Hybrid reinforced fabric
阅读说明：本技术 混合增强织物 (Hybrid reinforced fabric ) 是由 C·伯特兰德 R·维特 S·索拉斯基 于 2019-08-16 设计创作，主要内容包括：一种混合增强织物包含玻璃纤维和碳纤维。可以以可接受的灌注速度容易地灌注所述混合增强织物,而不要求用来形成所述混合增强织物的碳纤维束被散布或预浸渍以树脂。因此。所述混合增强织物在复合部件成形期间提供有效的一步式(亦即,在模具中)灌注工艺。(A hybrid reinforcement fabric comprises glass fibers and carbon fibers. The hybrid reinforcement fabric can be readily infused at acceptable infusion rates without requiring the carbon fiber bundles used to form the hybrid reinforcement fabric to be interspersed or pre-impregnated with resin. Thus. The hybrid reinforcement fabric provides an efficient one-step (i.e., in-mold) infusion process during the formation of composite parts.)
1. A hybrid reinforcement fabric comprising:
a plurality of first fibers oriented in a first direction;
a plurality of second fibers oriented in the first direction;
a plurality of third fibers oriented in a second direction; and
stitching yarns that maintain the first, second, and third fibers in their respective orientations,
wherein the first fibers are one of glass fibers and carbon fibers,
wherein the second fibers are carbon fibers,
wherein the third fibers are at least one of glass fibers and carbon fibers,
wherein the first direction is 0 degrees,
wherein the second direction is different from the first direction,
wherein the second direction is in the range of 0 degrees to 90 degrees,
wherein the first fibers and the second fibers comprise 91% to 99.5% of the hybrid reinforcing fabric by weight,
wherein the third fibers constitute 0.5% to 9% by weight of the hybrid reinforcing fabric,
wherein the glass fibers constitute from 3% to 95% by weight of the hybrid reinforcing fabric, and
wherein the carbon fibers constitute 5 to 97% by weight of the hybrid reinforcing fabric.
2. The hybrid reinforced fabric of claim 1, wherein the stitching yarns comprise less than 3% of the hybrid reinforced fabric by weight.
3. The hybrid reinforced fabric of claim 1, wherein the stitching yarns are polyester yarns.
4. The hybrid reinforced fabric of claim 1, wherein the stitching yarns have a linear mass density of between 60dTex and 250 dTex.
5. The hybrid reinforced fabric of claim 1, wherein the stitching yarns form a stitching pattern through the hybrid reinforced fabric, the stitching pattern being a warp knit fabric stitching pattern.
6. The hybrid reinforced fabric of claim 1, wherein the stitching yarns form a stitching pattern through the hybrid reinforced fabric that is a symmetrical double tricot stitch pattern.
7. The hybrid reinforced fabric of claim 1, wherein the stitching yarns form a stitching pattern through the hybrid reinforced fabric that is an asymmetric double tricot stitch pattern.
8. The hybrid reinforced fabric of claim 1, wherein the stitching yarns form a stitching pattern through the hybrid reinforced fabric that is a symmetrical diamond stitching pattern.
9. The hybrid reinforced fabric of claim 1, wherein the stitching yarns form a stitching pattern through the hybrid reinforced fabric, the stitching pattern being an asymmetric diamond stitching pattern.
10. The hybrid reinforced fabric of claim 1, wherein the stitching yarns define a stitch length between 3mm and 6 mm.
11. The hybrid reinforced fabric of claim 1, wherein the stitching yarns define a stitching length of 5 mm.
12. The hybrid reinforced fabric of claim 1, wherein the stitching yarns define a stitching length of 4 mm.
13. The hybrid reinforcement fabric of claim 1, wherein the third fibers are glass fibers, and
wherein the glass composition of the first fibers is different from the glass composition of the third fibers.
14. The hybrid reinforcement fabric of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of fourth fibers oriented in a third direction,
wherein the third fibers are glass fibers and the fourth fibers are glass fibers, an
Wherein the glass composition of the third fibers is the same as the glass composition of the fourth fibers.
15. The hybrid reinforced fabric of claim 14, wherein the absolute value of the second direction is equal to the absolute value of the third direction.
16. The hybrid reinforced fabric of claim 1, wherein the difference between the first direction and the second direction is greater than or equal to 45 degrees.
17. The hybrid reinforced fabric of claim 1, wherein the difference between the first direction and the second direction is greater than or equal to 80 degrees.
