Flower thinning composition and flower thinning method using same
阅读说明：本技术 疏花组合物和使用该疏花组合物的疏花方法 (Flower thinning composition and flower thinning method using same ) 是由 张仁国 于 2018-11-15 设计创作，主要内容包括：本公开涉及一种疏花组合物,其以低浓度喷洒时对蜜蜂是安全的,还涉及一种使用该疏花组合物的疏花方法。(The present disclosure relates to a thinning composition which is safe to bees when sprayed at a low concentration, and a thinning method using the thinning composition.)
1. A flower thinning composition comprising: is selected from C6-C12At least one of fatty alcohols; or is selected from C6-C12At least one of methyl esters of fatty acids; or C with one or more double bonds10-C18At least one of fatty alcohols; or is selected from C6-C8At least one aromatic alcohol, and at least one emulsifier; wherein said thinning composition is safe to bees when sprayed at an alcohol concentration of 0.01% to 0.8%.
2. The flower thinning composition according to claim 1, comprising an alcoholic emulsifiable concentrate obtained by mixing the fatty alcohol or aromatic alcohol with at least one emulsifier.
3. The flower thinning composition according to claim 2, wherein the emulsifier is a non-ionic emulsifier.
4. The flower thinning composition according to claim 2, wherein the emulsifier is selected from at least one of the following: tween-80 (POE (20) sorbitan monooleate), tween-20 (POE (20) sorbitan monolaurate), tween-60 (POE (20) sorbitan monostearate), span-80 (sorbitan monooleate), span-20 (sorbitan monolaurate), fatty acid ethoxylates or glycerol stearate, and wherein the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance is optimised.
5. Flower thinning composition according to claim 2, wherein the emulsifier is present in the form of an emulsifiable concentrate of fatty alcohol or C6-C123-50 wt% of methyl esters of fatty acids.
6. Flower thinning composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein C is6-C12The fatty alcohol is 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-nonanol, 1-decanol, 1-undecanol, 1-dodecanol, or 2-ethyl-1-hexanol.
7. Flower thinning composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the C having one or more double bonds10-C18The fatty alcohol is oleyl alcohol.
8. Flower thinning composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein C is6-C8The aromatic alcohol is cyclohexanol.
9. Flower thinning composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the group C is C6-C12At least one of the methyl esters of fatty acids is methyl octanoate or methyl decanoate or a mixture thereof.
10. Synergistic thinning composition according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said compounds selected from C6-C12At least one of the fatty alcohols is two selected from the fatty alcohols, and is a mixture of 1-octanol and 1-decanol.
11. A flower thinning method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the spraying time of the flower thinning composition is when the lateral bloom is full.
12. Flower thinning method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the alcohol concentration of the flower thinning composition is 0.05% (v/v) to 0.2% (v/v) at the time of spraying.
Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a thinning composition which is safe to bees when sprayed at a low concentration, and a thinning method using the thinning composition.
Perennial fruit trees, such as apples, pears, oranges, peaches and the like, can bear fruits once every two years. That is, if these fruit trees are capable of fruitful in good climatic conditions for one year, they run out of nutrients and therefore produce very small numbers of flowers and fruits the next year. In addition, fruit trees have great fruit in the year, and the fruit trees are small in size and poor in quality.
In order to harvest a predetermined amount of high-quality fruits per year in the cultivation of fruit trees, flower thinning and fruit thinning are performed to keep the fruits at a predetermined level. Before flower thinning or fruit thinning with chemical agents, a great deal of labor is required to manually remove flowers or young fruits. Currently, flower thinning or fruit thinning is performed manually with chemical agents.
A flower thinning composition, a flower thinning agent, refers to an agent that causes flowers and young fruits to fall off by preventing pollen from germinating or interfering with fertilization to control fruit bearing.
