阅读说明：本技术 交联牛皮纸浆组合物和方法 (Crosslinked kraft pulp compositions and methods ) 是由 M·罗 于 2017-02-24 设计创作，主要内容包括：根据某些实施方案的纸浆包含交联纤维素纤维并且具有高的亮度、反应性和特性粘度,且因此可非常适合用作低色度、高粘度纤维素衍生物的制备中的前体。根据本技术的方法包括由纤维素原料形成纸浆,漂白纸浆,在纸浆具有高稠度时交联纸浆中的纤维素纤维,并干燥纸浆。交联纤维素纤维可以包括将纤维暴露于具有两个或更多个缩水甘油基并且每环氧化物的分子量在140至175的范围内的缩水甘油醚交联剂。根据本技术的另一种方法包括提供纸浆的水性悬浮液,其包含之前漂白和干燥的化学木浆纤维,用这种缩水甘油醚交联剂交联纤维,并干燥纸浆。(Pulp according to certain embodiments comprises crosslinked cellulosic fibers and has high brightness, reactivity, and intrinsic viscosity, and thus may be well suited for use as precursors in the preparation of low-color, high-viscosity cellulose derivatives. The method according to the present technique comprises forming a pulp from a cellulosic raw material, bleaching the pulp, cross-linking cellulosic fibers in the pulp while the pulp has a high consistency, and drying the pulp. Crosslinking the cellulosic fibers can include exposing the fibers to a glycidyl ether crosslinking agent having two or more glycidyl groups and a molecular weight per epoxide in the range of 140 to 175. Another method in accordance with the present technique includes providing an aqueous suspension of pulp comprising previously bleached and dried chemical wood pulp fibers, crosslinking the fibers with such a glycidyl ether crosslinking agent, and drying the pulp.)

1. A pulp, comprising:

the cross-linked cellulose fibers are then subjected to a crosslinking treatment,

wherein the pulp has:

a final carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) viscosity of greater than or equal to 60 centipoise (cP),

a brightness of greater than or equal to 75%, and

a Water Retention Value (WRV) greater than or equal to 1.1 g/g.

2. The pulp of claim 1, wherein the pulp is kraft pulp.

3. The pulp of claim 1, wherein the pulp is bleached.

4. The pulp of claim 1, wherein the pulp is at least partially insoluble in cuplyethylenediamine (cuen).

5. The pulp of claim 1, further comprising less than or equal to 0.09% lignin by oven dried weight of the crosslinked cellulosic fibers.

6. The pulp of claim 1, further comprising greater than or equal to 10% hemicellulose by dry weight of the crosslinked cellulosic fibers.

7. The pulp of claim 1, having a final CMC viscosity greater than or equal to 90 cP.

8. The pulp of claim 1, having a final CMC color of less than or equal to 5.

9. The pulp of claim 1, having a final CMC haze less than or equal to 25 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU).

10. The pulp of claim 1 having a WRV of less than or equal to 1.4 g/g.

11. The pulp of claim 1, having a R18 value greater than or equal to 88.

12. The pulp of claim 1, having a R18 value less than or equal to 92.

13. The pulp of claim 1, having a ball drop viscosity greater than or equal to 200 cP.

14. The pulp of claim 1, which is free of cellulose-II as determined by X-ray crystallography.

15. The pulp of claim 1, having a crystallinity index of less than or equal to 80%.

16. The pulp of claim 15, having a crystallinity index of less than or equal to 75%.

17. The pulp of claim 1, having a brightness of greater than or equal to 80%.

18. The pulp of claim 17, having a brightness of less than or equal to 88.5%.

19. The pulp of claim 1 having a basis weight of greater than or equal to 500g/m²。

20. The pulp of claim 19, having a basis weight of less than or equal to 1200g/m²。

21. The pulp of claim 1, having a density greater than or equal to 0.20g/cm³。

22. The pulp of claim 1, having a freeness of greater than or equal to 700 mL.

23. The pulp of claim 1, having an adsorbable organic halide (AOX) content of less than or equal to 200 ppm.

24. The pulp of claim 2 having an AOX content of less than or equal to 100 ppm.

25. The pulp of claim 2 having an AOX content of less than or equal to 50 ppm.

26. The pulp of claim 2 having an AOX content of less than or equal to 20 ppm.

27. The pulp of claim 1, wherein the crosslinked cellulosic fibers comprise crosslinks derived from a glycidyl ether crosslinker having two or more glycidyl groups.

28. The pulp of claim 1, wherein the crosslinked cellulosic fibers comprise crosslinks derived from a glycidyl ether crosslinker having a weight average molecular weight in the range of 174 to 500.

29. The pulp of claim 1, wherein the crosslinked cellulosic fibers comprise crosslinks derived from a glycidyl ether crosslinker in the range of 140 to 175 weight per epoxide.

30. The pulp of claim 1, wherein the crosslinked cellulosic fibers comprise crosslinks derived from a glycidyl ether crosslinker having a first glycidyl group, a second glycidyl group, and three or four straight chain carbon atoms between the first and second glycidyl groups.

31. The pulp of claim 1, wherein the crosslinked cellulosic fibers are derived from wood.

Technical Field

The present technology relates to cellulosic products (e.g., pulp) and cellulosic derivatives (e.g., cellulose ethers).

Background

Cellulose ethers (e.g., carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, etc.) form aqueous solutions and can be obtained in various grades, depending largely on the viscosity of these solutions. Higher cellulose ethers that form higher viscosity aqueous solutions tend to be more valuable than lower cellulose ethers that form lower viscosity aqueous solutions. The ability of a given cellulose ether to form a more viscous aqueous solution is closely related to the degree of polymerization and/or other properties of the cellulose precursor from which the given cellulose ether is made. Higher-grade cellulose ethers are typically prepared from dissolving grade pulps (e.g., cotton linter pulp), while medium-grade and lower-grade cellulose ethers are typically prepared from lower cost wood pulps. The Pulp grades mentioned in this disclosure are further discussed in Herbert Sixta, Handbook of Pulp, Wiley-Vch (2006), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Most wood pulps have a degree of polymerization of no more than about 1,500. In contrast, dissolving grade pulps typically have a degree of polymerization of 2,400 or higher. Unfortunately, dissolving grade pulp tends to be expensive. Prior art attempts to modify low cost pulps for the preparation of higher cellulose derivatives have met with only limited success. Therefore, further innovations are needed in this area.

Brief Description of Drawings

Many aspects of the present technique may be better understood with reference to fig. 1 and 2.

Fig. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for preparing pulp in accordance with embodiments of the present technique.

Fig. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for preparing pulp in accordance with another embodiment of the present technique.

Detailed Description

Methods and related systems and compositions for making pulp according to embodiments of the present technology may address, at least in part, one or more problems associated with conventional techniques, whether or not such problems are indicated herein. For example, methods in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present technology allow low cost pulps to serve as precursors for the preparation of higher cellulose ethers and/or other cellulose derivatives (e.g., cellulose esters). For example, kraft pulp is much cheaper and more widely available than dissolving grade pulp. However, when standard kraft pulp is used as a precursor for preparing cellulose ethers, the resulting cellulose ethers tend to be low grade.

Desirable properties of pulp for use in the preparation of cellulose derivatives include high brightness and high viscosity. The high brightness of the pulp may result in cellulose derivatives made from the pulp having little or no color. In many products made with cellulose derivatives (e.g., medical textiles, food, gypsum board (drywall), etc.), it is undesirable for the cellulose derivative to impart color to the product. Similarly, in these and other applications, it is often useful that the cellulose derivative has a high viscosity while still remaining soluble in water. Thus, cellulose derivatives with little or no color and high viscosity tend to be more expensive than cellulose derivatives with significant color and low viscosity. The high reactivity of the pulp increases the efficiency of the functionalization reaction (e.g., etherification) used to convert the pulp to cellulose derivatives. The reactivity of the pulp is closely related to the extent to which the surfaces of the cellulose fibers in the pulp, to which the functionalizing agent is distributed, are in contact with water molecules. Greater contact between these surfaces and water molecules also increases the degree to which the pulp retains water. Thus, pulps with higher water retention values tend to be pulps with higher reactivity as well.

