阅读说明：本技术 一种治疗柑橘绿化病的方法 (Method for treating citrus greening disease ) 是由 温莎·格巴德·伊夫兰 肯尼斯·厄尔·布朗 于 2019-01-17 设计创作，主要内容包括：一种至少包含柑橘油、松油和盐水的组合物,可有效地缓解或消除有害的微生物,在一个实施例中,该微生物为植物中存在的革兰氏阴性细菌病。该混合物可有效抵抗柑橘绿化和其它革兰氏阴性细菌病。至少含有上述成分的混合物可用于治疗根部和/或叶面,治疗方式具体为,稀释组合物的浓缩混合物,以及将其喷射在患病植物或易于患病的植物的叶子上。类似地,组合的组合物可用于根灌或灌溉系统中,以治疗患病植物。如本文所述的组合物中的其它活性成分可可选地包含表面活性剂(尤其是在叶面施用中)和生长刺激剂(尤其是在根灌或灌溉施用中)。(A composition comprising at least citrus oil, pine oil and saline is effective in alleviating or eliminating harmful microorganisms, in one embodiment gram negative bacterial diseases present in plants. The mixture is effective against citrus greening and other gram-negative bacterial diseases. The mixture containing at least the above components can be used for treating roots and/or foliage, in particular, by diluting a concentrated mixture of the composition and spraying it on the foliage of the diseased or susceptible plant. Similarly, the combined compositions can be used in root irrigation or irrigation systems to treat diseased plants. Other active ingredients in the compositions as described herein may optionally comprise surfactants (especially in foliar applications) and growth stimulants (especially in root irrigation or irrigation applications).)

1. An antimicrobial composition comprising the treatment of a plant susceptible to microbial disease, wherein said composition comprises citrus oil, pine oil and saline in the relative amounts by volume between the three components:

a) 5-75% citrus oil;

b) 0.5-60% pine oil; and

c) 15-95% saline.

2. An antimicrobial composition according to claim 1, wherein the treatment is a foliar application.

3. An antimicrobial composition according to claim 1, wherein the treatment is root administration.

4. An antimicrobial composition according to claim 2, wherein the composition further comprises a surfactant and the relative amount of the surfactant is from 0.05 to 30% by volume.

5. An antimicrobial composition according to claim 4, wherein the surfactant comprises an alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride.

6. An antimicrobial composition according to claim 3, wherein the composition further comprises a growth stimulator and the relative amount of the growth stimulator is from 0.1 to 20% by volume.

7. An antimicrobial composition according to claim 6, wherein the growth stimulant comprises humic acid.

8. An antimicrobial composition according to claim 6, wherein the growth stimulant comprises fulvic acid.

9. An antimicrobial composition comprising a treatment of a plant susceptible to a gram-negative bacterial disease, wherein the composition comprises:

citrus oil, pine oil, saline, a surfactant and a growth stimulator, wherein the relative contents of the five components are as follows by volume:

a) 5-75% citrus oil;

b) 0.5-60% pine oil;

c) 15-95% saline;

d) 0.05-30% of a surfactant; and

e) 0.1-20% growth stimulant.

10. A method of treating a plant susceptible to a gram-negative bacterial disease comprising the steps of:

providing a composition comprising citrus oil, pine oil and brine, wherein the relative amounts between these three ingredients are by volume:

a) 5-75% citrus oil;

b) 0.5-60% pine oil;

c) 15-95% saline; and

the composition is applied to the plant in an amount effective to reduce gram-negative bacterial disease.

11. A method of treating leaves of a plant susceptible to a gram-negative bacterial disease comprising the steps of:

providing a composition comprising citrus oil, pine oil, brine and a surfactant, wherein the relative amounts between the three ingredients are by volume:

a) 5-75% citrus oil;

b) 0.5-60% pine oil;

c) 15-95% saline;

d) 0.05-30% of a surfactant; and comprises

The composition is applied to the foliage of the plant in an amount effective to reduce gram-negative bacterial disease.

12. A method of treating roots of a plant susceptible to a gram-negative bacterial disease comprising the steps of:

providing a composition comprising citrus oil, pine oil, brine and a growth stimulant, wherein the relative amounts between the three ingredients are by volume:

a) 5-75% citrus oil;

b) 0.5-60% pine oil;

c) 15-95% saline;

d) 0.01-20% of a growth stimulant; and

the composition is applied to the roots of the plant in an amount effective to reduce gram-negative bacterial disease.

