阅读说明：本技术 在增材制造打印头中提供动态滚刀夹紧力的设备、系统和方法 (Apparatus, system, and method for providing dynamic hob clamping force in an additive manufacturing printhead ) 是由 S·克里姆扎克 L·罗杰斯 D·伯吉斯 于 2019-12-17 设计创作，主要内容包括：本公开具有以及包括用于增材制造的打印头的至少一种设备、系统和方法。所述设备、系统和方法可包括至少两个邻近的滚刀,其适于在其间接收和挤出用于所述增材制造的打印材料细丝；马达,所述马达能够将旋转赋予所述两个滚刀中的至少一个,其中所述挤出由所述旋转造成；动态力调节装置,其能够在所述两个滚刀中的一个上施加力,以将所述受力滚刀推向所述两个滚刀中的另一个；以及控制器,其与所述动态力调节装置通信连接,并且能够控制所述动态力调节装置的力的运用。(The present disclosure has and includes at least one apparatus, system, and method for a printhead for additive manufacturing. The apparatus, systems, and methods may include at least two adjacent roller cutters adapted to receive and extrude a printing material filament for the additive manufacturing therebetween; a motor capable of imparting rotation to at least one of the two roller cutters, wherein the extrusion results from the rotation; a dynamic force adjustment device capable of exerting a force on one of the two roller cutters to urge the stressed roller cutter toward the other of the two roller cutters; and a controller communicatively coupled to the dynamic force adjustment device and capable of controlling application of force by the dynamic force adjustment device.)

1. A printhead for additive manufacturing, comprising:

at least two adjacent roller cutters adapted to receive and extrude a filament of printing material therebetween for said additive manufacturing;

a motor capable of imparting rotation to at least one of the two roller cutters, wherein the extrusion results from the rotation;

a dynamic force adjustment device capable of exerting a force on one of the two roller cutters to urge the stressed roller cutter toward the other of the two roller cutters; and

a controller communicatively coupled with the dynamic force adjustment device and capable of controlling the application of force by the dynamic force adjustment device.

2. The printhead of claim 1, wherein both of the roller cutters are driven.

3. The printhead of claim 1, wherein the control of the force is in accordance with an algorithmic factor.

4. The printhead of claim 3, wherein the algorithmic factor is sensed by a sensor.

5. The printhead of claim 3, further comprising an encoder of the motor.

6. The printhead of claim 5, wherein the algorithmic factor is one of the motor encoding and a current draw of the motor.

7. The printhead of claim 3, wherein the algorithmic factor includes at least one of a filament type and a filament diameter.

8. The printhead of claim 3, wherein the algorithmic factor includes one of a print nozzle temperature, a build platform temperature, and a filament feed rate.

9. The printhead of claim 3, wherein the algorithmic factor comprises a print plan.

10. The printhead of claim 3, wherein the algorithmic factor comprises a print jam.

11. The printhead of claim 3, wherein the algorithmic factor comprises a motor current.

12. The printhead of claim 1, wherein the dynamic force adjustment device comprises a frictionless air cylinder.

13. The printhead of claim 1, wherein the dynamic force adjustment device comprises a piston cylinder.

14. The printhead of claim 1, wherein the dynamic force adjustment device comprises a mechanical screw.

15. The printhead of claim 1, wherein at least one of the roller cutters includes a gripping tooth.

16. The printhead of claim 1, wherein the applied force is constant.

17. The printhead of claim 1, wherein the applied force is pulsed.

18. The printhead of claim 1, wherein the controller is user-modifiable in printing.

19. The printhead of claim 1, wherein the force-urged hob is cam-driven.

20. The printhead of claim 1, wherein each of the two roller cutters has a diameter in a range of about 8mm to 40 mm.

21. The printhead of claim 1, wherein the motor comprises a servo motor.

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to additive manufacturing and, more particularly, to apparatus, systems, and methods of providing dynamic hob clamping force in an additive manufacturing printhead.

