阅读说明：本技术 一种中药材亳菊的盆栽驯化方法 (Potting domestication method for traditional Chinese medicinal material chrysanthemum morifolium ) 是由 李辉 于 2021-07-12 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种中药材亳菊的盆栽驯化方法,涉及植物栽培技术领域,包括以下步骤：A：引种、B：组织培养、C：表面灭菌：利用无菌水冲洗10～15min,再用75%的酒精浸泡10～15s、D：接种：切取无病毒苗为0.6～0.8毫米,再用解剖针将材料接种到培养瓶上培养、E：盆栽管理、F：滴灌：利用循环泵将营养液经滴灌管道输入至花盆内,每隔3天滴灌1次,每次20～30分钟,并每天用清水滴灌、G：摘心、H：打顶、I：控水、J：切根、K：成品出圃。本发明使得亳菊由地栽中药材转化了盆栽花,能够供人们欣赏,提高了观赏价值,本发明培育出的亳菊盆栽侧枝发达,抗病能力强,成活率高,本发明工艺简单,设备要求低,具有良好的社会推广应用。(The invention discloses a potted plant domestication method of traditional Chinese medicinal material chrysanthemum morifolium, which relates to the technical field of plant cultivation and comprises the following steps: a: introduction, B: tissue culture, C: surface sterilization: washing with sterile water for 10-15 min, and soaking with 75% alcohol for 10-15 s, D: inoculation: cutting a virus-free seedling to be 0.6-0.8 mm, inoculating the material onto a culture bottle by using a dissecting needle for culture, and E: pot management and F: drip irrigation: inputting nutrient solution into the flowerpot through a drip irrigation pipeline by using a circulating pump, carrying out drip irrigation for 1 time every 3 days for 20-30 minutes every time, and carrying out drip irrigation with clear water every day, G: pinching and H: topping and I: controlling water and J: cutting roots and K: the finished product is delivered out of the nursery. The cultivation method enables the Bo-Chrysanthemum to be transformed into potted flowers from field-cultivated traditional Chinese medicinal materials, can be appreciated by people, improves the ornamental value, and the Bo-Chrysanthemum potted plant cultivated by the cultivation method has developed lateral branches, strong disease resistance and high survival rate.)

1. A pot culture domestication method of traditional Chinese medicinal materials of chrysanthemum morifolium is characterized by comprising the following steps:

a: introduction: selecting areas with two places with little difference in conditions and wide adaptation range, performing multi-generation selection, continuously sowing, and breeding out strong stress-resistant Bo-Chrysanthemum plants for introduction and propagation;

b: cutting a Bo-chrysanthemum flower material;

c: surface sterilization;

d: inoculating and culturing;

e: and (3) potting management: transferring the cultivated Bo-chrysanthemum seedlings into a flowerpot filled with a substrate;

f: drip irrigation;

g: pinching;

h: topping;

i: controlling water;

j: cutting off the main root so as to control the growth speed of the Bo-chrysanthemum;

k: the finished product is delivered out of the nursery.

2. The potting domestication method of the traditional Chinese medicinal material chrysanthemum morifolium as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: a: introduction: selecting areas with two places with little difference in conditions and wide adaptation range, performing multi-generation selection, continuously sowing, and breeding out strong stress-resistant Bo-Chrysanthemum plants for introduction and propagation;

b: tissue culture: selecting a robust disease-free mother plant, taking a tender part with strong meristematic ability, and cutting a chrysanthemum morifolium flower material from a greenhouse domestication bed;

c: surface sterilization: washing with sterile water for 10-15 min, soaking with 75% alcohol for 10-15 s, soaking with 15% bleaching powder clear solution for 35-45 min, washing with sterile water for 2 times, and sucking off water with sterile filter paper;

d: inoculation: cutting a required part by using a scalpel, cutting a virus-free seedling to be 0.6-0.8 mm, and inoculating the material onto a culture bottle by using a dissecting needle for culture;

e: and (3) potting management: transferring the cultivated Bo-chrysanthemum seedlings into a flowerpot filled with a substrate;