The field of the invention is the treatment of plants suffering from gram-negative bacterial diseases, including citrus greening and viruses. The treatment described herein refers to the treatment of the foliage of the plant and/or the roots of the plant with a natural composition comprising pine oil and saline.

Background

Citrus greening disease (HLB), commonly known as citrus greening disease, was first discovered in 2005 in citrus trees in the suburbs of miami, florida. Citrus greening is a gram-negative bacterium, also known as a bacterium of the phloem, which is transmitted by psyllids and diaphorina citri as a natural vector. Pathogens penetrate the phloem of plants and invade the vascular system, blocking veins and greatly reducing water and nutrient transport. Several species of bacteria of the species Brevibacterium have been found in Asia, Africa, the United states, Mexico, and south and Central America.

Leptosphaeria graminis is another gram-negative bacterial disease, which is also transmitted to plants by vectors. It was first discovered in 1996 in a commercial grapevine in california. Vitreoptera cicada vectors are responsible for the rapid decline syndrome seen in grape pierce disease, pseudopeach disease, olive/almond/cherry/olive, etc., and the citrus chlorosis of citrus. These diseases have now reached epidemic levels in california, italy, spain and france.

Currently, there is no known cure for diseases of the bacterium phlobacterium or of the bacterium Leptosphaeria. Several experimental approaches have not proven effective against this disease. Oxytetracycline, streptomycin sulfate, and copper have become the major chemicals in the united states for the treatment of bacterial plant diseases. These chemicals have not proven successful in alleviating these gram-negative bacterial diseases. Attempts have been made to use heat therapy to heat treat devices and such devices have been found to be ineffective. A 900 ten thousand dollar "post release psyllid as a biocontrol agent program", sponsored by the U.S. department of agriculture, was also tried between 2012 and 2017. In this five year trial, no positive results were seen either.

Disclosure of Invention

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a composition and method for treating plants exposed to or otherwise susceptible to attack by harmful microorganisms, including but not limited to gram-negative bacterial diseases. By using the compositions described herein that include at least a mixture of citrus oil, pine oil, and saline, the disease is alleviated and, in some cases, eradicated.

In one embodiment, an antimicrobial composition includes treatment of a plant susceptible to a microbial disease, wherein the composition comprises citrus oil, pine oil, and saline. The relative contents of the three components are as follows by volume:

a) 5-75% citrus oil;

b) 0.5-60% pine oil; and

c) 15-95% saline.

The antimicrobial composition may be applied to the foliage or roots. The antimicrobial composition may further comprise a surfactant, and the relative amount of the surfactant is 0.05-30% by volume. The surfactant may comprise alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride. The antimicrobial composition may further comprise a growth stimulator and the relative amount of the growth stimulator is 0.1-20% by volume. The growth stimulant may comprise humic and/or fulvic acid or a mixture thereof.

In another embodiment, an antimicrobial composition comprises a treatment for a plant susceptible to gram-negative bacterial disease, wherein the composition comprises citrus oil, pine oil, saline, a surfactant, and a growth stimulator. The relative contents of the five components are as follows by volume:

a) 5-75% citrus oil;

b) 0.5-60% pine oil;

c) 15-95% saline;

d) 0.05-30% of a surfactant; and

e) 0.1-20% growth stimulant.

In another embodiment, a method of treating a plant susceptible to gram-negative bacterial disease comprising the step of providing a composition comprising citrus oil, pine oil and saline, wherein the relative amounts between the three ingredients are, by volume:

a) 5-75% citrus oil;

b) 0.5-60% pine oil;

c) 15-95% saline; and comprises

A step of applying the composition to the plant in an amount effective to reduce gram-negative bacterial disease.

In yet another embodiment, a method of treating leaves of a plant susceptible to gram-negative bacterial disease comprises the step of providing a composition comprising citrus oil, pine oil, saline, and a surfactant, wherein the relative amounts between the three ingredients are, by volume:

a) 5-75% citrus oil;

b) 0.5-60% pine oil;

c) 15-95% saline;

d) 0.05-30% of a surfactant; and comprises

A step of applying the composition to the foliage of the plant in an amount effective to reduce gram-negative bacterial disease.

