阅读说明：本技术 用于包含层元件的应用的聚合物组合物 (Polymer composition for applications comprising layer elements ) 是由 斯蒂芬·赫尔斯特罗姆 马蒂亚斯·布尔奎斯特 于 2019-02-12 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明涉及一种聚合物组合物、一种包含聚合物组合物的制品(优选包含含有聚合物组合物的至少一个层元件(LE)的制品)和一种用于生产该制品的方法。(The present invention relates to a polymer composition, an article comprising the polymer composition, preferably an article comprising at least one Layer Element (LE) comprising the polymer composition, and a process for producing the article.)

1. A polymer composition comprising

-a polymer (P);

-a unit (b) containing silane groups; and

-a hindered amine compound (HALS) comprising units of formula (a 0):

wherein

R₁Is a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) hydrocarbylene group optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; or a heteroatom selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-;

R₂、R₃、R₄and R₅Each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) hydrocarbyl group optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-;

R₆selected from substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) alkylene groups optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; provided that R is₆To the ring atom of the unit of formula (A0) via an atom other than oxygen, -O-;

wherein R is₁To R₆The number of optional substituents for each of (a) is independently selected from 1,2 or 3; and R is₁To R₆Said optional substituents of each of (a) are independently selected from a (C1-C20) hydrocarbyl group, which (C1-C20) hydrocarbyl group may optionally be interrupted by one or more heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-, and which (C1-C20) hydrocarbyl group may optionally be substituted with a (C1-C20) hydrocarbyl group optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; or ═ O groups; or-N (R)₂；

R is independently selected from H or a straight chain (C1-C8) alkyl group; and is

n is 1 to 20.

2. The polymer composition according to claim 1, wherein the polymer (P) is a polyethylene polymer.

3. The polymer composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein

Said hindered amine compound (HALS) of formula (A) is a compound of formula (A1), wherein

R₁Selected from optionally substituted or unsubstituted-O-),-a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched (C1-C20) alkylene group interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms of-N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted, unsaturated or partially saturated cyclic (C5-C8) alkylene group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic (C5-C8) arylene group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) alkylene-cyclo (C5-C8) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) alkylene- (C5-C8) arylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic (C5-C8) alkylene- (C1-C20) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C5-C8) arylene- (C1-C20) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; or a heteroatom selected from-O-or-NR-;

R₂、R₃、R₄and R₅Each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched (C1-C20) alkyl group optionally interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-;

R₆selected from a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched (C1-C20) alkylene group optionally interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted, unsaturated or partially saturated cyclic (C5-C8) alkylene group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic (C5-C8) arylene group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) alkylene-cyclo (C5-C8) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) alkylene- (C5-C8) arylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; optionally interrupted by-O-, -N-or-NR-, substituted orUnsubstituted cyclic (C5-C8) alkylene- (C1-C20) alkylene group; a substituted or unsubstituted (C5-C8) arylene- (C1-C20) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-;

and is

Wherein R is₁To R₆The number of optional substituents for each of (a) is independently selected from 1,2 or 3; and R is₁To R₆Said optional substituents of each of which are independently selected from saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched chain (C1-C20) alkyl groups optionally interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted, unsaturated or partially saturated cyclic (C5-C8) hydrocarbyl group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; (C5-C8) substituted or unsubstituted aryl group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; or ═ O groups; or-N (R)₂；

R is independently selected from H or a straight chain (C1-C8) alkyl group; and is

n is 2 to 20.

4. The polymer composition according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the hindered amine compound (HALS) of formula (A) has a pH of 9 or less, preferably 3 to 8.5.

5. The polymer composition according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the hindered amine compound (HALS) of formula (A) has a molecular weight of 300 to 6000.

6. The polymer composition according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the hindered amine compound (HALS) of formula (a) has a Tm of 180 ℃ or less, preferably from 15 ℃ to 150 ℃, preferably from 20 ℃ to 100 ℃.

7. The polymer composition according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the polymer (P) is selected from polymers of ethylene (a) selected from

Polymers of ethylene with comonomers containing silane groups (a 1);

copolymers of (a2) ethylene with one or more polar comonomers selected from (C1-C6) -alkyl acrylate comonomers or (C1-C6) -alkylacrylic (C1-C6) -alkyl ester comonomers, said copolymers (a2) bearing silane group-containing units and said copolymers (a2) being different from said polymers of ethylene (a 1); or

- (a3) copolymers of ethylene with one or more (C1-C10) -alpha-olefin comonomers, said copolymers (a3) being different from the polymers of ethylene (a1) and from the polymers of ethylene (a 2).

8. The polymer composition according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the polymer of ethylene (a) is a copolymer of (a2) ethylene with one or more, preferably one, polar comonomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid (C1-C6) -alkyl ester comonomer or (C1-C6) -alkylacrylic acid (C1-C6) -alkyl ester comonomer and a silane group containing comonomer.

9. The polymer composition according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the amount of the polar comonomer in the copolymer of ethylene (a2) is from 0.5 to 30.0 mol%, preferably from 2.5 to 18 mol%, preferably the polar comonomer is selected from (C1-C6) -alkyl acrylate comonomers, more preferably from methyl acrylate comonomer, ethyl acrylate comonomer or butyl acrylate comonomer.

