阅读说明：本技术 吸附型热泵 (Adsorption heat pump ) 是由 哈尼夫·蒙塔泽里 侯景元 艾山·塞恩 巴曼·拉什卡里 文奈什·克里斯那莫希 于 2019-03-07 设计创作，主要内容包括：公开了一种吸附型热泵,其可用于制冷和冷却/加热,以针对如HVAC和制冷机之类的应用。吸附是一种表面现象,其中固体物质(吸附剂)在其表面上吸引气体或溶液(制冷剂或吸附质)的分子。吸附质的潜热提供加热/冷却作用。该新型吸附热泵增强了去往及来自吸附质的热和/或质量传递。一个实施例包括至少一个蒸发器、至少一个解吸器(吸附剂加热装置)、至少一个吸附剂冷却装置以及至少一个冷凝器。该实施例采用不同的技术来增强热和/或质量传递。(An adsorption heat pump is disclosed that can be used for refrigeration and cooling/heating for applications such as HVAC and chiller. Adsorption is a surface phenomenon in which a solid substance (adsorbent) attracts molecules of a gas or solution (refrigerant or adsorbate) on its surface. The latent heat of the adsorbate provides the heating/cooling effect. The novel adsorption heat pump enhances heat and/or mass transfer to and from the adsorbate. One embodiment includes at least one evaporator, at least one desorber (adsorbent heating device), at least one adsorbent cooling device, and at least one condenser. This embodiment employs different techniques to enhance heat and/or mass transfer.)

1. An adsorption heat pump comprising:

a condenser for liquefying a refrigerant;

cooling means for cooling the adsorbent;

an evaporator for evaporative cooling using the adsorbent;

a desorber for separating the adsorbent and the refrigerant; and

a mechanical device for acting on the sorbent, the mechanical device comprising a screw conveyor, a mixer, or an agitator.

2. The heat pump of claim 1, wherein the cooling device comprises the screw conveyor, the mixer, or the agitator.

3. The heat pump of claim 1, wherein the desorber comprises the screw conveyor, the mixer, or the agitator.

4. The heat pump of claim 1, wherein the desorber comprises a first screw conveyor and a second conveyor.

5. The heat pump of claim 1 wherein the evaporator comprises a powder container.

6. The heat pump of claim 1 wherein the powder container in the evaporator comprises the screw conveyor, the mixer, or the agitator.

7. The heat pump of claim 1 wherein the adsorbent is a powder.

8. The heat pump of claim 1 wherein the adsorbent is a nanoporous material.

9. An adsorption heat pump comprising:

a condenser for liquefying a refrigerant;

an evaporator for evaporative cooling;

at least one chamber containing the sorbent and with a mixer, wherein heating, cooling, and adsorption of the sorbent occur at different times.

10. The heat pump of claim 9 comprising a single chamber that alternately operates as a desorber and a cooling device.

11. An adsorption heat pump comprising:

a condenser for liquefying a refrigerant;

cooling means for cooling the adsorbent;

an evaporator for evaporative cooling using the adsorbent;

and the adsorbent conveying and regenerating device is used for conveying the adsorbent and regenerating the adsorbent.

12. The heat pump of claim 11 wherein the adsorbent transport and regeneration device comprises a desorber.

13. The heat pump of claim 11 wherein the adsorbent is a powder.

14. The heat pump of claim 11 wherein the sorbent delivery and regeneration means transfers heat by conduction, convection and radiation to regenerate the sorbent.

15. The heat pump of claim 11 wherein the sorbent conveying and regeneration means comprises a screw conveyor.

16. The heat pump of claim 11 wherein the adsorbent is cooled in the cooling device by conduction, convection, and radiation.

17. The heat pump of claim 11 wherein the adsorbent is cooled in the cooling device by falling through a heat exchanger.

18. The heat pump of claim 11 wherein the sorbent conveying and regeneration device comprises a first screw conveyor and a second screw conveyor.

