature sensor can be imported into preset simulation software based on the received model import instruction and preset import parameters, so as to perform flow field modeling and drawing a grid, and obtain the initial flow field simulation model.
And step B, receiving a simulation instruction sent by a user.
And C, carrying out simulation processing on the initial flow field simulation model based on the simulation instruction and the preset simulation parameters to obtain a simulation result.
The simulation instruction can be understood as an instruction which is sent by a user and needs to simulate the initial flow field simulation model; in practical implementation, the simulation instruction sent by the user and the simulation parameters set by the user may be received by the simulation software, where the simulation parameters generally include: calculating a domain setting parameter, a grid division parameter, a material thermophysical property parameter and a boundary condition parameter, and certainly, setting other simulation parameters according to actual requirements; during actual implementation, a user can set corresponding simulation parameters for the initial simulation model and then send a simulation instruction to perform simulation processing on the initial flow field simulation model to obtain a simulation result.
And D, comparing the time constant of the simulation result with the time constant of the preset test result to obtain an error result of the time constant.
The preset test result can be a test result obtained when the calibration wind tunnel is used for carrying out dynamic thermal response test on the temperature sensor; the error result is usually a relative error between the time constant of the simulation result and the time constant of the preset test result, and for example, the calculation formula of the relative error may be: relative error | time constant of simulation result-time constant of preset experimental result |/time constant of preset experimental result × 100%. In actual implementation, in order to verify the accuracy of the established flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor, a calibration wind tunnel may be used to perform a dynamic thermal response test on the temperature sensor according to the airflow conditions of the simulation response test, and the test result and the simulation result are compared to determine an error result.
And E, if the error result of the time constant does not accord with the preset error threshold, continuing to execute the step of obtaining the initial flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor until the error result of the time constant accords with the preset error threshold, and obtaining the target flow field simulation model.
The preset error threshold is generally a preset relative error threshold, for example, the relative error threshold may be 5% or 6%, and the preset error threshold may be specifically set according to actual requirements; in actual implementation, the error result may be compared with a preset error threshold to determine whether the error result meets the precision requirement, and if the error result does not meet the preset error threshold, the step of obtaining an initial flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor is usually repeatedly performed to adjust the established three-dimensional model of the temperature sensor, or adjust related simulation parameters set before simulation analysis, such as related parameters of calculation domain setting, grid division, material thermophysical property parameter setting, boundary condition setting, and the like, until the error result of the time constant meets the preset error threshold, at this time, the established flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor may be considered to meet the requirement, and the optimized target flow field simulation model may be obtained.
And secondly, inputting the set of simulation parameters into the target flow field simulation model aiming at each set of simulation parameters, and outputting the specified time constant corresponding to the set of simulation parameters.
In practical implementation, the mach number of the measured fluid can be sequentially set from 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5, the density ratio rho/rho 0 (rho 0 is the density under the standard sea level condition) of the measured fluid is sequentially set from 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1, and each group of simulation parameters are subjected to simulation experiments respectively based on the verified target flow field simulation model to obtain the designated time constants respectively corresponding to each group of simulation parameters.
And step three, determining at least one specified time constant based on the specified time constant corresponding to each group of simulation parameters.
Specifically, after obtaining the specified time constant corresponding to each set of simulation parameters, a set of specified time constants may be obtained, that is, the at least one specified time constant.
Step S304, importing at least one appointed time constant into a preset table look-up module to obtain a first table look-up module; the first lookup table module is used for outputting a first time constant corresponding to the first Mach number and the first fluid density based on the received first Mach number and the received first fluid density.
Step S306, constructing a complex domain mathematical model as a first-order inertia link; the time constant of the first-order inertia element is a first time constant.
The complex domain mathematical model may be 1/(γ s +1), and the time constant γ is the first time constant output by the first lookup table module.
And S308, connecting the output end of the first table look-up module to the input end of the complex domain mathematical model to obtain the model of the temperature sensor.