Description of the background

Additive manufacturing, including three-dimensional printing, has constituted a very significant advance not only in the development of printing technology, but also in product research and development capabilities, prototyping capabilities and experimental capabilities, for example. Of the available additive manufacturing (collectively "3D printing") technologies, material fused deposition ("FDM") printing is one of the most important types of 3D printing that has been developed.

FDM is an additive manufacturing technique that allows 3D elements to be created on a layer-by-layer basis, starting with a base or bottom layer of the printed element, and printed to the top or last layer by using, for example, heat and extruding thermoplastic filaments into successive layers. Briefly, an FDM system includes a print head in which a filament of printing material is fed through a material guide to a heated nozzle, an X-Y plane controller for moving the print head in the X-Y plane, printing a substrate on the print platform, and moving the print platform in the Z axis as successive layers are printed.

More particularly, the FDM printer nozzle heats a thermoplastic printing filament received from a material guide into a semi-liquid state and deposits the semi-liquid thermoplastic into variable sized beads along an X-Y plane extrusion path specified by a printing plan provided for each successive layer of the build element. The printed bead/trace size may vary based on the component or aspect of the component, and then printed. Further, if structural support for aspects of the component is required, the track printed by the FDM printer may include removable material to act as a scaffold to support aspects of the component that need to be supported. Therefore, FDM can be used to construct simple or complex geometries of experimental or functional components, e.g., for prototyping, low volume production, manufacturing aids, etc.

However, the use of FDM is severely limited in wider applications, such as medium to high volume production, due to a number of factors that affect FDM, particularly, printing speed, quality and efficiency of the FDM process. As mentioned, in FDM printing, a thermoplastic is typically extruded from a print head, then heated, and pushed outward from heated nozzles under the control of the print head onto a print plate/platform or previous layer of the part being produced. The nozzle is moved back and forth by mechanical X-Y plane adjustment of the print head according to a pre-input geometry, which may be input to a processor, for example, to control the movement of the mechanism to form the desired part.

Thus, due to the known properties of printheads, such as those commonly provided in FDM printing, limitations on the cost, efficiency, and performance of additive manufacturing often occur today. In short, in a typical known printhead, printing material is fed from a spool through two printing hobs which are forced into rotational contact so as to extrude the printing material towards the "hot end" of the printer. In known embodiments, the stepper motor may rotate either or both of the adjacent roller cutters with printing material therebetween to feed printing material from the spool to the hot end. However, current printing material feeds often nick or curl the filament, often due to improperly set forces applied to the hob, and further subject the printing material filament to various undesirable effects, such as compression, friction, and hysteresis.

Furthermore, the known art does not include means for dynamically adjusting the material feed to avoid the above mentioned scratches and curling of the feed material. More specifically, manual adjustment screws are typically used to adjust the material feed hob. Thus, if material feed errors such as curling, scoring, looping, etc. occur, the user will need to manually adjust the hob force using the aforementioned manual adjustment screw in order to take remedial action. Also, due to its imprecise manual nature, manual adjustment to address this problem is necessarily likely to be insufficient or inappropriate.

Background

Disclosure of Invention

The present disclosure has and includes at least one apparatus, system, and method for a printhead for additive manufacturing. The apparatus, systems, and methods may include at least two adjacent roller cutters adapted to receive and extrude a filament of printing material therebetween for additive manufacturing; a motor capable of imparting rotation to at least one of the two roller cutters, wherein the extrusion results from the rotation; a dynamic force adjustment device capable of exerting a force on one of the two roller cutters to urge the stressed roller cutter toward the other of the two roller cutters; and a controller communicatively coupled to the dynamic force adjustment device and capable of controlling the application of force by the dynamic force adjustment device.

