阅读说明：本技术 一种铝土矿有机质脱除方法及装置 (Bauxite organic matter removal method and device ) 是由 王晧 刘春莲 段小刚 张蕾蕾 于 2020-11-06 设计创作，主要内容包括：一种铝土矿有机质脱除方法及装置,有机质脱除装置包括：研磨振动筛分装置、铝土矿仓、上料装置、电晕放电系统、有机质处理腔、出料装置、处理后铝土矿仓、控制装置；研磨振动筛分装置连接铝土矿仓,铝土矿仓连接上料装置,上料装置连接有机质处理腔,电晕放电系统连接有机质处理腔,有机质处理腔连接出料装置,出料装置连接处理后铝土矿仓；处理后铝土矿仓连接拜耳法氧化铝生产工序；有机质脱除方法,包括是先将铝土矿研磨成40～100目颗粒并送入有机质处理腔中；启动电晕放电系统,使有机质处理腔内发生持续碰撞轰击并发生复合反应,从而实现消除掉铝土矿中有机物。本发明低成本且一次性脱除有机质。(A method and a device for removing organic matters from bauxite are disclosed, the device for removing organic matters comprises: the device comprises a grinding vibration screening device, a bauxite bin, a feeding device, a corona discharge system, an organic matter treatment cavity, a discharging device, a treated bauxite bin and a control device; the grinding vibration screening device is connected with a bauxite bin, the bauxite bin is connected with a feeding device, the feeding device is connected with an organic matter treatment cavity, the corona discharge system is connected with the organic matter treatment cavity, the organic matter treatment cavity is connected with a discharging device, and the discharging device is connected with the treated bauxite bin; the treated bauxite bin is connected with a Bayer process alumina production process; the organic matter removing method comprises the steps of grinding bauxite into particles of 40-100 meshes and sending the particles into an organic matter treatment cavity; and starting a corona discharge system to enable the organic matter treatment cavity to generate continuous collision bombardment and generate a composite reaction, thereby eliminating the organic matters in the bauxite. The invention has low cost and can remove organic matters at one time.)

1. A bauxite organic matter removal method is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) grinding and screening bauxite into particles of 40-100 meshes;

(2) feeding the screened bauxite into an organic matter treatment cavity; the organic matter treatment cavity comprises a cavity body, and a crawler-type bauxite treatment bed or a stirrer is arranged in the cavity body; the crawler-type bauxite processing bed enables the bauxite to move along with the crawler during the reaction, and the bauxite enters the discharging device along with the crawler after the reaction is finished; the stirrer stirs the bauxite while the plasma reaction is generated, so that the reaction is rapid and uniform, and the bauxite discharging is convenient;

(3) starting a corona discharge system, inputting electromagnetic energy into an organic matter treatment cavity through a multi-phase electrode, ionizing air in the organic matter treatment cavity to generate micro plasma, continuously colliding and bombarding electrons and high-energy particles in the micro plasma with bauxite powder, dissociating hydrogen and active groups due to lower dissociation energy of C-H bond in the organic matter, and continuously performing excitation, ionization, recombination and three-body recombination reactions on the electrons, the hydrogen, the high-energy particles and the active groups to realize undifferentiated dissociation or oxidation of the organic matter in the bauxite, thereby eliminating the organic matter in the bauxite without influencing other components in the bauxite;

(4) after the treatment, the temperature of the bauxite is 100-150 ℃, and organic matters in the bauxite are dissociated and oxidized into CO₂、CO、H₂O and N₂。

2. The bauxite organic matter removal apparatus used for the bauxite organic matter removal method of claim 1, characterized by comprising: the device comprises a grinding vibration screening device, a bauxite bin, a feeding device, a corona discharge system, an organic matter treatment cavity, a discharging device, a treated bauxite bin and a control device; the control device controls the grinding vibration screening device, the feeding device, the corona discharge system, the organic matter treatment cavity and the discharging device; the grinding vibration screening device is connected with a bauxite bin, the bauxite bin is connected with a feeding device, the feeding device is connected with an organic matter treatment cavity, the corona discharge system is connected with the organic matter treatment cavity, the organic matter treatment cavity is connected with a discharging device, and the discharging device is connected with the treated bauxite bin; the treated bauxite bin is connected with a Bayer process alumina production facility; the mechanical processing cavity comprises a cavity body, and a crawler-type bauxite processing bed or a stirrer is arranged in the cavity body; the rotating speed of the stirrer ranges from 1 r/min to 1000 r/min;

the grinding and vibrating screening device is used for grinding and screening the bauxite, the vibration frequency is 6-700 times/min during vibrating grinding and screening, and the amplitude is 2-50 mm;

the corona discharge system comprises a discharge power supply, a multi-phase electrode and a grounding electrode; the discharge power supply generates high-frequency high-voltage current, the power is 50W-300 kW, the frequency is 10 Hz-6 GHz, the voltage is 1.0 KV-70 KV, and corona discharge atmospheric microplasma is generated between the multi-phase electrode and the grounding electrode; the distance between the multiphase electrode and the grounding electrode is 0.1-200 mm, and the generated atmospheric micro plasma is ensured to be fully contacted with bauxite particles.

Technical Field

The invention relates to the new technical field of metallurgy, in particular to a method and a device for removing organic matters of bauxite.

Background

The organic matter in bauxite is lignin and cellulose under natural conditions such as natural bark and grass root, humus, fulvic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid, asphaltene and the like formed after the lignin and the cellulose are decomposed. The content of organic matters in bauxite imported from abroad is generally 0.2-0.6 wt%, and the organic matters cause great difficulty in the Bayer process for producing alumina.

The Bayer process for producing alumina features the circulation of mother liquor and the high-temp. high-pressure high-alkali digestion, so that more than 50% of organic humic acid in bauxite is dissolved in the mother liquor and gradually accumulated. Organic matters with larger molecular weight dissolved in the mother liquor can be gradually decomposed or oxidized into small molecular organic matters, such as humic acid, fulvic acid, lignin, cellulose and protein, and become small molecular organic matters, such as oxalic acid and acetic acid. The small molecular organic matters consume caustic alkali circulating mother liquor, so that the viscosity of the sodium aluminate solution is increased, the interfacial tension is reduced, the alkali consumption is increased, the dissolution speed is reduced, and the sodium aluminate solution is easy to foam in the stirring and transportation processes. Insoluble organic matter coats the surface of bauxite to prevent the bauxite from contacting with mother liquor fully and reduce the dissolution rate of aluminium hydroxide. In the decomposition process, as long as the concentration of organic matters in the decomposition stock solution reaches a critical value milligram level, the organic matters occupy the active sites of aluminate ions and weaken the effect of seed crystals. The existence of organic matters can also cause the whiteness of the produced aluminum hydroxide to be reduced, the granularity to be reduced and the sandy alumina cannot be produced.