10. The polymer composition according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the silane group containing units, or preferably silane group containing comonomers, of polymer of ethylene (a) are hydrolysable unsaturated silane compounds represented by formula (I):

R1SiR2qY3-q(I)

wherein

R1 is an ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbyloxy or (meth) acryloyloxyalkyl group,

each R2 is independently an aliphatic saturated hydrocarbyl group,

y, which may be identical or different, is a hydrolyzable organic group, and

q is 0, 1 or 2;

preferably, the amount of said silane group containing units or preferably said silane group containing comonomers of polymer of ethylene (a) is from 0.01 to 2.0 mol%;

preferably, said polymer of ethylene (a), preferably said copolymer, is produced by polymerization in a high pressure polymerization process using a free radical initiator.

11. The polymer composition according to any of the preceding claims, wherein polymer of ethylene (a) has one or two, preferably two,

a melt flow rate MFR of less than 20g/10min, suitably from 0.1g/10min to 15g/10min₂(according to ISO1133 at 190 ℃ and under a load of 2.16 kg); or

-a melting temperature Tm of 120 ℃ or lower, when measured as described under "determination methods" in the specification.

12. A Layer Element (LE) comprising one or more layers, wherein at least one layer comprises a polymer composition according to any of the preceding claims 1-11.

13. An article comprising a polymer composition according to any of the preceding claims 1-11, preferably a Layer Element (LE) according to claim 12.

14. The article of claim 13, being an assembly comprising two or more layer elements, wherein at least one layer element is a Layer Element (LE) according to claim 12.

15. The article of claim 13 or 14, being a Photovoltaic (PV) module comprising a photovoltaic element and one or more further layer elements, wherein at least one layer element is a Layer Element (LE) according to claim 12.

16. The Photovoltaic (PV) module according to claim 15, comprising a protective front layer element, a front encapsulant element, a photovoltaic element, a rear encapsulant element and a protective back layer element in the given order, wherein the front and rear encapsulant elements are Layer Elements (LE) according to claim 12.

17. The Photovoltaic (PV) module according to claim 15 or 16, wherein the protective front layer element, preferably the protective layer element and the protective back layer element are rigid layer elements, preferably glass layer elements.

18. A process for producing an article, preferably a Photovoltaic (PV) module, comprising two or more layer elements, wherein at least one layer element is a Layer Element (LE) of the invention, comprising the following steps

-assembling the Layer Element (LE) and one or more further layer elements into an assembly;

-laminating the layer elements of the assembly at an elevated temperature to adhere the elements together; and

-recovering the obtained article as defined above or below or in the claims.

Technical Field

The present invention relates to a polymer composition, a Layer Element (LE), an article comprising the polymer composition, preferably an article comprising the Layer Element (LE), the use of the polymer composition, preferably (LE), for the production of an article and a process for the production of an article.

Background

The following are examples of articles comprising layer elements: for example, articles that are single layer elements, such as single layer films; articles that are multilayer components, such as multilayer films; an article comprising two or more layer elements for a photovoltaic device; an article comprising two or more layer elements for use in building applications, such as elements in buildings, for example building elements, such as exterior/interior elements, such as exterior wall elements, window elements, door elements or interior wall elements of the exterior of a building; an element in a bridge; elements in vehicles, such as windows in cars, trains, planes or ships; elements in production equipment, such as safety windows in machines; an element in a household appliance; elements in projection applications, such as head-up displays; or elements in furniture, etc.

For example, Photovoltaic (PV) modules, also known as solar cell modules, generate electrical energy from light and are used in a variety of applications, as is well known in the art, e.g., outdoor applications. The type of photovoltaic module may vary. The module typically has a multilayer structure, i.e. several different layer elements with different functions. The layer elements of the photovoltaic module may vary in view of the layer materials and layer structure. The final photovoltaic module can be rigid or flexible.

The layer elements exemplified above may be single-layer or multi-layer elements. Typically, the layer elements of a PV module are assembled in their functional order and then laminated together to form an integrated PV module. Furthermore, there may be an adhesive layer between layers of elements or between elements of different layers.

A Photovoltaic (PV) module may for example comprise, in the given order, a protective front layer element (such as a glass layer element), which may be flexible or rigid, a front encapsulation layer element, a photovoltaic element, a rear encapsulation layer element, also referred to as a backsheet layer element, and a protective rear layer element, which may be rigid or flexible; and optionally comprises, for example, an aluminum frame.

Thus, some or all of the layer elements of the PV module (e.g., the front and back encapsulant layer elements, and the back sheet layer in general) typically contain a polymeric material, such as an Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) based material.

Due to the nature of one or both layer elements, sometimes the adhesion between the two layer elements after lamination may not be sufficient for the needs required for the desired end application.

There is a continuing need for: additional layer component compositions are provided to provide advanced solutions for different end-use applications.

Drawings

Fig. 1 shows a Photovoltaic (PV) module as a preferred article of manufacture of the Layer Element (LE) of the invention, wherein the PV module comprises the following layer elements of the photovoltaic module in the given order (separated in fig. 1): a protective front layer element (1), a front encapsulant element (2), a photovoltaic element (3), a back encapsulant element (4) and a protective back layer element (5), wherein at least the back encapsulant element (4) comprises the polymer composition of the invention, preferably wherein at least one layer element, preferably one or both, preferably both, of the front encapsulant element (2) and/or the back encapsulant element (4), comprises, preferably consists of, the Layer Element (LE) of the invention.