To some extent, several conventional methods have successfully increased the ability of kraft pulp to produce cellulose ethers that form high viscosity aqueous solutions. Unfortunately, these conventional processes always do so at the expense of other desirable properties of the cellulose ether and/or at the expense of process yield. For example, some conventional methods include reducing or eliminating bleaching in kraft processes. Pulps resulting from these processes tend to have high lignin content and correspondingly low brightness. This leads to undesirable color in cellulose ethers prepared from these pulps. As another example, some conventional methods include increasing the removal of hemicellulose from kraft pulp. However, these methods have low yield due to the removal of the hemicellulose-supplied bulk (bulk). Furthermore, pulps resulting from these processes tend to have low reactivity due to the conversion of the constituent cellulose from cellulose-I to cellulose-II. Conventional crosslinking reactions also typically reduce the water retention value (and reactivity) of the pulp. Even if low brightness, low yield and/or low reactivity are allowed, conventional processes for modifying low cost pulps still do not produce pulps suitable for the preparation of cellulose ethers forming aqueous solutions having viscosities as high as the viscosities of cellulose derivatives prepared from high viscosity dissolving grade ether pulps.

Methods in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present technology include crosslinking pulp at relatively high consistency (e.g., consistency of greater than or equal to 12%). The methods may further comprise cross-linking the pulp with a cross-linking agent selected to increase the water retention value of the pulp. Crosslinkers well suited for this purpose include, for example, glycidyl ether crosslinkers having two or more glycidyl groups and a molecular weight per epoxide in the range of 140 to 175. It has surprisingly been found that cross-linking pulp at relatively high consistency and using this type of cross-linking agent renders low cost pulp (e.g., kraft pulp) suitable for use in the preparation of higher cellulose derivatives with little or no associated reduction in brightness, yield, reactivity, and/or other desirable pulp properties.

Conventional non-crosslinked kraft pulps tend to have lower reactivity than other chemical pulps, such as sulfite pulps (i.e., pulps made using primarily sulfite to extract lignin from wood). However, in at least some embodiments of the present technology, the crosslinked kraft pulp has a relatively high reactivity. By way of theory only and without wishing to be bound by such theory, this may be due to the presence of cross-links that add additional space uniformly between the cellulose chains. Under similar crosslinking conditions, longer chain crosslinkers (e.g., polyglycidyl ethers) can produce crosslinked pulps with higher reactivity than shorter chain crosslinkers (e.g., 1, 3-dichloro-2-hydroxypropanol (DCP)). The crystallinity index of pulps crosslinked with longer chain crosslinkers can be lower than the crystallinity index of the starting pulp and much lower than the crystallinity index of dissolving grade sulfite wood pulp and cotton linter pulp. In at least some instances, it may be advantageous to use cross-linked kraft pulp instead of sulfite pulp for high viscosity ether applications because kraft is the primary pulping process, has higher yield (higher hemicellulose content), lower cost, and is more environmentally friendly than sulfite pulping processes.

In conventional kraft processing, the pulp is maintained at a relatively low consistency (e.g., a consistency of less than or equal to 10%). As the pulp consistency increases, it becomes more difficult to flow the pulp through the conduit and mix the pulp. Thus, any crosslinking used in conventional processes to modify kraft pulp to increase its potential for making higher cellulose derivatives has also been carried out at relatively low consistencies. One of the surprising discoveries associated with at least some embodiments of the present technology is that increasing the consistency of the pulp during crosslinking can increase the water retention value of the crosslinked pulp. By this and/or other discoveries associated with at least some embodiments of the present technology, it is ultimately possible to produce kraft pulp that is a true substitute for expensive dissolving grade pulp in the production of higher cellulose derivatives and/or suitable extenders.

Specific details of methods for producing pulp and related systems and compositions according to several embodiments of the present technology are described herein with reference to fig. 1 and 2. Although the methods and related systems and compositions may be disclosed primarily or wholly herein where modified kraft pulp is used to prepare the cellulose derivatives, other contexts besides those disclosed herein are also within the scope of the present technology. For example, suitable features of the methods, systems, and compositions may be implemented in the case of sulfite pulp or even in the case of dissolving grade pulp. As another example, suitable features of the methods, systems, and compositions may be implemented in the context of modified kraft or other pulp for uses other than the production of cellulose derivatives, such as the production of specialty paper products.

It should be understood that, in general, other methods, systems, and compositions in addition to those disclosed herein are also within the scope of the present technology. For example, methods, systems, and compositions in accordance with embodiments of the present technology may have different and/or additional operations, components, configurations, etc. than those disclosed herein. Further, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that methods, systems, and compositions in accordance with embodiments of the present technology may be devoid of certain operations, components, configurations, etc., disclosed herein without departing from the present technology.

Test method and abbreviations

AOX: adsorbable organic halide, as determined by EPA method 1650A.

Ash content: determined by TAPPI T211 om-07.

ASTM: american society for testing and materials

Brightness: determined by TAPPI T525 om-12.

Capillary viscosity: determined by TAPPI T230 om-99.

Carboxyl group content: determined by TAPPI T237 om-08.

Centrifugal capacity: as determined by the corresponding method disclosed in U.S. patent No. 8,039,683, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

CMC: carboxymethyl cellulose.

Roughness: as determined by the corresponding method disclosed in U.S. patent No. 6,685,856, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Crystallinity index: determined by the corresponding method of "Monitoring Wood Degradation during warming by Cellulose crystallization" by Lionetto et al, Materials,5,1910-' 1922(2012), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Cuen solubility: solubility in copper ethylenediamine under TAPPI T254 cm-00 conditions.

Curl index: as determined by the corresponding method disclosed in U.S. patent No. 6,685,856, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Polymerization degree: the amount of D-glucose monomer in the cellulose molecule was measured by ASTM-D1795-96. The average degree of polymerization refers to the average number of D-glucose molecules per cellulose polymer in the cellulose polymer population.

Degree of Substitution (DS): determined by ASTM D1439-03.

DWP: dissolving the wood pulp.

Falling Ball (FB) viscosity: determined by TAPPI T254 cm-00.

Freeness: canadian Standard freeness determined by TAPPI T227 om-04.

Free swelling: as determined by the corresponding method disclosed in U.S. patent No. 8,039,683, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Hemicellulose content: the sum of mannan and xylan contents determined by the method described in examples 6 and 7 of U.S. patent No. 7,541,396, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The test was based on TAPPI T249 cm00, analyzed by Dionex ion chromatography.

HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography.

Intrinsic Viscosity (IV): determined according to ASTM D1795-96.

ISO: the international organization for standardization.

Kappa number: determined by ISO 302: 2004.

Kink angle: identified by the corresponding method disclosed in U.S. patent No. 6,685,856, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Kink index: as determined by the corresponding method disclosed in U.S. patent No. 6,685,856, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The content of lignin: as determined by the method described in examples 6 and 7 of U.S. patent No. 7,541,396, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

MCA: monochloroacetic acid.

NCASI: the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (National Improvement).

Oven Dried (OD): drying to less than or equal to 7 wt% moisture.

R18: measured by TAPPI T235 cm-00.

Final CMC viscosity: refers to the viscosity of a 0.5% solution of the final CMC according to the final CMC test method below.

Final CMC color: see final CMC test method below.

Final CMC haze: see final CMC test method below.

TAPPI: the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry).

Content of transition metal: as determined by EPA SW-856 method 3050,200.8.

US EPA: the U.S. environmental protection agency.

Water Retention Value (WRV): determined by TAPPI T UM256M (2011).

Wet bulk: as determined by the corresponding method disclosed in U.S. patent No. 8,722,797, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

WPE: weight per epoxide.

Final CMC test method

Throughout the disclosure, the properties of the pulp may be characterized by "final CMC" properties. These are properties of CMC for which pulp can be used for the preparation, with CMC serving as a representative example of cellulose derivatives. It should be understood that CMC is not the only cellulose derivative that pulp according to embodiments of the present technology can produce. The final CMC properties of a given pulp described herein were determined by the following procedure. Additional details regarding this procedure can be found in Nevell T.P. and Zeronian S., Cellulose Chemistry and its Applications, Chapter 15-Cellulose Ethers (1985), which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

First, the degree of substitution of the pulp is determined. If the degree of substitution of the pulp is at least 1.0, the following procedure is followed. If the degree of substitution of the pulp is less than or equal to 1.0, the procedure is as specified below, but using 6.4mL (instead of 8.0mL) of a 30% NaOH solution and 2.9g (instead of 3.6g) of MCA. A 3g (oven dried) pulp sample (fiberized) was slurried in 80mL isopropanol. 8.0mL of 30% NaOH solution was added over a period of 3 minutes. The suspension was stirred at 20 ℃ for 1 hour. 3.6g MCA (as a 15.2mL solution of 23.6g MCA/100mL isopropanol) was added over a 3 minute period. The temperature was raised to 55 ℃ over 25 minutes and stirring was continued for 3.5 hours. The resulting fibrous CMC was drained and washed with 70% ethanol. The sample was made neutral (pH 7.0) with acetic acid and then filtered. The filter cake was washed again with 70% ethanol at 20 ℃ and filtered. The washing and filtration were repeated, and the column was washed once with 70% ethanol at 20 ℃ and then 3 more times with 100% denatured ethanol at 20 ℃. The samples were air dried to 70-85% solids to form the final CMC. The final CMC viscosity was determined by testing a 0.5% solution of the final CMC at 20 deg.C according to ASTM method D2196-99 using a Brookfield viscometer using spindle 2 and 50 RPM. The 0.5% solution of final CMC was tested by US EPA method 180.1 to determine final CMC turbidity, and the 0.013% solution of final CMC was tested by NCASI method TB253 to determine final CMC color.