19. A method of desalinating water, comprising:

receiving saline water;

use of an adsorption heat pump according to any one of claims 1 to 18 to evaporate water to remove salts.

Technical Field

The present invention relates to an adsorption heat pump and to a method for desalination using an adsorption heat pump.

Background

Adsorption heat pumps (or simply "adsorption heat pumps") are commonly used as or as part of adsorption refrigeration/cooling/heating systems. A typical adsorption heat pump consists essentially of a solid adsorbent bed, an evaporator and a condenser. Adsorption systems benefit from the attractive forces between the adsorbent and the adsorbate (or refrigerant). The adsorbent-adsorbate used is referred to as an operating pair. The phenomenon of adsorption is known as physisorption, in which the attractive forces between the working pairs are of the van der waals type. Alternatively, in chemisorption, a chemical reaction occurs between the working pair. Some typical working pairs are activated carbon-methanol, activated carbon-ammonia, zeolite-water, silica gel-water, and calcium chloride-ammonia. The work pair used affects the temperature range and efficiency of the adsorption system. In addition, composite adsorbents may be used to enhance heat and mass transfer or increase the amount of adsorption.

The operation of an adsorption heat pump can be described as follows: first, the adsorbent bed is heated to increase the pressure and temperature of the working pair. Second, further heating of the adsorbent results in desorption. The desorbed refrigerant vapor is delivered to a condenser where heat transfer from the refrigerant results in liquefaction. Third, the adsorbent bed is disconnected from the condenser. Thus, cooling the adsorbent lowers the temperature and pressure. Fourth, the refrigerant condensed in the evaporator starts to evaporate at a low pressure and temperature. Since the evaporator is connected to the adsorbent bed, the solid adsorbent in the adsorbent bed absorbs refrigerant vapor from the evaporator, thereby helping to lower the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant.

Different designs have been proposed for the above cycle. These designs attempt to improve the efficiency and utility of the system. Factors that distinguish these different adsorption system designs are continuous versus batch operation, heat and/or mass recovery processes, heat and mass transfer enhancement processes, and the use of low grade or green heat sources. Two important parameters to be considered in a refrigeration system are the coefficient of performance, or COP, of the system, which is the ratio of cooling capacity to heating capacity, and the specific cooling power, or SCP, which is the ratio of cooling capacity to adsorbent mass.

A common feature of adsorption units is that the adsorbent is fixed in a unit or bed and the refrigerant flows and circulates in the working cycle. The earliest adsorption systems used only a single adsorbent bed, so they could only be operated in a batch cycle mode.

Later designs utilized two or more beds to achieve continuous cooling and improve COP and SCP (Yonezawa et al, US 4,881,376) (Yonezawa, y. et al, US5,024,064) (Sato, Tanaka, Honda, Fujiwara, US5,775,126). In these designs, one adsorbent bed is in an active state while the other adsorbent bed is in an inactive state. By switching between the adsorbent beds, refrigeration can continue to run without any long interruptions.

The use of multiple beds also facilitates the recovery of thermal energy from the inert beds. Various designs have been proposed to enable and enhance heat recovery. One technique is based on the creation of a temperature gradient, also known as a thermal wave (Shelto, US 4,610,148) (tcherrev, US 4,637,218), in an adsorption bed. Another method suggests using forced convection of the refrigerant to heat and cool the adsorbent. This method is known as forced convection heat wave circulation (Critoph and Thorpe, US5,845,507). However, there are great difficulties in carrying out the process under vacuum.

Another design is based on a set of rotating adsorbent beds to facilitate heat recovery (ebbbeson, US5,431,716) (Critoph, US 6,629,432). In addition, some designs utilize multiple beds and utilize the heat stored in the desorber beds and preheat the adsorbent beds by controlling the heat transfer medium between the adsorbent beds (paulssen, US 2011/0167842). Similarly, temporary heat storage media can be used to recover heat energy (Sommer and Dassler, US 2014/0298832). There are various multiple fixed adsorbent bed designs (Mitterbach, US 2011/0138824) (Garner, US 2014/0033760A1) (Mitterbach, WO 2015/014772) that facilitate heat transfer.