Background
Flower thinning agents based on chemical agents, fertilizers such as lime-sulfur mixtures or urea are initially used at high concentrations (1% to 6%) to injure and burn the pistil, stamen, petal, receptacle or pedicel of the flower, thereby preventing fertilization, or to produce ethylene at the injured site and activate abscission at the base of the pedicel, resulting in the fall of the flower. Ethylene, a gaseous plant hormone, is called a hormone, is involved in fruit ripening, plant senescence, and the like, and causes defoliation or fruit drop by activating the abscission layer of a petiole or a pedicel. Recently, Ammonium Thiosulfate (ATS), a fertilizer, has been considered to be a more effective fertilizer flower thinning agent than either lime-sulfur mixtures or urea. However, the effect of this material is not uniform depending on the weather conditions, soil and crop conditions, and the material is difficult to use. In some cases, it is used in a high concentration, and thus may damage young leaves, receptacle, pedicel, young fruits, etc. Furthermore, it is well known that ATS interferes with photosynthesis and impairs the growth of the whole fruit tree, and if the volume of the ATS solution sprayed is reduced, ATS is effective only when it is sprayed at a high concentration (10% or more), but in this case, it may cause phytotoxicity of fruits and buds.
In addition to fertilizers, a number of chemical agents were tested to examine their thinning effect, and fatty acids and derivatives thereof were registered as U.S. patents (U) in the early 1990 sS5242891A, entitled "thinning method comprising applying fatty acid or derivative thereof to flowers"). However, these fatty acids are not approved as thinning agents in some European countries, since they are phytotoxic to young leaves and highly toxic to bees (EFSA Journal, 2013; 11 (1): 3023 for active C7To C18Conclusion of peer review of pesticide risk assessment of fatty acids (approved as C according to the regulations (EC) No 1107/2009)7To C20Fatty acids)).
When the bees collect pollen and pollinate the flowers, the flower thinning agent is sprayed. Therefore, substances safe to bees are required. In particular, in recent years, the number of bees in the world is rapidly decreasing, thus limiting the use of fatty acids or oils that are highly toxic to bees.
Fatty alcohols are capable of withering and killing young leaves, new or axillary and terminal buds of plants at high concentrations (2% to 8% by volume). It is known that the wilting effect can be synergistically increased when aliphatic alcohols having different numbers of carbon atoms are mixed together (US 5424272A: In-Kook Chang, 1995; fatty alcohol compositions and methods of controlling axillary and terminal buds of agronomic, horticultural and forest crops).
For example, non-emulsified pure fatty alcohols are phytotoxic to plants. However, when the fatty alcohol emulsified with the emulsifier is diluted in water to a concentration of 4% to 6% and sprayed, it can wither and kill tobacco axillary buds, but has little or no phytotoxicity to branches and leaves. Therefore, it is used as an inhibitor of tobacco axillary bud growth (S.L, Steffens, T.C.Tso and D.W.Spaulding; fatty alcohols inhibit the growth of tobacco axillary buds and terminal buds; J.Agr.food chem Vol 15, No 6:972-975, 1967). Utilizing the above effects, E.D. Coneva and J.A. Cline test peach trees for flower thinning using 3-4% of n-decanol (1-decanol), but have significant phytotoxicity to peach leaves (Hortsccience 41 (5): 1253-.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem
The chemical thinning agent according to the present disclosure can exhibit a sufficient thinning effect in the concentration and the spraying amount of the agent used, a method of using the agent, and the timing of using the agent, while minimizing the change depending on the growth conditions of the climate, soil, fertilizer application and variety, should not be phytotoxic to leaves (e.g., young leaves) and fruit-forming parts within a range acceptable to users, and should be harmless to insects (e.g., bees) mediating pollen fertilization, within a range registerable as agricultural chemicals.
Further, the present disclosure aims to provide a thinning composition comprising a fatty alcohol having low toxicity to bees or no toxicity to bees at a minimum low concentration effective for thinning.
In addition, the present disclosure aims to provide a range of use concentrations of the fatty alcohol formulation that maximizes efficacy, minimizes phytotoxicity, and is at the same time less or harmless to bees.