Starting material

Examples of suitable starting materials for making pulp in accordance with embodiments of the present technology include wood and recycled paper. In at least some embodiments, the feedstock is never dried. In at least some embodiments, the starting material is dried. In the wood pulping industry, trees are generally classified as either hardwood or softwood. The pulp used as starting material may be derived from softwood or hardwood tree species. Examples of suitable softwood species include cedar (e.g., douglas fir and balsam fir), pine (e.g., eastern white pine and loblolly pine), spruce (e.g., white spruce), larch (e.g., eastern larch), cedar, and hemlock (e.g., eastern and western hemlock). Examples of suitable hardwood species include acacia, alder (e.g., red alder and european black alder), poplar (e.g., aspen), beech, birch, oak (e.g., white oak), gum trees (e.g., eucalyptus and maple), poplar (e.g., gum poplar, eastern poplar, black poplar, and yellow poplar), catalpa, and maple (e.g., sugarmaple, red maple, silver maple, and big leaf maple).

Wood from softwood or hardwood species typically comprises three main components: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose comprises about 50% of the woody structure of plants and is an unbranched polymer of D-glucose monomers. The individual cellulose polymer chains associate to form thicker microfibrils, which in turn associate to form fibrils (fibrils) that are arranged in bundles. These bundles form fibers that are visible as components of the plant cell wall when viewed under an optical microscope or scanning electron microscope at high magnification. Cellulose is highly crystalline due to extensive intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Hemicellulose is a heterogeneous group of low molecular weight carbohydrate polymers, such as xylans and mannans, associated with cellulose in wood. In contrast to cellulose, which is a linear polymer, hemicellulose is an amorphous, branched polymer. Lignin is a complex aromatic polymer and constitutes about 20% to 40% of wood, where it is present as an amorphous polymer.

Use of never-dried pulp and modified kraft process

As described above, some embodiments, according to the present disclosure, involve the use of never-dried pulp as a starting material for making pulp. In most pulp mills, pulp produced by a chemical pulping process (e.g., kraft process) is followed by a bleaching process to further delignify and whiten the pulp. The bleached pulp is then dewatered and dried for shipment. Embodiments in which never-dried pulp is used may include a modified kraft process in which pulp prepared by kraft pulping is subsequently treated with a crosslinking agent prior to drying to produce crosslinked pulp. For example, the pulp may be treated with a cross-linking agent during bleaching, such as between two bleaching stages, or with a cross-linking agent during or after selected bleaching stages. This method may be advantageous because the crosslinking step may be selectively integrated into the standard kraft process used at the factory to achieve swing production capacity. Furthermore, cross-linking agents suitable for use in preparing pulp according to the present disclosure generally require an aqueous medium, which is provided during bleaching.

An illustrative example of an improved kraft process is described below in connection with fig. 1.

In general, kraft processing involves chemical digestion of cellulosic feedstock (e.g., wood chips) at elevated temperatures and pressures in white liquor, which is an aqueous solution of cooking chemicals (e.g., sodium sulfide and sodium hydroxide). The cooking chemicals dissolve the lignin that binds the cellulose fibers together within the raw material. When this chemical digestion is completed, the pulp is transferred to a large gas tank called "blow tank". The contents of the blow tank are then sent to a pulp washer where the used cooking chemicals are separated from the pulp. The pulp then goes through various stages of washing and bleaching, after which it is pressed and dried to a finished product.

The kraft process is designed to recover cooking chemicals and heat. For example, spent cooking chemicals and pulp wash water may be combined to form weak black liquor, which is concentrated to about 55% solids in a multiple effect evaporator system. The black liquor is then further concentrated to 65% solids in a direct contact evaporator or to 65% solids in an indirect contact concentrator by contacting the liquor with flue gas from a recovery furnace. The thick black liquor may then be fired in a recovery furnace. Combustion of organics dissolved in the black liquor can provide heat to produce process steam and convert sodium sulfate to sodium sulfide. The inorganic chemicals present in the black liquor can be collected at the bottom of the furnace as molten melt. The melt may be dissolved in water to form green liquor, which may then be transferred to a causticizing tank where quick lime (calcium oxide) may be added to convert the solution back to white liquor for return to the digester system. The lime mud precipitate from the causticization tank may be calcined in a lime kiln to regenerate quicklime.

Fig. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary method 100 for preparing pulp in accordance with embodiments of the present technique. In the illustrated embodiment, the method 100 is based on a kraft process. In other embodiments, the corresponding method of method 100 may be based on other suitable processes. Referring to FIG. 1, a method 100 may include a pulping process 102 and a post-pulping process 104. Within the pulping process 102, the method 100 may include loading the crumb (block 106) and presteaming the crumb (block 108). Steam at atmospheric pressure may be used to preheat the chips and drive off air to enhance liquid penetration. After presteaming, the method 100 may include adding chemicals (e.g., NaOH, Na) to the crumb₂S and/or other suitable chemicals) (block 110). For example, chemicals may be added as cooking liquor. The wood chips and cooking liquor may then be fed to a digester. Within the digester, the cooking liquor may be impregnated with wood chips (block 112). Good penetration of the cooking liquor promotes uniform cooking of the wood chips.

After impregnation, the method 100 may include cooking the wood chips and cooking liquor in co-current (block 114) and counter-current (block 116) liquid contact. In either operation, the cooking liquor and chips may be brought to temperature. Next, washing liquid may be introduced into the bottom of the digester such that it flows counter-currently to the cooked pulp (block 118). The cooking may be ended when the pulp meets the cooler wash liquid. After the digester wash, the digester contents may be purged (block 120). Digester purging may involve releasing wood and liquid at atmospheric pressure. The release may occur with sufficient force to cause the fibers to separate. The purge tank may be equipped with a heat recovery device to reduce operating costs, if desired. Finally, the pulp may be sent from the blow tank to an external pulp washer to separate black liquor from the pulp (block 122).

After the pulping process 102, the pulp may be bleached and the cellulose fibers within the pulp may be crosslinked. In the standard kraft process, bleaching occurs without crosslinking. Bleaching does not generally result in a significant reduction in the hemicellulose content of the pulp. In contrast, bleaching involves further removal of residual lignin, with concomitant reduction in pulp fiber length and viscosity. During bleaching, the pulp may be treated with various chemicals at different stages of the bleaching plant. These stages may be carried out in vessels or columns of conventional design. Bleaching typically occurs as a series of operations, such as one or more bleaching stages with different bleaching agents (e.g., oxygen, chlorine dioxide, etc.), extraction stages, other treatment stages, and the like. The bleaching sequence may be determined according to the order of operations performed in the sequence. For example, one example of a bleaching sequence is O-D-E-D. Such bleaching sequences include an oxygen bleaching stage ("O stage"), followed by a first chlorine dioxide bleaching stage ("D stage"), followed by an extraction stage ("E stage" or "EOP stage" in which bleaching chemicals such as peroxide ("P") and/or oxygen ("O") are mixed with caustic to remove lignin), and a second D stage. Several additional examples of bleaching processes are described in U.S. patent nos. 6,331,354 and 6,605,350, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

The post-pulping process 104 may include first bleaching the pulp with oxygen (block 124). Bleaching pulp with oxygen tends to be less specific for lignin removal than bleaching pulp with chlorine dioxide. Oxygen bleaching may be carried out in an oxygen reactor under pressure. Suitable oxygen reactors and associated oxygen bleaching processes are described in U.S. patent nos. 4,295,925, 4,295,926, 4,298,426 and 4,295,927, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The amount of oxygen added to the pulp may be in the range of 50 to 80 pounds per ton of pulp. The temperature during oxygen bleaching may be in the range of 100 ℃ to 140 ℃.