Organic matters in bauxite have great influence on production, and researchers make many efforts on the method for controlling the content of the organic matters in the Bayer process production. Bauxite roasting method, washing method, precipitation method, ion exchange, causticization method, decomposition mother liquor roasting method, solution oxidation method and the like all enter the research field, but the effect is not ideal in industrial application. The invention aims to dissociate organic matters in bauxite by using an atmospheric micro plasma corona discharge method under the condition of not influencing the dissolution condition of bauxite, eliminate the organic matters from the source and fundamentally solve the influence of the organic matters in the bauxite on the production of alumina by a Bayer process.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a method for removing bauxite organic matters at low cost in one step.

A bauxite organic matter removal method comprises the following steps:

1. grinding and screening bauxite into particles of 40-100 meshes, and putting the particles into a bauxite bin for later use;

2. feeding the screened bauxite into an organic matter treatment cavity; the organic matter treatment cavity comprises a cavity body, and a crawler-type bauxite treatment bed or a stirrer is arranged in the cavity body; the crawler-type bauxite processing bed enables the bauxite to move along with the crawler during the reaction, and the bauxite enters the discharging device along with the crawler after the reaction is finished; the stirrer stirs the bauxite while the plasma reaction is generated, so that the reaction is rapid and uniform, and the bauxite discharging is convenient;

3. and starting a corona discharge system, inputting electromagnetic energy into the organic matter treatment cavity through the multiphase electrode, ionizing air in the organic matter treatment cavity to generate micro plasma, continuously colliding and bombarding electrons and high-energy particles in the micro plasma with bauxite powder, dissociating hydrogen and active groups due to lower dissociation energy of C-H bond in the organic matter, and continuously performing excitation, ionization, recombination and three-body recombination reactions on the electrons, the hydrogen, the high-energy particles and the active groups to realize undifferentiated dissociation or oxidation of the organic matter in the bauxite, thereby eliminating the organic matter in the bauxite without influencing other components in the bauxite.

4. After the treatment, the temperature of the bauxite is 100-150 ℃, and organic matters in the bauxite are dissociated and oxidized into CO₂、CO、H₂O and N₂；

5. After the treatment, the bauxite enters a treated bauxite bin through a discharging device and is transferred to a Bayer process alumina production process.

6. The whole process is controlled by PLC or AI artificial intelligence, which ensures that each process is continuous and orderly and ensures proper matching.

Under normal temperature and pressure, the voltage, frequency, power and phase difference of the power supply are adjusted, uniform corona discharge atmospheric microplasmas can be generated in the organic matter processing cavity, and the electrons and high-energy particles collide with each other and are excited to generate more high-energy electrons e^－*Activated, dissociated, and electronically activated metastable active species and radicalsCollecting and ionizing, and carrying out the following reaction:

O₂→O₂ ^＋+ e^－*

N₂→N₂ ^＋+ e^－*

N₂ →N+N^＋+ e^－

O₂→O+O^＋ + e^－

N+ e^－*→N^*+ e^－

O+ e^－ → O^－

O⁺+N^*→ O+ N⁺

these high-energy electrons, ions, excited particles O^－、N^＋、O₂ ^＋、N₂ ^＋、O^－、N^*、O^*、、O₂ ^－The C-H with lower bond dissociation energy is quickly dissociated into electrons and active groups as a result of continuous collision bombardment with bauxite particles, and organic matter molecules are indiscriminately dissociated and oxidized as a result of combined action to finally become CO₂、CO、N₂And water. Due to the energy transfer of electrons and particles, the temperature of bauxite particles is increased in the treatment process, and the temperature of the bauxite is 100-150 ℃ after the reaction is finished; the bauxite particles after the treatment are sent to a treated bauxite bin and transferred to a Bayer process production flow.

The invention utilizes the collision excitation bombardment effect of electrons, ions and excited particles generated by atmospheric micro plasma corona discharge to dissociate and oxidize undifferentiated organic matters in the bauxite, thereby effectively solving the problem of organic matters in the bauxite.

A bauxite organic matter removal device comprises: the device comprises a grinding vibration screening device, a bauxite bin, a feeding device, a corona discharge system, an organic matter treatment cavity, a discharging device, a treated bauxite bin and a control device;

the control device controls the grinding vibration screening device, the feeding device, the corona discharge system, the organic matter treatment cavity and the discharging device;

the grinding vibration screening device is connected with a bauxite bin, the bauxite bin is connected with an upper feeding device, the feeding device is connected with an organic matter processing cavity, the corona discharge system is connected with the organic matter processing cavity, the bauxite processing device is connected with a discharging device, the discharging device is connected with a processed bauxite bin, and the processed bauxite bin is connected with a Bayer process alumina production process;

the grinding and screening device is used for grinding and screening the bauxite in a vortex mode, a linear mode, a jigging mode, a rotary mode, a swinging mode or a pair-roller mode, the vibration frequency is 6-700 times/min during vibration grinding and screening, the amplitude is 2-50 mm, and after treatment is finished, bauxite particles are 40-100 meshes; placing the ground and screened bauxite into a treated bauxite bin;

the feeding device feeds materials by using a super-concentrated phase conveying device or a vacuum feeding device and conveys the bauxite to an atmospheric micro-plasma bauxite processing device;

the super concentrated phase feeding is to convert the fluidization operation of a bauxite bed layer into a 'gas-solid two-phase' fluid. Therefore, the potential energy of the bauxite in the bauxite bin is transmitted to the flowing direction through the gas-solid two-phase fluid, a pressure gradient is formed, bauxite material columns with different heights are formed in each balance material column, and the bauxite material columns with different heights push the bauxite to move forwards in the direction lower than the material columns. The conveying capacity of the super-concentrated phase conveying device is 10-300 t/h; the flow rate is less than 0.28 m/s; pressure range: 2000 to 8000 Pa.