f: drip irrigation: after transplanting, inputting the nutrient solution into a flowerpot through a drip irrigation pipeline by a circulating pump, carrying out drip irrigation for 1 time every 3 days for 20-30 minutes every time, and carrying out drip irrigation with clear water every day;

g: pinching: removing bud tips with apical dominance;

h: topping: the method is characterized in that a part of top tissues of the easily overgrown plant is cut off to promote the nutrition of the plant to be supplied dispersedly due to the fact that the plant grows too fast;

i: controlling water: when the plant grows vigorously, controlling the water quantity to enable the plant to be in a semi-arid state, and achieving the purposes of short, small, full and well-developed lateral branches;

j: cutting roots: cutting off the main root by using a tool so as to control the growth speed of the Bo-Chrysanthemum;

k: the finished product is delivered out of the nursery.

3. The potting domestication method of the traditional Chinese medicinal material chrysanthemum morifolium as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that: and the operating environment in the step C is an aseptic inoculation box or an ultra-clean workbench.

4. The potting domestication method of the traditional Chinese medicinal material chrysanthemum morifolium as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that: the scalpel and the dissecting needle in step D should be sterilized by 98% alcohol or flame sterilization before use.

5. The potting domestication method of the traditional Chinese medicinal material chrysanthemum morifolium as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that: the matrix in the step E comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 11-13 parts of vegetable garden soil, 18-22 parts of soil, 6-8 parts of coarse sand, 35-45 parts of turfy soil, 7-9 parts of traditional Chinese medicine residues, 6-10 parts of modified stone powder, 20-24 parts of coconut coir, 23-27 parts of sea mud and 25-29 parts of bamboo chips.

6. The potting domestication method of the traditional Chinese medicinal material chrysanthemum morifolium as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that: the nutrient solution in the step F comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 0.3-0.5 g/L of urea, 0.2-0.4 g/L of potassium nitrate, 0.3-0.5 g/L of calcium nitrate, 0.1-0.4 g/L of magnesium sulfate, 0.1-0.3 g/L of ammonium phosphate, 0.2-0.3 g/L of potassium sulfate, 0.006-0.008 g/L of boric acid, 0.3-0.5 g/L of monopotassium phosphate, 0.06-0.08 g/L of ferrous sulfate, 0.015-0.025 g/L of manganese sulfate, 0.008-0.012 g/L of zinc sulfate, 0.2-0.3 mg/L of copper sulfate, 0.05-0.09 mg/L of ammonium molybdate, and 0.2-0.4 mg/L of sodium nitrophenolate.

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of plant cultivation, in particular to a potting domestication method of traditional Chinese medicinal materials of chrysanthemum morifolium.

Background

The Bo-chrysanthemum is a medicinal feverfew plant which is a perennial herb and is 60-150 cm high. Upright stem, multi-branched, with fine hair or villi. Leaf intergrowth, which is oval to acicular, has a length of about 5cm and a width of 3-4 cm, slightly takes the shape of a pinnate and is split, the edge of the pinnate is provided with rough sawteeth, and white fluff is arranged below the pinnate; has a petiole. The diameter of the single branch end and the single leaf axil of the head-shaped inflorescence is 2.5-5 cm; the involucre is hemispherical, the involucre is 3-4 layers, the outer layer is green and linear, white villi exist, and the edge membrane is membranous; lingulate flower white, yellow, light red or slightly purple, female; tubular flower yellow, amphoteric. The flowering period is 9-11 months. The chrysanthemum is widely cultivated in the middle, east and south of China, and is a traditional Chinese medicine in China. The head-shaped inflorescence can be used as a medicine and also can be used as a cold beverage, and is harvested 3-4 days before and after the beginning of winter each year.

At present, most of traditional Chinese medicinal materials such as Bo chrysanthemum are planted in a large area, the disease resistance is weak when the Bo chrysanthemum is planted alone, the survival rate is low, the ornamental value is poor, and the method for domesticating the planted potted plants is complex, inconvenient to operate and high in cost.

Therefore, it is necessary to invent a method for domesticating the potted plant of the traditional Chinese medicinal material chrysanthemum morifolium.