More heat can also be recovered using the condenser. Another efficient approach is to employ a hybrid system in which an adsorption system is combined with another refrigeration system (e.g., a vapor compression cycle). Or a combination of two different adsorption cycles where the waste heat of the high temperature cycle is used to drive the low temperature cycle (Akisawa, US 2009/0095012).

Furthermore, many prior art references disclose the use of low grade thermal energy or solar energy as a heat source.

Accordingly, there is a significant need for an improved adsorption heat pump that overcomes at least some of the above-mentioned problems.

Disclosure of Invention

The following presents a simplified summary of some aspects or embodiments of the invention in order to provide a basic understanding of the invention. This summary is not an extensive overview of the invention. The summary is not intended to identify key or critical elements of the invention or to delineate the scope of the invention. The sole purpose of the summary is to present some embodiments of the invention in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

The present invention relates generally to a novel adsorption heat pump that utilizes a mixing and convection mechanism to enhance the heat and mass transfer capabilities of the adsorbent/desiccant.

One of the major problems with adsorption heat pumps is the heat transfer to and from the adsorbent/desiccant during the desorption and adsorption cycles. Traditionally, desiccants have been sprayed onto heat-conducting metal beds to improve their heat-conducting properties. There are three forms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Embodiments of the present invention provide a mechanism to heat and/or cool the adsorbent/desiccant not only by conduction, but also by convection (and radiation).

According to one aspect of the invention, an adsorption refrigeration system includes at least one evaporator, at least one desorber, at least one condenser, and at least one powder (particle) cooling device. In some embodiments described herein, the adsorbent powder or particles are not stationary or fixed in a bed, but are transported between the evaporator, desorber and cooling device.

More specifically, the solid adsorbent is conveyed by conveying means such as a screw conveyor, equivalent powder transfer means, or in some cases even by gravity.

According to another aspect of the invention, the use of a screw conveyor (or functionally equivalent mechanism) not only facilitates the transport of the sorbent powder, but also facilitates mixing of the sorbent, thereby enhancing heat and/or mass transfer. In one aspect of the invention, the heat transfer mechanism of the adsorbent is changed from a purely conductive mechanism to a combination of conduction, convection and radiation.

Furthermore, the method is easily applicable to different adsorbents, since the heat transfer effect is not limited by the properties of a particular powder or adsorbent. The mixing and convection coefficients are effective in both cases of physisorption or chemisorption. Thus, the method is powder independent.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, passing the sorbent powders or pellets through a heat exchanger enhances heat transfer. The heat exchanger may consist of a plurality of tubes, pipes or pipes through which the heat transfer fluid flows, the powder being poured over and around the tubes and passed. Alternatively, the heat exchanger may comprise fins and plates connected to a heat sink, wherein the heat sink transfers heat to an external medium. Unlike prior art heat exchangers in the sorption industry, in the heat exchanger as exemplarily shown in fig. 1, the powder (or particles) fall down and pass through narrow passages of fins, plates or tubes. The movement of the powder (or particles) is designed to mix the hot and cold powders and change its position relative to the cold/hot plate. This mixing and movement breaks up the temperature distribution of the powder and thus promotes the desired convection effect. Thus, the use of a bulk solids heat exchanger in the desorber section or cooling device can enhance the utility of the system.

According to another aspect of the invention, mixing sorbent powders or pellets with rotating mixer blades may enhance heat transfer. Thus, the use of a rotating (or reciprocating) mixer in the desorber section or cooling device can enhance the utility of the system.

According to another aspect of the invention, the open cycle of the heat pump may be used in water desalination applications. In a desalination process, water (or salt-containing liquid) having a low or high concentration of dissolved minerals may enter an evaporator where the water evaporates and is adsorbed on an adsorbent. Then, in the desorber, the water will be evaporated and then condensed. This technique enables a non-contact (non-contact) desalination process by which water or liquid containing a high concentration of impurities can be desalinated. The cycle can operate at different pressures, whether vacuum or positive.