Fig. 2 shows a laminated glass element, for example for security applications, insulation applications or thermal applications, all of which have meanings well known in the art. In fig. 2, the laminated glass element comprises a first layer element (1), a Layer Element (LE) of the invention comprising a polymer composition of the invention and a second layer element (2).

Description of the invention

Accordingly, the present invention relates to a polymer composition comprising

-a polymer (P);

-a unit (b) containing silane groups; and

-a hindered amine compound (HALS) comprising units of formula (a 0):

wherein

R₁Is a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) hydrocarbylene group optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; or a heteroatom selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-;

R₂、R₃、R₄and R₅Each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) hydrocarbyl group optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-;

R₆selected from substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) alkylene groups optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; provided that R is₆To the ring atom of the unit of formula (A0) via an atom other than oxygen, -O-;

wherein R is₁To R₆The number of optional substituents of each of (a) and (b) is independently selected from 1,2 or 3, and R is₁To R₆The optional substituents of each of (a) are independently selected from a (C1-C20) hydrocarbyl group, which (C1-C20) hydrocarbyl group may optionally be interrupted by one or more heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-, and which (C1-C20) hydrocarbyl group may optionally be substituted with a (C1-C20) hydrocarbyl group optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; or ═ O groups; or-N (R)₂；

R is independently selected from H or a straight chain (C1-C8) alkyl group; and is

n is 1 to 20.

The polymer composition as defined above, below or in the claims is also referred to herein as "polymer composition of the invention" or "polymer composition".

The silane group-containing unit (b) as defined above, below or in the claims is also referred to herein as a silane group-containing unit.

A hindered amine compound (HALS) comprising a unit of formula (a0) as defined above, below or in the claims means in the present application that the HALS must contain the unit of formula (a0) and wherein the unit of formula (a0) terminates with a terminal group to form the final hindered amine compound (HALS) (a), which is also referred to herein simply as "HALS of formula (a)", "HALS compound (a)", "HALS (a)", or "HALS".

In the definition of the substituents of the unit of formula (a0), and as described for the HALS of formula (a): the term "hydrocarbylene group" refers to a divalent group formed by removing two hydrogen atoms from a hydrocarbon, the free valence of which is not bound by a double bond, e.g., 1, 3-phenylene, -CH 2CH2CH 2- (propane-1, 3-diyl), -CH 2- (methylene) (according to IUPAC nomenclature). Furthermore, the term "hydrocarbyl group" refers to a monovalent group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon, such as ethyl, phenyl (according to IUPAC nomenclature).

It has surprisingly been found that the polymer composition of the invention with a specific HALS compound (a) is capable of providing such a Layer Element (LE): improved adhesion after lamination on a substrate and, preferably, improved adhesion after hot and humid conditions in addition to improved adhesion directly after lamination.

Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that the HALS compound (a) has little or even negligible crosslinking activity of the silane group containing polymer composition.

In addition, the polymer compositions of the invention enable the production of peroxide-free layer elements, if desired.

Furthermore, the polymer compositions are well suited for use in articles such as Photovoltaic (PV) modules; suitable for use in construction applications, elements in vehicles, elements in production equipment, elements in projection applications, elements in furniture, etc.

In a further aspect of the present invention there is also provided the use of a polymer composition as defined above or below or in the claims for the production of a Layer Element (LE) comprising one or more layers, wherein at least one layer comprises a polymer composition of the present invention.

In another aspect, the present invention further provides a Layer Element (LE) of one or more layers, wherein at least one layer comprises a polymer composition as defined above, below or in the claims. The Layer Element (LE) of the present invention is also referred to as Layer Element (LE) in the present application.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides an article comprising a polymer composition. Preferably, the present invention further provides an article comprising the Layer Element (LE) of the present invention.

In another aspect, the invention further provides the use of a polymer composition as defined above or below or in the claims for the production of an article, preferably a Photovoltaic (PV) module, comprising a Layer Element (LE) comprising one or more layers, preferably one layer, comprising a polymer composition as defined above or below or in the claims.

The article is preferably an assembly comprising one or more layer elements, wherein at least one layer element is a Layer Element (LE).

More preferably the article is a Photovoltaic (PV) module comprising a photovoltaic element and one or more further layer elements, wherein at least one layer element, preferably one layer element, is a Layer Element (LE) as defined above or below or in the claims.

The invention further provides a Photovoltaic (PV) module comprising a protective front layer element, a front encapsulant element, a photovoltaic element, a rear encapsulant element and a protective rear layer element in the given order, wherein preferably at least one layer element, preferably one or two, preferably two, of the front encapsulant element and/or the rear encapsulant element, comprises a Layer Element (LE) of the invention as defined above or below or in the claims, preferably consists of a Layer Element (LE) of the invention as defined above or below or in the claims.

The invention further provides a process for producing an article comprising two or more layer elements, wherein at least one layer element is a Layer Element (LE) of the invention, comprising the following steps

-assembling the Layer Element (LE) and one or more further layer elements into an assembly;

-laminating the layer elements of the assembly at an elevated temperature to attach the elements together; and

-recovering the obtained article (as defined above or below or in the claims).

Polymer composition, polymer (P), HALS, Layer Element (LE), article (preferably PV module) and method for producing an article of the invention are described below and in the claims, together with further details, preferred embodiments, ranges and properties thereof, wherein the preferred embodiments, ranges and properties may be in any combination and may be combined in any order.