Drawings

The disclosed non-limiting embodiments are discussed with respect to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof wherein like numerals designate like parts, and in which:

fig. 1 is a diagram of an additive manufacturing printer;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an exemplary additive manufacturing system;

FIG. 3 illustrates aspects of an additive manufacturing printhead;

FIG. 4 illustrates aspects of an additive manufacturing printhead;

fig. 5A and 5B illustrate aspects of an additive manufacturing printhead;

FIG. 6 illustrates aspects of an additive manufacturing printhead;

fig. 7 illustrates an exemplary additive manufacturing system;

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary computing system.

Detailed Description

The figures and descriptions provided herein may have been simplified to illustrate aspects that are relevant for a clear understanding of the devices, systems, and methods described herein, while eliminating, for purposes of clarity, other aspects that may be found in typical similar devices, systems, and methods. Thus, those skilled in the art may recognize that other elements and/or operations may be desirable and/or necessary to implement the devices, systems, and methods described herein. But because such elements and operations are known in the art, and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present disclosure, a discussion of such elements and operations may not be provided herein for the sake of brevity. The present disclosure, however, is considered to include all such elements, variations and modifications of the described aspects as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

The embodiments are provided throughout this disclosure so that this disclosure will be thorough and will fully convey the scope of the disclosed embodiments to those skilled in the art. Numerous specific details are set forth such as examples of specific components, devices, and methods to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that some of the specific disclosed details need not be employed, and that the embodiments may be embodied in different forms. Accordingly, the examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure. As noted above, well-known processes, well-known device structures, and well-known techniques may not be described in detail in some embodiments.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. For example, as used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" may also be intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms "comprises," "comprising," "including," and "having," are inclusive and therefore specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. The steps, processes, and operations described herein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring their performance in the particular order discussed or illustrated, unless specifically identified as a preferred or required order of performance. It should also be understood that additional or alternative steps may be employed in place of or in combination with the disclosed aspects.

When an element or layer is referred to as being "on," "engaged to," "connected to" or "coupled to" another element or layer, it may be directly on, engaged, connected or coupled to the other element or layer, or intervening elements or layers may be present, unless expressly stated otherwise. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being "directly on," "directly engaged to," "directly connected to" or "directly coupled to" another element or layer, there may be no intervening elements or layers present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a similar manner (e.g., "between" versus "directly between," "adjacent" versus "directly adjacent," etc.). Further, as used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

Furthermore, although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Terms such as "first," "second," and other numerical terms, when used herein, do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the embodiments.

Embodiments are and include automatic and/or real-time dynamic variation of force applied between hobs to feed a filament of printing material through an additive manufacturing printhead, such as an FDM printhead. That is, in contrast to known techniques, embodiments can modify the force applied between the hobs of the printed filament before and during a print run with very high specificity and repeatability. Thus, the dynamic variability of the hob force in the printing provided in the embodiments provides a significant advantage over the known art, where the hob force remains constant for the duration of the printing run.

Fig. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary FDM printer 100. In this illustration, the printer includes an X-Y axis drive 102 adapted to move the printhead 104, and thus the print nozzles 106, in a two-dimensional plane, i.e., along the X and Y axes. Also included in the printer 100 for additive manufacturing is the aforementioned printhead 104, which includes a material guide 104a, a heater 104b, and a print nozzle 106. As is evident from fig. 1, printing can occur as the heated printing material flows outwardly from the nozzle 106 along the Z-axis relative to the X-Y plane movement of the X-Y driver 102. Thus, a layer of printing material 110 may be provided from nozzles 106 onto build plate 111 along a path indicated by X-Y driver 102 to form layer 113.

According to some embodiments, a servo or stepper motor 602 may be used to drive one or both roller cutters 103. A motor encoder 604 may also be provided with the motor 602, as discussed further below. The use of an encoder may allow for monitoring of slippage, motor reaction forces, etc., such as by the controller 1100, so that adjustments may be made to maintain a desired and consistent filament feed speed. Accordingly, an encoder 604, such as an integrated magnetic encoder, may be provided in association with the platen 103 and/or the driver motor 602 to provide enhanced print resolution and control due to improved motor position estimation, as will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the relevant art.