The output end of the first table look-up module is connected with the input end of the complex domain mathematical model to obtain a model of the temperature sensor, namely, the first time constant output by the first table look-up module is used as one input data of the complex domain mathematical model, and the first fluid temperature and the other input data are jointly used as the input of the complex domain mathematical model, so that the temperature response result of the measured fluid is output through the complex domain mathematical model.
The model establishing method of the temperature sensor obtains a first Mach number, a first fluid density, a first fluid temperature and at least one specified time constant of a measured fluid; wherein each specified time constant corresponds to a specified mach number and a specified fluid density of the measured fluid. Importing at least one appointed time constant into a preset table look-up module to obtain a first table look-up module; the first lookup table module is used for outputting a first time constant corresponding to the first Mach number and the first fluid density based on the received first Mach number and the received first fluid density. Constructing a complex domain mathematical model as a first-order inertia link; the time constant of the first-order inertia element is a first time constant. And connecting the output end of the first table look-up module to the input end of the complex domain mathematical model to obtain the model of the temperature sensor. In the mode, the first table look-up module can output the corresponding time constant according to the Mach number and the density of the measured fluid, and the complex domain mathematical model can determine the corresponding temperature response result based on the time constant and the fluid temperature, namely, the flow speed and the density of the measured fluid are comprehensively considered in the mode of determining the temperature sensor model based on the first table look-up module and the complex domain mathematical model, so that the dynamic characteristic of the temperature sensor can be more accurately reflected, and the requirement on the high-precision temperature sensor dynamic model is further met.
To further understand the above embodiments, a flow chart of a dynamic modeling method of an armored thermocouple temperature sensor shown in fig. 4 is provided below, and the specific implementation steps are as follows:
step 1, collecting design information, namely establishing a CAD (computer Aided design) digital prototype (corresponding to a three-dimensional model of the temperature sensor) according to the design information of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor, such as structural parameters, material characteristics, sensitive element parameters, environmental stress, use conditions and the like;
step 2, establishing a CFD (computational Fluid dynamics) digital prototype (corresponding to the initial flow field simulation model) based on the established CAD digital prototype;
step 3, carrying out simulation of a specific working condition point, namely, carrying out simulation analysis of a heat flow field by using the established CFD digital prototype at the specific working condition point, comparing and verifying the result with a wind tunnel test result, and if the model is inaccurate, repeating the processes from the step 1 to the step 3 and optimizing CAD and CFD digital prototype models until the model meets the precision requirement;
step 4, developing the thermal flow field simulation in the full-working envelope based on the verified model, namely developing the thermal flow field simulation of the full-envelope to obtain the dynamic characteristic of the temperature sensor;
step 5, determining a general temperature sensor dynamic model, in order to enable the established dynamic model to reflect the real dynamic characteristics in the full-working envelope of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor, providing a modeling scheme for enabling the armored temperature sensor dynamic model to be equivalent to a first-order transfer function with the time constant changing along with the flow parameters (Mach number Ma and density rho) of the measured fluid, and building the dynamic model according to the schematic diagram of the modeling scheme of the dynamic model of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor shown in figure 5, wherein in figure 5, Ma is the Mach number of the measured fluid, rho is the density of the measured fluid, gamma is the time constant determined based on Ma and rho, and T is the time constant determined based on the Mach number and the rhorealFor the temperature, T, of the fluid to be measuredsensorThe temperature is output for the dynamic model.
The above steps are further illustrated by a practical example. Firstly, according to product design information of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor, the armored thermocouple temperature sensor is considered to realize temperature measurement through a temperature measurement end temperature sensing sensitive element, so that the connection structure, the installation structure, the electric connector structure, characters carving, chamfering and other features which do not affect the dynamic characteristics of the sensor are simplified, only the temperature measurement end structure is subjected to detailed modeling, and an established armored thermocouple temperature sensor three-dimensional model, such as a CAD model schematic diagram of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor shown in FIG. 6, is obtained.