Polymer composition

Preferably, HALS (A) is a compound of formula (A1), wherein

R₁Is a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) hydrocarbylene group optionally interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; or a heteroatom selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-;

R₂、R₃、R₄and R₅Each independently selected from: a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) hydrocarbyl group optionally interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-;

R₆selected from substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) hydrocarbylene groups optionally interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; provided that R is₆To the ring atom of the unit of formula (A1) via an atom other than oxygen, -O-;

wherein R is₁To R₆The number of optional substituents of each of (a) and (b) is independently selected from 1,2 or 3, and R is₁To R₆The optional substituents of each of (a) are independently selected from a (C1-C20) hydrocarbyl group, which (C1-C20) hydrocarbyl group may optionally be interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-, and which (C1-C20) hydrocarbyl group may optionally be substituted by a (C1-C20) hydrocarbyl group optionally interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; or ═ O groups; or-N (R)₂；

R is independently selected from H or a straight chain (C1-C8) alkyl group; and is

n is 2 to 20.

Preferably, HALS (A) is a compound of formula (A2), wherein

R₁Selected from 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms optionally selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-A interrupted, substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched (C1-C20) alkylene group; a substituted or unsubstituted, unsaturated or partially saturated cyclic (C5-C8) alkylene group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic (C5-C8) arylene group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) alkylene-cyclo (C5-C8) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) alkylene- (C5-C8) arylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic (C5-C8) alkylene- (C1-C20) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C5-C8) arylene- (C1-C20) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; or a heteroatom selected from-O-or-NR-;

R₂、R₃、R₄and R₅Each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched (C1-C20) alkyl group optionally interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-;

R₆selected from a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched (C1-C20) alkylene group optionally interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted, unsaturated or partially saturated cyclic (C5-C8) alkylene group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic (C5-C8) arylene group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) alkylene-cyclo (C5-C8) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) alkylene- (C5-C8) arylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; substituted or unsubstituted cyclo (C5-C8) alkylene optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-An alkylene group- (C1-C20); a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic (C5-C8) arylene- (C1-C20) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; and is

Wherein R is₁To R₆The number of optional substituents of each of (a) and (b) is independently selected from 1,2 or 3, and R is₁To R₆The optional substituents of each of (a) are independently selected from saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched chain (C1-C20) alkyl groups optionally interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted, unsaturated or partially saturated cyclic (C5-C8) hydrocarbyl group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; (C5-C8) substituted or unsubstituted aryl group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; or ═ O groups; or-N (R)₂；

R is independently selected from H or a straight chain (C1-C8) alkyl group; and is

n is 2 to 20.

In a preferred embodiment, the hindered amine compound (HALS) of formula (a) has a pH of 9 or less, preferably 3 to 8.5, preferably 4 to 8, preferably 5 to 8, more preferably 5.5 to 7.5.

In a preferred embodiment, the hindered amine compound (HALS) of formula (a) has a molecular weight of from 300 to 6000, preferably from 550 to 5700, preferably from 2000 to 5000, preferably from 2700 to 4500. The molecular weight of hindered amine compounds (HALS) is generally disclosed in technical data sheets for commercially available HALS compounds or can be measured using GPC.

In a preferred embodiment, the hindered amine compound (HALS) of formula (a) has a Tm of 180 ℃ or less, preferably from 15 ℃ to 150 ℃, preferably from 20 ℃ to 100 ℃, preferably from 30 ℃ to 90 ℃, preferably from 40 ℃ to 80 ℃, most preferably from 50 ℃ to 60 ℃.

Preferably, the HALS is a compound of formula (A3), wherein

R₁Selected from a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched (C1-C20) alkylene group optionally interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; optionally, theA substituted or unsubstituted, unsaturated or partially saturated cyclic (C5-C8) alkylene group having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic (C5-C8) arylene group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) alkylene-cyclo (C5-C8) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) alkylene- (C5-C8) arylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic (C5-C8) alkylene- (C1-C20) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C5-C8) arylene- (C1-C20) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; or a heteroatom selected from-O-or-NR-;

R₂、R₃、R₄and R₅Each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched (C1-C20) alkyl group optionally interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-;

R₆selected from a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched (C1-C20) alkylene group optionally interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted, unsaturated or partially saturated cyclic (C5-C8) alkylene group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic (C5-C8) arylene group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) alkylene-cyclo (C5-C8) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C20) alkylene- (C5-C8) arylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic (C5-C8) alkylene- (C1-C20) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; substituted or unsubstituted cyclic (C5-C8) arylenes optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-An alkylene group- (C1-C20); and is

Wherein R is₁To R₆The number of optional substituents of each of (a) and (b) is independently selected from 1,2 or 3, and R is₁To R₆The optional substituents of each of (a) are independently selected from saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched chain (C1-C20) alkyl groups optionally interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted, unsaturated or partially saturated cyclic (C5-C8) hydrocarbyl group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; (C5-C8) substituted or unsubstituted aryl group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; or ═ O groups; or-N (R)₂；

R is independently selected from H or a straight chain (C1-C8) alkyl group; and is

n is 2 to 20.