After oxygen bleaching the pulp, the method 100 may include cross-linking the cellulose fibers within the pulp (block 126). In at least some casesThis involves adding a cross-linking agent to the pulp and allowing the cross-linking reaction to take place before the pulp is further processed. The crosslinking agent may be selected to form relatively strong crosslinks (e.g., ether crosslinks rather than ester crosslinks or ionic crosslinks). For example, relatively strong crosslinks may be preferred over weaker crosslinks, so that the crosslinks are less likely to be broken by the functionalization reaction (e.g., etherification) used to form the cellulose derivative. The cross-linking agent may be added in a weight ratio of greater than or equal to 2:100, greater than or equal to 3:100, greater than or equal to 5:100, or greater than or equal to another suitable lower threshold relative to the pulp. The upper threshold may be the maximum amount of cross-linking agent that can be used without causing the final CMC from the pulp to become water insoluble. In at least some cases, a catalyst (e.g., NaOH, zinc tetrafluoroborate Zn (BF), etc.) is present during crosslinking₄)₂). Additionally or alternatively, a surfactant may be present during crosslinking, for example to facilitate dispersion and penetration of the crosslinking agent. The surfactant may be used in particular in combination with a hydrophobic cross-linker.

Suitable crosslinking agents include ethers, such as glycidyl ethers having two or more glycidyl groups. For example, the crosslinker may include a first glycidyl group, a second glycidyl group, and three or four linear carbon atoms between the first and second glycidyl groups. Additionally or alternatively, the crosslinking agent can have a weight average molecular weight of less than or equal to 500 (e.g., in the range of 174 to 500). Further, when the crosslinking agent is an epoxide, the weight per epoxide of the crosslinking agent can be less than or equal to 175 (e.g., in the range of 140 to 175). The viscosity of the crosslinker at 25 ℃ can be less than or equal to 500 cP. In at least some embodiments, the crosslinking agent is at least partially water insoluble. This property can be used, for example, to increase contact between the crosslinking agent and the cellulosic fibers during the crosslinking reaction. Specific examples of suitable crosslinking agents include, inter alia, trimethylolethane triglycidyl ether, 1, 4-butanediol diglycidyl ether, glycerol diglycidyl ether, neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether, glycerol polyglycidyl ether, glycerol triglycidyl ether, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, and trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether.

The temperature of the pulp during crosslinking may be in the range of 50 ℃ to 85 ℃. Further, the pH of the pulp may be in the range of 9 to 14. As mentioned above, crosslinking while the consistency of the pulp is relatively high may be used to increase the ability of the pulp to produce higher cellulose derivatives. The consistency of the pulp may be at least 12% (e.g., in the range of 12% to 30%) or at least 15% (e.g., in the range of 15% to 30%) during all or a portion (e.g., at least 50% of the time) of the crosslinking. For example, the consistency of the pulp may be increased (e.g., by pressing off the water) prior to crosslinking. When further pulp processing occurs after crosslinking, the consistency of the pulp can be reduced after crosslinking (e.g., by adding water). Crosslinking may increase the reactivity (as measured by water retention) and alkali resistance (as measured by R18) of the pulp due to relatively high consistency and/or other factors. In contrast, conventional crosslinking methods at least generally reduce or do not affect one or both of these desirable properties.

The crosslinked pulp according to embodiments of the present technology may be used in combination with other technologies for improving the ability of the pulp to produce higher cellulose derivatives. For example, the cooking in the pulping process 102 described above may be relatively gentle. By relatively mild cooking, less lignin can be removed from the pulp than would otherwise be the case. After mild cooking, the pulp may have a kappa number of 25-35, indicating the presence of significant residual lignin. As another example, the bleaching and extraction described below in the post-pulping process 104 may be relatively mild. Unlike the kraft process, which is modified by the addition of strong alkaline extractions and prehydrolysis, the above-described modifications to the kraft process can gradually increase the ability of kraft pulp to produce higher cellulose derivatives without unduly compromising brightness, yield, and/or reactivity.

After crosslinking the cellulose fibers within the pulp, the method 100 may include bleaching the pulp with chlorine dioxide for a first time (block 128). Chlorine dioxide bleaching tends to be more selective for removing lignin than oxygen bleaching. The amount of chlorine dioxide added to the pulp may be in the range of 20 to 30 pounds per ton of pulp. The temperature during the first chlorine dioxide bleaching may be in the range of 50 ℃ to 85 ℃. After the chlorine dioxide first bleaching of the pulp, the method 100 may include extracting (block 130) to remove lignin from the pulp. The extraction may comprise adding hydrogen peroxide or another suitable caustic to the pulp. The amount of hydrogen peroxide added to the pulp may be in the range of 20 to 100 pounds per ton of pulp. The temperature during extraction may be in the range of 75 ℃ to 95 ℃. The extraction for removing lignin may be relatively mild compared to the strong alkaline extraction for removing hemicellulose. For example, the extraction may be an extraction that does not change the crystal structure of the cellulose fibers.

Referring again to fig. 1, after extraction, the method 100 may include bleaching the pulp with chlorine dioxide a second time (block 132). The amount of chlorine dioxide added to the pulp may be in the range of 10 to 30 pounds per ton of pulp. The temperature during the second chlorine dioxide bleaching may be in the range of 60 ℃ to 90 ℃. The method 100 may further include other operations in addition to those specifically identified in fig. 1. For example, after any operations in the post-pulping process 104, the method 100 may include washing the pulp. This can be used, for example, to remove carryover (carryover), to increase pulp consistency, etc.

For example, a washing operation may be used to increase the pulp consistency after oxygen bleaching the pulp and before cross-linking the pulp. Washing operations after crosslinking the pulp can reduce or remove carryover. Examples of carriers are adsorbable organic halides or halogenated compounds, commonly referred to as AOX, and expressed as AOX content at AOX level, typically expressed in parts per million (ppm). These organic halogens can be introduced during pulp production from or with various reactants and additives, even if elemental chlorine-free bleaching processes are used. For example, the crosslinking agents discussed above may be a source of such organic halogens. Some crosslinking reagents may comprise reaction intermediates from their respective synthesis. Typically, these reactive intermediates are not effective crosslinking agents, and during crosslinking when the pulp fibers are exposed to the crosslinking agent, the intermediates will remain with the pulp fibers and thus introduce organic halogens into the crosslinked pulp. Although the AOX content is generally not high enough to adversely affect the ability of the pulp to produce suitable cellulose ethers, the special handling requirements of AOX and other carryover materials in the wastewater from processing can add expense. Thus, it may be desirable to reduce the level and content of AOX of other carryover species in crosslinked pulp, for example to levels typically associated with dissolving grade market pulp.

The washing operation or operations are typically accomplished with water, but any suitable washing agent may be used. The AOX content in the cross-linked pulp can be reduced more effectively by washing with water at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures. While not wishing to be bound by theory, this is believed to be associated with the low water solubility of the cross-linking agents discussed herein and their intended intermediates, as the higher temperature washing enhances their removal from the pulp and the organic halogens associated therewith. Thus, some methods include washing the crosslinked pulp fibers with water at a temperature of 30 ℃ to 80 ℃ to remove residual crosslinking agent. The washing operation(s) may optionally include or be accompanied by high energy dispersion of the fibers (e.g., disintegration in a Waring blender or similar mixer), which is believed to facilitate additional reactions between residual crosslinking agent and pulp fibers, as well as reduce AOX content associated with the presence of the crosslinking agent. Crosslinked pulp washed in this manner may exhibit a significant reduction in AOX content (e.g., up to 90%, up to 95%, or even up to 97%) as compared to crosslinked pulp that has not been washed in this manner. In some embodiments, the pulp before washing may exhibit an AOX content of up to 1000ppm or more, while the AOX content of the pulp after washing may be 200ppm or less, e.g., 100ppm or less, 50ppm or less, 20ppm or less, etc.