Disclosure of Invention

Technical problem to be solved

Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a potted domestication method of traditional Chinese medicinal material Bo-chrysanthemum, which solves the problems of weak disease resistance, low survival rate, poor ornamental value, complex potted domestication method, inconvenient operation and high cost of the traditional Chinese medicinal material Bo-chrysanthemum.

(II) technical scheme

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: a pot culture domestication method of traditional Chinese medicinal materials of chrysanthemum morifolium comprises the following steps:

a pot culture domestication method of traditional Chinese medicinal materials of chrysanthemum morifolium is characterized by comprising the following steps:

a: introduction: selecting areas with two places with little difference in conditions and wide adaptation range, performing multi-generation selection, continuously sowing, and breeding out strong stress-resistant Bo-Chrysanthemum plants for introduction and propagation;

b: cutting a Bo-chrysanthemum flower material;

c: surface sterilization;

d: inoculating and culturing;

e: and (3) potting management: transferring the cultivated Bo-chrysanthemum seedlings into a flowerpot filled with a substrate;

f: drip irrigation;

g: pinching;

h: topping;

i: controlling water;

j: cutting off the main root so as to control the growth speed of the Bo-chrysanthemum;

k: the finished product is delivered out of the nursery.

The potted plant domestication method of the traditional Chinese medicinal material chrysanthemum morifolium comprises the following steps:

a: introduction: selecting areas with two places with little difference in conditions and wide adaptation range, performing multi-generation selection, continuously sowing, and breeding out strong stress-resistant Bo-Chrysanthemum plants for introduction and propagation;

b: tissue culture: selecting a robust disease-free mother plant, taking a tender part with strong meristematic ability, and cutting a chrysanthemum morifolium flower material from a greenhouse domestication bed;

c: surface sterilization: washing with sterile water for 10-15 min, soaking with 75% alcohol for 10-15 s, soaking with 15% bleaching powder clear solution for 35-45 min, washing with sterile water for 2 times, and sucking off water with sterile filter paper;

d: inoculation: cutting a required part by using a scalpel, cutting a virus-free seedling to be 0.6-0.8 mm, and inoculating the material onto a culture bottle by using a dissecting needle for culture;

e: and (3) potting management: transferring the cultivated Bo-chrysanthemum seedlings into a flowerpot filled with a substrate;

f: drip irrigation: after transplanting, inputting the nutrient solution into a flowerpot through a drip irrigation pipeline by a circulating pump, carrying out drip irrigation for 1 time every 3 days for 20-30 minutes every time, and carrying out drip irrigation with clear water every day;

g: pinching: removing bud tips with apical dominance;

h: topping: the method is characterized in that a part of top tissues of the easily overgrown plant is cut off to promote the nutrition of the plant to be supplied dispersedly due to the fact that the plant grows too fast;

i: controlling water: when the plant grows vigorously, controlling the water quantity to enable the plant to be in a semi-arid state, and achieving the purposes of short, small, full and well-developed lateral branches;

j: cutting roots: cutting off the main root by using a tool so as to control the growth speed of the Bo-Chrysanthemum;

k: the finished product is delivered out of the nursery.

Optionally, the operating environment in step C is an aseptic inoculation box or an ultra-clean bench.

Optionally, the scalpel and the dissecting needle in step D should be sterilized by 98% alcohol or flame sterilization before use.

Optionally, the matrix in step E comprises the following components: 11-13 parts of vegetable garden soil, 18-22 parts of soil, 6-8 parts of coarse sand, 35-45 parts of turfy soil, 7-9 parts of traditional Chinese medicine residues, 6-10 parts of modified stone powder, 20-24 parts of coconut coir, 23-27 parts of sea mud and 25-29 parts of bamboo chips.

Optionally, the nutrient solution in the step F comprises the following components: 0.3-0.5 g/L of urea, 0.2-0.4 g/L of potassium nitrate, 0.3-0.5 g/L of calcium nitrate, 0.1-0.4 g/L of magnesium sulfate, 0.1-0.3 g/L of ammonium phosphate, 0.2-0.3 g/L of potassium sulfate, 0.006-0.008 g/L of boric acid, 0.3-0.5 g/L of monopotassium phosphate, 0.06-0.08 g/L of ferrous sulfate, 0.015-0.025 g/L of manganese sulfate, 0.008-0.012 g/L of zinc sulfate, 0.2-0.3 mg/L of copper sulfate, 0.05-0.09 mg/L of ammonium molybdate, and 0.2-0.4 mg/L of sodium nitrophenolate.