The vacuum feeding is carried out by negative pressure suction, the vacuum degree is controlled to be 5-90 kPa, the conveying amount per hour is 1-300 tons, and the power is 0.25-90 kW;

the corona discharge system comprises a discharge power supply, a multi-phase electrode and a grounding electrode; the discharge power supply generates high-frequency high-voltage current, the power is 50W-300 kW, the frequency is 10 Hz-6 GHz, the voltage is 1.0 KV-70 KV, and corona discharge atmospheric microplasma is generated between the multi-phase electrode and the grounding electrode; the distance between the multiphase electrode and the grounding electrode is 0.1-200 mm, and the generated atmospheric micro plasma is ensured to be fully contacted with bauxite particles;

the organic matter processing cavity receives corona discharge plasma generated by the corona discharge system and bauxite conveyed by the feeding device, and ensures that the processed bauxite is conveyed out. A stirrer or a crawler-type bauxite treatment bed is arranged in the organic matter treatment cavity; the size of the cavity of the organic matter processing cavity is (300-30000) mmX (200-20000) mmX (200-400000) mm, and the cavity is spherical, columnar or rectangular; the material of the cavity wall is stainless steel or carbon steel or alloy steel, so that uniform corona discharge atmospheric microplasma is generated in the cavity, and the cavity is provided with a feeding end and a discharging end; after the treatment is finished, the bauxite directly enters the discharging device from a discharging port at the discharging end; the outer shell of the cavity is arranged outside; a stirrer or a crawler-type bauxite treatment bed is arranged in the organic matter treatment cavity;

the stirrer ensures that plasma reaction is rapid and uniform in the bauxite processing process, and pushes the bauxite to a discharge hole after the bauxite processing is finished, and the rotating speed of the stirrer is 1-1000 r/min;

the treatment process of the crawler-type bauxite treatment bed is continuously carried out, the bauxite entering from the feeding hole is subjected to reaction treatment in the moving process along with the crawler, when the bauxite reaches the discharging hole, the bauxite is treated and enters the discharging device, and the moving speed of the crawler is 0.1-20 m/min; the bauxite processing time is 1-600 min, and the bauxite temperature is 100-150 ℃ during discharging;

the discharging device discharges materials by a bucket type discharging device or a spiral conveyor, and the bucket type discharging device or the spiral conveyor is provided with a protective cover;

further, the grinding and screening device adopts a Reynolds 520 linear vibrating screen or LN series circular vibrating screen or LNY600-2600 series swinging screen of Reynolds machinery Limited company in New county; or a PLPZ series composite crusher produced by Shicheng high-rotation bearing bush Limited liability company; the power of the crusher is 0.25-200 kW, and the particle size of the undersize bauxite is 40-100 meshes;

further, the super-concentrated phase feeding device adopts a PECHINEY super-concentrated phase conveying device. The conveying capacity is 10-300T/h; the flow velocity in the bauxite chute is less than 0.28 m/s; pressure range: 2000 and 8000 Pa.

Further, the vacuum feeder is used for sucking and conveying bauxite into the organic matter treatment cavity by using vacuum, such as a ZKS series electric vacuum feeding machine of Reynolds machinery Co., Ltd, in New rural areas, and the power is 0.25-30 kW;

further, the corona discharge system comprises a discharge power supply, a multi-phase electrode and a grounding electrode; the multi-phase electrode is connected with a discharge power supply through a lead, the discharge power supply provides high-frequency and high-voltage current, the power is 50W-300 kW, the frequency is 10 Hz-6 GHz, and the voltage is 1.0 kV-70 kV; the multiphase electrode is made of nickel-chromium wires or stainless steel wires, the diameter is 0.5-5 mm, the length is 30-300 mm, the number of phases is controlled to be 2-300, and the multiphase electrode keeps a certain distance from the grounding electrode, and air is ionized; the distance between the multi-phase electrode and the grounding electrode is 1.0 mm-300 mm; atmospheric microplasma corona discharge is formed in the space between the multiphase electrode and the grounding electrode, wherein the grounding electrode can be a cavity wall or a stirrer fan blade or a crawler-type bauxite treatment bed;

further, the organic matter treatment cavity is used for ensuring that uniform corona discharge atmospheric micro-plasma is formed in the cavity, the size of the cavity is 300-30000 mm multiplied by 200-20000 mm multiplied by 200-400000 mm, the material of the wall of the cavity is stainless steel or carbon steel or alloy steel, and the cavity is provided with a feeding end and a discharging end; after the treatment is finished, the bauxite directly enters the discharging device from a discharging port at the discharging end; the outer shell of the cavity is arranged outside; a stirrer or a crawler-type bauxite treatment bed is arranged in the organic matter treatment cavity; the multi-phase electrodes of the corona discharge system are distributed on the organic matter treatment cavity body, and the material of the cavity body wall is stainless steel or carbon steel or alloy steel; the wall of the organic matter treatment cavity or the stirrer or the crawler-type bauxite treatment bed is grounded to become a grounding electrode of the atmospheric micro-plasma discharge device, so that the inside of the organic matter treatment cavity is ensured to become an atmospheric micro-plasma corona discharge area; a plasma uniform distribution plate is arranged in the organic matter treatment cavity close to the multiphase electrode, so that uniform discharge atmospheric microplasmas are generated in the organic matter treatment cavity, the microplasmas uniform distribution plate is an aluminum oxide plate or a mullite plate, the thickness is 3-30 mm, and the gap between the microplasmas uniform distribution plate and the multiphase electrode is 3-30 mm; the feeding end of the organic matter treatment cavity is a bauxite inlet, and the discharging end is a treated bauxite outlet; the treated bauxite directly enters a discharging device from a bauxite outlet; the organic matter processing cavity is externally provided with a shell for protecting the multi-phase electrode, the shell can be made of stainless steel or carbon steel or alloy steel, and the distance between the shell and the bauxite cavity is set to be 200-800 mm; the discharge power supply is integrated between the organic matter processing cavity and the shell or is separately arranged; the bauxite is treated by the plasma for 5-600 min, and the bauxite is discharged at the temperature of 100-150 ℃;

preferably, a stirrer is arranged in the organic matter treatment cavity, a JBJ series stirrer, a DXJ series stirrer, a DJ series stirrer, an RF series stirrer, a KF series stirrer, a CV series stirrer or a BLD series stirrer of Dongyi machinery can be adopted, the power is 1.1-30 KW, and the stirrer is connected with a grounding electrode;