Preferably, the HALS is a compound of formula (A4), wherein

R₁Selected from a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched (C1-C8) alkylene group optionally interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted, unsaturated or partially saturated cyclic (C5-C6) alkylene group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic (C5-C6) arylene group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C8) alkylene-cyclo (C5-C6) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-N-or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C8) alkylene- (C5-C6) arylene group optionally interrupted by-N-or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic (C5-C6) alkylene- (C1-C8) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C5-C6) arylene- (C1-C8) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; or a heteroatom selected from-O-or-NR-;

R₂、R₃、R₄and R₅Each is independentSelected from a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched (C1-C8) alkyl group optionally interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-;

R₆selected from a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched (C1-C8) alkylene group optionally interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted, unsaturated or partially saturated cyclic (C5-C6) alkylene group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic (C5-C6) arylene group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C8) alkylene-cyclo (C5-C6) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-N-or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C1-C8) alkylene- (C5-C6) arylene group optionally interrupted by-N-or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic (C5-C6) alkylene- (C1-C8) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted (C5-C6) arylene- (C1-C8) alkylene group optionally interrupted by-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; and is

Wherein R is₁To R₆The number of optional substituents of each of (a) and (b) is independently selected from 1 or 2, and R₁To R₆The optional substituents of each of (a) are independently selected from saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched chain (C1-C8) alkyl groups optionally interrupted by 1,2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; a substituted or unsubstituted, unsaturated or partially saturated cyclic (C5-C6) hydrocarbyl group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-N ═ or-NR-; (C5-C6) substituted or unsubstituted aryl group optionally having 1,2 or 3 ring heteroatoms selected from-O-, -N ═ or-NR-; or ═ O groups; or-N (R)₂；

R is independently selected from H or a straight chain (C1-C6) alkyl group; and is

n is 2 to 20.

At least one of the above and below HALS compound (A)In a preferred embodiment of any one of the group consisting of₆via-CH₂-an N atom linked to a ring.

In a preferred embodiment of the HALS compound (a) or any one of its preferred subgroups above or below, n is preferably from 3 to 15, preferably from 4 to 15, preferably from 5 to 15, more preferably from 6 to 15, more preferably from 8 to 15, more preferably from 10 to 15.

More preferably, the HALS compound (a) or any of its preferred sub-groups above or below satisfy one or more or all of the following substituent definitions 1) to 4), in any combination and in any order:

1)R₁preferably-O-;

2)R₂、R₃、R₄and R₅Each of which is independently preferably a linear (C1-C6) alkyl group, preferably a linear (C1-C4) alkyl group, preferably a methyl group, more preferably each R₂、R₃、R₄And R₅Are all identical and are preferably linear (C1-C6) alkyl groups, preferably linear (C1-C4) alkyl groups, most preferably methyl groups;

3)R₆is preferably- (CH)₂)_x-O-(C＝O)-(CH₂)_y- (C ═ O) (where x is 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4, preferably 1 to 2 and y is 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4, preferably 1 to 2), most preferably- (CH)₂)₂-O-(C＝O)-(CH₂)₂- (C ═ O); and/or

4) n is preferably from 3 to 15, preferably from 4 to 15, preferably from 5 to 15, more preferably from 6 to 15, more preferably from 8 to 15, more preferably from 10 to 15.

More preferably, the HALS compound (a) or any one of its preferred sub-groups above or below satisfies all of the above substituent definitions 1) to 4).

In a most preferred embodiment, the HALS compound (A) has the formula (A5), wherein

-R₁is-O-;

-R₂、R₃、R₄and R₅Each of which is independently methyl;

-R₆is-CH₂-CH₂-O-C(＝O)-CH₂-CH₂-C (C ═ O) -; and is

-n is from 3 to 15, preferably from 4 to 15, preferably from 5 to 15, more preferably from 6 to 15, more preferably from 8 to 15, more preferably from 10 to 15.

In a preferred embodiment of the HALS compound (a) or any of its preferred groups above or below, wherein the end group terminating the unit of formula (a0) is: terminal group R₇Which is linked to R₁And is a-H group; and R₈Which is linked to R₆And is an-OH group. Therefore, the HALS compound (A) is preferably a compound of formula (A6).

Wherein R is₁To R₆Is as defined above or in the claims, comprising preferred sub-groups in any order; and R is₇Is a-H group and R₈Is an-OH group.

The HALS of formula (A) and any of its radicals are preferably produced by a polycondensation reaction in which H is reacted during the reaction of the monomers₂And removing the O.

The HALS of formula (A) can be produced in a manner known from the chemical literature or are commercially available.

A preferred HALS of formula (A) has cas number 65447-77-0. The chemical name of the HALS of formula (A) is a polymer of dimethyl succinate and 4-hydroxy-2, 2,6, 6-tetramethyl-1-piperidineethanol. The compounds are commercially available from a number of suppliers under a variety of trade names depending on the supplier.

The amount of hals (a) is preferably from 0.01 to 1.0 wt. -%, preferably from 0.01 to 0.5 wt. -%, preferably from 0.02 to 0.4 wt. -%, preferably from 0.03 to 0.3 wt. -%, preferably from 0.05 to 0.25 wt. -%, based on the amount of the polymer composition (100 wt. -%).

Preferably, the polymer composition as defined above or below comprises only one or more, more preferably one hindered amine compound (HALS) as defined above or below. Hindered amine compounds (HALS) that do not fall within the definition as described above or below are preferably not included in the polymer composition as defined above or below.