Other inventive aspects of the present disclosure will become apparent by reading the detailed description and accompanying drawings.

Drawings

The invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an adsorption refrigeration system of one embodiment of the present invention comprising a desorber, a powder cooling heat exchanger, an evaporator and a condenser;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the transport of materials, adsorbents, and refrigerants in different portions of the refrigeration system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a photograph showing an experimental desorber used in the test;

FIG. 4 shows a powder (or pellet) cooling device having heat exchanger plates with interleaved channels through which a cooling fluid is circulated;

FIG. 5A is an isometric partial perspective view of an evaporator having an adsorbent vessel with a grid around the adsorbent vessel to expose the adsorbent to steam and a heat exchanger to transfer cooling outwardly;

FIG. 5B is a side view of the evaporator of FIG. 5A;

FIG. 5C is a photograph showing the interior of the evaporator, adsorption vessel, and heat exchanger;

FIG. 6 is a graph of the temperature of the hot water output from the desorber and the temperature of the powder as a function of time for a first instance in which hot water is circulated within and outside the aluminum pipe and for a second instance in which hot water is circulated only within the aluminum screw conveyor;

FIG. 7A schematically illustrates an arrangement of staggered tubes in a powder heat exchanger;

FIG. 7B is a photograph showing an experimental powder heat exchanger;

FIG. 8 is a photograph showing another experimental powder heat exchanger;

FIG. 9 is a graph showing measured values of the evaporator under test, showing powder (sorbent) temperature and water temperature;

FIG. 10 is a graph showing measurements of a system-wide test showing the temperature of the water (refrigerant) in the evaporator and circulating water in the evaporator as the powder adsorbs vapor and produces a cooling effect;

figure 11 shows an adsorption refrigeration system of another embodiment of the present invention.

Detailed Description

An adsorption heat pump system is a mechanical system that facilitates the refrigeration, cooling or heating of the adsorption process. The embodiment illustrated by way of example in fig. 1 comprises at least one evaporator, at least one desorber (adsorbent heating device), at least one adsorbent cooling (heat dissipation) device and at least one condenser. The illustrated embodiments employ a sorbent transport and/or mixing mechanism (e.g., screw conveyor) and/or a powder mixer and/or agitator and/or a powder heat exchanger to transport the sorbent and/or enhance heat and/or mass transfer. Thus, it can provide an efficient adsorption refrigeration or heat pump. Fig. 2 schematically shows the main functional elements of the system of fig. 1. As shown in fig. 2, the system includes a desorber, a condenser, a cooling device and an evaporator, and a conveying device (e.g., a screw conveyor) for conveying the adsorbent from the evaporator to the desorber.