18. The hybrid reinforced fabric of claim 1, wherein the first fibers have a linear mass density between 1200Tex and 4800 Tex.
19. The hybrid reinforcement fabric of claim 1, wherein the third fibers are glass fibers, and
wherein the third fibers have a linear mass density between 68Tex and 300 Tex.
20. The hybrid reinforcement fabric of claim 1, wherein the second fibers are fed from one or more carbon fiber bundles having a size in the range of 6K to 50K.
21. The hybrid reinforced fabric of claim 1, wherein the second fibers have a weight per unit area of 80g/m2And 500g/m2In the meantime.
22. The hybrid reinforcement fabric of claim 1, wherein the second fibers comprise 7% of the hybrid reinforcement fabric by weight, and
wherein the hybrid reinforcement fabric has a weight per unit area of 2500g/m2。
23. The hybrid reinforcement fabric of claim 1, wherein the second fibers comprise 15% of the hybrid reinforcement fabric by weight, and
wherein the hybrid reinforcing fabric has a weight per unit area of 1300g/m2。
24. The hybrid reinforcement fabric of claim 1, wherein the second fibers comprise 15% of the hybrid reinforcement fabric by weight, and
wherein the hybrid reinforcement fabric has a weight per unit area of 1400g/m2。
25. The hybrid reinforcement fabric of claim 1, wherein the second fibers comprise 25% of the hybrid reinforcement fabric by weight, and
wherein the hybrid reinforcing fabric has a weight per unit area of 1300g/m2。
26. The hybrid reinforced fabric of any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the hybrid reinforced fabric does not contain a resin pre-impregnated therein.
27. The hybrid reinforced fabric of any of claims 1-26, wherein the hybrid reinforced fabric has a perfusion rate through a thickness of 30mm for a time between 6 minutes and 30 minutes.
28. The hybrid reinforced fabric of any of claims 1-26, wherein the hybrid reinforced fabric has a pour rate through a thickness of 30mm in a period of 22 minutes.
29. The hybrid reinforced fabric of any of claims 1-26, wherein the hybrid reinforced fabric has a pour rate through a thickness of 30mm in 16 minutes.
30. The hybrid reinforced fabric of any of claims 1-29, wherein the hybrid reinforced fabric has a pour rate through the hybrid reinforced fabric in the first direction at 0.2cm per minute to 0.8cm per minute.
31. The hybrid reinforced fabric of any of claims 1-29, wherein the hybrid reinforced fabric has a pour rate through the hybrid reinforced fabric in a direction perpendicular to the first direction at 0.2cm per minute to 0.55cm per minute.
32. The hybrid reinforced fabric of any of claims 1-31, wherein the hybrid reinforced fabric is infused with a resin that is cured to form a composite article.
33. The hybrid reinforced fabric of claim 32, wherein the composite article is a wind turbine blade.
Technical Field
The present inventive concept relates generally to fiber reinforced materials and more particularly to hybrid fabrics comprising glass fibers and carbon fibers.
Background
It is known to use glass fibres to reinforce structural members, such as wind turbine blades. It is also known to use carbon fibres to reinforce structural members, such as wind turbine blades. These structural members are typically formed by: a set of fibers (e.g., in the form of a fabric) is laid manually into a mold, the mold is filled with a resin, and the resin is cured to form the part.
Glass fiber reinforcements exhibit good mechanical properties, including strength, strain, and compression; is relatively cheap; and is easily impregnated with resin. However, the glass fiber reinforcement has a low modulus of elasticity, which may introduce design defects.
Carbon fiber reinforcements exhibit good mechanical properties at low densities, including stiffness and tensile strength. However, carbon fiber reinforced materials are less stressed, have low compressive strength and are relatively expensive. Furthermore, carbon fiber reinforcement may be difficult to impregnate with resin.
It is desirable to combine glass fibers and carbon fibers into a hybrid reinforcement material for use in reinforcing structural members in order to take advantage of the respective strengths of each fiber while compensating for the respective weaknesses of each fiber. However, when the fabric is made only of carbon fiber bundles, the very fine carbon fibers bundled together result in a poor infusion rate.
Conventional carbon-containing reinforcement fabrics attempt to address this problem by pre-impregnating the carbon fiber bundles used to form the fabric. In other words, the resin is applied to the carbon fibers before the fabric is placed in the mold to form the composite structure. In some cases, the carbon fiber bundles are also spread (i.e., individual carbon fibers are separated) to accelerate the infusion rate of the carbon fiber bundles. Such "pre-impregnated" fabrics can present processing, storage, and handling difficulties.