Secondly, based on the CAD model schematic diagram of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor in FIG. 6, a thermal flow field simulation analysis model of a temperature sensor CFD digital prototype is established in thermal fluid simulation software FloEFD, and the following assumptions are made: a) neglecting the radiation heat exchange with the external environment; b) the heat flow density of the medium flowing on the outer surface of the sensor is constant, and the contact thermal resistance is ignored; c) neglecting heat conduction and heat loss of parts such as measurement leads; d) the average temperature of the surface of the thermode temperature measuring node is approximately regarded as the indicating temperature of the sensor.
In addition, before the simulation analysis of the thermal flow field is carried out, calculation domain setting, grid division, material thermophysical property parameter setting and boundary condition setting are carried out on the CFD digital prototype.
(1) Computing domain settings
Setting the fluid calculation domain as a cuboid, setting the size of the fluid calculation domain as 4 times of the product outline dimension along the gas flowing direction, and setting the size of the fluid calculation domain as more than 3 times of the product outline dimension along the other two directions to obtain the fluid calculation domain, such as a calculation domain schematic diagram of an armored thermocouple temperature sensor CAD model shown in FIG. 7.
(2) Mesh partitioning
And carrying out grid division by using FloEFD software, wherein the grid type is a hexahedral grid with a relatively accurate analysis result. In order to ensure sufficient analysis accuracy, grid refinement is performed on important parts such as a thermode shell, a thermocouple wire and the like to obtain the grid division conditions of the whole calculation domain and the local sensor, specifically, as shown in fig. 8, a grid division schematic diagram of an armored thermocouple temperature sensor is shown, wherein fig. 8(a) is a whole grid division schematic diagram, and fig. 8(b) is a temperature measurement end local grid division schematic diagram.
(3) Material thermophysical property parameter setting
For the thermocouple temperature sensor, the material of the flow guide pipe, the flow guide cover and the end cover is high-temperature alloy GH3128, the material of the thermode shell is high-temperature alloy GH3039, the filling non-metal material is fused magnesia powder MgO, the material of the thermocouple wire is nickel chromium KP-nickel silicon KN, and the specific performance parameters are shown in a material thermophysical property parameter table of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
(4) Boundary condition setting
The analysis type is set to external flow. The flow field global parameters are set as follows: the initial solid temperature is 600 ℃, and the wall surface roughness is 3.2 mu m; the environmental conditions were set as: the ambient temperature is 700 ℃, the ambient air pressure is 1atm, and the ambient air flow rate is 0; the fluid inlet was set as a velocity inlet, the fluid temperature was 700 ℃, and different mach numbers of the air stream were set according to the experimental requirements, see a schematic diagram of a fluid inlet set-up shown in fig. 9. Setting the solving type as transient analysis related to time, dynamically monitoring the temperature rise condition of the target surface at each time step, and recording the result every 0.05s in the calculating process. To ensure convergence and smoothness of the output result, the calculation sub-step is set to 0.001 s.
Third, the sensor dynamic response process was simulated in a CFD digital prototype model of an armored thermocouple temperature sensor with the sensor in a 0.23Ma air flow, with the temperature increasing from 600 ℃ to 700 ℃. Referring to the schematic diagram of the surface average temperature rise curve of the temperature measurement node shown in fig. 10, it can be seen from fig. 10 that when the surface average temperature of the temperature measurement node rises to 663.2 ℃, the required time is 3.65s, i.e. the time constant γ of the sensor obtained by simulation calculation is 3.65 s.
Meanwhile, in order to verify the accuracy of the established CFD digital prototype model of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor, a schematic diagram of a testing device for calibrating the dynamic thermal response of the hot air hole shown in FIG. 11 is utilized, the dynamic thermal response test is carried out on the armored thermocouple temperature sensor according to the airflow condition of the simulation response test, and the time constant gamma of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor is measured to be 3.49s through the test. And comparing the test result with the simulation result, wherein the relative error of the time constant is 4.58%, the test result is more consistent with the simulation analysis result, and the established CFD digital prototype model can be considered to meet the requirements.