Although the crosslinking in the embodiment shown in method 100 occurs after oxygen bleaching and before chlorine dioxide bleaching, in other embodiments, crosslinking may occur at another point in the corresponding process of the post-pulping process 104, as described below. In other embodiments, the bleaching and extraction operations may also be rearranged or eliminated. If "X" is defined as a crosslinking operation, the post pulping process according to several embodiments of the present technology can be characterized as: O-X-D-E-D (figure 1), O-D-X-E-D, O-D-E-X, O-D-E-X-D, O-D-E-D-X, D-X-E-D-E-D, D-E-X-D-E-D, D-E-D-X-E-D, D-E-D-E-X-D, D-E-D-X, D-X-E-E-D, D-E-X-E-D, D-E-E-X-D or D-E-E-D-X, and many other suitable arrangements. In addition, crosslinking may occur during oxygen bleaching, chlorine dioxide bleaching, and/or extraction. Accordingly, post-pulping processes according to several other embodiments of the present technology can be characterized as: O/X-D-E-D, O-D/X-E-D, O-D-E/X-D, O-D-E/X, O-D-E-D/X, D/X-E-D-E-D, D-E/X-D-E-D, D-E-D/X-E-D, D-E-D-E/X-D, D-E-D/X, D/X-E-E-D, D-E/X-E-D, D-E-E/X-D, D-E-E-E-D/X, and many other suitable arrangements.

After the bleaching process 104, the method 100 may include processing the pulp for use, sale, and/or transportation (block 134). For example, the pulp may be further washed, dried (e.g., flash dried), pressed, containerized, and/or otherwise processed to make the pulp into a suitable form (e.g., sheet, bale, roll, etc.) for use, sale, and/or transport. The basis weight of the pulp may be 500 to 1200g/m²And/or a density of 0.2 to 0.9g/cm³。

Use of dry pulp

In a generally accepted model of the cell wall structure of woody material, microfibrils of cellulose form together with the lignin-hemicellulose matrix surrounding them a sheet structure. The intralayer spaces within the lignin-hemicellulose matrix and between the microfibrils form a portion of small pores, sometimes referred to as micropores. In chemical pulping, most of the lignin and some amount of hemicellulose is dissolved, leaving spaces between the flakes that form relatively large pores, sometimes referred to as macropores.

When the pulp is dried, the fibre pore structure is changed. In particular, when water is removed from the pulp during the drying process, most of the hole portion or the entire collapse, resulting in a loss of the pore volume. Furthermore, hydrogen bonds are formed between and within the cell walls, which permanently retain many collapsed pores in this state. This phenomenon is called cornification and tends to cause irreversible reduction in the WRV of the pulp. In other words, never-dried pulp generally has a higher WRV than dried pulp (even if the dried pulp is subsequently rewetted).

While hydrogen bonding upon drying of pulp tends to enhance some properties of the pulp, such as certain strength and flexibility characteristics useful in absorbent applications, dried pulp is generally expected to have lower reactivity than pulp that has never been dried. The reduction in reactivity is due to loss of pore volume by keratinization, which reduces and/or slows the penetration of reactants into the fibrous structure.

Thus, it would be expected that the dried pulp would not be a suitable starting material for preparing the pulp according to the present disclosure, as it would be expected that the dried pulp fibers would not have sufficient void volume to penetrate the crosslinking agent and achieve crosslinking. However, it has been found that dried kraft pulp is a suitable starting material to prepare pulp according to the present disclosure, i.e., crosslinked pulp, which can produce cellulose ethers that form high viscosity aqueous solutions and have the various characteristics described herein (e.g., WRV, brightness, R18, lignin and cellulose-II content, etc.).

The method of using dry pulp as a starting material may be advantageous because conventional kraft market pulp is widely available and is generally cheaper and easier to transport than never-dried pulp. Furthermore, the use of dried pulp allows the crosslinking process to be carried out separately from (rather than in connection with) the pulp bleaching process, for example at a different facility and/or at a different time from which (or at which) the starting material is prepared.

An illustrative example of a method in which dry pulp is used as a starting material is described below in conjunction with fig. 2, fig. 2 being a flow chart illustrating a method 200 for making pulp in accordance with another embodiment of the present technique. Because many of the concepts introduced in the description of method 200 are discussed in detail above with respect to method 100, the discussion with respect to method 200 may be understood by reference to concepts intended to have the same scope as detailed elsewhere herein, even though they may not be described in the following description to the same degree of detail. Briefly, the method 200 begins at 202 by providing an aqueous suspension of pulp that includes previously bleached and dried chemical wood pulp fibers. At 204, the method includes crosslinking the chemical wood pulp fibers, and at 206, the method includes drying the pulp after crosslinking. The pulp is then processed at 208 for use, sale, or transportation as market pulp.

The method 200 is based on a kraft process in which the dried and bleached chemical wood pulp fibers may be chemical wood pulp fibers prepared according to a kraft process and then bleached (not crosslinked), as described in connection with the method 100. The corresponding method of method 200 may use any suitable dried and bleached chemical wood pulp fiber. The aqueous suspension in 202 may be prepared in any suitable manner, for example by slurrying the pulp in water at the desired consistency in a mixing device.

Once the aqueous suspension of pulp is provided, the method 200 can include crosslinking the chemical wood pulp fibers with a crosslinking agent. As in method 100, this may include adding a crosslinking agent (and optionally a catalyst) to the aqueous suspension and allowing the crosslinking reaction to occur prior to further processing of the pulp. The crosslinking agent is a glycidyl ether crosslinking agent having two or more glycidyl groups, as described above with respect to method 100, and the consistency of the aqueous suspension during all or a portion (e.g., at least 50% of the time) of the crosslinking may be at least 12% (e.g., in the range of 12% to 30%) or at least 15% (e.g., in the range of 15% to 30%). The crosslinking agent and other features of the crosslinking step may be as described above in method 100.

After crosslinking, the method 200 includes drying the pulp at 206. At 208, the method may include processing the pulp for use, sale, and/or transportation. Various pulp processing operations, such as drying, pressing, containerization, etc., are described above with respect to method 100.

Also similar to method 100, method 200 may include additional operations beyond those specifically identified in fig. 2. For example, the method 200 may include washing the pulp, such as after crosslinking the chemical wood pulp fibers and before drying the pulp. This can be used to remove carryover, for example, by reducing the AOX content of the pulp and/or removing residual cross-linking agents and other chemicals, increasing the pulp consistency, and the like. For AOX reduction, washing with water can be carried out at a temperature of 30 ℃ to 80 ℃, optionally in connection with high energy dispersion of the pulp.

Pulp blend

In some embodiments, the crosslinked pulp-i.e., the pulp prepared according to aspects of the present disclosure, e.g., by methods 100 and/or 200-is combined with another pulp before being dried. Pulp in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present technology is well suited for use as a pulp extender that reduces the amount of expensive dissolving grade pulp required to make a given cellulose derivative product without compromising the viscosity or other desirable properties of the product. For example, the crosslinked pulp can be blended with another pulp (e.g., a dissolving grade pulp having a cellulose content of greater than 90% by dry weight) such that the crosslinked pulp comprises at least 20% (e.g., at least 30%) of the resulting blended pulp by dry weight of cellulose. In other embodiments, the crosslinked pulp may be used without blending with another pulp.

Crosslinked pulp Properties

Pulp according to embodiments of the present technology may have one or more of the following properties:

the AOX content is less than or equal to 200ppm (e.g., less than or equal to 100ppm, 50ppm, and/or 20 ppm).

Basis weight of 500g/m or more²And/or less than or equal to 1200g/m²。

The brightness is greater than or equal to 75% (e.g., greater than or equal to 80% or 85%) and/or less than or equal to 92% (e.g., less than or equal to 88.5%). For example, the brightness may be in the range of 80% to 88%.

As determined by X-ray crystallography, the cellulose-II structure is negligible (e.g., at least substantially free of cellulose-II structure).

The crystallinity index is less than or equal to 80% (e.g., less than or equal to 75%).

Cuen solubility is less than complete (e.g., insoluble or only partially soluble).

A density of 0.20g/cm or more³(example ofE.g., greater than or equal to 0.50, 0.55, or 0.60g/cm³)。

The ball drop viscosity is greater than or equal to 200cP (e.g., greater than or equal to 200, 300, 330, 500, 800, 1,000, 1,400, 2,000, or 3,000 cP). At very high degrees of crosslinking, the ball drop viscosity of crosslinked pulps according to at least some embodiments of the present technology may be lower, but the final CMC viscosity of these pulps may still be very high. By way of theory only, and without wishing to be bound by such theory, the molecular structure of cellulose may change from linear to highly branched at high degrees of crosslinking. Cellulose with a highly branched structure may have a low falling ball viscosity, but is still capable of forming higher ethers.

The freeness is greater than or equal to 700 mL.

The hemicellulose content is greater than or equal to 6% (e.g., greater than or equal to 10%, 13.5%, or 15.5%) and/or less than or equal to 20% (e.g., less than or equal to 18%, 16%, or 14%) by weight. For example, the hemicellulose content may be in the range of 6% to 20%, in the range of 7% to 17%, or in the range of 8% to 15% by weight.