(III) advantageous effects

The invention provides a potting domestication method of traditional Chinese medicinal material Bo-chrysanthemum, which has the following beneficial effects:

(1) the method enables the traditional Chinese medicine Bo-chrysanthemum to be transformed into potted flowers from ground-cultivated traditional Chinese medicines, so that people can appreciate the flower and the ornamental value is improved.

(2) The cultivated Bo-chrysanthemum pot plant has developed lateral branches, strong disease resistance and high survival rate.

(3) The method has the advantages of simple process, low equipment requirement, strong operability and good social popularization and application.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Example 1:

a pot culture domestication method of traditional Chinese medicinal materials of chrysanthemum morifolium comprises the following steps:

a: introduction: selecting areas with two places with little difference in conditions and wide adaptation range, performing multi-generation selection, continuously sowing, and breeding out strong stress-resistant Bo-Chrysanthemum plants for introduction and propagation;

b: tissue culture: selecting a robust parent plant without diseases and insects, taking a tender part with strong meristematic ability, and cutting a chrysanthemum morifolium flower material from a greenhouse domestication bed, so as to be beneficial to growth;

c: surface sterilization: washing with sterile water for 10min, soaking in 75% alcohol for 10s, soaking in 15% bleaching powder clear solution for 35min, washing with sterile water for 2 times, and sucking off water with sterile filter paper under clean operating environment of work bench;

d: inoculation: cutting a required part by using a scalpel, cutting a virus-free seedling to be 0.6 mm, inoculating a material on a culture bottle by using a dissecting needle for culture, and disinfecting the scalpel and the dissecting needle by using a flame disinfection method before use so as to avoid cross contamination caused by bacteria carried in a tool;

e: and (3) potting management: transferring the cultivated Bo-chrysanthemum seedlings into a flowerpot filled with a substrate, wherein the substrate comprises the following components: 11 parts of vegetable garden soil, 22 parts of soil, 6 parts of coarse sand, 45 parts of turfy soil, 7 parts of traditional Chinese medicine residues, 10 parts of modified stone powder, 20 parts of coconut coir, 27 parts of sea mud and 25 parts of bamboo chips, preparing the raw materials, putting the raw materials in a mud beating machine in proportion, stacking the raw materials for 25 days after the raw materials are uniformly stirred in the machine, naturally fermenting the raw materials and then potting the raw materials for later use;

f: drip irrigation: after transplanting, inputting nutrient solution into the flowerpot through a drip irrigation pipeline by a circulating pump, carrying out drip irrigation for 1 time every 3 days for 20 minutes every time, and carrying out drip irrigation by using clear water every day, wherein the nutrient solution comprises the following components: 0.3g/L of urea, 0.4g/L of potassium nitrate, 0.3g/L of calcium nitrate, 0.4g/L of magnesium sulfate, 0.1g/L of ammonium phosphate, 0.3g/L of potassium sulfate, 0.006g/L of boric acid, 0.5g/L of monopotassium phosphate, 0.06g/L of ferrous sulfate, 0.025g/L of manganese sulfate, 0.008g/L of zinc sulfate, 0.3mg/L of copper sulfate, 0.05mg/L of ammonium molybdate and 0.4 mg/L of compound sodium nitrophenolate, wherein the nutrient solution is prepared along with the use and needs to be protected from light;

g: pinching: removing the bud tip with the top advantage, changing the growing point of the plant, inducing the lateral bud and achieving the purpose of plump and dwarfing the plant;

h: topping: the method is characterized in that a part of top tissues of the easily overgrown plant is cut off to promote the nutrition of the plant to be supplied dispersedly due to the fact that the plant grows too fast;

i: controlling water: when the plant grows vigorously, controlling the water quantity to enable the plant to be in a semi-arid state, and achieving the purposes of short, small, full and well-developed lateral branches;

j: cutting roots: cutting off the main root by using a tool so as to control the growth speed of the Bo-Chrysanthemum;

k: the finished product is delivered out of the nursery.