As shown in fig. 11, in the test, a measured temperature sensor is installed in a test section, total temperature, total pressure and static pressure of an airflow are read through a pressure sensor and an atmospheric pressure gauge in a data acquisition system, total pressure and total temperature of the total temperature are controlled through a total temperature and total pressure control module, an airflow mach number is calculated, the flow velocity of the airflow is controlled through an air valve, the airflow mach number in a calibration wind tunnel is adjusted to an expected value, an ejection mechanism is used for generating a step airflow condition, the step airflow condition can be displayed through a temperature control display system, an oscilloscope, a filter and a multimeter can be used for recording a response curve of the temperature sensor, and the time corresponding to 63.2% of the temperature step is taken as a time constant test result.
Fourthly, based on the CFD digital prototype model of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor after verification, the Mach number Ma of the measured fluid is set to be a thermal flow field simulation by sequentially setting 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5, and the density ratio rho/rho 0 (rho 0 is the density under the standard sea level condition) of the measured fluid by sequentially setting 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1, so as to obtain the thermal flow field simulation result (only partial result is given) of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor shown in the table 2, and the table 2 comprises assigned time constants corresponding to each group of simulation parameters.
TABLE 2
The dynamic characteristics of the sheathed thermocouple temperature sensor obtained according to table 2 are shown in table 3.
TABLE 3
Finally, according to the dynamic model modeling scheme of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor in fig. 5, a dynamic model schematic diagram of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor is established in Matlab/Simulink, as shown in fig. 12, fig. 12(a) is a schematic diagram of an overall package module, and fig. 12(b) is a schematic diagram of an internal structure of the package module; in fig. 12, T is the measured fluid temperature, Ma is the measured fluid mach number, RHO is the measured fluid density, and T _ MSR is the output temperature of the dynamic model.
In order to verify the effectiveness of the dynamic modeling method for the armored thermocouple temperature sensor, the established dynamic model of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor is verified by using calibration hot wind tunnel step response test data performed under different Mach numbers and different temperature conditions for 3 times.
A schematic diagram of a comparative verification platform is set up as shown in fig. 13. In fig. 13, the temperature, mach number, and density of the fluid to be measured in the actual calibration wind tunnel test are used as the inputs of the dynamic model, and the response result of the actual armored thermocouple temperature sensor is compared with the response result of the dynamic model for verification.
The conditions for the 1 st calibration hot wind tunnel test were as follows: the temperature of the measured fluid is stepped from 276.9 ℃ to 342.2 ℃, the Mach number is 0.3, and the density is 0.573. See fig. 14 for a schematic diagram of the comparison and verification result of the 1 st calibration hot wind tunnel test data. In fig. 14, the solid black line indicates the measured fluid temperature, the dotted line indicates the real sensor response, and the dashed line indicates the dynamic model response. As can be seen from fig. 14, the time constant of the real sensor is 3.32s, the time constant of the dynamic model is 3.45s, and the relative error of the time constant is less than 3.9%.
The conditions for the 2 nd calibration hot wind tunnel test were as follows: the temperature of the measured fluid is stepped from 187.8 ℃ to 256.5 ℃, the Mach number is 0.2, and the density is 0.666. See fig. 15 for a schematic diagram of the comparison and verification result of the 2 nd calibration hot wind tunnel test data. In fig. 15, the solid black line indicates the measured fluid temperature, the dashed dotted line indicates the real sensor response, and the dashed dotted line indicates the dynamic model response. As can be seen from fig. 15, the time constant of the real sensor is 4.24s, the time constant of the dynamic model is 4.39s, and the relative error of the time constant is less than 3.5%.
The conditions for the 3 rd calibration hot wind tunnel test were as follows: the temperature of the measured fluid is stepped from 130.6 ℃ to 180.8 ℃, the Mach number is 0.1, and the density is 0.778. See fig. 16 for a schematic diagram of the comparison and verification result of the 3 rd calibration hot wind tunnel test data. In fig. 16, the solid black line indicates the measured fluid temperature, the dashed dotted line indicates the real sensor response, and the dashed dotted line indicates the dynamic model response. As can be seen from fig. 16, the time constant of the real sensor is 5.17s, the time constant of the dynamic model is 5.29s, and the relative error of the time constant is less than 2.3%.