An intrinsic viscosity greater than or equal to 1,150mL/g (e.g., greater than or equal to 1300, 1400, 1500, or 2100 mL/g).

The lignin content is less than or equal to 1.0% (e.g., less than or equal to 0.75% or 0.09%).

The mannan content is greater than or equal to 4% (e.g., greater than or equal to 4%, 5%, 6%, or 7%). For example, the mannan content may be in the range of 4% to 8% or in the range of 5% to 7%.

R18 is greater than or equal to 88% (e.g., greater than or equal to 89%) and/or less than or equal to 92% (e.g., less than or equal to 91% or 90%).

The final CMC color is less than or equal to 5 (e.g., less than or equal to 3).

The final CMC haze is less than or equal to 25ntu (e.g., less than or equal to 5 or 0.5 ntu).

The final CMC viscosity is greater than or equal to 59cP (e.g., greater than or equal to 60, 90, 120, or 150 cP).

The total transition metal content is less than or equal to 20 ppm. The iron content may be less than or equal to 5 ppm. The copper content may be less than or equal to 2 ppm. The calcium content can be less than or equal to 150ppm (e.g., less than or equal to 60ppm) and/or greater than or equal to 30ppm (e.g., greater than or equal to 50 or 70 ppm). Transition metals are generally undesirable in pulp because, for example, they can accelerate the degradation of cellulose during etherification.

A water retention value greater than or equal to 1.0g/g (e.g., greater than or equal to 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3g/g) and/or less than or equal to 1.4 g/g.

The xylan content is greater than or equal to 4% (e.g., greater than or equal to 5%, 6%, or 7%) and/or less than or equal to 16%. For example, the xylan content may be in the range of 4% to 16%, in the range of 5% to 8%, or in the range of 6% to 7%.

Examples

The following experimental examples are provided to illustrate certain specific embodiments of the present disclosure. It should be understood that additional embodiments not limited to the specific features described are consistent with the experimental examples below.

Reference commercial product

9H 4F: aqualon 9H4F from Ashland, inc. high viscosity (DS ═ 0.95) CMC.

NB 416: fluff grade kraft pulp from pine wood, available from the Weyerhaeuser Company mill of New Bern, NC.

NB 421: ether grade kraft pulp from pine, available from Weyerhaeuser Company mill, New Bern, NC.

PW 416: fluff grade kraft pulp from pine wood, available from the Weyerhaeuser Company mill of Port Wentworth, GA.

Sulfite 1 and sulfite 2: sulfite treated, dissolving grade spruce-derived pulp from Borregaard ChemCell.

The Weyerhaeuser pulp referred to herein is typically sold in sheet (e.g., roll or bale) or other dry form. The following experimental examples also relate to samples of these pulps that have not been dried, such as samples obtained from various points in the bleaching process or prior to drying (e.g., from the press section).

Experimental example 1: pulp crosslinked with epoxide

The starting material for the preparation of the cross-linked pulp in this example was PW416 pulp obtained from the extraction stage (EOP), which is a 38% solids (after laboratory centrifugation) wet pulp sheet. The pulp was preheated to 75 ℃. In a plastic bag, 52.6 grams of never-dried (equivalent to 20 grams OD) pulp samples were mixed with warm water (75 ℃), different cross-linking agents and NaOH (pH 11 to 13) at different pulp consistencies as shown in tables 1 and 2. Tables 1 and 2 list the properties of the crosslinked pulp samples and the corresponding CMCs. For comparison, the uncrosslinked PW416 pulp from the EOP stage was found to have a final CMC viscosity of 42 cP.

The following polyepoxide crosslinkers were tested: GE-30 (trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether polymer (TMPTGE)) and GE-31 (trimethylolethane triglycidyl ether polymer) from CVC Thermoset. Glycerol Diglycidyl Ether (GDE) from Aldrich. Denacol EX811 and EX810 from Nagase Chemitex (both Ethylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether (EGDE)), Denacol EX313 (glycerol polyglycidyl ether (GPE)), Denacol EX314 (glycerol triglycidyl ether (GTE)), and EX612 (sorbitol polyglycidyl ether). HELOXY modifier 505 from Momentive (castor oil polyglycidyl ether (M505)), HELOXY modifier 48 (trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether, M48(TMPTGE)), HELOXY modifier 67(1, 4-butanediol diglycidyl ether, M67(BDDE)), and HELOXY modifier 68 (neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether, M68). D.e.r.736 epoxy resin (D736) from Dow Chemical, polypropylene glycol, chloromethyl oxirane polymer, diethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (DEGDE), 1, 3-dichloro-2-hydroxypropanol (DCP), GPE, BDDE, EGDE, and TMPTGE from other suppliers.

Table 1: different crosslinking agents and crosslinking conditions

The results shown in table 1 indicate that the polyepoxides D736 (dipropylene glycol diglycidyl ether), DEGDE (diethylene glycol diglycidyl ether), EX612 (sorbitol polyglycidyl ether), M505 (castor oil polyglycidyl ether), PEGDE (poly (ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether, Mn 525) are not good candidates for crosslinking to produce pulps with high intrinsic viscosities. Their molecules have five or more than five linear atoms between the two glycidyl ether functional groups.

In test crosslinkers with five or more linear atoms between the two glycidyl ether functional groups, DEGDE and PEGDE are highly soluble in water. D736 is partially water soluble. EX612 and M505 have negligible solubility (NG) in water, but have high molecular weight (>500), high weight per epoxide (>175), and/or high viscosity (>500 cP). Thus, in accordance with embodiments of the present technique, at least some polyepoxides having the following properties may be used to crosslink the pulp: a molecular weight of less than or equal to 500, a weight per epoxide of less than or equal to 175, a viscosity of less than or equal to 500cP, and a molecular structure in which less than five linear carbon atoms are present between two glycidyl ether functional groups.

The results also show that cross-linking agents well suited for preparing cross-linked pulp with high final CMC viscosity have less than five linear atoms between the two glycidyl ether functional groups. By theory and without wishing to be bound by theory, these cross-linking agents may penetrate the cellulose structure more easily than cross-linking agents having longer chains.

It may be advantageous for the crosslinker to be insoluble or only partially soluble in water. For example, an insoluble or only partially soluble crosslinking agent may contact and react with cellulose fibers more readily than a highly water soluble crosslinking agent. Polyepoxides with low or no water solubility give better results than those with higher water solubility. For example, GPE has almost the same structure as EX314 except that the latter is modified to have higher water solubility; EGDE has the same structure as EX810Except that the latter are modified to have higher water solubility. Table 2 shows the use of GPE (water insoluble: Mn)>204，<500) Other results at different consistencies than EOP pulp (NB416 or PW 416). Intrinsic Viscosity (IV) was calculated from a model based on commercial samples with known intrinsic viscosities. The support data for the model can be found in the lower part of table 2. The resulting model was IV 717.2ln (a) -1817.3 (R)²0.9988). The results shown in table 2 indicate that higher cross-linking consistencies will yield better results.

Table 2: different consistencies

The corresponding cross-linked pulp is referred to as "kraft paper 3" elsewhere in this disclosure "

The corresponding cross-linked pulp is referred to as "kraft paper 2" elsewhere in this disclosure "

Experimental example 2: bleached EGDE Cross-Linked pulp (O-D-E-X)

In this example, partially water soluble Ethylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether (EGDE) was used as the crosslinking agent. The starting material for the preparation of the cross-linked pulp in this example was PW416 pulp obtained from the extraction stage, which is a 38.5% solids (after laboratory centrifugation) wet pulp sheet. A 60 gram (OD) pulp sample was mixed with water, EGDE and NaOH, so the final concentrations of EGDE and NaOH were 8.8% and 4.8%, respectively, and the final pulp consistency was 10%. The pulp mixture was mixed by hand for a few minutes, filtered to remove half of the liquid, and then reacted at 75 ℃ for 2 hours. Half of the resulting crosslinked pulp was thoroughly washed with water and then made into 747g/m in basis weight²And a density of 0.53g/cm³The sheet of (1). The sheet had a brightness of 79.3% and a ball drop viscosity of about 1350 cP. The crosslinked pulp was not 100% soluble in copper ethylenediamine.The 0.5% solution viscosity of CMC from pulp was 86cP (sample 1A in table 5). The other half of the crosslinked pulp (unwashed) was treated with H₂O₂(0.76% by weight of dry pulp) was bleached at 76 ℃ for 30 minutes (sample 1B in Table 5). The pulp was washed and made to a basis weight of 746g/m²And a density of 0.54g/cm³The sheet of (1). The brightness of the pulp sheet was 82.3% and the FB viscosity was 1270 cP. The 0.5% solution viscosity of CMC from pulp was 84 cP. Other properties are summarized in table 5.