In view of the above, there is an unmet need for a hybrid reinforcement fabric comprising glass fibers and carbon fibers that can be readily infused with resin at acceptable infusion rates.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention generally relates to a hybrid reinforcement fabric comprising glass fibers and carbon fibers, a method of producing the hybrid reinforcement fabric, and a composite part formed from the hybrid reinforcement fabric.
In one exemplary embodiment, a hybrid reinforcement fabric is provided. The hybrid reinforcing fabric includes a plurality of first fibers oriented in a first direction; a plurality of second fibers oriented in the first direction; a plurality of third fibers oriented in a second direction; and stitching yarns that maintain the first, second, and third fibers in their respective orientations. The first fibers are glass fibers and carbon fibers. The second fibers are carbon fibers. The third fibers are glass fibers, carbon fibers, or both glass and carbon fibers. The first direction is 0 degrees. The second direction is different from the first direction, wherein the second direction is in a range of 0 degrees to 90 degrees. The first fibers and the second fibers constitute 91% to 99.5% (by weight) of the fabric. The third fibers constitute 0.5 to 9% by weight of the fabric. In the fabric, the glass fiber constitutes 3 to 95% (by weight) of the fabric, and the carbon fiber constitutes 5 to 97% (by weight) of the fabric.
In one exemplary embodiment, the stitching yarns comprise less than 3% by weight of the fabric.
In one exemplary embodiment, the stitching yarns are polyester yarns.
In one exemplary embodiment, the stitching yarns have a linear mass density in the range of 60dTex to 250 dTex. In one exemplary embodiment, the stitching yarns have a linear mass density greater than 85 dTex. In one exemplary embodiment, the stitching yarns have a linear mass density greater than 200 dTex. In one exemplary embodiment, the stitching yarns have a linear mass density greater than 225 dTex.
In one exemplary embodiment, the stitching yarns form a stitching pattern through the fabric, which is a warp knit stitch pattern.
In one exemplary embodiment, the stitching yarns form a stitching pattern through the fabric that is a symmetrical double tricot stitch pattern.
In one exemplary embodiment, the stitching yarns form a stitching pattern through the fabric that is an asymmetric double tricot stitch pattern.
In one exemplary embodiment, the stitching yarns form a stitching pattern through the fabric that is a symmetrical diamond (diamant) stitching pattern.
In one exemplary embodiment, the stitching yarns form a stitching pattern through the fabric that is an asymmetric diamond stitching pattern.
In one exemplary embodiment, the stitching yarns define a stitch length between 3mm and 6 mm. In one exemplary embodiment, the stitching yarns define a stitching length of 5 mm. In one exemplary embodiment, the stitching yarns define a stitching length of 4 mm.
In one exemplary embodiment, the first fibers are glass fibers and the third fibers are glass fibers, wherein the glass composition of the first fibers is different from the glass composition of the third fibers.
In one exemplary embodiment, the hybrid reinforcement fabric further comprises a plurality of fourth fibers oriented in a third direction, wherein the third fibers are glass fibers and the fourth fibers are glass fibers, and wherein the glass composition of the third fibers is the same as the glass composition of the fourth fibers.
In an exemplary embodiment, an absolute value of the second direction is equal to an absolute value of the third direction.
In one exemplary embodiment, a difference between the first direction and the second direction is greater than or equal to 45 degrees.
In one exemplary embodiment, a difference between the first direction and the second direction is greater than or equal to 80 degrees.
In one exemplary embodiment, the first fibers have a linear mass density between 600Tex and 4800 Tex.
In one exemplary embodiment, the third fibers are glass fibers, wherein the third fibers have a linear mass density between 68Tex and 300 Tex.
In one exemplary embodiment, the second fibers are fed from one or more carbon fiber bundles having a size in the range of 6K to 50K.
In one exemplary embodiment, the second fibers have a basis weight of 80g/m2And 500g/m2In the meantime.