Example 2:

a pot culture domestication method of traditional Chinese medicinal materials of chrysanthemum morifolium comprises the following steps:

a: introduction: selecting areas with two places with little difference in conditions and wide adaptation range, performing multi-generation selection, continuously sowing, and breeding out strong stress-resistant Bo-Chrysanthemum plants for introduction and propagation;

b: tissue culture: selecting a robust parent plant without diseases and insects, taking a tender part with strong meristematic ability, and cutting a chrysanthemum morifolium flower material from a greenhouse domestication bed, so as to be beneficial to growth;

c: surface sterilization: washing with sterile water for 13min, soaking in 75% ethanol for 12s, soaking in 15% bleaching powder clear solution for 40min, washing with sterile water for 2 times, and sucking off water with sterile filter paper under sterile inoculation environment;

d: inoculation: cutting a required part by using a scalpel, cutting a virus-free seedling to be 0.7 mm, inoculating a material on a culture bottle by using a dissecting needle for culture, and disinfecting the scalpel and the dissecting needle by using 98% alcohol before use so as to avoid cross contamination caused by bacteria carried by tools;

e: and (3) potting management: transferring the cultivated Bo-chrysanthemum seedlings into a flowerpot filled with a substrate, wherein the substrate comprises the following components: 12 parts of vegetable garden soil, 20 parts of soil, 7 parts of coarse sand, 40 parts of turfy soil, 8 parts of traditional Chinese medicine residues, 8 parts of modified stone powder, 22 parts of coconut coir, 25 parts of sea mud and 27 parts of bamboo chips, wherein the raw materials are prepared, put in a mud beating machine in proportion, stacked for 28 days after being uniformly stirred in the machine, naturally fermented and potted for later use;

f: drip irrigation: after transplanting, inputting the nutrient solution into the flowerpot through a drip irrigation pipeline by a circulating pump, carrying out drip irrigation for 1 time every 3 days for 25 minutes every time, and carrying out drip irrigation by using clear water every day, wherein the nutrient solution comprises the following components: 0.4g/L of urea, 0.3g/L of potassium nitrate, 0.4g/L of calcium nitrate, 0.2g/L of magnesium sulfate, 0.2g/L of ammonium phosphate, 0.25g/L of potassium sulfate, 0.007g/L of boric acid, 0.4g/L of monopotassium phosphate, 0.07g/L of ferrous sulfate, 0.02g/L of manganese sulfate, 0.01/L of zinc sulfate, 0.25g/L of copper sulfate, 0.07g/L of ammonium molybdate and 0.3g/L of compound sodium nitrophenolate, wherein the nutrient solution is prepared along with the use and needs to be protected from light;

g: pinching: removing the bud tip with the top advantage, changing the growing point of the plant, inducing the lateral bud and achieving the purpose of plump and dwarfing the plant;

h: topping: the method is characterized in that a part of top tissues of the easily overgrown plant is cut off to promote the nutrition of the plant to be supplied dispersedly due to the fact that the plant grows too fast;

i: controlling water: when the plant grows vigorously, controlling the water quantity to enable the plant to be in a semi-arid state, and achieving the purposes of short, small, full and well-developed lateral branches;

j: cutting roots: cutting off the main root by using a tool so as to control the growth speed of the Bo-Chrysanthemum;

k: the finished product is delivered out of the nursery.

Example 3:

a pot culture domestication method of traditional Chinese medicinal materials of chrysanthemum morifolium comprises the following steps:

a: introduction: selecting areas with two places with little difference in conditions and wide adaptation range, performing multi-generation selection, continuously sowing, and breeding out strong stress-resistant Bo-Chrysanthemum plants for introduction and propagation;

b: tissue culture: selecting a robust parent plant without diseases and insects, taking a tender part with strong meristematic ability, and cutting a chrysanthemum morifolium flower material from a greenhouse domestication bed, so as to be beneficial to growth;

c: surface sterilization: washing with sterile water for 15min, soaking in 75% ethanol for 15s, soaking in 15% bleaching powder clear solution for 45min, washing with sterile water for 2 times, and sucking off water with sterile filter paper under clean bench condition;