More particularly, printhead 104 provides the function of using a hob cutter 103 driven by motor 602 to extrude a print filament 110 through material guide 104a into hot end 106 at a speed dictated by the rotation of hob cutter 103. That is, the filament-based printer uses the aforementioned hob-based feed mechanism to move the printing material filament 110 through the material guide 104a and into the heated nozzle 106 with high precision and at a controlled feed rate associated with the printing plan, i.e., closely related to the X-Y and Z-axis motion performed by the print driver in accordance with the printing plan as described above. It should be noted that it is desirable that the printhead 104 be able to easily dynamically change from an effective filament feed speed to a zero speed, and from zero to an effective filament feed speed, to optimally execute any print plan.

Fig. 2 shows in more detail the printhead 104, material guide 104a, heater 104b and nozzle 106 system for an exemplary additive manufacturing apparatus, such as a 3-D printer, for example an FDM printer. As shown, the printing material 110 is extruded from a spool of printing material 110a via the roller cutter 103 of the head 104 into a material guide 104a through which the printing material 110 passes to a heater 104b that heats the printing material 110 to at least a semi-liquid state so that the printing material 110 can be printed through the nozzles 106. That is, as the heater 104b heats the printing material 110, the printing material at least partially liquefies to pass through the nozzles 106 for output from the end ports 106a of the nozzles at points along the nozzles away from the printhead 104. As such, the extruded material "prints" outward from the port 106a along the Z-axis and along the X-Y planar path determined by the print plan 104a executed by the controller 1100 associated with the printhead 104.

Specifically, the printhead 104 feeds a printing material filament 110 into an upper portion of the material guide 104a, and heat applied to the filament 110 by the heater 104b causes a portion of the filament 110 to melt as it passes through the transition point 105. It will be appreciated that if the speed at which the hob cutter 103 of the printhead 104 feeds the filament 110 to the heater 104b exceeds the melting capability of the system, the unmelted portion of the printing filament 110 will penetrate the transition point 105 and may clog the nozzle 106.

Fig. 3 specifically illustrates the engagement 304 of the hob 103 with the printing material filament 110, as those terms are used herein. As discussed throughout, this engagement length 304 is caused by the diameter of the roller cutters 103 and is a result of the force applied to push the roller cutters together. In an embodiment, an exemplary diameter of hob 103 may be, for example, in the range of 8mm-40 mm.

Furthermore, as shown in the exemplary embodiment of fig. 4, a series of teeth 402a, 402b may be provided on each hob 103 and/or on each half hob 103a, 103 b. As a non-limiting example, the teeth 402 may have a sharp surface, for example, to enhance gripping of the filament 110. It is noted that the teeth 402 of the roller cutters 103 may optionally be offset relative to the mating set of teeth 402a, 402b on each half roller cutter 103a, 103 b.

Fig. 5A and 5B illustrate exemplary components for applying force to hob 103. It is noted that, as described above, in some embodiments, only one "drive hob" may be driven by the motor 602, while the opposite hob may be passive, or both hobs may be driven. In either case, either or both of the undriven roller cutters or the driven roller cutters in such embodiments may include one or more force adjusters 502 associated therewith to adjust the force applied by the roller cutters to the printing material filament 110.

The roller cutters 103a bearing the force adjusters 502 may be spring loaded, cam driven or otherwise press 502b against the drive roller cutters on the force adjusters 502a to provide gripping of the filaments between the roller cutters 103 and/or to provide relative adjustability to allow for different filament sizes. For example, the force adjuster 502 may include movement toward or away via a cam or the like 502b, such as by rotational adjustment of a threaded adjustable force element 502 as shown in fig. 5A, as a non-limiting example, to push a hob 103A associated with the force adjuster 502 closer or further away from another hob 103, depending on the direction of the force adjuster 502, which necessarily changes the force applied by the hob 103 to the printing material filament 110.