In one exemplary embodiment, the second fibers comprise 7% (by weight) of the fabric, wherein the basis weight of the fabric is 2500g/m2。
In one exemplary embodiment, the second fibers comprise 15% (by weight) of the fabric, wherein the basis weight of the fabric is 1300g/m2。
In one exemplary embodiment, the second fibers comprise 15% (by weight) of the fabric, wherein the basis weight of the fabric is 1400g/m2。
In one exemplary embodiment, the second fibers comprise 25% (by weight) of the fabric, wherein the basis weight of the fabric is 1300g/m2。
Typically, the hybrid reinforcement fabric does not contain resin, i.e., none of the fibers forming the fabric are pre-impregnated with resin.
In one exemplary embodiment, the polyester resin has a infusion rate of 9 minutes through the thickness of the hybrid reinforced fabric (about 30 mm). In one instance, wherein the fabric has a carbon content of 15%, the infusion rate is 0.41cm per minute.
In one exemplary embodiment, the epoxy resin has a pour rate of 16 minutes through the thickness of the hybrid reinforced fabric (about 30 mm). In one instance, wherein the fabric has a carbon content of 15%, the infusion rate is 0.23cm per minute.
In one exemplary embodiment, the epoxy resin has a pour rate of 8 minutes through the thickness of the hybrid reinforced fabric (about 30 mm). In one instance, wherein the fabric has a carbon content of 7%, the infusion rate is 0.419cm per minute.
In one exemplary embodiment, the epoxy has a pour rate of 0.238cm per minute to 0.5cm per minute through the hybrid reinforced fabric in a first direction.
In one exemplary embodiment, the polyester resin has a infusion rate of 0.73cm per minute through the hybrid reinforced fabric in a first direction.
In one exemplary embodiment, the fabric has a perfusion rate of 0.3cm per minute through the fabric in a direction perpendicular to the first direction.
In one exemplary embodiment, the fabric is infused with a resin that is cured to form a composite article. In one exemplary embodiment, the article is a wind turbine blade or related component (e.g., a spar cap).
Other aspects, advantages, and features of the inventive concepts will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, when read in light of the accompanying drawings.
Drawings
For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the present inventive concept, reference should be made to the following detailed description taken together with the accompanying figures wherein:
fig. 1A-1D illustrate hybrid reinforcement fabrics according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention. Fig. 1A is a top plan view of the hybrid reinforcement fabric. Fig. 1B is a bottom plan view of the hybrid reinforcement fabric. FIG. 1C is a detailed view of circle A in FIG. 1A. FIG. 1D is a detailed view of circle B in FIG. 1B.
Fig. 2A-2C illustrate stitching patterns that may be used in the hybrid reinforcement fabric of fig. 1. FIG. 2A shows a warp knit stitch pattern. Figure 2B shows an asymmetric double tricot stitch pattern. Fig. 2C shows an asymmetric diamond stitch pattern.
Fig. 3 is a graph illustrating a through-thickness rate of infusion (TTIS) test for measuring the rate of infusion of a fabric.
Fig. 4A-4B show graphs of the test as in-plane infusion tests (IPITs) for measuring the infusion rate of a fabric.
Fig. 5 is a graph showing the results of the IPIT test of fig. 4 performed on two (2) different fabrics in order to measure the perfusion rate of the fabric (in the x-direction).
Fig. 6 is a graph showing the results of the IPIT test of fig. 4 performed on two (2) different fabrics in order to measure the perfusion rate of the fabric (in the y-direction).
Detailed Description
While the present inventive concept is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms, there is shown in the drawings and will herein be described in detail various exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the inventive concept. Therefore, the inventive concept is not intended to be limited to the specific embodiments illustrated herein.
Unless otherwise defined, terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the inventive concept pertains. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept only and is not intended to be limiting of the inventive concept. As used in the description of the present inventive concept and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, the term "between …" is also intended to encompass the endpoints specified in the definition of a range, unless the context clearly indicates the contrary.
It has been found that by controlling one or more specific product variables, including but not necessarily limited to glass content, carbon content, glass-to-carbon ratio, stitch yarn composition, stitch pattern, and stitch length, a hybrid reinforcement fabric made primarily of glass fibers and carbon fibers can be produced that is effective reinforcement of structural members (e.g., wind turbine blades) and exhibits an acceptable infusion rate.
Accordingly, the present inventive concept provides a hybrid reinforcement fabric including glass fibers and carbon fibers. The hybrid reinforcement fabric can be readily infused at acceptable infusion rates without requiring the carbon fiber bundles used to form the hybrid reinforcement fabric to be interspersed or pre-impregnated with resin. Thus, the fabric of the present invention provides an efficient one-step (i.e., in-mold) infusion process during the formation of composite parts. The inventive concept also encompasses a method of producing the hybrid reinforced fabric. The inventive concept also encompasses composite parts formed from the hybrid reinforced fabric.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 1A-1D, a hybrid reinforcing fabric is composed of both glass reinforcing fibers 102 and carbon reinforcing fibers 104.