Experimental example 3: bleached GTE crosslinked pulp (O-D-E-X-D)

In this example, Glycerol Triglycidyl Ether (GTE) was used as the crosslinking agent. The starting material for the preparation of the cross-linked pulp in this example was NB416 pulp obtained from the extraction stage (NB416 EOP), which is a 38.5% solids (after laboratory centrifugation) wet pulp sheet. A60 gram sample of (oven dried) pulp was mixed with water, GTE and NaOH and crosslinked at 75 ℃ for 1 hour. The crosslinked pulp is then mixed with a bleaching chemical (ClO)₂Or H₂O₂) Mixed and reacted at 75 ℃ for 45 minutes. The bleached samples had increased brightness (78% to 86%) and CMC viscosity (table 3).

Table 3: bleaching

Experimental example 4: bleached EGDE Cross-Linked pulp (O-D-E-D-X)

In this example, Ethylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether (EGDE) was again used as the crosslinking agent. The starting material for the preparation of the cross-linked pulp in this example was NB416 pulp obtained from the extraction stage, which is a 38.5% solids (after laboratory centrifugation) wet pulp sheet. A 60 gram (oven dried) sample of this pulp was mixed with water, EGDE and NaOH, so that the concentrations of EGDE and NaOH were 11% and 5.4%, respectively, and the consistency of the pulp was 10%. The pulp mixture was mixed manually for several minutes. Half of the liquid was filtered to give a final concentration of 4.9% EGDE and NaOH in the pulp, respectivelyAnd 2.7% and a pulp consistency of 20%. The mixture was then allowed to react at 80 ℃ for 2 hours. The resulting crosslinked pulp was thoroughly washed with water and made into TAPPI handsheets having a basis weight of 65g/m²Density of 0.65g/cm³. The sheet had a lightness of 87.8% and a falling ball viscosity of 2710 cP. The pulp was not completely soluble in copper ethylenediamine. The 0.5% solution viscosity of CMC from pulp was 126cP (sample 2A in table 5). The other semi-moisture crosslinked pulp was treated with H at 10% consistency₂O₂(1% by weight of dry pulp) and 0.5% NaOH (0.5% by weight of dry pulp) were treated at 75 ℃ for 1 hour. The bleached pulp was washed and TAPPI handsheets were prepared with a basis weight of 65g/m²Density of 0.68g/cm³. The crosslinked pulp had a falling ball viscosity of 283cP and a brightness of 89.4%. The 0.5% solution viscosity of the CMC from the pulp was 107cP (sample 2B in table 5).

Experimental example 5: crosslinking efficiency at different temperatures

The procedure of experimental example 4 was repeated to prepare more samples using EGDE as a cross-linking agent, and the final concentrations of EGDE and NaOH in the pulp were about 4.9% and 2.7%, respectively. The pulp was crosslinked at a consistency of 20%. The crosslinked pulp was washed, but not bleached. The ball drop viscosity and CMC properties of the crosslinked pulps are summarized in Table 4 below (samples A1-A7). All samples were not completely soluble in copper ethylenediamine. Much of the crosslinked pulp was insoluble in copper ethylenediamine.

Table 4: temperature of crosslinking

For the cross-linked pulps listed in table 4, the pulp FB viscosity is not a good indicator of the viscosity of the corresponding CMC, especially at very high cross-link densities. At very high crosslink densities, the crosslinked pulp actually shows low FB viscosity because the crosslinked pulp is not completely soluble in copper ethylenediamine. However, the CMC solution viscosity from these highly crosslinked pulps is very high and the CMC solution is transparent. The Intrinsic Viscosities (IV) of these pulps are listed in table 4. The temperature effect of the crosslinking efficacy is evident for the crosslinkers tested. Other cross-linking agents may have other optimal temperature ranges, such as 50 ℃ to 85 ℃.

For comparison, two commercial high viscosity dissolving ether grades (sulfite 1 and sulfite 2) and two commercial kraft pulps (PW416 and NB421) were made into CMC without first crosslinking the pulps. These pulps are soluble in copper ethylenediamine and their pulp FB viscosity is a good indicator of their CMC viscosity. CMC solutions from these commercial sulfites and kraft pulps are transparent, but the solution viscosity, particularly of CMC solutions from kraft pulps, is relatively low. Samples 1A and 1B in table 5 are described in experimental example 2 above. Samples 2A and 2B in table 5 are described in experimental example 4 above. In addition to the data shown in table 5, the CMC from sample 1B was found to have a lignin content of 0.2 wt%. For comparison with the CMC data shown in table 5, 9H4F was found to have a CMC color of 0.12, a 0.013% CMC haze of 0.12ntu, and a 0.67% CMC haze of 1.1 ntu.

Table 5: pulp and CMC properties

Experimental example 6: x-ray diffraction of pulp

In accordance with embodiments of the present technique, X-ray diffraction scans were performed on high viscosity dissolving wood pulp, cotton linter pulp, commercial kraft pulp (NB421), pulp from the extraction stage of the kraft process, and corresponding cross-linked pulp. The crosslinked pulp was found to have the same cellulose-I crystal structure as the starting pulp, with a peak value of greater than 15 ° and from 21.5 ° to 22.5 °. The main peak of the crosslinked pulp was shifted slightly to the higher diffraction angle (bleached pulp from 21.5 ° to 22.4 °, pulp from 21.7 ° to 22.2 ° in the extraction stage). The cellulose-II crystal structure has peaks at 12.5 ° and 20 ° to 21.5 °. For cellulose-I, peaks at diffraction angles of 22 and 18 are crystalline and amorphous, respectively. For cellulose-II, peaks at diffraction angles of 19 and 15 are crystalline and amorphous, respectively. Table 6 summarizes the X-ray diffraction data.

Table 6: diffraction by X-ray

Experimental example 7: freeness and other properties of crosslinked pulp

Kraft paper 1 was prepared using the same procedure as sample 1A in experimental example 2, except that the EGDE concentration was 4.6% and the NaOH concentration was 2.2%. The crosslinked pulp was tested for freeness and brightness. The results are shown in Table 7. The cross-linked pulp has similar brightness and freeness as the starting pulp and therefore similar drainability.

Table 7: pulp and CMC properties

The CMC from crosslinked kraft pulp also has higher free swell and centrifuge capacities than commercial uncrosslinked ether grade pulps from either the sulfite process (sulfite 2) or the kraft process (NB 421).

Experimental example 8: WRV, Wet bulk and other Properties of crosslinked pulp

More samples of the crosslinked pulp were tested for wet bulk and other properties. The results of this test are shown in table 8. The samples tested were based on the samples described in european patent application publication No. 0399564 (sample 1) and U.S. patent No. 8,722,797 (sample 2), which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Sample 1 was 1, 3-dichloro-2-hydroxypropanol (DCP) crosslinked kraft pulp. Sample 2 is a polycarboxylic acid crosslinked kraft pulp.

Kraft paper a was prepared in the same procedure as sample 1A in experimental example 2, except that the pulp consistency was 16%, the EGDE concentration was 4.6% relative to the dry weight of the pulp, and the NaOH concentration was 2.2%. The wet bulk and capacity of kraft 1 pulp was lower than that of samples 1 and 2 and similar to that of conventional fluff pulp (NB 416). However, kraft 1 pulp produced a much higher CMC solution viscosity than both conventional fluff pulp and sample 1. Sample 2 had a lower R18 than the uncrosslinked control pulp due to the breaking of the relatively weak ester crosslinks. The kraft 1 sample and sample 1 had a higher R18 than the uncrosslinked control pulp because the ether crosslinking was relatively stable during the R18 test. Sample 1 was too crosslinked and therefore not suitable for preparing cellulose ethers.

Table 8: pulp and final CMC characteristics

Experimental example 9: HPLC Spectrum of hydrolysed Cross-linked pulp

Kraft paper a from experimental example 8 was hydrolyzed for HPLC testing. A new sugar peak was observed indicating cross-linking between the cellulose fibers in the sample.

Experimental example 10: cross-linking pulp and DCM extraction residue

Additional samples were prepared using the procedure of experimental example 4, except that the final crosslinker and NaOH concentrations were 4.7% and 2.6%, respectively. The consistency was 19% and the temperature was 75 ℃. The reaction times are listed in Table 9. After washing the pulp, the metal content, falling ball viscosity and final CMC viscosity were tested.