Through the comparison, verification and analysis, the dynamic model of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor established based on the model establishing mode in the application can reflect the dynamic characteristics of the real temperature sensor under different fluid parameters, and the maximum relative error of the time constant is less than 3.9%.
The dynamic modeling method is applied to dynamic modeling of a certain armored thermocouple temperature sensor, a dynamic model of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor is established, and the effectiveness of the dynamic model is verified through step response test data. The dynamic modeling method of the armored thermocouple temperature sensor can make up the defect that the existing modeling method does not consider the influence of the factors such as the flow velocity and the density of the measured fluid, the structure of the armored protective sleeve, the size of the temperature sensing element and the like on the time constant gamma.
An embodiment of the present invention provides a model creating apparatus for a temperature sensor, as shown in fig. 17, the apparatus includes: a first obtaining module 170, configured to obtain a first mach number, a first fluid density, a first fluid temperature, and at least one specified time constant of the measured fluid; wherein each specified time constant corresponds to a specified Mach number and a specified fluid density of the measured fluid; the second obtaining module 171 is configured to import at least one specified time constant into the preset table look-up module, so as to obtain a first table look-up module; the first lookup table module is used for outputting a first time constant corresponding to the first Mach number and the first fluid density based on the received first Mach number and the received first fluid density; a construction module 172 for constructing a complex domain mathematical model; the complex domain mathematical model is used for outputting a temperature response result of the measured fluid based on the received first fluid temperature and the first time constant; a determination module 173 for determining a model of the temperature sensor based on the first look-up table module and the complex domain mathematical model.
The model creating device of the temperature sensor acquires a first Mach number, a first fluid density, a first fluid temperature and at least one specified time constant of a measured fluid; importing at least one appointed time constant into a preset table look-up module to obtain a first table look-up module; the first lookup table module is used for outputting a first time constant corresponding to the first Mach number and the first fluid density based on the received first Mach number and the received first fluid density; constructing a complex domain mathematical model; the complex domain mathematical model is used for outputting a temperature response result of the measured fluid based on the received first fluid temperature and the first time constant; a model of the temperature sensor is determined based on the first look-up table module and the complex domain mathematical model. In the device, the first table look-up module can output a corresponding time constant according to the Mach number and the density of the measured fluid, and the complex domain mathematical model determines a temperature response result based on the time constant and the fluid temperature, namely, the flow speed and the density of the measured fluid are comprehensively considered in the mode of determining the temperature sensor model based on the first table look-up module and the complex domain mathematical model, so that the dynamic characteristic of the temperature sensor can be more accurately reflected, and the requirement on the high-precision temperature sensor dynamic model is further met.
Further, the building module is further configured to: constructing a complex domain mathematical model as a first-order inertia link; the time constant of the first-order inertia element is a first time constant.
Further, the determining module is further configured to: and connecting the output end of the first table look-up module to the input end of the complex domain mathematical model to obtain the model of the temperature sensor.
Further, the first obtaining module is further configured to: acquiring a target flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor and at least one group of simulation parameters; each set of simulation parameters comprises a specified Mach number and a specified fluid density; aiming at each group of simulation parameters, inputting the group of simulation parameters into a target flow field simulation model, and outputting a specified time constant corresponding to the group of simulation parameters; and determining at least one designated time constant based on the designated time constant corresponding to each group of simulation parameters.
Further, the first obtaining module is further configured to: acquiring an initial flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor; receiving a simulation instruction sent by a user; performing simulation processing on the initial flow field simulation model based on the simulation instruction and preset simulation parameters to obtain a simulation result; comparing the time constant of the simulation result with the time constant of the preset test result to obtain an error result of the time constant; and if the error result of the time constant does not accord with the preset error threshold, continuing to execute the step of obtaining the initial flow field simulation model of the temperature sensor until the error result of the time constant accords with the preset error threshold, and obtaining the target flow field simulation model.