Technical scheme
In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problems,
an flower thinning composition according to the present disclosure may comprise: is selected from C6-C12At least one of fatty alcohols; or is selected from C6-C12At least one of methyl esters of fatty acids; or C with one or more double bonds10-C18At least one of fatty alcohols; or is selected from C6-C8At least one aromatic alcohol.
Further, the flower thinning composition may comprise an alcohol emulsion obtained by mixing the aliphatic alcohol or aromatic alcohol with at least one emulsifier.
Further, the C6-C12The fatty alcohol may be 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-nonanol, 1-decanol, 1-undecanol, 1-dodecanol or 2-ethyl-1-hexanol.
Furthermore, the radicals are selected from C6-C12At least one of the methyl esters of fatty acids may be methyl octanoate or methyl decanoate or a mixture thereof.
Furthermore, said C having one or more double bonds10-C18The fatty alcohol is oleyl alcohol.
Further, the C6-C8The aromatic alcohol may be cyclohexanol.
Further, the emulsifier may be a nonionic emulsifier.
Further, the emulsifier may be selected from at least one of: tween-80 (POE (20) sorbitan monooleate), tween-20 (POE (20) sorbitan monolaurate), tween-60 (POE (20) sorbitan monostearate), span-80 (sorbitan monooleate), span-20 (sorbitan monolaurate), fatty acid ethoxylates or glycerol stearate, such that the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of the emulsifier is optimised.
In addition, the emulsifier may be present in an amount of 3 to 50 wt% of the fatty alcohol.
In addition, at least one selected from C6-C12Among the alcohols of the fatty alcohol, two different alcohols selected from the above fatty alcohols may be a mixture of 1-octanol and 1-decanol.
In one flower thinning method according to the present disclosure, the spraying time of the flower thinning composition may be when the lateral flower blooms.
Further, the alcohol concentration of the flower thinning composition may be 0.01% (v/v) to 0.8% (v/v), more preferably 0.05% (v/v) to 0.2% (v/v) at the time of spraying.
Advantageous effects
The flower thinning agents described in the present disclosure exhibit sufficient flower thinning effect and at the same time are not phytotoxic to leaves (e.g., young leaves) and fruit-forming parts, and are less harmful or harmless to insects (e.g., bees) that mediate pollen fertilization.
In addition, the flower thinning agent has an effect of minimizing changes according to growth conditions such as climate, soil, fertilizer application and variety.
Detailed Description
Hereinafter, the thinning agent of the present disclosure, which includes a low concentration of fatty alcohol safe to bees, will be described in more detail.
The present disclosure is directed to providing a flower thinning composition comprising a specific fatty alcohol or an alcohol mixture obtained by mixing specific fatty alcohols in a specific ratio, wherein the composition does not cause phytotoxicity in a concentration and dose range having sufficient efficacy and is harmless to bees when it is sprayed at a low concentration, and a flower thinning method using the flower thinning composition.
The present disclosure provides a thinning composition that is safe for bees when sprayed at low concentrations, comprising: is selected from C6-C12At least one of a linear or branched fatty alcohol; or is selected from C6-C12At least one of methyl esters of fatty acids; or C with one or more double bonds10-C18At least one of fatty alcohols; or is selected from C6-C8At least one aromatic alcohol.
Further, the present disclosure provides a thinning composition which is safe to bees when sprayed at a low concentration, wherein the thinning composition comprises an alcohol emulsion (emulsion) obtained by mixing the aliphatic alcohol or aromatic alcohol with at least one emulsifier.
In the present disclosure, said C6-C12The aliphatic alcohol may be 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-nonanol, 1-decanol, 1-undecanol, 1-dodecanol or 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, and at least one selected from these alcohols may be used.
The present disclosure also provides a thinning composition comprising two or more fatty alcohols having different numbers of carbon atoms selected from C of the present disclosure, which reduces phytotoxicity and toxicity to bees, and improves efficacy6-C12A fatty alcohol.