preferably, the width (500-2000) mm and the length (2000-380000) mm of the crawler-type bauxite treatment bed are arranged in the organic matter treatment cavity; the caterpillar band is made of stainless steel lining high-aluminum refractory material or Teflon; the moving speed of the crawler belt is 0.1-20 m/min, and the crawler belt type treatment bed is grounded;

further, the treated bauxite enters a treated bauxite bin through a discharging device; the discharging device adopts a bucket conveyor or a spiral conveyor to output bauxite, and the bucket conveyor or the spiral conveyor is provided with a protective cover; the bucket conveyor adopts a DS series bucket conveyor such as middling reloading; the spiral conveyor adopts a GX series conveyor like middling reloading;

furthermore, the control device is controlled by a PLC or an expert device, so that the accurate control and coordination of all programs in the processing process are ensured to be uniform, and the opening and closing of each link are uniformly coordinated by the programs of the control device. The PLC control adopts an ohm dragon NX7 controller series, an NX1 controller series, an NX1P controller series, an NJ controller series, an industrial PC platform NY series or an NX series I/O unit; the expert control device utilizes an expert control device, such as the Emerson Ovation expert control device.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an apparatus for treating organic matter in bauxite according to an embodiment of the present invention;

fig. 2 is a schematic view of another bauxite organic matter processing apparatus in embodiment 1 of the present invention:

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of another atmospheric microplasma corona discharge generating device in example 2 of this invention;

FIG. 4 is a left side view of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of another atmospheric microplasma corona discharge generating device in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional top view of FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is the XRD analysis pattern of the raw bauxite in example one;

FIG. 8 is an XRD analysis of example one bauxite after atmospheric microplasma corona discharge treatment;

FIG. 9 is an XRD analysis of example bauxite raw ore;

FIG. 10 is an XRD analysis of bauxite after atmospheric microplasma corona discharge treatment of example bauxite.

In the figure: 1. the device comprises a control device, 2, a grinding and screening device, 3, a bauxite bin, 4, a feeding device, 5, a corona discharge system, 6, an organic matter processing cavity, 7, a discharging device, 8, a processed bauxite bin, 9, a bauxite baffle, 10, a shell, 11, a bauxite inlet, 12, a bauxite height control plate, 13, a discharge power supply, 14, a multi-phase electrode, 15, a uniform distribution plate, 16, a crawler-type reaction bed, 17, a discharging baffle, 18, a discharging hole, 19, a storage tank, 20, a grounding electrode, 21 and a stirrer.

Detailed Description

Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following examples are only for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention more clearly, and therefore are only examples, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereby.

As shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, the method for removing organic matter from bauxite provided by the present invention comprises the following steps:

1. grinding and screening bauxite into particles of 40-100 meshes, and putting the particles into a bauxite bin for later use;

2. feeding the bauxite into an organic matter treatment cavity;

3. and starting a corona discharge device, inputting electromagnetic energy into the organic matter treatment cavity through the multi-phase electrode, ionizing air in the organic matter treatment cavity to generate micro plasma, continuously colliding and bombarding electrons and high-energy particles in the micro plasma with bauxite powder, dissociating hydrogen and active groups due to lower dissociation energy of C-H bond in the organic matter, and continuously performing excitation, ionization, recombination and three-body recombination reactions on the electrons, the hydrogen, the high-energy particles and the active groups to realize undifferentiated dissociation or oxidation of the organic matter in the bauxite, thereby eliminating the organic matter in the bauxite without influencing other components in the bauxite. After the treatment, the temperature of the bauxite is 100-150 ℃;

3-1, a crawler-type bauxite treatment bed is arranged in the organic matter treatment cavity, bauxite moves along with a crawler in the reaction, and enters a discharging device along with the crawler after the reaction is finished;

3-2, a stirrer is arranged in the organic matter treatment cavity, and bauxite is stirred while the plasma reaction is generated, so that the reaction is rapid and uniform, and the bauxite is convenient to discharge;

4. after the treatment is finished, the organic matters in the bauxite are dissociated and oxidized into CO₂、CO、H₂O and N₂；

5. After the treatment, the bauxite enters a treated bauxite bin through a discharging device and is transferred to a Bayer process alumina production process.

6. The whole process is controlled by PLC or AI artificial intelligence, which ensures that each process is continuous and orderly and ensures proper matching.

Under normal temperature and pressure, the voltage, frequency, power and phase difference of the power supply are adjusted, uniform corona discharge atmospheric microplasmas can be generated in the organic matter processing cavity, and the electrons and high-energy particles collide with each other and are excited to generate more high-energy electrons e^－*And a plurality of metastable active particles and active groups such as excited particles and the like undergo the following reactions through activation, dissociation, electronic collection and ionization:

O₂ →O₂ ^＋+ e^－*

N₂ →N₂ ^＋+ e^－*

N₂ →N + N^＋+ e^－

O₂ →O + O^＋ + e^－

N + e ^－*→N^*+ e^－

O + e^－ → O^－

O⁺+ N^* → O + N⁺

these high-energy electrons, ions, excited particles O^－、N^＋、O₂ ^＋、N₂ ^＋、O^－、N^*、O^*、、O₂ ^－The C-H with lower bond dissociation energy is quickly dissociated into electrons and active groups as a result of continuous collision bombardment with bauxite particles, and organic matter molecules are indiscriminately dissociated and oxidized as a result of combined action to finally become CO₂、CO、N₂And water. Due to the energy transfer of electrons and particles, the temperature of bauxite particles is increased in the treatment process, and the temperature of the bauxite is 100-150 ℃ after the reaction is finished; the bauxite particles after the treatment are sent to a treated bauxite bin and transferred to a Bayer process production flow.

The invention utilizes the collision excitation bombardment effect of electrons, ions and excited particles generated by atmospheric micro plasma corona discharge to dissociate and oxidize undifferentiated organic matters in the bauxite, thereby effectively solving the problem of organic matters in the bauxite.

The first embodiment is as follows: as shown in fig. 1, a bauxite organic matter removing apparatus includes: the device comprises a control device 1, a grinding and screening device 2, a bauxite bin 3, a feeding device 4, a corona discharge system 5, an organic matter treatment cavity 6, a discharging device 7 and a treated bauxite bin 8.