Further, the first obtaining module is further configured to: receiving a model building instruction sent by a user; constructing a three-dimensional model of the temperature sensor based on the model construction instruction and the pre-acquired product parameters of the temperature sensor; receiving a model import instruction and preset import parameters sent by a user; and importing the three-dimensional model of the temperature sensor into preset simulation software based on the model import instruction and preset import parameters to obtain an initial flow field simulation model corresponding to the three-dimensional model of the temperature sensor.
Further, the simulation parameters include: calculating a domain setting parameter, a grid division parameter, a material thermophysical property parameter and a boundary condition parameter.
The implementation principle and the generated technical effect of the model creating device for a temperature sensor provided by the embodiment of the present invention are the same as those of the model creating method for a temperature sensor, and for the sake of brief description, reference may be made to the corresponding contents in the model creating method for a temperature sensor.
An embodiment of the present invention further provides an electronic device, as shown in fig. 18, where the electronic device includes a processor 180 and a memory 181, the memory 181 stores machine executable instructions capable of being executed by the processor 180, and the processor 180 executes the machine executable instructions to implement the model creating method for a temperature sensor described above.
Further, the electronic device shown in fig. 18 further includes a bus 182 and a communication interface 183, and the processor 180, the communication interface 183, and the memory 181 are connected by the bus 182.
The Memory 181 may include a high-speed Random Access Memory (RAM) and may also include a non-volatile Memory (non-volatile Memory), such as at least one disk Memory. The communication connection between the network element of the system and at least one other network element is realized through at least one communication interface 183 (which may be wired or wireless), and the internet, a wide area network, a local network, a metropolitan area network, and the like can be used. Bus 182 can be an ISA bus, PCI bus, EISA bus, or the like. The bus may be divided into an address bus, a data bus, a control bus, etc. For ease of illustration, only one double-headed arrow is shown in FIG. 18, but that does not indicate only one bus or one type of bus.
The processor 180 may be an integrated circuit chip having signal processing capabilities. In implementation, the steps of the above method may be performed by integrated logic circuits of hardware or instructions in the form of software in the processor 180. The Processor 180 may be a general-purpose Processor, and includes a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Network Processor (NP), and the like; the device can also be a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other Programmable logic device, a discrete Gate or transistor logic device, or a discrete hardware component. The various methods, steps and logic blocks disclosed in the embodiments of the present invention may be implemented or performed. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor or the processor may be any conventional processor or the like. The steps of the method disclosed in connection with the embodiments of the present invention may be directly implemented by a hardware decoding processor, or implemented by a combination of hardware and software modules in the decoding processor. The software module may be located in ram, flash memory, rom, prom, or eprom, registers, etc. storage media as is well known in the art. The storage medium is located in the memory 181, and the processor 180 reads the information in the memory 181 and performs the steps of the method of the previous embodiment in combination with the hardware thereof.
The embodiment of the present invention further provides a machine-readable storage medium, where the machine-readable storage medium stores machine-executable instructions, and when the machine-executable instructions are called and executed by a processor, the machine-executable instructions cause the processor to implement the model creation method for the temperature sensor, and specific implementation may refer to method embodiments, and is not described herein again.
The method and apparatus for creating a model of a temperature sensor and the computer program product of an electronic device provided in the embodiments of the present invention include a computer-readable storage medium storing program codes, where instructions included in the program codes may be used to execute the method described in the foregoing method embodiments, and specific implementation may refer to the method embodiments, and will not be described herein again.
The functions, if implemented in the form of software functional units and sold or used as a stand-alone product, may be stored in a computer readable storage medium. Based on such understanding, the technical solution of the present invention may be embodied in the form of a software product, which is stored in a storage medium and includes instructions for causing a computer device (which may be a personal computer, a server, or a network device) to execute all or part of the steps of the method according to the embodiments of the present invention. And the aforementioned storage medium includes: various media capable of storing program codes, such as a usb disk, a removable hard disk, a Read-Only Memory (ROM), a Random Access Memory (RAM), a magnetic disk, or an optical disk.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and the modifications or the substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.