When in the position selected from C6-C12When two alcohols are selected from at least one alcohol of the aliphatic alcohols, the two alcohols are preferably 1-octanol and 1-decanol, or 1-decanol and 1-dodecanol, or 1-octanol and 1-dodecanol.
In the present disclosure, said is selected from C6-C12At least one of the methyl esters of fatty acids is preferably methyl octanoate (which is C)8Methyl esters of fatty alcohols) or methyl decanoate or mixtures thereof.
In this disclosureC having one or more double bonds10-C18The fatty alcohol is preferably oleyl alcohol.
In the present disclosure, said C6-C8The aromatic alcohol is preferably cyclohexanol.
In order for the flower thinning composition of the present disclosure to exhibit a flower thinning effect in fruit cultivation, the flower should be treated with the composition, and the composition should be sprayed after being diluted in water. However, since the fatty alcohol is almost insoluble in water and separated, it is emulsified in water using an emulsifier before spraying. As the emulsifier, a nonionic emulsifier, an anionic emulsifier or a cationic emulsifier can be used. However, since the electrolyte concentration of water used may vary, a nonionic emulsifier or surfactant is mainly used. Additionally, the emulsifier used in the present disclosure may be a neutral (non-ionic) emulsifier.
Examples of emulsifiers suitable for emulsifying fatty alcohols or aromatic alcohols include those based on sorbitan fatty acid esters and those based on Polyoxyethylene (POE) sorbitan fatty acid esters, but those skilled in the art will appreciate that emulsification is achieved by more than these emulsifiers.
More specifically, the emulsifier used in the present disclosure may be selected from at least one of the following: tween-80 (POE (20) sorbitan monooleate), tween-20 (POE (20) sorbitan monolaurate), tween-60 (POE (20) sorbitan monostearate), span-80 (sorbitan monooleate), span-20 (sorbitan monolaurate), fatty acid ethoxylates and glycerol stearate, and the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of the emulsifier is optimized.
The emulsifier may be present in an amount of 3-50 wt% based on the weight of the fatty alcohol formulation. If the content of the emulsifier is less than 3 wt% based on the weight of the formulation, emulsification may not be easily achieved due to instability of the formulation, and the fatty alcohol may be separated, causing phytotoxicity; and if the content of the emulsifier is more than 50 wt%, the amount of the active ingredient may be reduced, resulting in reduced efficacy.
In the flower thinning composition according to the present disclosure, the alcohol in the alcohol emulsion is preferably sprayed at a concentration of 0.01 vol% (vol%) to 1 vol%, particularly at a low concentration of 0.01 vol% to 0.8 vol%, in view of phytotoxicity. If the alcohol is sprayed at a concentration of less than 0.01 vol%, the thinning activity is too low to be commercially acceptable, whereas if the alcohol is sprayed at a concentration of more than 1 vol%, phytotoxicity is generated. Further, the alcohol concentration in the spray emulsion is preferably 0.05 vol% to 0.4 vol%, and even more preferably 0.05 vol% to 0.2 vol%. The mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids in the emulsion is sprayed at a concentration of 0.05 vol% to 0.2 vol%. The term "vol%" means (v/v)%.
The alcoholic emulsions described in the present disclosure are less toxic to bees compared to the active ingredient dissolved in acetone.
The time of spraying the flower thinning agent of the present disclosure is preferably when the lateral bloom is full.
Furthermore, it is well known to those skilled in the art that other surfactants or materials may be added to increase the thinning effect, or to reduce toxicity or phytotoxicity to bees, or to increase the stability of emulsifiable concentrates or the stability of emulsified spray solutions. For example, a fatty alcohol ethoxylate or a fatty acid ethoxylate may also be added as a surfactant to increase the thinning effect.
Hereinafter, the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to specific embodiments. However, these examples are merely for illustrating the present disclosure and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.