The control device 1 respectively grinds screening plant 2, bauxite storehouse 3, loading attachment 4, corona discharge system 5, organic matter processing chamber 6, discharging device 7, the bauxite storehouse 8 after handling.

Grinding and screening device 2 is connected bauxite storehouse 3, and bauxite storehouse 3 is connected loading attachment 4, and loading attachment 4 is connected organic matter processing chamber 6, and corona discharge device 5 is connected organic matter processing chamber 6, organic matter processing chamber 6 and is connected discharging device 7, discharging device 7 connection post-treatment bauxite storehouse 8, ore get into after-treatment bauxite storehouse 8 the processing back bauxite is sent to the Bayer process aluminium oxide production process and is carried out aluminium oxide production.

Fig. 3 and 4 show that the device for processing bauxite organic matter by atmospheric microplasma corona discharge comprises: the device comprises a bauxite baffle plate 9, a shell 10, a feeding hole 11, a bauxite height control plate 12, a discharge power supply 13, a multi-phase electrode 14, a uniform distribution plate 15, a crawler-type reaction bed 16, a discharging baffle plate 17, a discharging hole 18, a storage tank 19 and a grounding electrode 20.

Example two: as shown in fig. 2, the bauxite organic matter removing apparatus includes: the device comprises a control device 1, a grinding and screening device 2, a bauxite bin 3, a feeding device 4, a corona discharge system 5, an organic matter treatment cavity 6, a discharging device 7 and a treated bauxite bin 8.

The control device 1 respectively grinds screening plant 2, bauxite storehouse 3, loading attachment 4, corona discharge system 5, organic matter processing chamber 6, discharging device 7, the bauxite storehouse 8 after handling.

Grinding and screening device 2 is connected bauxite storehouse 3, and bauxite storehouse 3 is connected loading attachment 4, and loading attachment 4 is connected organic matter processing chamber 6, and corona discharge system 5 is connected organic matter processing chamber 6, and organic matter processing chamber 6 is connected discharging device 7, and discharging device 7 connection post-treatment bauxite storehouse 8, and the bauxite is sent to bayer process aluminium oxide production process and is carried out aluminium oxide production to the processing back bauxite storehouse 8 that gets into after the processing.

As shown in fig. 5 and fig. 6, another apparatus for treating bauxite organic matter by atmospheric microplasma corona discharge comprises: the device comprises a shell 10, a feed inlet 11, a discharge power supply 13, a multiphase electrode 14, a uniform distribution plate 15, a discharge outlet 18, a grounding electrode 20 and a stirrer 21.

Fig. 3 and 4 show: the shell 10 is used for protecting a device for processing bauxite organic matter by atmospheric micro-plasma corona discharge and is made of stainless steel or alloy steel or carbon steel;

the feeding hole 11 receives the bauxite sent by the feeding device 4 and sends the bauxite to a crawler-type treatment bed 16 arranged in the organic matter treatment cavity 6;

the feeding baffle 9 ensures that the bauxite moves on the crawler belt and along with the movement of the crawler belt and is made of refractory material plates;

the bauxite height control plate 12 controls the height of the bauxite on the track and is made of a refractory material plate;

the multiphase electrodes 14 are distributed around the cavity of the organic matter treatment cavity 6, the phase number is 2-300, the multiphase electrodes are made of nickel-chromium wires or stainless steel wires, the diameter phi is 1-5 mm, and the length is 5-100 mm; the crawler-type reaction bed 16 is connected with a grounding electrode 20;

the organic matter treatment cavity 6 ensures that uniform corona discharge atmospheric micro-plasma is formed in the cavity, a plasma uniform distribution plate 15 and a crawler-type reaction bed 16 are arranged in the cavity, the size of the cavity is (600-30000) mmX (600-20000) mmX (600-400000) mm, and the material of the wall of the cavity is stainless steel, alloy steel or carbon steel;

the discharge power supply 13 provides high-frequency high-voltage current, the power is 50W-300 kW, the frequency is 10 Hz-6 GHz, and the voltage is 1.0 KV-70 KV;

the crawler-type aluminum reaction bed 16 moves at a certain speed, the bauxite generates atmospheric micro-plasma corona discharge reaction in the advancing process, the bauxite enters the storage tank 19 through the discharge port 18 after the treatment, and the discharge direction is ensured by arranging the discharge baffle 17 at the discharge port; the width (500-2000) mm and the length (2000-380000) mm of the crawler-type aluminum reaction bed 16; the crawler belt is made of stainless steel or Teflon; the moving speed of the crawler belt is 0.1-20 m/min, the bauxite processing time is 1-600 min, and the bauxite temperature is 100-150 ℃ during discharging;

fig. 5 and 6 show: the shell 10 is used for protecting a device for processing bauxite organic matter by atmospheric micro-plasma corona discharge and is made of stainless steel or alloy steel or carbon steel;

the feeding hole 11 receives the bauxite sent by the feeding device 4 and sends the bauxite into the organic matter treatment cavity 6;

the multiphase electrodes 14 are distributed around the cavity of the organic matter treatment cavity 6, the phase number is 2-300, the multiphase electrodes are made of nickel-chromium wires or stainless steel wires, the diameter phi is 1-5 mm, and the length is 3-100 mm;

the organic matter treatment cavity 6 ensures that uniform corona discharge atmospheric microplasma is formed in the cavity, a microplasma uniform distribution plate 15 and a stirrer 21 are arranged in the cavity, and the number of phases of the multiphase electrode 16 is between 2 and 300; the size of the cavity is (200-10000) mmX (200-10000) mm, the material of the cavity wall is stainless steel or carbon steel or alloy steel, the stirrer 16 is connected with the grounding electrode 20, and the material of the cavity wall is stainless steel or alloy steel or carbon steel;

the discharge power supply 13 provides high-frequency high-voltage current, the power is 50W-300 kW, the frequency is 10 Hz-6 GHz, and the voltage is 1.0 KV-70 KV;

bauxite collides with corona discharge atmospheric micro-plasma in the organic matter treatment cavity 6 and reacts, and the stirrer 21 rotationally stirs bauxite particles in the treatment process to ensure that the plasma reaction is rapid and uniform; after the treatment is finished, the stirrer 21 pushes the bauxite into the discharging device 7 through the discharging hole 18;