In the embodiment shown in the drawings, a silica gel-water pair is used. Other adsorbent-adsorbate pairs can also be readily utilized in this system. Some examples are zeolite-water, MOF (metal organic framework) -water and activated carbon-methanol. Nanoporous materials have a regular organic or inorganic framework that supports a regular porous structure with pore sizes in the range of 100 nanometers or less. Some examples of nanoporous materials are zeolites, activated carbon, and MOFs. However, the operating temperature will vary accordingly. While one embodiment of the present invention is shown in fig. 1, it should be understood that other mechanisms, systems or component arrangements may achieve the same or substantially similar mixing and/or convection effects to enhance heat and/or mass transfer to and from the adsorbent powder or particles. In the exemplary embodiment shown in fig. 1, two screw conveyors 101, 107 are used to convey and mix the saturated adsorbent powder in the desorber. The first screw conveyor 101 drives the powder forward, e.g. substantially horizontally in this particular mechanism. The first screw conveyor 101 is driven by a first motor, e.g. motor 103, via a coupling 102 or any other equivalent or suitable drive means. The coupling 102 between the motor 103 and the first screw conveyor 101 may be any suitable type of sealed shaft torque coupling to facilitate maintaining vacuum pressure within the desorber. The second screw conveyor 107 is part of a desorber unit. In the particular mechanism shown in fig. 1, the second screw conveyor 107 is arranged substantially vertically, i.e. perpendicular to the first screw conveyor 101. However, embodiments of the present invention may utilize other orientations or geometries of the first and second screw conveyors. The wet adsorbent powder is heated in the desorber unit to separate refrigerant from the adsorbent powder. This heating process may be performed by hot fluid circulation as described herein, or by using other suitable heating methods. The second screw conveyor 107 not only mixes and conveys the powder but also helps to heat the powder due to the internal hot fluid circulation 108. At the bottom of the second screw conveyor 107, a sealed fluid circulation device (e.g., a device with mechanical seals) 113 provides inlet and outlet channels for the hot fluid while allowing the second screw conveyor 107 to rotate freely. The hot fluid inlet is connected to a pipe, tube or conduit that conveys the fluid to the top of the second screw conveyor 107. The hot fluid outlet provides a passage around the pipe. The fluid outlet does not interfere with the rotation of the screw conveyor due to the sealed bearings of the fluid circulation device. The second screw conveyor 107 is connected to a second motor, for example a separate motor 110, by a sealed shaft torque coupling 109. The first and second screw conveyors are capable of independently and precisely controlling the flow and mixing of the sorbent using independent first and second motors. In case only the second screw conveyor 107 in the desorber is rotating, mixing can still be achieved, but powder cannot be conveyed to the outlet. The outer tube with hot fluid circulation 112 also aids in the heating of the adsorbent. The hot fluid may be, for example, water at 75 c which enters and circulates in the outer tube and/or the second screw conveyor 107 as influent 114 and exits the outlet tube as effluent 115. Experiments have shown that in the experimental setup shown in fig. 3, the powder can reach 65 ℃ within minutes. As described below, the thermal fluid may be circulated internally, externally, or both, although different arrangements may affect the performance of the desorber. It should be added that the hot fluid circulating in the screw conveyor and the hot fluid circulating in the jacket may be the same fluid or different fluids. For example, in some embodiments, the fluid circulating within the jacket may be hot gas, while the fluid circulating within the screw conveyor may be hot liquid. At the top of the desorber is provided an orifice for delivering water vapor to the condenser 140. In the condenser, the water vapor is liquefied. Cooling in the condenser 140 may be performed using ambient air blown by a fan, or using cold water or any other suitable type of fluid circulation over the outer surface of the condenser. The condensed water is delivered to the evaporator through a water inlet pipe, which passes through an expansion valve or a capillary tube. By opening the valve 151, the hot powder discharged from the desorber can fall through the cooling device 150. Although a valve is shown in this embodiment, it should be understood that the valve is not an essential part of the design. Without this valve, the desorbed powder would be delivered directly to the cooling device.

As also shown in fig. 4, the cooling device 150 is a heat exchanger designed to cool the powder and bulk solids by conduction and convection. The powder moves over the surface of the heat exchanger fins 153 or tubes and mixes and delivers thermal energy to a cooling fluid (e.g., water) 154 that circulates around the heat exchanger. As shown in fig. 1 and fig. 5A and 5B, the cooling device stores the powder and, by opening a valve 171 above the evaporator, the cold powder falls into a powder container 172 of the evaporator. The evaporator includes a powder container, a refrigerant (e.g., water) inlet of a condenser, a heat exchanger, and a hopper to collect the powder. The powder container has a large area surface coated with a fine mesh and/or with holes, which exposes the sorbent powder to the vapor in the evaporator. The powder container may have different shapes. However, the optimum shape of the powder container is the one having the largest surface area for a given volume. In this exemplary embodiment, rectangular prisms separated by small gaps are used to achieve exposure to steam. Depending on the design specifications and job pair, the powder container may be made of a material with good thermal conductivity (e.g., aluminum or copper) or a material with poor thermal conductivity (e.g., plastic) to control the powder temperature therein. The hopper is located below the powder container for collecting the adsorbed powder. The closed area around the funnel separates the powder from the liquid water. Thus, the water level is always controlled to be below the level of the hopper and not directly contacting the adsorbent. In a short time the powder absorbs a lot of steam, so the evaporation continues on the water surface and heat is absorbed from the heat exchanger 173. The cooling effect may be delivered to the exterior of the device by chilled water (or other delivery fluid). The cooling effect delivery fluid inlet 174 and outlet 175 are shown in fig. 1. After adsorption slowed by saturation, valve 191 was opened to pour the saturated powder into the desorber. At this time, the first screw conveyor 101 pushes the powder forward again, so the cycle can be continuously operated.