Test example 1 efficacy and phytotoxicity test of a straight-chain fatty alcohol preparation
The thinning effect of 1-hexanol, 1-octanol, 1-decanol and oleyl alcohol, which are straight chain fatty alcohols present in liquid state at 18 ℃, on Fuji apple varieties was tested at low concentrations. Each chemical solution was sprayed in both left and right directions in sufficient quantity with DIA (furopla DIA SPRAY 570, furopla ltd) handy SPRAY to travel along each floral grouping.
In this test, treatment (spraying) was performed when the lateral flowers were full (4 months 25 days 2014), and phytotoxicity was assessed by visual scoring on day 4 after spraying (4 months 29 days) and on day 11 after spraying (5 months 6 days). The effect of thinning was measured by recording the number of young fruits that did not flower on day 20 (day 5 months and 15) after spraying. The thinning activity relative to the untreated group was expressed as (1-number of young fruits in the treated group/number of young fruits in the untreated group) × 100. The test was designed to have 8 replicates with one bouquet as one replicate. Fertilization of apple flowers is caused by natural pollination. The number of lateral florescence per ear was 5 on average. The results of the testing of the flower thinning effect of one of the alcohol formulations of the present disclosure are shown in table 1 below.
[ Table 1] flower thinning Effect of an alcohol preparation of fatty alcohol
1)Phytotoxicity (Standard)
1: the treatment group had 10% or less of shoots withered or had a change in the color or shape of shoots; the limit of commercial phytotoxicity.
2: 10-30% of the shoots or mature leaves wither.
3: 30-50% of the shoots or mature leaves wither.
4: more than 50% of the shoots or mature leaves wither.
2)The lateral flowering thinning rate is a thinning rate relative to the untreated group, and it is expressed as (1-number of lateral fruits in treated group/number of lateral fruits in untreated group) × 100.
3)The total thinning rate is the thinning rate relative to the untreated group and is expressed as (1-total number of fruits in treated group/total number of fruits in untreated group) × 100.
At a concentration of 1% (V/V), 1-octanol has sufficient efficacy, exhibits grade 2 phytotoxicity, and is not commercially available at present. However, at low concentrations of 0.2%, the phytotoxicity of 1-octanol is commercially acceptable (grade 1). The 1-octanol showed a lateral flower thinning effect of 68% relative to the untreated group, which is better than that of the lime-sulphur mixture (42%). The natural shedding rate of the lateral flowering plants is about 50%. The 1-decanol is non-phytotoxic at low concentrations of 0.01-0.05%.
Test example 2 efficacy and phytotoxicity test of fatty alcohol mixture
When straight-chain fatty alcohol 1-octanol or 1-decanol present in liquid form at 18 ℃ and 1-dodecanol present in solid form at 18 ℃ are mixed in a specific ratio, these mixtures can remain liquid at 18 ℃ depending on the content of 1-dodecanol. Furthermore, a mixture of 1-octanol and 1-dodecanol, a mixture of 1-decanol and 1-dodecanol, a mixture of 1-octanol and 1-decanol, methyl n-octanoate and methyl n-decanoate (or C)810Methyl ester), and each of the methyl esters of a mixture of 1-octanol and 1-decanol was mixed with an emulsifier Proem (a mixture of 85 wt% tween 80+15 wt% tween 20) at a weight ratio of 20%, then diluted to a predetermined concentration (V/V) in tap water, and sprayed in the same manner as in test example 1. All other test procedures were the same as those in test example 1. The flower thinning effect of the mixtures of fatty alcohols and the mixtures of methyl esters of fatty acids of the present disclosure is shown in table 2.
[ Table 2] flower thinning Effect of mixture of fatty alcohol and mixture of methyl ester of fatty acid
1)The phytotoxicity criteria are the same as in table 1;2)IAP-4832 is (C)10+C12Alcohol mixture) and IAP-812 is (C)8+C12Alcohol mixture) and IAP-108 is (C)8+C10Mixtures of alcohols) are usedEmulsion, and IAP-M810 is C810Emulsion of fatty acid methyl ester (C)8+C10A mixture of fatty acid methyl esters).