the rotation speed of the stirrer 21 is 1-1000 r/min, the bauxite processing time is 1-600 min, and the bauxite temperature is 100-150 ℃ during discharging; the power of the stirrer 21 is 1.1-30 KW, and the rotating speed is 1-1000 r/min;

the discharging device 6 adopts a bucket conveyor or a spiral conveyor to output bauxite, and the bucket conveyor or the spiral conveyor is provided with a protective cover; the bucket conveyor is a DS series bucket conveyor such as middling reloading, the handling capacity is 30-500 t/h, the moving speed is 0.15-0.30 m/s, and the power is 1.5-75 kW; the spiral conveyor is a GX series or LS series spiral conveyor for re-loading middlings, the hourly processing capacity is 9-150 t/h, the rotating speed is 13-112 r/min, and the power is 1.1-55 kW; the bauxite processed by the discharging device enters a processed bauxite bin; after the bauxite is processed by the discharging device, the processed bauxite enters a processed bauxite bin;

the control device 1 is controlled by a PLC or an expert system, so that the accurate control and coordination of all programs in the processing process are ensured to be uniform, and the opening and closing of each link are uniformly coordinated by the programs of the control device. The PLC control adopts an ohm dragon NX7 controller series, an NX1 controller series, an NX1P controller series, an NJ controller series, an industrial PC platform NY series or an NX series I/O unit; the expert control system is controlled by, for example, the Emerson Ovation expert control system.

Example one

The grinding and screening device 2, the bauxite bin 3, the feeding device 4, the corona discharge system 5, the organic matter treatment cavity 6, the discharging device 7 and the treated bauxite bin 8 are sequentially started by utilizing PLC control through the control device 1. The control device 1 controls the front and back coordination of the whole device for processing bauxite organic matter by atmospheric micro-plasma corona discharge and the smooth operation of production.

Starting the grinding and screening device 2 through the control device 1, dividing the grinding and screening device into 40-70 meshes, and then sending the 40-70 meshes into the bauxite bin 3, wherein the hourly output of the grinding and screening device is 20t/h, and the granularity of the bauxite is 40-100 meshes during discharging and then sending the bauxite into the bauxite bin 3;

the feeding device 4 sends bauxite in the bauxite bin 3 to a crawler-type aluminum reaction bed 16 in the organic matter processing cavity 6 through a feeding hole 11, the bauxite baffle plate 9 and the bauxite height control plate 12 ensure that the bauxite bed layer is consistent in height along the moving direction of the crawler, the height of the bauxite bed layer on the crawler is 210mm, the width of the bauxite bed layer on the crawler is controlled to be 4000mm, the length of the crawler is 24 m, the moving speed of the bauxite bed layer is 0.4m/min, and the crawler is made of a stainless steel high-alumina lining refractory material;

and starting the atmospheric micro-plasma corona discharge device 5, and forming a plasma corona discharge area between the multiphase electrode 14 and the grounding electrode 20 in the organic matter treatment cavity 6 through the atmospheric micro-plasma uniform distribution plate 15. The maximum power of the discharge power supply 13 is controlled at 30KW, the frequency is controlled at 27.12KHz, the voltage is 10KV, and 14 phases of the multi-phase electrodes are 100;

the control device 1 controls the corona discharge system 5 to increase power proportionally with the increase of the bauxite amount, when the crawler-type bauxite treatment bed 16 reaches full load, the power is added to 30KW, and then the power of a discharge power supply is controlled and adjusted according to the bauxite temperature; in the bauxite processing process, the temperature is controlled every 3 meters (8 in total) on the length of the track, and the control device 1 controls the temperature to be 30 ℃, 45 ℃, 60 ℃, 80 ℃, 100 ℃, 120 ℃, 120 ℃ and 150 ℃ respectively; the bauxite discharging temperature is 150 ℃;

after the treatment, the bauxite enters a storage tank 19 from a discharge hole 18 at the discharge end of the crawler-type bauxite treatment bed 16, and a discharge baffle 17 ensures the discharge direction; the storage tank 19 is connected with the discharging device 7 and sends the bauxite to the treated bauxite bin 8 for standby;

table 1 shows the chemical composition analysis of the bauxite before and after atmospheric microplasma corona discharge treatment in example one. The analysis result shows that the organic matter content of the bauxite raw ore is 0.278 percent by weight, and the organic matter content of the bauxite is 0.105 percent by weight and is reduced by 62.20 percent before and after the bauxite raw ore is subjected to the atmospheric micro-plasma corona discharge treatment, so that the bauxite raw ore meets the use standard of the bauxite organic matter.

Table 1 comparison of chemical composition of bauxite treated in example 1

The XRD analysis result of fig. 7 shows that the main component phases of the raw bauxite ore are gibbsite, boehmite, kaolinite, anatase, hematite, cobblestone and organic matter.

Wherein:

gibbsite (PDF # 70-2038) corresponds to 22 peaks, which are 18.362 °, 20.379 °, 20.628 °, 26.594 °, 28.09 °, 36.486 °, 36.695 °, 37.162 °, 39.393 °, 41.769 °, 44.246 °, 45.519 °, 47.385 ° 50.627 °, 52.254 °, 63.878 °, 66.277 °, 66.727 °, 68.961 °, 72.759 °, 77.508 °, 79.303 °;

boehmite (PDF #21-1307) corresponds to 5 peaks which are 14.585 degrees, 28.281 degrees, 38.436 degrees, 49.311 degrees,

Kaolinite PDF #75-1593 corresponds to 9 peaks, which are 19.89 degrees, 35.46 degrees, 40.36 degrees, 41.6 degrees, 45.46 degrees, 49.43 degrees, 49.63 degrees, 54.35 degrees, 57.87 degrees, respectively;

anatase (PDF #21-1272) corresponds to 5 peaks which are 25.366 degrees, 53.95 degrees, 62.179 degrees, 62.748 degrees, 70.369 degrees,

Hematite (PDF #33-0664) corresponds to 5 peaks, 40.914 °, 54.149 °, 56.21 °, 62.509 °, 71.995 °;

cone stones (PDF #17-0470) correspond to 3 peaks, which are 32.897 degrees, 58.133 degrees and 71.671 degrees respectively;

in addition, there are a number of organic peaks 12.405 °, 21.273 °, 24.45 °, 24.88 °, 24.92 °, 33.278 °,35.307 °,47.594 °,50.597 °,55.467 °,58.618 °.