Preferably, the polymer (P) is a polyethylene polymer.

The silane group-containing units (b) may be present as

-a comonomer of the polymer (P),

a compound chemically grafted to the polymer (P), or

Individual components in the polymer composition.

Preferably, the silane group-containing units are incorporated as the following polymer (P)

A comonomer of the polymer (P), or

-a compound chemically grafted to the polymer (P).

Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the polymer (P) is

-polymers of ethylene (a) selected from

Polymers of ethylene with comonomers containing silane groups (a 1);

- (a2) copolymers of ethylene with one or more polar comonomers selected from (C1-C6) -alkyl acrylate comonomers or (C1-C6) -alkylacrylic (C1-C6) -alkyl ester comonomers, the copolymer (a2) bearing silane group-containing units and the copolymer (a2) being different from the polymer of ethylene (a 1); or

- (a3) copolymers of ethylene with one or more (C1-C10) -alpha-olefin comonomers, copolymers of ethylene (a3) being different from polymers of ethylene (a1) and polymers of ethylene (a 2).

The polymer of ethylene (a) as defined above, below or in the claims is also referred to herein simply as "polymer (a)".

The polymer of ethylene (a1) with silane group-containing comonomers as defined above, below or in the claims is also referred to herein simply as "polymer of ethylene (a 1)" or "polymer (a 1)".

The copolymer of ethylene with one or more polar comonomers selected from (C1-C6) -alkyl acrylate comonomers or (C1-C6) -alkylacrylic (C1-C6) -alkyl ester comonomers (a2) (the copolymer (a2) bears silane group-containing units and the copolymer (a2) is different from the polymer of ethylene (a 1)) as defined above, below or in the claims is also referred to herein simply as "copolymer of ethylene (a 2)", "copolymer (a 2)" or "polymer (a 2)".

The copolymer of ethylene with one or more (C1-C10) -alpha-olefin comonomers (a3) as defined above, below or in the claims, which is different from the polymer of ethylene (a1) and the polymer of ethylene (a2), is also referred to herein simply as "polymer (a 3)".

It is well known that "comonomer" refers to a copolymerizable comonomer unit.

Thus, in the case where silane group-containing units are incorporated as comonomers into the polymer (a), the silane group-containing units are copolymerized as comonomers with the ethylene monomer during polymerization of the polymer (a). In the case where the silane group-containing units are incorporated into the polymer by grafting, the silane group-containing units chemically react with (also referred to as grafting) the polymer (a) after polymerization of the polymer (a). The chemical reaction (i.e., grafting) is typically carried out using a free radical former such as a peroxide. This chemical reaction may be carried out before or during the lamination process of the present invention. In general, the copolymerization and grafting of silane group-containing units with ethylene is a well-known technique and is well documented in the polymer art and within the skill of the skilled person.

It is also well known that the use of peroxides in the grafting embodiment reduces the Melt Flow Rate (MFR) of the ethylene polymer due to the concurrent crosslinking reaction. As a result, the grafting embodiment may impose limitations on the choice of MFR of polymer (a) as the starting polymer, which may have a detrimental effect on the quality of the polymer in end-use applications. Furthermore, the by-products formed from the peroxide during grafting can have a detrimental effect on the service life of the polymer composition at the time of final application.

Preferably, therefore, silane group-containing units are present as comonomers in the polymer (a). That is, in the case of the polymer (a1), the silane group-containing unit is copolymerized as a comonomer together with the ethylene monomer during the polymerization of the polymer (a 1). And in the case of polymer (a2), silane group-containing units are copolymerized as comonomers together with polar comonomers and ethylene monomers during polymerization of polymer (a 2).

In the context of the present application, above, below or in the claims, "silane group containing comonomer" means that silane group containing units are present as comonomers.

The silane group-containing units, or preferably silane group-containing comonomers, of the ethylene polymer (a) are preferably hydrolysable unsaturated silane compounds represented by formula (I):

R1SiR2qY3-q (I)

wherein

R1 is an ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbyloxy or (meth) acryloyloxyalkyl group,

each R2 is independently an aliphatic saturated hydrocarbyl group,

y, which may be identical or different, is a hydrolyzable organic group, and

q is 0, 1 or 2.

Further, suitable silane group-containing units (preferably comonomers) are, for example, gamma- (meth) acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma- (meth) acryloxypropyltriethoxysilane, and vinyltriacetoxysilane, or combinations of two or more thereof.

One suitable subgroup of the silane compounds of the formula (I) is an unsaturated silane compound of the formula (II), or preferably a comonomer

CH2＝CHSi(OA)3 (II)

Wherein each a is independently a hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, suitably from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

When silane group containing units are incorporated as comonomers (preferably comonomers of formula (I), preferably comonomers of formula (II)) into the final polymer (a), the unsaturation, preferably the vinyl functionality, of the comonomer is then incorporated into the polymer via a free radical polymerization process whereby the two C atoms of the comonomer become part of the backbone of the final polymer (a) (as is well known to the skilled person). Whereas in grafting, polymer (a) is first polymerized to a polymer and the final polymer is obtained by grafting silane group containing units, preferably silane compounds of formula (I), preferably silane compounds of formula (II), with a peroxide, whereby one of the C atoms with vinyl unsaturation is attached to the polymer backbone (as is well known to the skilled person). Thus, it will be apparent to those skilled in the polymer art that the branches to which the silane groups are attached are one carbon atom shorter than the branches formed by grafting. This would have the possible implication that the grafted silane extends further out from the polymer backbone and becomes more reactive than the copolymerized polymer.