Table 9: pulp and final CMC characteristics

Low calcium content and low transition metal content may be important for certain end uses. DCM residue from the crosslinked pulp was also tested. The extraction of the crosslinked pulp was found to be less than 0.01%. The normal bleached pulp without cross-linking also had DCM extractions less than 0.01%. The IR spectrum of the residue did not show any crosslinker.

Experimental example 11: morphology of fiber

Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the crosslinked pulp showed early wood pine. Fiber analysis indicated that cross-linking altered fiber morphology. The roughness, curl and kink index of the crosslinked pulp increased with the crosslinked consistency (table 10). Higher roughness, crimpability, and kinking may be desirable, for example, to increase fiber accessibility during the derivatization reaction.

Table 10: fibre analysis

Catalyst (NaOH) free, other conditions are shown in table 3.

Experimental example 12: method for producing crosslinked cellulose

The PW416 pulp was obtained from the extraction stage as a 38% solids (after laboratory centrifugation) wet pulp sheet. A 20 gram (OD) sample of this pulp was preheated to 80 ℃ and mixed in a plastic bag with warm water (80 ℃), cross-linker and NaOH, so that the final concentrations of cross-linker and NaOH were 2.0% and 2.3%, respectively. The pulp consistencies were 10%, 15%, and 20% to produce samples L, M and N. The pH of all cross-linking mixtures was greater than 11. The crosslinking was allowed to occur for 2 hours.

NB421 pulp (fully bleached, never dried) from bed decor was obtained as a 32.8% solids wet pulp board. This pulp was used to prepare samples O, P and Q. The same procedure was used as described above for samples L, M and N, and samples O, P and Q had respective consistencies of 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. The crosslinking temperature of sample R was 60 ℃. The properties of these samples are shown in table 11, as well as the properties of the control pulp from the mill preparation. Crosslinking was allowed to proceed for 2 hours. The 0.67% CMC and 1.33% CMC viscosities are shown in table 11, however elsewhere in this disclosure, 0.5% CMC viscosities are provided.

Table 11: DCP crosslinked pulp

Under certain conditions (e.g., pulp consistency of 15 to 20%), crosslinked kraft pulp can have a much higher falling ball viscosity (e.g., more than 100% higher) than the starting pulp. These crosslinked kraft pulps are not 100% soluble in Cuen. However, surprisingly, it was found that these cross-linked pulps produced water-soluble CMC solutions that were transparent and had a higher viscosity than the CMC solutions prepared from NB421 kraft pulp, with a falling ball viscosity of 242 cP. The cross-linked pulp is not extracted and therefore has a high hemicellulose content and a cellulose-I crystal structure, like standard kraft pulp. The crosslinked bleached kraft pulp has high brightness. The crosslinked pulp from the extraction stage also has a high brightness. It may be advantageous to carry out the crosslinking at a high pulp consistency (e.g. 11 to 30%), a pH of 9 to 14 and a temperature of 50 to 85 ℃.

Experimental example 13: intrinsic pulp viscosity and final CMC shear rate

Three control pulps (sulfite 1, sulfite 2 and cotton linters), one commercial pulp (Aqualon 9H4F from Ashland Company) and two cross-linked kraft pulps (kraft a and kraft B, prepared as kraft 2 in table 2 except at a consistency of 17%) were used to form the 1% and 0.5% CMC solutions. The intrinsic viscosities of the CMC solutions from these pulps at different shear rates are shown in table 12.

Table 12: intrinsic pulp viscosity and final CMC shear rate

Experimental example 14: washing procedure and AOX content

The AOX content of the pulp indicates the amount of adsorbable organic halide (or halide compound) it contains. For reference, two different NB421 samples (SCAN IV 1460ml/g) were found to have AOX contents of 2.8 and 5.3ppm, respectively. A commercial cotton linter pulp with SCAN IV of 1760ml/g was found to have an AOX content of 4.6 ppm. While higher levels of AOX have not been found to be associated with any detrimental effect on the desired properties of the crosslinked pulp described herein or the final CMC produced therefrom, AOX levels higher than those typically found in high purity pulps may represent downstream costs for treating and treating water used in treating the pulp.

A sample of never-dried NB416 kraft pulp (Weyerhaeuser Company) containing 80g of the OD fibers as never-dried fibers, a falling ball viscosity of 200cP, a hemicellulose content of 15%, an ISO brightness of 86%, and an R18 content of 87.5% was heated to 75 ℃ in a plastic bag. To the pulp was added a mixture of warm (75 ℃) water, a cross-linking agent (GTE) and NaOH, sufficient to produce a pulp consistency of 19%, with amounts of NaOH and GTE of 4.9% and 7.4%, respectively (based on the OD weight of the pulp). The mixture was placed in an oven at 75 ℃ for 1 hour and allowed to react.

After the crosslinking reaction, the mixture was dispersed in a Waring blender, then neutralized with acetic acid, washed, and then filtered twice with cold (about 20 ℃) water to obtain wet pulp, which was then centrifuged before being allowed to air-dry.

The AOX content of the crosslinked pulp was determined to be 32 ppm. The R18 value for the pulp was 92%. CMC from cross-linked pulp was prepared. The intrinsic viscosity of the 0.5% CMC solution was found to be 230 cP.

The same procedure as above was repeated except that the crosslinked pulp was manually stirred instead of being disintegrated in a Waring blender before neutralization and washing. The crosslinked pulp prepared with this different washing operation showed an AOX content of 1050 ppm.

The same procedure as above was repeated a second time, except that the final pulp consistency was 12% and the washing operation included manual stirring instead of high energy dispersion in the Waring blender. The crosslinked pulp prepared in this way showed an AOX content of 724 ppm.

Experimental example 15: use of dried pulp

An 80g OD sample of dried NB416 kraft pulp (Weyerhaeuser Company) was heated to 75 ℃ in a plastic bag with a falling ball viscosity of 200cP, a hemicellulose content of 15%, an ISO brightness of 86%, and an R18 content of 87.5%. To the pulp was added a mixture of warm (75 ℃) water, a cross-linking agent (M67) and NaOH sufficient to produce a pulp consistency of 12.9%, with 5.0% and 7.5% NaOH and M67, respectively, based on the OD weight of the pulp. The mixture was placed in an oven at 75 ℃ for 1 hour and allowed to react.

After the crosslinking reaction, the mixture was neutralized with acetic acid, washed, and then filtered twice with warm (about 50 ℃) water to obtain wet pulp, which was then centrifuged, and then allowed to air-dry.

The AOX content of the crosslinked pulp was determined to be 7.8 ppm. The WRV of the pulp was 1.17g/g, and the R18 value of the pulp was 91.3%. The lignin content was found to be less than 1% and the pulp had a zero cellulose-II structure. CMC from cross-linked pulp was prepared. The intrinsic viscosity of the 0.5% CMC solution was found to be 89cP and the equivalent SCAN IV was 1438 ml/g.

The same procedure was repeated except that the crosslinked pulp was dried at a temperature of 100 ℃. The WRV of the pulp was 1.01g/g and the final CMC viscosity was 82 cP.

Conclusion

This disclosure is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present technology to the precise forms disclosed herein. While specific embodiments have been disclosed herein for purposes of illustration, various equivalent modifications may be made without departing from the technology, as will be recognized by those skilled in the relevant art. In some instances, well-known structures and functions have not been shown and/or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the embodiments of the technology. Although the steps of the methods herein may be presented in a particular order, in alternative embodiments, the steps may be in another suitable order. Similarly, certain aspects of the present technology disclosed in the context of particular embodiments may be combined or eliminated in other embodiments. Moreover, while advantages associated with certain embodiments may be disclosed in the context of those embodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit these or other advantages disclosed herein to fall within the scope of the present technology.

Throughout this disclosure, the singular terms "a", "an" and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Similarly, unless the word "or" is expressly limited to a reference to two or more items only to a single item exclusive of the other items, the use of "or" in such a list is to be interpreted as including (a) any single item in the list, (b) all items in the list, or (c) any combination of items in the list. In addition, the terms "comprising," "including," and the like, as used throughout this disclosure, are intended to include at least the feature(s) described, such that any greater number of the same feature(s) and/or one or more other types of features are not excluded. It should be understood that these terms are not intended to imply an absolute orientation. Reference herein to "one embodiment," "an embodiment," or similar expressions means that a particular feature, structure, operation, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment of the present technology. Thus, appearances of such phrases or formulations herein are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the various particular features, structures, operations, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments of the technology.