Any suitable glass reinforcing fibers 102 may be used in the hybrid reinforcing fabric 100. For example, fibers made of E-glass, H-glass, S-glass, AR-glass types may be used. In certain exemplary embodiments, basalt fibers may be used in place of some or all of the glass reinforcing fibers 102. Typically, the glass reinforcing fibers 102 have a diameter in the range of 13 μm to 24 μm. Typically, the glass reinforcing fibers 102 in the hybrid reinforcing fabric 100 are glass fiber strands 102 (fed from one or more glass rovings) comprised of a plurality of individual continuous glass filaments.
Any suitable carbon reinforcing fibers 104 may be used in the hybrid reinforcing fabric 100. Typically, the carbon reinforcing fibers 104 have a diameter in the range of 5 μm to 11 μm. Typically, the carbon reinforcing fibers 104 in the hybrid reinforcing fabric 100 are carbon fiber strands 104 (fed from one or more carbon fiber bundles) composed of a number of individual continuous carbon filaments.
Hybrid reinforcement fabric 100 is a non-crimped fabric in which glass reinforcement fibers 102, carbon reinforcement fibers 104 are arranged in their respective positions/orientations and then held together by stitching yarns 106. In certain embodiments, stitching yarns 106 are made of polyester. In certain embodiments, stitching yarns 106 have a linear mass density between 60dTex and 250 dTex.
Any stitching pattern suitable for holding the glass fibers 102, carbon fibers 104 of the fabric 100 together may be used. Various exemplary stitching patterns 200 are shown in fig. 2A-2C. In fig. 2A, a warp knit stitch pattern 200 is shown in which reinforcing fibers 202 (e.g., glass reinforcing fibers 102, carbon reinforcing fibers 104) are held together by stitching yarns 206 (e.g., stitching yarns 106). An asymmetric double tricot stitch pattern 200 is shown in fig. 2B, in which reinforcing fibers 202 (e.g., glass reinforcing fibers 102, carbon reinforcing fibers 104) are held together by stitch yarn 206 (e.g., stitch yarn 106). An asymmetric diamond-shaped (diamond-like) stitching pattern 200 is shown in fig. 2C, in which reinforcing fibers 202 (e.g., glass reinforcing fibers 102, carbon reinforcing fibers 104) are held together by stitching yarns 206 (e.g., stitching yarns 106). Other stitching patterns may be included within the present general inventive concept. FIGS. 1C-1D illustrate the warp knit stitch pattern used in fabric 100.
Generally, the stitching pattern 200 is a repeating series of stitches with a transition between each individual stitch portion 220 defining a stitch length 222 (see fig. 2A). Stitch length 222 is another variable that may affect the rate of infusion of fabric 100. Typically, the stitch length 222 will be in the range of 3mm to 6 mm. In certain exemplary embodiments, the stitch length 222 is 4 mm. In certain exemplary embodiments, the stitch length 222 is 5 mm.
The hybrid reinforcement fabric 100 is a unidirectional fabric in which 91 to 99 weight percent of the glass reinforcement fibers 102, carbon reinforcement fibers 104 are oriented in a first direction and 0.5 to 9 weight percent of the glass reinforcement fibers 102, carbon reinforcement fibers 104 are oriented in one or more other directions (e.g., second and third directions).
Typically, the first direction will be 0 ° (the longitudinal direction of the fabric).
The second direction is different from the first direction. The second direction will typically be greater than 0 ° and less than or equal to 90 °.
The third direction is different from the first direction. The third direction will typically be greater than 0 ° and less than or equal to 90 °.
The third direction may be the same as the second direction (so that there are only two different fiber orientations in the fabric). Otherwise, the third direction will generally equal the negative orientation of the second direction.
In the hybrid reinforcement fabric 100 shown in fig. 1A-1D, the first direction is 0 °, the second direction is 80 °, and the third direction is-80 °.
In certain exemplary embodiments, all of the reinforcing fibers oriented in the second direction are glass reinforcing fibers 102.
In certain exemplary embodiments, all of the reinforcing fibers oriented in the third direction are glass reinforcing fibers 102.