A typical spring-loaded force mechanism 502 for pressing the non-driving hob 103a against the driven hob 103B with a suitable force is shown in fig. 5B (a). Notably, as is evident in fig. 5B, it is often the case that the spring-loaded mechanism 502 can be manually adjusted to change the applied force to a desired level.

Manual adjustment of the spring-loaded mechanism 502 accounts for a number of process variables in the printing process, particularly process variables that depend on differences in the size and composition of the printing material filaments. By way of example, the printing material may vary from soft TPU to PLA, to ABS, to glass filled or high temperature filaments, and each of these requires a different optimized compression load on the printing feed hob 103. Of course, the diameter of the filament may also vary, which also requires manual adjustment of the spring loader 502 described above.

Fig. 6 shows an extrusion printhead 104 comprising two roller cutters 103. It is noted that one or both roller cutters as shown may be driven, for example, by a motor, as discussed throughout this document. Further, as described above, either or both roller cutters may have precise codes associated therewith.

At least one roller cutter 103A may be subject to automatic dynamic force adjustment 704, such as may be provided by an air spring, rather than the manual, non-dynamic compression spring 502 shown in fig. 5A and 5B. The dynamic spring force 704 is then communicatively associated, such as by wire or wirelessly, with one or more controllers 1100 that control the force exerted by the dynamic spring force 704, for example, using one or more spring regulators as discussed below and in response to one or more control algorithms 1190.

As used herein, "air spring" is discussed only as an example. That is, the dynamic spring force 704 may include any electronically controllable low friction spring and/or spring cylinder, i.e., embodiments may include any dynamic spring force 704 actuated in any manner that enables real-time precise control of the roll bar force by the controller 1100. As non-limiting examples, the dynamic force mechanism 704 may include a very low friction air-pot cylinder or piston/cylinder. By way of additional example, similar to that discussed above with respect to fig. 5, the motor 706 may automatically drive the machine screw 704 in response to the controller 1100 to dynamically compress or decompress a mechanical spring associated with the machine screw 704 to provide a dynamic spring force.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that additive manufacturing systems may have multiple parameters that vary depending on the feeding of the printing material. In addition to the above-described material types and filament diameters, these parameters may include nozzle temperature, base platform temperature, filament feed rate, and the like. In this way, the parameters may vary not only with the details of the feed material 110, but also according to the printing plan and/or other equipment, and embodiments are adapted to automatically and repeatably adjust the air spring pressure in accordance with algorithm 1190 as needed to modify any such factors.

By way of non-limiting example, TPU filaments may work best with low hob force, while filaments with high glass content may require higher hob force. Furthermore, printing schemes requiring high speed filament feeding may require a high hob force that is constant or only at discrete times. Additionally, the above-mentioned hob encoder 604 may indicate a change in hob force for any of a variety of conditions discussed herein or otherwise known to those skilled in the art, such as corresponding to a change in filament thickness.

In addition, the controller 1100 may use feedback or prediction to change the hob force delivered by the dynamic force adjustment 704. That is, dynamic changes in the squeegee force may be caused, such as by sensing printing activity by sensor 802, or advanced knowledge of the upcoming printing action in the printing plan (such as may form part of algorithm 1190) by controller 1100 may be used to select changes in the squeegee force. For example, the hob force may vary based on a look-ahead at the upcoming printing action and an algorithmic expectation of the subsequent requirements of the extruder by control algorithm 1190. In one such exemplary case, the hob force may be increased when a high acceleration or deceleration is about to occur. In this way, the required squeegee force can be increased just before it is needed, rather than unnecessarily applying a higher squeegee force during printing, which can impair the printing process.

As mentioned, the controller may also employ feedback, such as sensor-based feedback 802, in selecting the hob force. For example, motor current or torque feedback may be evaluated in real time, e.g., by sensing 802, and used to control the hob force, i.e., if the load on the motor increases, the hob force also increases; if the load on the motor is reduced, the hob force is also reduced. Similarly, force feedback at the nozzle 106 may be used by the controller to select the hob force required to optimize the feed of the filament 110.