d: inoculation: cutting a required part by using a scalpel, cutting a virus-free seedling to be 0.8 mm, inoculating a material on a culture bottle by using a dissecting needle for culture, and disinfecting the scalpel and the dissecting needle by using a flame disinfection method before use so as to avoid cross contamination caused by bacteria carried in a tool;

e: and (3) potting management: transferring the cultivated Bo-chrysanthemum seedlings into a flowerpot filled with a substrate, wherein the substrate comprises the following components: preparing 13 parts of vegetable garden soil, 18 parts of soil, 8 parts of coarse sand, 35 parts of turfy soil, 9 parts of traditional Chinese medicine residues, 6 parts of modified stone powder, 24 parts of coconut coir, 23 parts of sea mud and 29 parts of bamboo chips, putting the raw materials in a mud beating machine in proportion, stacking the raw materials for 30 days after the raw materials are uniformly stirred in the machine, naturally fermenting the raw materials and then potting the raw materials for later use;

f: drip irrigation: after transplanting, inputting nutrient solution into the flowerpot through a drip irrigation pipeline by a circulating pump, carrying out drip irrigation for 1 time every 3 days for 30 minutes every time, and carrying out drip irrigation by using clear water every day, wherein the nutrient solution comprises the following components: 0.5g/L of urea, 0.2g/L of potassium nitrate, 0.5g/L of calcium nitrate, 0.1g/L of magnesium sulfate, 0.3g/L of ammonium phosphate, 0.2g/L of potassium sulfate, 0.008g/L of boric acid, 0.3g/L of monopotassium phosphate, 0.08g/L of ferrous sulfate, 0.015g/L of manganese sulfate, 0.012g/L of zinc sulfate, 0.2mg/L of copper sulfate, 0.09mg/L of ammonium molybdate and 0.2mg/L of compound sodium nitrophenolate, wherein the nutrient solution is prepared along with the use and needs to be protected from light;

g: pinching: removing the bud tip with the top advantage, changing the growing point of the plant, inducing the lateral bud and achieving the purpose of plump and dwarfing the plant;

h: topping: the method is characterized in that a part of top tissues of the easily overgrown plant is cut off to promote the nutrition of the plant to be supplied dispersedly due to the fact that the plant grows too fast;

i: controlling water: when the plant grows vigorously, controlling the water quantity to enable the plant to be in a semi-arid state, and achieving the purposes of short, small, full and well-developed lateral branches;

j: cutting roots: cutting off the main root by using a tool so as to control the growth speed of the Bo-Chrysanthemum;

k: the finished product is delivered out of the nursery.

The preparation method of the modified stone powder comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing the sandstone, the vesuvianite and the halloysite according to the weight ratio of 8:5:3, calcining for 1.5h at 880 ℃, cooling to normal temperature, crushing, and sieving with a 80-mesh sieve to obtain a mixture; taking 4% of Chinese arborvitae twig and leaf, 3% of pokeberry root, 3% of Chinese azalea flower, 3% of peach leaf and 3% of lemongrass according to the weight of the mixture, uniformly mixing, adding water, decocting and extracting for 3 times, adding 10 times of water for the first time, adding 5 times of water for the second time, combining the decoction, filtering, concentrating to 1/3 of the original volume, then adding 18% of polyoxyethylene, 12% of polyacrylamide, 6% of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, 4% of xanthan gum and 5% of sodium alginate by weight of the concentrated solution, fully and uniformly stirring, uniformly spraying the obtained colloidal solution on the mixture, drying and cooling to room temperature.

The Bo-chrysanthemum potted plants can be cultivated through the three groups of embodiments, wherein the Bo-chrysanthemum potted plants cultivated through the second group of embodiments have the best effect, the operation enables traditional Chinese medicinal materials such as Bo-chrysanthemum to be converted into potted flowers through field cultivation traditional Chinese medicinal materials, the potted flowers can be appreciated by people, the ornamental value is improved, the cultivated Bo-chrysanthemum potted plants have developed lateral branches, the disease resistance is strong, the survival rate is high, the method is simple in process, the equipment requirement is low, the operability is strong, and the social popularization and application are good.

Finally, it should be noted that: although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the embodiments or portions thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.