In certain exemplary embodiments, the glass reinforcing fibers 102 oriented in the first direction comprise a different glass composition than the glass reinforcing fibers 102 oriented in the second direction.
In certain exemplary embodiments, the glass reinforcing fibers 102 oriented in the first direction comprise a different glass composition than the glass reinforcing fibers 102 oriented in the third direction.
In certain exemplary embodiments, the glass reinforcing fibers 102 oriented in the second direction comprise the same glass composition as the glass reinforcing fibers 102 oriented in the third direction.
The hybrid reinforcement fabric 100 includes 65 to 95% by weight of glass reinforcement fibers 102 and 5 to 35% by weight of carbon reinforcement fibers 104. Stitching yarns 106 comprise up to 3% by weight of fabric 100.
The linear mass density of the glass reinforcing fibers 102 fed in the first direction is between 1200Tex and 4800 Tex. The linear mass density of the glass reinforcing fibers 102 fed in the non-first direction (i.e., the second/third direction) is between 68Tex and 300 Tex.
The bundle size of the carbon reinforcing fibers 104 fed in the first direction is between 6K and 50K. The term # k means that the carbon fiber bundle is made of # x 1,000 individual carbon filaments.
The carbon reinforcing fibers 104 in the fabric 100 have a weight per unit area of 80g/m2To 500g/m2In the meantime. In certain exemplary embodiments, the hybrid reinforcement fabric 100 has about 7% by weight carbon reinforcement fibers 104, wherein the fabric 100 has about 2500g/m2Weight per unit area of (c). In certain exemplary embodiments, the hybrid reinforcement fabric 100 has about 15% by weight carbon reinforcement fibers 104, wherein the fabric 100 has about 1300g/m2Weight per unit area of (c). In certain exemplary embodiments, the hybrid reinforcement fabric 100 has about 15% carbon reinforcement fibers 104 by weight, wherein the fabric 100 has about 1400g/m2Weight per unit area of (c). In certain exemplary embodiments, the hybrid reinforcement fabric 100 has about 25% by weight carbon reinforcement fibers 104, wherein the fabric 100 has about 1300g/m2Weight per unit area of (c).
As is known in the art, the glass reinforcing fibers 102 may have a chemical applied thereto during the formation of the fibers 102. This surface chemistry, usually in aqueous form, is called a sizing agent. The sizing agent may include components such as film formers, lubricants, coupling agents (to promote compatibility between the glass fibers and the polymeric resin), and the like, which facilitate the formation of the glass fibers and/or the use of the glass fibers in the matrix resin. In certain exemplary embodiments, the glass reinforcing fibers 102 comprise a polyester compatible sizing agent. In certain exemplary embodiments, the glass reinforcing fibers 102 comprise an epoxy compatible sizing agent.
Also, as is also known in the art, the carbon reinforcing fibers 104 may have a chemical applied thereto during the formation of the fibers 104. This surface chemistry, usually in aqueous form, is called a sizing agent. The sizing agent may contain components such as film formers, lubricants, coupling agents (to promote compatibility between the carbon fibers and the polymeric resin), and the like, which facilitate formation of the carbon fibers and/or use of the carbon fibers in the matrix resin. In certain exemplary embodiments, the carbon reinforcing fibers 104 comprise a polyester compatible sizing agent. In certain exemplary embodiments, the carbon reinforcing fibers 104 comprise an epoxy compatible sizing agent.
In certain exemplary embodiments, the glass reinforcing fibers 102 and/or the carbon reinforcing fibers 104 may also have a post-coating applied thereto. Unlike sizing, a post-coating is applied after the fibers are formed.
The hybrid reinforcement fabric disclosed herein (e.g., hybrid reinforcement fabric 100) has a combination of structural components and/or properties that improve the resin infusion rate of the fabric even when the reinforcement fibers that make up the fabric are not pre-impregnated with resin. As noted above, these components/properties include glass content, carbon content, glass-to-carbon ratio, stitch yarn composition, stitch pattern, and stitch length used in the hybrid reinforced fabric.