3)Jeok&Bee (manufactured by Sunnong Chemical Co., Ltd., Korea), and4)koduri (manufactured by Korean Apple Inc.).
The group treated with a mixture (w/w) of fatty alcohol formulation (IAP-812), 40 wt% 1-octanol, 40 wt% 1-dodecanol and 20 wt% Proem showed the highest lateral flower thinning effect and showed a lateral flower thinning effect of nearly 90% relative to the untreated group at a spray concentration of 0.2% (v/v).
1-octanol/1-decanol mixture IAP-108(32 wt% C)8+48wt％C10) The flower thinning effect of the preparation is lower than IAP-812, but higher than IAP-4832(32 wt% C)10+48wt％C12). At a concentration of 0.2% (v/v), C810Methyl ester (IAP-M810) also had sufficient lateral flower thinning effect (74%).
At the same spray concentration, one alcohol preparation of 1-octanol or 1-decanol has a lower lateral flower thinning effect than the mixed preparation. In other words, each alcohol-based preparation using 1-octanol or 1-decanol as an effective ingredient showed an unwrinkled contribution rate of 55.4% at a spray concentration of 0.2%, while IAP-108 obtained by mixing a plurality of fatty alcohols together at a specific mixing ratio showed an unwrinkled effect of 89%. This indicates that the fatty alcohols have a synergistic effect when mixed together.
The synergy is obtained as follows: at a spray concentration of 0.2%, the flower thinning effect of 1-octanol (table 1) was 68%, and the flower thinning contribution of 1-octanol in IAP-108 with 40% of each active ingredient content was 68% x 0.4-27.2%. Further, the flower thinning effect of 1-decanol (table 1) was 47%, and the flower thinning contribution rate of 1-decanol was 47% × 0.6 ═ 28.2%. Thus, IAP-108 has an expected thinning effect of 27.2% + 28.2% + 55.4%. However, the actual thinning effect of IAP-108 was shown to be 89%.
The results show that the fatty alcohol mixtures described in the present disclosure have little or no phytotoxicity at spray concentrations below 0.2%.
Test example 3 efficacy test depending on the use time (chemical agent spray time)
To determine when the chemical spray time can most effectively thinning lateral flowers by interfering with fertilization of the lateral flowers but leaving the central flower, the period from 50% full bloom in the center to 3 days after full bloom in the lateral flowers was divided into four equal periods and tested for these divided periods. All test procedures were carried out according to the method of test example 1 by spraying the same composition as in test example 2.
TABLE 3 spray-time dependent efficacy of flower thinning agents comprising fatty alcohols
IAP-4832 consists of 32 wt.% 1-decanol, 48 wt.% 1-dodecanol and 20 wt.% Proem. In addition, the IAP-108 is composed of 32 wt% 1-octanol, 48 wt% 1-decanol, and 20 wt% Proem. In addition, IAP-2080 consists of 64 wt% 1-octanol, 16 wt% 1-decanol, and 20 wt% Proem. As can be seen from table 3 above, the average lateral flowering thinning when treated with the six treatment agents was highest when the lateral flowering bloom occurred, compared to the untreated control group, indicating that the most effective agent spray time was when the lateral flowering bloom occurred.
Test example 4 test for evaluation of bee toxicity
Since the spraying time of the flower thinning agent is the time when bees pollinate apple flowers, the toxicity of the spraying agent to bees is an important issue. In particular, since the number of bees on earth has decreased in the past decade, the use of substances toxic to bees during the flowering phase is prohibited. Since fatty acids and the like are extremely toxic to bees, the use of fatty acids is limited in the flowering phase in europe and the like.
To examine the toxicity of fatty alcohols to bees, various fatty alcohol technical materials (> 98%) as active ingredients were dissolved in acetone, and the acute contact toxicity of fatty alcohols to bees was recorded in table 4 below, expressed as a percentage of lethality. In addition, in the same test, the contact toxicity of fatty acids to bees was compared, and the results are shown in table 4 below.