In yet another embodiment, a method of treating roots of a plant susceptible to gram-negative bacterial disease comprises the step of providing a composition comprising citrus oil, pine oil, saline, and a growth stimulator, wherein the relative amounts between the three components are by volume:

a) 5-75% citrus oil;

b) 0.5-60% pine oil;

c) 15-95% saline;

d) 0.01-20% of a growth stimulant; and comprises

A step of applying the composition to the roots of the plant in an amount effective to reduce gram-negative bacterial disease.

Detailed Description

It has been found that compositions comprising at least citrus oil, pine oil and saline are effective in reducing or eliminating harmful microorganisms, for example, in one embodiment, these harmful microorganisms include gram negative bacterial diseases found in plants. Such mixtures are useful as effective antimicrobial agents, including antimicrobial agents effective against citrus greening and other gram-negative bacterial diseases. Mixtures containing at least the above ingredients can be used as foliar treatments by diluting a concentrated mixture of the composition and spraying it onto the foliage of the diseased or susceptible plants. Similarly, the combined compositions may be used as root irrigation or in irrigation systems for the treatment of diseased plants. Other active ingredients in the compositions disclosed herein may optionally comprise surfactants (especially in foliar applications) and growth stimulants (especially in root irrigation or irrigation applications).

Discussion of the antimicrobial compositions and methods herein is largely expanded upon the use of the compositions to combat gram-negative bacterial diseases, as the compositions were first found to be useful in combating citrus greening. However, the composition is effective against other harmful microbial diseases.

In one embodiment, there may be a two-step approach to cure gram-negative bacterial diseases, such as HLB citrus greening disease and other similar plant diseases. First, to address this problem, the entire citrus tree, including the roots and leaves, will be treated. Tests have shown that if the user treats the crown and root with foliar spray and thorough root irrigation, the tree will be able to completely cure the disease. Continued use of the product not only allows the owner to obtain larger fruit, but also results in fruit of higher quality, containing higher pounds of solids, than any conventional treatment. The composition of the present invention is a natural solution that does not contaminate harvested fruit, soil and groundwater. The purpose of the formulation is to provide a natural systemic treatment for infected trees to combat the disease. This treatment increases the nutrient and antimicrobial content required by the tree during root watering in a three foot radius area around the trunk. In one embodiment of the formulation, the natural humic and fulvic acids provide plant/root stimulating elements. These irritants can strengthen the roots and promote root growth. The stronger root system in turn increases the absorption of the nutrient minerals found in the humic/fulvic acid, salt water and citrus peel blend components. In addition, the stronger root system also promotes the absorption of the antibacterial elements in the mixed components of the pine oil and the citrus peel. It is known that the antimicrobial component of this treatment gradually "kills" the bacteria that plug the phloem vessels of trees (which is conceptually similar to the "Drano" brand canalisation that plugs the water pipes that plug homes). Eventually, these antimicrobial elements clear the phloem vessels of the clogged trees. Clear, clean phloem vessels allow water and therapeutic nutrients to flow through various parts of trees, including the trunk, branches, leaves, and fruits. This treatment will greatly improve the tree's own immune system, with special emphasis on the regenerated root system. Thus, the treatment provides the opportunity for the tree to essentially eliminate the disease from the inside. In addition, the antimicrobial pine oil (mixed with citrus peel) can also kill subterranean nematodes that tend to feed on the weakened root system (as is the case with HLB).

In addition, the application of such antimicrobial agents (pine oil, citrus oil and saline) to the canopy layer of trees by foliar spray helps the trees kill the disease. Pine oil (a mixture supplemented with citrus peel) also kills vector psyllids (and psyllid eggs) like insecticides. The surfactant in the formulation is intended to act as a "sticker" so that the therapeutic adheres to the leaves and branches of the tree. This adhesion allows more time for the leaves to absorb the therapeutic agent. The antimicrobial properties of pine oil (enhanced by the citrus peel mix) can also be used as a repellent for psyllids (carriers). By driving off these carriers, the tree is protected from further infestation. The antimicrobial/nutraceutical agent then propagates from the leaves to the phloem of the tree. This enables the therapeutic agent to attack bacteria in the phloem system of the tree and at the same time provide an urgent need for nutrition for the tree from top to bottom.

This double tube (upper/lower and bottom/top) for treating difficult plant diseases (e.g., HLB citrus greening) is considered unique. This method of providing many important minerals, ions, nutrients and antimicrobial supplements using an appropriate mixture of "natural drugs" will enable trees to acquire Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR). This is an effective method of treating HLB/citrus greening, as well as many other bacterial/viral diseases facing the agriculture.