One test for measuring the resin infusion rate of a fabric is known as the through-thickness infusion speed (TTIS) test. The TTIS test will be explained with reference to fig. 3. In the TTIS test 300, a plurality of layers 302 of fabric 304 (e.g., hybrid reinforced fabric 100) to be tested are placed on a perfusion table 306. Typically, a number of layers 302 of fabric 304 are used for the TTIS test 300. Generally, the number of layers 302 is based on a target "test thickness". In certain exemplary embodiments, the target thickness is 30 mm. A vacuum foil 308 is placed over the layer 302 on top of the platen 306 to form an airtight enclosure 350 (i.e., a vacuum bag).
A supply 310 of resin 312 is located below the table 306 or otherwise proximate to the table 306 such that the resin 312 may be drawn into the enclosure 350 below the layer 302 of fabric 304 (e.g., through one or more openings (not shown) in the bottom of the table 306). In certain exemplary embodiments, the resin 312 is located remotely from the platen 306, but is fed to the platen 306 through a supply hose (not shown). An opening 320 in a vacuum bag formed by the foil 308 engages a hose 322 so that a vacuum source (not shown) can be used to evacuate air from the enclosure 350 and draw the resin 312 through the fabric 304.
In this manner, the resin 312 is pulled from the supply 310 into the housing 350 (see arrow 330); through the layer 302 of fabric 304 (see arrow 332); and exits opening 320 through hose 322 (see arrow 334). Given the close fitting dimensions of the layer 302 of fabric 304 within the shell 304, the only path traveled by the resin 312 passes through the layer 302 of fabric 304, i.e., through the thickness (z-direction) of the layer 302 of fabric 304. The TTIS test 300 measures the amount of time it takes until the resin 312 is first visible on the upper surface 340 of the top layer 302 of the fabric 304. This amount of time (e.g., in minutes) is used as a measure of the rate of perfusion of the fabric 304. The TTIS test 300 may be used to compare the perfusion rates of different fabrics as long as the other test parameters are substantially the same. In addition, for comparison purposes, the fabrics should have similar grammage.
Another test for measuring the resin infusion rate of a fabric is known as the in-plane infusion test (IPIT) test. The IPIT test will be explained with reference to FIGS. 4A-4B. In the IPIT test 400, five (5) layers of fabric 404 to be tested (e.g., hybrid reinforced fabric 100) are placed on a perfusion bench 406. A vacuum foil 408 is placed over the edges of the layers on top of the table 406 and sealed to the table 406 (e.g., using tape) to form an airtight enclosure 410 (i.e., a vacuum bag).
All of the layers of fabric 404 in enclosure 410 are aligned with one another so as to face in the same direction within enclosure 410 (e.g., the first orientation of each layer of fabric 404 is aligned with the first orientation of each of the other layers of fabric 404).
The vacuum foil 408 (and the adhesive tape) forms an airtight enclosure 410, except for an input opening 412 and an output opening 414 formed near opposite ends of the fabric 404.
A supply of resin 420 is adjacent to the input opening 412 or otherwise proximate to the input opening 412. As configured, resin 420 may be drawn into housing 410 through input opening 412. In certain exemplary embodiments, the resin 420 is located remotely from the table 406, but is fed to the table 406 through a supply hose (not shown) that engages the input opening 412. An output opening 414 on the other side of the enclosure 410 is engaged with a hose (not shown) so that a vacuum source 422 can be used to evacuate air from the enclosure 410 and draw the resin 420 through the fabric 404.
In this manner, the resin 420 is pulled from the supply into the housing 410 (see arrow 430); through the layer of fabric 404 (see arrow 440 in fig. 4B); and exits opening 414 through the hose (see arrow 432). Given the close fitting dimensions of the layers of fabric 404 within the enclosure 410, the only path traveled by the resin 420 passes through the layers of fabric 404, i.e., through the length (x-direction, production direction) or width (y-direction) of the layers of fabric 404, depending on the orientation of the fabric 404 between the openings 412, 414 of the enclosure 410. Thus, only the resin channels within the layer of fabric 404 are used to transport resin 420.
The IPIT test 400 measures the distance covered by the resin 420 over time. The flow front (distance) of the resin 420 was recorded after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 26, 32, 38, 44, 50, 55 and 60 minutes. The current distance that the resin 420 has traveled through the fabric 404 is referred to as the infusion length. The measured amount of time (e.g., in minutes) relative to the length of perfusion (e.g., in centimeters) is used as a measure of the rate of perfusion of the fabric 404. The IPIT test 400 can be used to compare the perfusion rates of different fabrics as long as the other test parameters are substantially the same. In addition, for comparison purposes, the fabrics should have similar warp grammage.