Other system sensing 802 may also provide direct or indirect feedback for a selected hob force. By way of non-limiting example, the nozzle temperature may be sensed and used to select the hob force-i.e., if the nozzle temperature drops, more hob force is required to drive the thin wire 110.

Additionally, embodiments may provide pre-printing and/or treatment actions that may or may not be related to printing and printing plans. For example, in embodiments, the hob force may be dynamically controlled, e.g. by pulsing, e.g. wherein a large force is pulsed on the hob to improve the grip on the filament, e.g. while slipping or while starting material feed. In this case, once the grip is sufficiently improved, the controller may reduce the hob force for the steady state printing plan run. The high force pulses also cause the hob teeth to penetrate deeper into the filament.

Needless to say, the constant or pulsating automatic hob force discussed throughout may also constitute a reduced force or a reduced force pulse, i.e. retraction of the hob 103, and the automatic dynamic force mechanism 704 may be applied to the drive hob, the non-drive hob or both hobs. As a non-limiting example, the drive hob may be automatically retracted to provide clearance for loading or unloading the filament. It will be appreciated that the foregoing may enable automatic loading and unloading of the filaments.

The controller 1100 may be, for example, pre-programmable, or may be manually modified. That is, controller 1100 may store, for example in one or more computational memories as described below, a preprogrammed relationship between the filament 110 used (e.g., by filament type and/or diameter) and the force thus applied to the hob 103 by dynamic force mechanism 704; and/or a user may input to the controller 1100 the corresponding force to be applied in a given environment to control the dynamic force mechanism 704.

As described above, the controller 1100 controls the applied hob force based on any of the exemplary print run factors discussed. As a non-limiting example, the controller 1100 may include a programmable "smart" regulator that, once programmed, is adapted to rapidly change the pressure in the cylinder of the dynamic force 704 under certain circumstances, which correspondingly changes the force applied to the hob(s) in real time. Additionally and alternatively, the regulator may be subject to external control, such as running one or more control algorithms 1190 via wired or wireless communication with one or more remote processors, acting as the controller 1100. In each such case, the controller 1100 optimizes the applied hob force to control the load on the extruder hardware and motors and the load on the filaments.

One skilled in the art will appreciate from the discussion herein that embodiments may be used to apply dynamic forces to an extruder at any point in an additive manufacturing system. For example, some additive manufacturing systems may have multiple extruders, such as one extruder at the print head, as detailed in the examples provided herein, and one extruder at the material supply point. Alternatively, the support material 890 may be fed via a different set of roller cutters 892 than the roller cutters 103 used to print the build material filament 110, as shown in fig. 7.

Further, in addition to dynamic force adjustment, embodiments are automated using control 1100 such that the setting of force between prints can be repeated. For example, when the printed material is switched from soft TPU to PLA, ABS, and high temperature PEEK with glass filler, the force on the hob must be changed to feed properly. However, rather than using a manual tool, embodiments provide for programmatically and repeatably setting the hob force.

FIG. 8 depicts an exemplary computing system 1100 for use in connection with the systems and methods described herein. The computing system 1100 is capable of executing software, such as an Operating System (OS) and/or one or more computing applications 1190, such as an application that includes and applies the algorithms 1190 discussed throughout, and may execute such applications, such as by sending data from the I/O ports and by controlling one or more of the hob motors 602 and the hob force mechanisms 704 using data (e.g., sensor data) received at the I/O ports.

The algorithm 1190 may include: a comparison of the current sensor reading to stored readings, wherein the stored readings correspond, alone or in combination with other parameters, to one or more center force adjustments for execution by dynamic force adjustment 704; and/or by way of non-limiting example, a relational database of filament parameters for hob-force adjustment. Algorithm 1190 may additionally include one or more rule sets or rule engines, for example.