Each of the active composition components and methods of use thereof are discussed in more detail below.

Citrus oils are typically obtained by processing citrus peel and other citrus juice by-products. Orange peels from various orange varieties may be used in the composition of the present invention. Other acceptable citrus oils include:

1) citrus peel

2) Lemon peel

3) Grapefruit peel

4) Sour orange peel

5) Orange peel

6) Orange peel

7) D-limonene

8) Citrus terpenes

9) Citrus oil

10) Orange oil

11) Lemon oil

12) Grapefruit oil

13) Dipentene

14) Limonene

The effective amount of citrus oil in the antimicrobial treatment can be selected depending on the particular type of citrus oil.

Citrus oil is an advantageous ingredient in the compositions described herein because of its antimicrobial properties. Citrus oils have antimicrobial properties. Citrus peel/oil consists of monoterpenes. For example, D-limonene is the main component of oil extracted from citrus peel or pericarp. D-limonene is known to inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi and certain parasites. Orange oil is classified as GRAS (generally recognized as safe) by the FDA in 21CFR 182.20, an essential oil and a natural extract, which means that the composition is non-toxic to humans or animals. D-limonene is classified by FDA as GRAS in 21CFR 182.60, is a synthetic flavor and adjuvant.

Importantly, citrus oils are natural oils that avoid many of the disadvantages of other antimicrobial agents. Citrus oils are not classified as Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) by the us EPA. Citrus oils are not classified as endocrine disruptors by the united states EPA. The U.S. department of health and public service does not list citrus oils in National Toxicology Program (NTP) reports on carcinogens. Citrus oils are not listed as carcinogens by the international agency for research on cancer (IARC). The montreal protocol does not regulate citrus oils as an ozone depleting substance. The california air resources commission does not list citrus oil as a toxic air pollutant (TAC). One or more of the aforementioned disadvantages may exist in existing plant treatments.

Natural turpentine oil is derived from turpentine oil, which is obtained by distillation from rosin, tall oil or wood rosin. Rosin is harvested by picking up live pine trees. Tall oil is a by-product of the pulp process. Wood rosin is obtained by chemical extraction of the stump of pine trees. Pine oil can also be extracted by boiling pine needles. Other methods of extracting pine oil from the above sources also exist. Synthetic turpentine oil is obtained by hydrating turpentine (or its constituent terpenes and alkenes) in a reactor and then fractionating to separate various fractions of alcohols, terpene hydrocarbons and other fractions. It should be noted that the reference to pine oil in this formulation refers to natural or synthetic pine oil. EPA registered pine oil products may also be used in the present compositions. Currently, there are 12 active pine oil registrations (1 registered pine oil producer) according to the federal insecticide, fungicide and rodenticide act (FIFRA) section 3. Pine oil is generally effective as a disinfectant, germicide, antimicrobial/germicide, virucide, and pesticide.

When pine oil is used, some target pests include ammonia bacillus brevis, candida albicans, enterobacter, escherichia coli, gram-negative enteric bacteria, domestic bacteria, such as gram-negative domestic bacteria causing salmonellosis, herpes simplex types 1 and 2, influenza a, pasteur/influenza a virus, a 2/japanese influenza virus, enteric bacteria, klebsiella pneumoniae, bacteria causing odor, molds, peronospora parasitica, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella choleraesuis, salmonella typhi, serratia marcescens, shigella sonnei, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus faecalis, streptococcus pyogenes, trichophyton. It should be noted that both the Brevibacterium and the Leptodermia species responsible for citrus greening are gram-negative bacteria.

One acceptable pine oil for use in the compositions of the present invention is ElPinol85 pine oil (including ElPinol 85), which is an approved EPA-registered active ingredient for indoor antimicrobial disinfectants. ElPinol85 EPA registration number 11668-3, registered from 5/14 of 1974. In 6 months 2017, ElPinol85 was approved by the australian national sustainable agriculture association (NASAA) as an active ingredient for outdoor organic agricultural herbicide applications. Elpinol85 is used as an active ingredient in the citrus greening example in the composition of the present invention to help eliminate the bacteria of the species Brevibacterium and Leptosphaeria graminis, eliminate infectious vectors in the leaves of diseased citrus trees, and allow these vectors to re-infect citrus trees or other susceptible plants. It is a natural substance of turpentine oil extracted from turpentine. Its additional safety advantage is that pine oil has been proven harmless to humans or animals in the past 40 years of literature toxicological studies.