Furthermore, the copolymerization of silane group containing units as comonomers to the polymer backbone provides for more uniform incorporation of the units compared to grafting of the units. The copolymerized silane groups are distributed depending on the reaction ratio between silane, ethylene and other monomers, whereas the grafting process provides polymers in which the silane groups cannot be incorporated in an arbitrarily controlled distribution. In other words, when silane group-containing units are incorporated as comonomers into the polymer backbone of a polyolefin copolymer (preferably a polyethylene copolymer), the copolymer formed is a homogeneous "random copolymer (which term has a well-known meaning)" (as compared to a more heterogeneous distribution of grafted silane group-containing units). Furthermore, in contrast to grafting, no peroxide is required for copolymerization after production of the polymer.

The silane group containing unit (or preferably comonomer) of the present invention is preferably a compound of formula (II) which is vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyldimethoxyethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, more preferably vinyltrimethoxysilane or vinyltriethoxysilane, more preferably vinyltrimethoxysilane, a comonomer.

The amount (% by mole) of silane group-containing units present in the polymer (a), preferably present as comonomer, is preferably from 0.01 to 2.0 mol%, preferably from 0.01 to 1.00 mol%, suitably from 0.05 to 0.80 mol%, suitably from 0.10 to 0.60 mol%, suitably from 0.10 to 0.50 mol%, when determined according to the "comonomer content" as described below under "determination methods".

In one embodiment (a1) of polymer (a), polymer (a) is a polymer of ethylene (a1) with a silane group containing comonomer. In this embodiment (a1) of polymer (a), polymer (a1) does not contain (i.e., does not contain) the polar comonomer defined for polymer (a 2). Preferably, the silane group containing comonomer is the only comonomer present in polymer (a 1). Thus, preferably, the polymer (a1) is produced by copolymerizing ethylene monomers in a high pressure polymerization process in the presence of silane group containing comonomers using a free radical initiator. Preferably, the silane group containing comonomer is the only comonomer present in the polymer of ethylene (a 1).

In this preferred embodiment (a1) of polymer (a), polymer (a1) is preferably a copolymer of ethylene with the following comonomers: a silane group containing comonomer according to formula (I), more preferably a silane group containing comonomer according to formula (II) selected from the group consisting of: vinyltrimethoxysilane comonomer, vinyldimethoxyethoxysilane comonomer, vinyltriethoxysilane comonomer or vinyltrimethoxysilane comonomer, as defined above or in the claims. Most preferably, polymer (a1) is a copolymer of ethylene with the following comonomers: vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyldimethoxyethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane or vinyltrimethoxysilane comonomers, preferably vinyltrimethoxysilane or vinyltriethoxysilane comonomers, most preferably vinyltrimethoxysilane comonomers.

In another embodiment (a2) of polymer (a), polymer (a) is a copolymer (a2) of ethylene with one or more polar comonomers selected from (C1-C6) -alkyl acrylate comonomers or (C1-C6) -alkylacrylic (C1-C6) -alkyl ester comonomers, which copolymer (a2) bears silane group-containing units. In this embodiment (a2) of copolymer (a), polymer (a2) is a copolymer of ethylene with a silane group-containing comonomer and one or more, preferably one, polar comonomers selected from the group consisting of: acrylic acid (C1-C6) -alkyl ester comonomer or (C1-C6) -alkylacrylic acid (C1-C6) -alkyl ester comonomer. Preferably, the polar comonomer of the polymer of ethylene (a2) is selected from one of the (C1-C6) -alkyl acrylate comonomers, preferably from the methyl acrylate comonomer, the ethyl acrylate comonomer or the butyl acrylate comonomer. More preferably, polymer (a2) is a copolymer of ethylene with a polar comonomer selected from a methyl acrylate comonomer, an ethyl acrylate comonomer or a butyl acrylate comonomer and a silane group containing comonomer. The polymer (a2) is most preferably a copolymer of ethylene with a polar comonomer selected from a methyl acrylate comonomer, an ethyl acrylate comonomer or a butyl acrylate comonomer and a silane group containing comonomer of the compound of formula (I). Preferably, in this embodiment, the polar comonomer and preferably the silane group containing comonomer are the only comonomers present in the copolymer of ethylene (a 2).

In another embodiment (a3) of polymer (a), polymer (a) is polymer (a3) and polymer (a3) is a polymer of ethylene and one or more, preferably one, comonomer selected from (C1-C8) -a-olefin comonomers.

Most preferably, polymer (a) is selected from polymer (a1) or polymer (a 2).

The polar comonomer is preferably present in the polymer (a2) in an amount of 0.5 to 30.0 mol%, 2.5 to 20.0 mol%, preferably 4.5 to 18 mol%, preferably 5.0 to 18.0 mol%, preferably 6.0 to 16.5 mol%, more preferably 6.8 to 15.0 mol%, more preferably 7.0 to 13.5 mol%, when measured according to "comonomer content" as described below under "determination methods".