It should be noted that a screw conveyor with heating/cooling fluid circulation and jacket grooves may also be referred to as a thermal screw processor. In addition, the thermal screw processor may have hollow blades through which the heating/cooling fluid passes. Alternatively, the screw conveyor may have a suitable coating, such as a magnesium coating.

It should be added that in some embodiments, the outer wall of the desorber may be replaced with a transparent wall to accommodate radiative heat transfer from the focused solar radiation. Alternatively, other types of electromagnetic radiation (e.g., microwave radiation) may be employed to enhance heating of the desorber.

Exemplary measurements of modules of the prototype adsorption refrigeration system:

the desorber was tested to measure the time required for heating. The desorber was made from a 5 foot long, 4 inch diameter aluminum tube (fig. 3). The aluminum screw conveyor occupied a portion of the volume and the remaining volume in the tube was filled with 4.2 kg of fine silica gel powder. The water is heated to about 75 c using a water heater. The screw conveyor rotates at a speed of about 20 rpm. The output water temperature and powder temperature were measured for two cases: the first case is where hot water circulates only through the screw conveyor, and the other case is where hot water circulates outside the aluminum tubes in addition to circulating inside the tubes. The temperature versus time is shown in fig. 6.

A series of measurements were made on the cooling module to test the suitability of different configurations of powder heat exchangers or mixers.

In one set of experiments, the tube heat exchanger was designed with 176 copper tubes (1/4 "tubes) arranged in a staggered pattern (as shown in the example of fig. 7A) to enhance convective heat transfer. Tap water (at 21 c) was circulated in the pipe and around both walls of the cooling device (as shown in fig. 7B). 500 grams of silica gel powder was placed on a funnel at the top of the apparatus and the powder was allowed to fall down by opening a valve and mixed through alternate tubes in the heat exchanger. The average discharge rate of the powder was 6.25 g/sec (500 g discharged in 80 seconds). The powder temperature was initially 80 ℃. After passing through a 12 inch long heat exchanger, the water temperature reached 40 ℃.

To estimate the effect of ambient air during powder cooling, powder of the same temperature was injected through the air from the same distance. It was observed that in this case the temperature dropped from 80 ℃ to 66 ℃.

In another experiment, two plate-shaped computer heat sinks were used (as shown in fig. 8). To enhance convective heat transfer, the heat sinks are mounted perpendicular to each other so that the hotter and colder powders exchange heat as they pass through the heat sinks. A similar powder flow is provided using the funnel described above. The powder passes through the channels between the heat exchanger plates. The temperature of the heat sink is controlled by contact with the cold surface. In one set of experiments, the powder temperature dropped from 78 ℃ to 43 ℃ after passing through a 5 inch long heat exchanger plate with an average temperature of 18 ℃. A similar experiment was performed in a vacuum apparatus, where the powder temperature was reduced from 71 ℃ to 41 ℃ and the average temperature of the plate was 16 ℃.

Another method of enhancing heat transfer is to use a mixing head in the powder. The effectiveness of the method is proved. 500 grams of the powder was placed in a stainless steel container and placed in a larger container with water. The larger vessel also promotes water circulation by its water inlet and outlet connections.