In the contact toxicity test on bees, healthy bees bred in an outdoor bee-keeping system are acclimated in breeding cages and then treated with CO2And (6) anaesthetizing. Each test cage contained 13 bees and 3 bees that did not wake up from anaesthesia or drowsy were removed, and the breasts of the remaining 10 healthy bees were treated with 1 μ l of fatty alcohol (active ingredient) dissolved in acetone. This treatment was repeated 3 times for 10 bees per test cage, which were then raised in the dark at 25 ℃ for 72 hours. The lethality of each fatty alcohol was measured.
TABLE 4 test results of contact toxicity of fatty alcohol and fatty acid to honeybees
1)The treatment dose is the amount of active ingredient treated for each bee;2)measured after 72 hours of treatment; lethality is the average of three replicates.
1-hexanol was not toxic even at a treatment dose of 200 μ g of active ingredient, but the toxicity increased with the increase in the number of carbon atoms, and 1-decanol (C)10) The highest mortality rate was shown.
In addition, fatty alcohols other than 1-decanol are less toxic to bees than fatty acids having the same number of carbon atoms, but 1-decanol is more toxic than 1-decanoic acid.
Test example 5 test for evaluation of difference in toxicity of active ingredient and formulation
The toxicity to bees was compared between the case of treating bees with the same amount of active ingredient dissolved in acetone and the case of treating bees with an alcohol emulsion prepared by emulsifying a fatty alcohol with 17 wt% (w/w) of tween-80 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate). All test procedures were the same as in test example 4.
TABLE 5 comparison of bee contact toxicity between active ingredients and formulations
Active ingredient
Treatment dose (μ g)
Mortality (%)
Alcohol emulsion
Treatment dose (μ g)
Mortality (%)
1-hexanol
100
3.3
IAP-8060
100
0.0
1-heptanol
100
33.3
IAP-8040
100
23.3
Cyclohexanol
100
33.3
IAP-8050
100
26.7
2-ethyl-1-hexanol
100
60
IAP-8070
200
26.7
1-octanol
100
50
IAP-8000
100
36.7
1-decanol
50
70
IAP-8010
50
53.3
In the alcohol emulsion described in Table 5 above, the fatty alcohol in IAP-8060 was 1-hexanol, the fatty alcohol in IAP-8040 was 1-heptanol, the fatty alcohol in IAP-8050 was cyclohexanol, the fatty alcohol in IAP-8070 was 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, the fatty alcohol in IAP-8000 was 1-octanol, and the fatty alcohol in IAP-8010 was 1-decanol. It can be seen that the alcoholic emulsion prepared with the same active ingredient has lower toxicity to bees than the active ingredient dissolved in acetone.
Test example 6 evaluation of bee toxicity according to spray concentration of preparation
According to the method of spraying the thinning preparation prepared by using various fatty alcohol emulsions at an effective thinning concentration, the preparation was sprayed on bees and tested for toxicity. All single alcohol formulations and alcohol mixture formulations of fatty alcohols were prepared according to the method of test example 5. All test procedures were the same as in test example 4 except for the method of spraying the formulation to bees, and the test formulations used are shown in table 6 below.
10 bees were placed with their back facing upwards and 0.35ml of each preparation was sprayed twice to the bees at the same height and pressure using a modified sprayer which had been used to spray the thinning agent, in such a way that: the backs of these bees are almost covered by each preparation. The results of the bee toxicity test performed according to the spray concentration of the formulations of the present disclosure are shown in table 6 below.