The chemical compositions of ElPinol85 comprise the following compounds which are believed to contribute to the onset of action of this ingredient:

1) alpha-terpineol

2) Terpinolene

3) Limonene

4) Alpha-pinene

5) Myrcene

6) Fenchyl alcohol (alpha & beta)

7) Terpene alcohols

E1Pinol85 (85% terpene alcohol) is a pine oil ingredient that can be used in the compositions of the present invention. Other liquid terpenes that may replace this pine oil component include:

1) the pine oil contains 5-100% terpene alcohol

2) Dipentene

3) Turpentine oil

4) Natural pine oil

5) Alpha-pinene (derived from turpentine, crude tall oil, and crude sulfate turpentine)

6) Gum rosin (solid or liquid)

7) Wood rosin and wood rosin (solid or liquid)

8) Tall oil and tall oil fatty acids

9) Castor oil

10) Oil resin

11) Turpentine/rosin gum blend.

Saline is also an ingredient of the composition of the present invention. In one example, the brine is simply seawater originating from any ocean or brackish water source. This seawater contains many natural ionic components, helps to eliminate unhealthy bacteria, and provides nutrients to the plants. The brine composition also comprises any artificial seawater or other water mixture including one or more primary ions in seawater, including chloride, sodium, sulfate, and magnesium ions, and optionally other common ions in seawater.

In particular in compositions for foliar application, surfactants are beneficial by improving the dispersion of the composition over the leaves and branches of the plant and improving the absorption of the composition in the leaves and bark. One class of such surfactants is known as benzyl quaternary compounds. One particular surfactant is BTC 8358, a quaternary compound that can be formulated into various institutional and industrial cleaning applications, water treatment, gas/oil drilling muds/packer fluids, gas/oil production flooding systems, gas/oil fracturing fluid systems, and wood preservation. Applications include use as algaecides, antimicrobials, deodorants, disinfectants, bactericides, antiseptics, disinfectants, swimming pool maintenance, and water treatment. The chemical description of this compound is alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride.

Other classes of acceptable surfactants include, but are not limited to: polysorbate (e.g. Tween)^TM) Sodium lauryl sulfate (sodium lauryl sulfate), lauryl dimethyl amine oxide, Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB), polyethoxylated alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitan, octoxynol (e.g., Triton X100)^TM) N, N-dimethyldodecylamine-N-oxide, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB), polyoxyethylene 10 lauryl ether, Brij 721^TMBile salts (sodium deoxycholate, sodium cholate), polyoxyethylene castor oil (e.g. Cremophor)^TM) Nonylphenol ethoxylates (e.g. Te)rgitol^TM) Cyclodextrin, lecithin and benzethonium chloride (e.g. hydramine)^TM). Surfactants are used in most formulations to keep the product on the surface to which it is applied for as long as possible to achieve maximum benefit of the product. Absorption of nutrients and minerals by the compounds in the formulation extends their impact on diseased trees and plants by prolonging contact with plant foliage.

Additional growth stimulants are helpful when the compositions of the present invention are used in root irrigation or irrigation applications. For example, humic and fulvic acids and mixtures thereof may help to make plants healthier. Humic acid and humic acid are complex molecules produced by the decomposition of organic matter. Healthy soil naturally contains these acids. In contrast, unhealthy and severely disturbed soils whose natural circulation is disturbed are depleted of these substances, which are critical to organic processes that are the origin of healthy growth and vitality of plants. Since most soils are not in an ideal state, the addition of humic and fulvic acids directly to the soil generally brings about a great improvement and helps to restore the soil to its original natural state. Humic and humic acids may also act in the soil to bind and render inactive contaminants.

Alternative growth stimulants include: humus (trace) minerals (organic, concentrated, liquid, powder), yellow rot (trace) minerals (organic, concentrated, liquid, powder), diatomaceous earth minerals, ionic minerals, trace earth minerals and rare earth minerals.

The above ingredients may be mixed together in concentrated or various diluted mixtures depending on how the composition is to be applied to the plants of the small forest or farm. Accordingly, the relative amounts of the components of the composition are set forth herein with reference to only the relative amounts of those components.