Different mixing heads are used, such as stainless steel plus plastic coated mixing heads and plastic screw conveyors (with a screw profile). The results show that all mixing heads are very effective in enhancing heat transfer.

Numerous experiments were also performed on the evaporator section. The powder was desorbed in an oven and then cooled to room temperature under vacuum. The container storing the powder is connected to the evaporator through a valve at the top of the evaporator. The evaporator was filled with water and then evacuated. As mentioned above, the water level is sufficiently low to ensure that there is no direct contact between the liquid and the grid. The absorption process begins by opening the connected valve to start the powder filling the powder container in the evaporator. The temperature of the water and powder was recorded to demonstrate the evaporation and adsorption process. In the case of using 1.2 kg of water and 696 g of powder, the temperature of the water and the powder was changed from 30 ℃ to 24 ℃ and from 25 ℃ to 47 ℃, respectively, within 5 minutes. In another test using 1 kg of water, the temperature of the water and powder was changed from 15 ℃ to 14 ℃ and from 18 ℃ to 75 ℃ within 4 minutes, respectively. Fig. 9 shows the change in temperature with time in this case.

Finally, the whole system was tested by desorbing the silica gel with water at 75 ℃ and cooling to 25 ℃ before transferring to the evaporator. Fig. 10 shows the temperature of the cooling water in the evaporator and the circulating water in the evaporator as the silica gel adsorbs the vapor, causing more evaporation and producing cooling.

Other embodiments may be designed using the inventive concepts described herein to perform the same or substantially similar cooling adsorption cycle using a mixer/auger/agitator to enhance heat and mass transfer. Mixing and/or agitation causes the required convective heat and mass transfer to and from the adsorbent in the different stages of the cycle. For clarity, some examples are described herein. In an alternative embodiment, the mixer or thermal screw processor does not transport sorbent powder/particles between different chambers. One or more chambers with the same mixing system may be used. In this embodiment, heating and cooling fluids are circulated within the mixer/agitator/screw conveyor for heating and cooling purposes, respectively. Thus, the same chamber acts as a desorber and a cooling device at different times. When the chamber is operating as a desorber, the heating fluid is circulated through the mixer/stirrer/screw conveyor and the valve connecting the chamber to the condenser is opened and the valve connecting the chamber to the evaporator is closed. When the chamber is operating as a heat sink (cooling) device, the cooling fluid is circulated through the mixer/agitator/screw conveyor (i.e., the mechanism for acting on the adsorbent) and both the condenser and evaporator valves are closed. After cooling the powder, the evaporator valve was opened and the cooled powder was allowed to start the adsorption process. The connection of the chamber to the evaporator is provided with a grid that prevents powder from entering the evaporator while allowing vapor to enter the chamber. During this step, the cooling fluid may continue to circulate through the mixer/agitator/screw conveyor to increase the rate of adsorption. If the system comprises only one chamber, the same chamber alternately works as desorber and cooling device. If the system comprises two or more chambers, the system is operated in sequence so that while the first chamber is undergoing desorption, the second chamber cools the powder, while the optional third chamber is connected to the evaporator. In one embodiment, the screw conveyor or auger or mixer remains stationary within the vessel while the vessel rotates within the chamber, thus causing mixing and convection.

Figure 11 shows an adsorption refrigeration system of another embodiment of the present invention. The system shown in fig. 11 includes a condenser 240, an evaporator 270, and a chamber 212. The chamber 212 is designed to alternately cool and heat and alternately perform adsorption and desorption of the adsorbent. The mixer 207 or agitator is driven by a motor 210 or any other mechanical torque source. The heating or cooling fluid enters the chamber through inlet 214 and exits the chamber through outlet 215.