The operation of exemplary computing system 1100 is governed primarily by computer readable instructions, such as instructions stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as Hard Disk Drive (HDD)1115, an optical disk (not shown), such as a CD or DVD, a solid state drive (not shown), such as a USB "thumb drive". These instructions may be executed within a Central Processing Unit (CPU)1110 to cause the computing system 1100 to perform operations discussed throughout this document. In many known computer servers, workstations, personal computers, and the like, the CPU 1110 is implemented in an integrated circuit called a processor.

It is to be appreciated that while the exemplary computing system 1100 is shown as including a single CPU 1110, such depiction is merely illustrative as the computing system 1100 may include multiple CPUs 1110. In addition, computing system 1100 may utilize resources of a remote CPU (not shown), for example, through communications network 1170 or some other data communication means.

In operation, the CPU 1110 obtains, decodes, and executes instructions from a computer-readable storage medium, such as HDD 1115. Such instructions may be included in software such as an Operating System (OS), executable programs, and the like. Information, such as computer instructions and other computer-readable data, is transferred between components of computing system 1100 via the system's primary data transfer path. The main data transmission path may use the system bus architecture 1105, although other computer architectures (not shown) may be used, such as architectures that use a serializer and deserializer and a crossbar switch to transfer data between devices over a serial communication path. The system bus 1105 may include data lines for sending data, address lines for sending addresses, and control lines for sending interrupts and for operating the system bus. Some buses provide bus arbitration that regulates access to the bus through expansion cards, controllers, and the CPU 1110.

Memory devices coupled to system bus 1105 may include Random Access Memory (RAM)1125 and/or Read Only Memory (ROM) 1130. Such memories include circuitry that allows information to be stored and retrieved. The ROM 1130 typically contains stored data that cannot be modified. Data stored in RAM 1125 may be read or changed by CPU 1110 or other hardware devices. Access to RAM 1125 and/or ROM 1130 may be controlled by memory controller 1120. The memory controller 1120 may provide address translation functionality that translates virtual addresses to physical addresses when executing instructions. The memory controller 1120 may also provide memory protection functions that isolate processes within the system and isolate system processes from user processes. Thus, a program running in user mode typically has access only to memory mapped by its own process virtual address space; in this case, the program cannot access memory within the virtual address space of another process unless memory sharing between processes has been established.

Additionally, computing system 1100 may include a peripheral communication bus 135 that is responsible for transmitting instructions from CPU 1110 to and/or receiving data from peripheral devices, such as peripherals 1140, 1145, and 1150, which may include printers, keyboards, and/or sensors, encoders, etc., as discussed throughout this document. One example of a peripheral bus is a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus.

A display 1160, controlled by the display controller 1155, may be used to display visual output and/or presentations generated by or at the request of the computing system 1100, in response to operation of the computing program described above. Such visual output may include, for example, text, graphics, animated graphics, and/or video. Display 1160 may be implemented with a CRT based video display, an LCD or LED based display, a gas plasma based flat panel display, a touch panel display, or the like. Display controller 1155 includes the electronic components necessary to generate the video signals that are sent to display 1160.

Further, the computing system 1100 may include a network adapter 1165, which may be used to couple the computing system 1100 to an external communications network 1170, which may include or provide access to the internet, an intranet, an extranet, and so forth. The communications network 1170, which may provide user access to the computing system 1100, has means for electronically communicating and transferring software and information. In addition, the communications network 1170 may provide distributed processing involving several computers and sharing of workloads or collaborative work in performing tasks. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computing system 1100 and a remote user may be used.

The network adapter 1165 may communicate with the network 1170 using any available wired or wireless technology. By way of non-limiting example, such technologies may include cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, infrared, and the like.

It is to be understood that exemplary computing system 1100 illustrates a computing environment in which the systems and methods described herein may operate, and is not intended to limit implementation of the systems and methods described herein in computing environments with different components and configurations. That is, the concepts described herein may be implemented in a variety of computing environments using a variety of components and configurations.

In the foregoing detailed description, various features may be grouped together in various embodiments for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that any subsequently claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited.

Furthermore, the description of the present disclosure is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the disclosed embodiments. Various modifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.