The following is a list of examples of formulations of the composition:

in general, the ranges of the respective components are as follows. As mentioned above, the percentage is a volume percentage and is relative only to the other ingredients in the concentrated mixture, and not to any other diluent that may carry the composition.

The formula range is as follows:

1. citrus fruit 5-75%

15-50% substitution range

2, pine oil (EIPinol85) 0.5-60%

1.00-165 alternative range

3. Surfactant (benzyl quaternary ammonium salt) 0.05-30%

(optional ingredients) 10-25% substitution range

4. Saline 15-95% range

20-40% substitution range

5. Growth stimulants

(humic acid/fulvic acid) 0.01-205%

(optional ingredients) 10-17% substitution range

In some applications where the composition is diluted with water, the treatment range includes the following amounts of concentrated formulation/composition relative to water.

1. The leaf surface application range is as follows: 10-90 ml, or 5-200 ml of the concentrated composition per gallon of water.

2. Root irrigation application range: 30-140 ml, or 10-200 ml of the concentrated composition per gallon of water.

3. Irrigation application range: 10-90 ml, or 5-200 ml of the concentrated composition per gallon of water.

Each of the above-described several modes of plant application is discussed below. Examples of application of these compositions are for the treatment of citrus trees, but other plants can also be similarly adapted for each application to a particular type of plant using similar applications as described above.

Foliar spray-essentially all citrus fruits in florida receive foliar sprays consisting of fungicides, insecticides and/or nutrients. Most foliar sprays are applied by spray gun sprayers. These sprayers are typically pulled by a tractor at a rate of 1-3 miles per hour. The tank size on the sprayer is typically 500 plus 1000 gallons. Some sprayers are mounted on trucks. The sprayer consists of a 500-gallon and 1000-gallon tank (for containing the spray mixture) and a plurality of spray nozzles mounted at the rear of the sprayer. The nozzles are mounted on and adjacent to the sides of a large fan that propels the spray onto/into the crown. The sprayer is driven back and forth between the rows of trees. Some smaller, low volume sprays are used in part, while some foliar sprays are applied by air. The smaller concentrate sprays ranged from 50-150 gallons per acre, while the spray level ranged from 5-20 gallons per acre. Planes are typically used for small forests with large areas.

Root pot application-when the soil around the base of the plant is slightly moist, root irrigation, also known as soil irrigation, is also applied. Temporary raking back the mulch, foliage or other material covering the soil and the uppermost soil within 1 foot of the plant base may limit the effects of evaporation on the chemicals applied to the soil and allow the chemicals to enter the trees more quickly. The amount of fertilizer and water used for soil wetting is typically calculated based on the concentration of the fertilizer and the area of soil in which it is used. Pesticides and other chemicals used on trees are calculated based on the diameter of the trunk of the tree and the manufacturer's recommendations for the chemicals used.

Irrigation system-in florida there are typically 3 types of systems.

1. Micro-sprinkler-low flow system, there is a sprinkler near each tree, sometimes between two trees. The diameter coverage of the spray head is 10 to 20 feet. There are other configurations. The number of gallons applied and the irrigation schedule depend on the woodworker's thoughts. Typically, 0.5-1.0 acre inches of water is used per irrigation. With the onset of HLB (greening), some growers are irrigating multiple times, with less and less water per irrigation. Water is supplied from wells in the tree and operated by large electric or diesel pumps. Fungicides, insecticides and/or nutrients and fertilizers are typically injected into the system. The injection system is located near the pump. Injection is a very economical method for applying materials to soil for soil application or irrigation. After the material is injected early in the irrigation activity, irrigation is continued to flush the irrigation lines and apply the required water to the forest.

2. Flood irrigation-there are several forests flooded in south florida.

The trees are planted at the high position of the soil, and ditches are respectively arranged at the two sides of the trees. Large amounts of water are pumped into ditches or supplied by canals and gravity. The trenches between the rows are slightly sloped so that water flows down the trenches. The system is not suitable for applying fungicides, insecticides, fertilizers or nutraceuticals.

3. Overhead-this method is currently rarely used because it is not economical and it leads to increased fungus problems on trees. This system has been widely used until the advent of micro-jets, which have slowly decreased their use. These systems are not suitable for injecting materials.

4. Infiltrating irrigation-in citrus-culture lowland forests (near the coast and south florida), the canals adjacent to the forest are flooded with floods, and water penetrates the citrus trees through the soil profile. This is not a widely used method. This method is not suitable for injecting materials into irrigation water.