In addition, other embodiments may be used in which the powder basket portion of the desorber and/or heat sink (cooling) device and/or evaporator employs a screw conveyor (e.g., a heat screw processor) to transport and enhance heat/mass transfer. The screw conveyor may be arranged in an inclined position (in an inclined orientation) to facilitate the transfer of powder from one section to another. Furthermore, the heat sink (cooling) device and the evaporator's powder basket may be integrated into a unit in which a portion of the screw conveyor serves as the cooling device, a cooling fluid circulates within the screw conveyor and/or within a jacket that partially (or fully) exposes the powder to the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator, and a mixer/screw conveyor mixes the powder to enhance adsorption. Alternatively, a separate evaporator system similar to the first described embodiment may be used, wherein the evaporator is located between the heat sink (cooling) device and the desorber, and the powder may be unloaded from the cooling section into the evaporator and, after partial or complete adsorption, into the desorber. This arrangement can therefore be achieved by using at least two inclined screw conveyors. The inclined screw conveyors may run at an angle of less than 45 ° or, in other embodiments, one or more screw conveyors may run at an angle of greater than 45 °. The advantage of using a screw conveyor with an angle below 45 deg. is that no feed conveyor is required. Thus, for arrangements where the angle of the screw conveyor is greater than 45 °, it may be necessary to use a horizontal feed conveyor. Horizontal feed conveyors, while adding to product cost, are easily added to the design. In the materials handling industry, there are other solutions to avoid the use of horizontal feed conveyors, such as using smaller pitch sizes (e.g., short (2/3) pitch or half (1/2) pitch), or reducing the gap between the screw conveyor and the pipe. These techniques also improve material handling efficiency in inclined screw conveyors and can therefore be used in the design.

The desorber and cooling (heat rejection) section pipes/tubes may have jackets in which fluid is circulated to enhance heat transfer. The condenser in this design is similar to the first design in that it collects vapor from the top of the desorber, cools the vapor by transferring heat to ambient air and/or a cooling fluid, and delivers liquefied refrigerant to the evaporator. An expansion valve may be provided between the condenser and the evaporator to help reduce the fluid pressure. In addition, a low burst pressure check valve may be provided between the condenser and the desorber.

It should be noted that in the above design, the desorber and the cooling section can both use the same design and size of screw conveyor, as well as the same inclination or different angles/sizes. Thus, some embodiments may use different designs and/or sizes of screw conveyors and/or different inclinations.

As mentioned above, different arrangements can be employed, wherein a common aspect of all these designs is the use of mixing and/or transporting (transporting) the nanoporous material (sorbent powder or particles) for cooling or desalination purposes.

Alternatively, the system may be microprocessor controlled by a computerized control system having a microprocessor, microcontroller, computer, programmable logic, or the like. The system optionally includes a processor running machine learning code. Thus, the processor may execute algorithms in code to provide artificial intelligence that is able to learn how to optimize the operation of the system based on feedback signals from one or more sensors. The artificial intelligence type control system may learn to adjust various operating parameters such as the rotational speed of the screw conveyor, the flow of refrigerant, the actuation of valves, etc.

It is to be understood that, as used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to "a device" includes reference to one or more such devices, i.e., at least one device. The terms "comprising," "having," "including," and "containing" are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning "including, but not limited to,") unless otherwise noted. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of examples or exemplary language (e.g., "such as") provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate or describe embodiments of the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed.

While various embodiments are provided in the present disclosure, it should be understood that the disclosed systems and methods may be embodied in many other specific forms without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The present examples are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the intention is not to be limited to the details given herein. For example, various elements or components may be combined or integrated in another system or certain features may be omitted, or not implemented.

Furthermore, techniques, systems, subsystems, and methods described and illustrated in the various embodiments as discrete or separate may be combined or integrated with other systems, modules, techniques, or methods without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Other items shown or discussed as coupled or directly coupled or communicating with each other may be indirectly coupled or communicating through some interface, device, or intermediate component, whether in electrical, mechanical, or other form. Other examples of changes, substitutions, and alterations are ascertainable by one skilled in the art and could be made without departing from the inventive concepts disclosed herein.