The XRD analysis result in figure 7 shows that the main phase composition of the treated bauxite is gibbsite, boehmite, kaolinite, anatase, hematite, iron carbonyl hydroxide and cobblestone.

Wherein gibbsite (PDF # 70-2038) corresponds to 19 peaks, which are 18.367 °, 20.602 °, 26.564 °, 26.946 °, 36.434 °, 37.712 °, 41.8 °, 44.193 °, 49.361 °, 52.195 °, 54.433 °, 63.785 °, 66.443 °, 68.852 °, 69.447 °, 75.985 °, 76.147 °, 77.256 °, 77.69 °;

boehmite (PDF #21-1307) corresponds to 5 peaks, which are 14.585 °, 28.281 °, 38.436 °, 49.311 °;

kaolinite (PDF # 78-2110) corresponded to 11 peaks, 12.447 °, 33.077 °, 41.672 °, 45.44 °, 47.307 ° 50.532 °, 54.689 °, 57.589 °, 62.538 °, 66.184 °, 66.792 °;

anatase (PDF # 73-1764) corresponds to 4 peaks, 25.367 °, 37.908 °, 54.05 °, 62.278 °;

hematite (DF # 85-0987) corresponds to 4 peaks, respectively; 33.211 °, 35.728 °, 39.319 °, 72.032 °;

cone stones (PDF #17-0470) correspond to 5 peaks, which are 18.505 degrees, 24.975 degrees, 27.966 degrees, 36.66 degrees, 50.725 degrees;

the carbonized hydroxyl iron (PDF # 84-0283) corresponds to 15 peaks which are 12.203 degrees, 12.347 degrees, 20.355 degrees, 24.737 degrees, 24.737 degrees, 25.289 degrees, 33.5 degrees, 33.616 degrees, 39.491 degrees, 40.113 degrees, 44.064 degrees, 44.304 degrees, 45.544 degrees, 45.793 degrees and 47.361 degrees respectively;

after the bauxite XRD analysis before and after the plasma treatment, the bauxite XRD analysis shows that the bauxite is almost unchanged after the plasma treatment, the kaolinite, the anatase and the hematite are subjected to crystal form change, organic matter peaks disappear, and a new compound of hydroxyl iron carbide appears. The results in table 1 show that the organic content is greatly reduced to an undetectable level after the corona discharge treatment by the atmospheric micro plasma, and the new compound iron carbonyl hydroxide should be the product of decarburization from the organic matter, and has no influence on bauxite dissolution.

Example two

The grinding and screening device 2, the bauxite bin 3, the feeding device 4, the corona discharge system 5, the organic matter treatment cavity 6, the discharging device 7 and the treated bauxite bin 8 are sequentially started by utilizing PLC control through the control device 1. The control device 1 controls the front and back coordination of the whole device for processing bauxite organic matter by atmospheric micro-plasma corona discharge and the smooth operation of production.

Starting the grinding and screening device 2 through the control device 1, dividing the grinding and screening device into 40-70 meshes, and then sending the 40-70 meshes into the bauxite bin 3, wherein the hourly output of the grinding and screening device is 5t/h, and the granularity of the bauxite is 40-100 meshes during discharging and then sending the bauxite into the bauxite bin 3;

the feeding device 4 sends the bauxite in the bauxite bin 3 into the organic matter processing cavity 6 through the feeding hole 11;

and starting the atmosphere plasma corona discharge device 5, and forming a plasma corona discharge area between the multiphase electrode 14 and the grounding electrode 20 in the organic matter treatment cavity 6 through the atmosphere micro-plasma uniform distribution plate 15. The maximum power of a discharge power supply 13 in the atmosphere plasma corona discharge device 5 is controlled to be 20KW, the frequency is controlled to be 2.45GHz, the voltage is 4KV, and 14 phases of multi-phase electrodes are 40;

the feeding device 4 sends bauxite in the bauxite bin 3 into the organic matter treatment cavity 6 through the feeding hole 11, when the adding amount of the bauxite reaches 10% vol of the organic matter treatment cavity, the stirrer 21 is started, the atmospheric plasma corona discharge device 5 is started at the same time, atmospheric micro-plasma corona discharge is formed between the multiphase electrode 14 and the grounding electrode 20 in the organic matter treatment cavity 6 through the atmospheric micro-plasma uniform distribution plate 15, and the rotating speed of the stirrer 21 is 10 r/min;

the power of the corona discharge system 5 is increased in proportion along with the increase of the adding amount of the bauxite, when the bauxite in the organic matter treatment cavity 6 reaches 2/3vol (5 t, the size of the inner cavity of the bauxite is phi 2500mm multiplied by 1500 mm), the power is added to 20KW, the temperature of the bauxite is controlled by the control device 1, and the highest temperature does not exceed 150 ℃; the treatment time is 120 min; the bauxite discharging temperature is 140 ℃; after the treatment is finished, the control device 1 closes the discharge power supply 13, and the stirrer 21 is used for pushing the bauxite to enter the discharging device 6 and enter the treated storage bin 7 for standby.

Table 2 shows the composition comparison of the raw bauxite and the bauxite of the second embodiment after the atmospheric micro-plasma corona discharge treatment. The result shows that the content of organic matters in the bauxite raw ore is 0.501 wt%, and the content of the organic matters in the bauxite raw ore is 0.150 wt% after the bauxite raw ore is treated by atmospheric micro-plasma corona discharge, so that the content of the organic matters is reduced by 70.00%, and the bauxite raw ore meets the use standard of the bauxite organic matters.

TABLE 2 comparison of bauxite treatment chemistries before and after plasma

FIG. 8 XRD analysis results show that the main phase composition of the raw ore of the bauxite in the example is gibbsite, boehmite, tricalcium aluminate, nickel titanate, gallium and GaO₂H. Hematite, spinel, and organic materials tetraphenylphosphine permanganate and p-nitrophenol.