TABLE 6 bee toxicity test results depending on spray concentration of the formulation
The 1-octanol emulsions (IAP-8000) are non-toxic at spray concentrations of 0.2 to 0.8 vol% (v/v). The 1-oleyl alcohol emulsion (IAP-8080) and IAP-108 emulsion (mixture formulation of 1-octanol and 1-decanol) were non-toxic at a spray concentration of 0.1%, and the 1-hexanol emulsion (IAP-8060) was non-toxic at a spray concentration of 0.2%. IAP-812 (a mixture preparation of 1-octanol and 1-dodecanol) has excellent thinning effect at 0.2% spray concentration, but shows high toxicity to bees at the same concentration and higher toxicity to bees than 1-decanol emulsion (IAP-8010).
In test example 6, the synergistic effect of the mixed formulation IAP-108 on thinning was higher than that of the single alcohol formulations IAP-8000 and IAP-8010. However, in terms of 96-hour bee toxicity, the mixture formulation IAP-108 is less toxic to bees than the single alcohol formulation (13.3% for 1-octanol and 33.3% for 1-decanol at a spray concentration of 0.2%, and 25.3% for 1-octanol and 1-decanol, respectively, calculated on the basis of the mortality value). At a spray concentration of 0.2%, IAP-108 has a mortality rate of 20%, which is lower than expected. At a spray concentration of 0.4%, the toxic lethality of 1-octanol was 13.3% and that of 1-decanol was 43.3%, while the contribution of 1-octanol and 1-decanol content calculated on the basis of the lethality was 35.3%, which is higher than the toxicity of IAP-108 (16.7%). At a spray concentration of 0.8%, no synergistic effect occurs to reduce the toxicity of 1-octanol and 1-decanol on bees.
The claims (modification according to treaty clause 19)
1. A flower thinning composition comprising: is selected from C6-C12At least one of fatty alcohols; or is selected from C6-C12At least one of methyl esters of fatty acids; or C with one or more double bonds10-C18At least one of fatty alcohols; or is selected from C6-C8At least one aromatic alcohol, and at least one emulsifier; wherein said thinning composition is safe to bees when sprayed at an alcohol concentration of 0.01% to 0.8%.
2. The flower thinning composition according to claim 1, comprising an alcoholic emulsifiable concentrate obtained by mixing the fatty alcohol or aromatic alcohol with at least one emulsifier.
3. The flower thinning composition according to claim 2, wherein the emulsifier is a non-ionic emulsifier.
4. The flower thinning composition according to claim 2, wherein the emulsifier is selected from at least one of the following: tween-80 (POE (20) sorbitan monooleate), tween-20 (POE (20) sorbitan monolaurate), tween-60 (POE (20) sorbitan monostearate), span-80 (sorbitan monooleate), span-20 (sorbitan monolaurate), fatty acid ethoxylates or glycerol stearate, and wherein the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance is optimised.
5. Flower thinning composition according to claim 2, wherein the emulsifier is present in an emulsifiable concentrate of fatty alcoholCondensed substances or C6-C123-50 wt% of methyl esters of fatty acids.
6. Flower thinning composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein C is6-C12The fatty alcohol is 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-nonanol, 1-decanol, 1-undecanol, 1-dodecanol, or 2-ethyl-1-hexanol.
7. Flower thinning composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the C having one or more double bonds10-C18The fatty alcohol is oleyl alcohol.
8. Flower thinning composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein C is6-C8The aromatic alcohol is cyclohexanol.
9. Flower thinning composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the group C is C6-C12At least one of the methyl esters of fatty acids is methyl octanoate or methyl decanoate or a mixture thereof.
10. Synergistic flower thinning composition according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that at said selected from C6-C12The mixture of 1-octanol and 1-decanol in at least one of the fatty alcohols shows this synergistic effect: the toxicity of the mixture to bees is synergistically reduced and at the same time the thinning effect of the mixture is synergistically enhanced.
11. A method of thinning, wherein the thinning composition according to claim 1 or 2 is sprayed at a time when the lateral bloom is full.
12. A method of flower thinning, characterized in that the flower thinning composition according to claim 1 or 2 has an alcohol concentration of 0.05% (v/v) to 0.4% (v/v) when sprayed.
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