Examples of the invention
Two (2) different fabrics were evaluated using the IPIT test 400 to measure the perfusion rates in the x-direction and the y-direction. The first fabric contains only glass reinforcing fibers (i.e., no carbon reinforcing fibers) and serves as a reference fabric. The second fabric contained 15% carbon reinforcing fibers (and therefore 85% glass reinforcing fibers) and was produced according to the present general inventive concept. Measurements on the first fabric (UD 1200) are provided in table 1. Measurements of the hybrid fabric of the invention (15% carbon content) are provided in table 2.
Time (minutes)
Length (Y) (cm)
Length (X) (cm)
2
6.5
9.5
4
7.4
11.0
6
8.2
12.3
8
8.7
13.3
10
9.1
14.1
12
9.4
14.6
16
10.1
15.6
20
10.7
16.5
26
11.4
17.7
32
12.2
18.9
38
12.9
19.9
44
13.5
20.8
50
13.9
21.7
55
14.2
22.3
60
14.7
22.8
TABLE 1
Time (minutes)
Length (Y) (cm)
Length (X) (cm)
2
8.1
11.5
4
9.0
13.8
6
9.9
15.4
8
10.7
16.9
10
11.5
18.1
12
11.9
19.1
16
12.6
20.7
20
13.1
22.1
26
14.4
23.9
32
15.2
25.8
38
16.0
27.3
44
16.8
28.8
50
17.4
30.2
55
18.0
31.4
60
18.5
32.4
TABLE 2
Fig. 5 is a graph 500, graph 500 showing the results of an IPIT test 400 performed on two (2) different fabrics in order to measure the perfusion rate of the fabric (in the x-direction). The first fabric 502 is made of 100% glass reinforced fibers (i.e., carbon-free reinforced fibers), using polyester stitching yarns, using 110dTex stitching yarns, and using a 5mm stitch length. The second fabric 504 was made of 85% glass reinforcement fibers and 15% carbon reinforcement fibers, using polyester stitching yarns, using 220dTex stitching yarns, and using a 4mm stitch length. The first fabric 502 corresponds to the fabric detailed in table 1 above, while the second fabric 504 corresponds to the fabric detailed in table 2 above.
Fig. 6 is a graph 600, the graph 600 showing the results of an IPIT test 400 performed on two (2) different fabrics in order to measure the perfusion rate of the fabric (in the y-direction). The first fabric 602 is made of 100% glass reinforced fibers (i.e., carbon-free reinforced fibers), using polyester stitching yarns, using 110dTex stitching yarns, and using a 5mm stitch length. The second fabric 604 was made of 85% glass reinforced fibers and 15% carbon reinforced fibers, using polyester stitching yarns, using 220dTex stitching yarns, and using a 4mm stitch length. The first fabric 602 corresponds to the fabric detailed in table 1 above, while the second fabric 604 corresponds to the fabric detailed in table 2 above.
The hybrid reinforcement fabric described herein (e.g., hybrid reinforcement fabric 100) may be combined with a resin matrix, such as in a mold, to form a composite article. Any suitable resin system may be used. In certain exemplary embodiments, the resin is a vinyl ester resin. In certain exemplary embodiments, the resin is a polyester resin. In certain exemplary embodiments, the resin is an epoxy resin. In certain exemplary embodiments, the resin comprises a viscosity modifier.
The infusion rates for different embodiments (e.g., different carbon contents) of various resin systems through a hybrid reinforcement fabric are shown in table 3 below.
TABLE 3
Any suitable composite forming process may be used, such as Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding (VARTM). The composite article is reinforced by blending a reinforcing fabric. In certain exemplary embodiments, the composite article is a wind turbine blade or related component (e.g., a spar cap). The hybrid reinforcement fabrics disclosed and claimed herein may be implementedImproved mechanical properties (compared to a similar glass fabric alone). E.g. similar to a glass fabric only (e.g. having the same grammage, such as 1323 g/m)2) In contrast, hybrid reinforced fabrics (with 15% carbon content) can exhibit approximately 30% modulus improvement and between 40% and 50% fatigue improvement.
The foregoing description of specific embodiments has been presented by way of example only. Given the disclosure, one skilled in the art will not only understand the present concepts and their attendant advantages, but will also find apparent various changes and modifications to the structures and concepts disclosed. Accordingly, it is intended to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the spirit and scope of the general inventive concept as defined herein and by the appended claims and their equivalents.
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