Wherein gibbsite (PDF # 70-2038) occupies 39 peaks, which are 18.347 °, 20.582 °, 21.779 °, 28.039 °, 30.303 °, 31.694 °, 32.816 °, 33.132 °, 36.631 °, 38.336 °, 39.321 °, 40.183 °, 40.242 °, 41.127 °, 41.231 °, 44.256 °, 44.753 °, 45.603 °, 46.192 °, 50.076 °, 52.344 °, 54.413 °, 54.57 °, 55.406 °, 56.484 °, 58.07 °, 58.474 °, 60.015 °, 61.788 °, 62.489 °, 62.931 °, 66.423 °, 66.771 °, 67.909 °, 71.556 °, 77.38 °, 78.623 °, 79.13 °, 79.409 °, 79.519 °;

the hematite has two crystal forms, wherein the hematite (PDF # 85-0987) has 7 peaks of 24.22 degrees, 33.231 degrees, 35.748 degrees, 40.976 degrees, 62.616 degrees, 64.209 degrees and 79.031 degrees, and the hematite (PDF # 86-0550) (alpha-Fe)₂O₃) There are 5 peaks, 49.503 °, 57.647 °, 72 °, 77.78 °, 78.813 °;

crop (PDF #31-0540) has one peak 71.838 °;

potassium oxyhydroxide GaO₂H (PDF #06-0180) has 11 peaks, 21.417 °, 35.204 °, 36.589 °, 37.156 °, 40.659 °, 51.192 °, 53.929 °, 59.921 °, 63.969 °, 68.937 °, 72.613 °;

tricalcium aluminate (PDF #32-0148) has 18 peaks, 12.875 °, 21.014 °, 25.516 °, 26.627 °, 30.251 °, 37.057 °, 37.85 °, 39.636 °, 47.436 °, 47.834 °, 48.049 °, 50.373 °, 58.19 °, 58.936 °, 59.513 °, 62.184 °, 64.697 °, 68.27 °;

spinel (PDF #47-0254) has 11 peaks, 20.49 °, 28.76 °, 32.299 °, 33.895 °, 35.925 °, 41.363 °, 46.108 °, 66.238 °, 67.019 °, 69.264 °, 76.205 °;

nickel titanate (PDF #33-0960) has 5 peaks, 24.151 °, 41.899 °, 56.226 °, 64.088 °, 75.127 °;

organic parahydroxynitrophenol (PDF #50-2237) and tetraphenylphosphine permanganate (PDF #24-1874) peaks 12.553 °, 14.706 °, 17.793 °, 18.793 °, 25.3 °, 27.079 °, 33.645 °, 49.765 °, 54.127 °, 14.467 °, 25.308 °.

FIG. 8 XRD analysis result shows that the main phase composition of the treated bauxite is gibbsite, hematite, gallium arsenide and gallium oxyhydroxide GaO₂H. Tricalcium aluminate, spinel, nickel titanate. Wherein:

gibbsite occupies 39 peaks, 18.347 °, 20.338 °, 20.582 °, 26.544 °, 26.926 °, 28.039 °, 28.759 °, 33.847 °, 35.189 °, 35.841 °, 36.414 °, 36.631 °, 37.099 °, 37.692 °, 38.336 °, 40.126 °, 41.78 °, 43.391 °, 43.696 °, 44.173 °, 45.896 °, 46.192 °, 47.395 °, 49.228 °, 50.532 °, 52.175 °, 52.674 °, 54.413 °, 55.406 °, 55.847 °, 57.863 °, 58.581 °, 62.931 °, 63.765 °, 67.503 °, 67.909 °, 68.832 °, 69.427 °, 79.13 °;

hematite (PDF # 85-0987) has 8 peaks, 33.231 °, 35.748 °, 39.339 °, 49.594 °, 64.209 °, 66.212 °, 75.707 °, 79.031 °; hematite (PDF # 86-0550) (α -Fe2O 3) has 2 peaks, 43.547 °, 57.647 °, respectively;

the crop (PDF #31-0540) has three peaks, 40.46 °, 45.539 °, 62.54 °;

gallium oxyhydride GaO₂H (PDF #06-0180) has 10 peaks, 17.992 °, 21.417 °, 33.619 °, 37.156 °, 37.156 °, 45.704 °, 51.192 °, 53.929 °, 58.174 °, 62.384 °, 65.022 °, 66.701 °, 67.799 °, 68.937 °;

tricalcium aluminate (PDF #32-0148) has 18 peaks, 20.086 °, 21.014 °, 23.466 °, 25.516 °, 33.228 °, 35.597 °, 37.85 °, 38.852 °, 39.636 °, 44.507 °, 48.049 °, 50.788 °, 55.345 °, 55.776 °, 59.094 °, 59.513 °, 62.017 °, 69.824 °;

spinel (PDF #47-0254) has 11 peaks, 17.624 °, 27.234 °, 33.895 °, 38.253 °, 41.363 °, 41.705 °, 53.571 °, 56.114 °, 64.647 °, 67.019 °, 76.205 °;

nickel titanate (PDF #33-0960) has 6 peaks, 24.151 °, 33.109 °, 40.874 °, 49.468 °, 54.037 °, 78.871 °.

In the comparative example, the XRD phase composition and the peak value of the diaspore are found before and after the atmospheric micro-plasma corona discharge treatment, the organic matter peak disappears, the other phases are basically not changed, but two crystal forms of the hematite are mutually converted, the hematite (PDF # 85-0987) has one more peak, and the hematite (PDF # 86-0550) (alpha-Fe)₂O₃) From 5 peaks to 2 peaks, gallium from one peak to three peaks, gallium oxyhydroxide GaO₂H is less than one peak, which shows that after plasma treatment, the phase crystal form is changed while organic matters are reduced, and Ga and GaO₂H and activity are improved.

According to the results of the first embodiment and the second embodiment, the bauxite is treated by the corona discharge of the atmospheric micro-plasma, so that the organic matter content in the bauxite can be reduced to 0.1-0.15 wt% and 60-75 wt% on the premise of not damaging the original phase composition structure of the bauxite. Greatly reduces the influence of organic matters on the digestion performance in the bauxite digestion process, and is a method for directly solving the bauxite organic matters from the source, which has simple process and obvious effect.

In the description herein, references to the description of the terms "embodiment," "some embodiments," etc., mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the terms used above are not necessarily intended to refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples. Furthermore, various embodiments or examples and features of different embodiments or examples described in this specification can be combined and combined by one skilled in the art without contradiction.

Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and that variations, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to the above embodiments by those of ordinary skill in the art within the scope of the present invention.