In this further preferred embodiment (a2) of polymer (a), polymer (a2) is preferably a copolymer of ethylene with a polar comonomer as defined above, below or in the claims and the following silane group containing comonomers: a silane group containing comonomer according to formula (I), more preferably a silane group containing comonomer according to formula (II) selected from the group consisting of: vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyldimethoxyethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane or vinyltrimethoxysilane comonomers (as defined above or in the claims). Preferably, polymer (a2) is a copolymer of ethylene with a methyl acrylate comonomer, an ethyl acrylate comonomer or a butyl acrylate comonomer and: vinyltrimethoxysilane comonomer, vinyldimethoxyethoxysilane comonomer, vinyltriethoxysilane comonomer or vinyltrimethoxysilane comonomer, preferably vinyltrimethoxysilane comonomer or vinyltriethoxysilane comonomer. More preferably, polymer (a2) is a copolymer of ethylene with a methyl acrylate comonomer and the following comonomers: vinyltrimethoxysilane comonomer, vinyldimethoxyethoxysilane comonomer, vinyltriethoxysilane comonomer or vinyltrimethoxysilane comonomer, preferably vinyltrimethoxysilane comonomer or vinyltriethoxysilane comonomer, more preferably vinyltrimethoxysilane.

Thus, polymer (a2) is most preferably a copolymer of ethylene together with a methyl acrylate comonomer and a silane group containing comonomer as defined above, below or in the claims, preferably a copolymer of ethylene with a methyl acrylate comonomer and the following comonomers: vinyltrimethoxysilane or vinyltriethoxysilane comonomers, preferably methyl acrylate and vinyltrimethoxysilane comonomers.

Without being bound by any theory, Methyl Acrylate (MA) is the only acrylate that cannot undergo ester pyrolysis reactions, as there is no such reaction pathway. Thus, polymer with MA comonomer (a2) does not form harmful acid (acrylic acid) degradation products on the polymer backbone at high temperatures, whereby polymer of ethylene and methyl acrylate comonomer (a2) contributes to the good quality and life cycle of its final article. This does not occur, for example, with the vinyl acetate unit of EVA, because EVA forms harmful acetic acid degradation products at high temperatures. In addition, other acrylates, such as Ethyl Acrylate (EA) or Butyl Acrylate (BA), may undergo ester pyrolysis reactions and, if degraded, may form volatile olefinic byproducts and generate acidic groups on the polymer backbone.

The presence of polymer (a) in at least one layer of the Layer Element (LE) enables, if desired, a reduction of the MFR of polymer (a) compared to the prior art and thus provides a higher resistance to flow during production of the preferred Layer Element (LE) of the present invention. As a result, the preferred MFR may further contribute to the quality of the Layer Element (LE) and the article comprising the Layer Element (LE), if desired.

Melt flow Rate MFR of the Polymer composition, preferably Polymer (a)₂Preferably less than 20g/10min, preferably less than 15g/10min, preferably from 0.1g/10min to 13g/10min, preferably from 0.2g/10min to 10g/10min, preferably from 0.3g/10min to 8g/10min, more preferably from 0.4g/10min to 6g/10min (according to ISO1133 at 190 ℃ and under a load of 2.16 kg).

The preferred MFR of the polymer composition, preferably polymer (a), may further contribute to the quality of the preferred Layer Element (LE), the article of the invention, preferably the article comprising the preferred Layer Element (LE), if desired. Furthermore, if desired, the polymer (a) of the present invention may have a low MFR, e.g. a lower MFR than conventionally used in the field of Photovoltaic (PV) modules, since the polymer (a) has advantageous flow properties and processability properties in combination with highly flexible adhesion properties.

The composition, preferably polymer (a), preferably has a melting temperature Tm of 120 ℃ or less, preferably 110 ℃ or less, more preferably 100 ℃ or less and most preferably 95 ℃ or less, when measured according to ASTM D3418 as described under "determination methods". Preferably, the melting temperature of the composition (more preferably polymer (a)) is 70 ℃ or higher, more preferably 75 ℃ or higher, even more preferably 78 ℃ or higher, when measured as described below under "determination methods". The preferred melting temperature is beneficial for the lamination process of e.g. the preferred Layer Element (LE) of the present invention, since the time for the melting/softening step can be reduced.

Typically and preferably, the composition of the intermediate layer element, preferably the polymer (a) of ethylene, has a density higher than 860kg/m 3. Preferably, the density is not higher than 970kg/m3, and preferably from 920 to 960kg/m3, according to ISO 1872-2 as described below under "determination methods".

Preferred polymers (a) are polymers of ethylene with vinyltrimethoxysilane comonomers (a1) or copolymers of ethylene with methyl acrylate comonomers and vinyltrimethoxysilane comonomers (a 2). The most preferred polymer (a) is a copolymer of ethylene with a methyl methacrylate comonomer and a vinyltrimethoxysilane comonomer (a 2).

The polymer (a) of the composition may, for example, be commercially available or may be prepared according to or similar to known polymerization processes described in the chemical literature.

In a preferred embodiment, polymer (a), i.e. polymer (a1) or polymer (a2), is produced by suitably polymerizing ethylene with the above silane group-containing comonomer(s) (silane group-containing units are present as comonomers) and in the case of polymer (a2) also polar comonomers are used, free radical polymerization in the presence of one or more initiators in a High Pressure (HP) process and optionally Chain Transfer Agents (CTA) are used to control the MFR of the polymer. The HP reactor may be, for example, a well-known tubular reactor or autoclave reactor or a mixture thereof, suitably a tubular reactor. Depending on the desired end application, the adjustment of High Pressure (HP) polymerization and process conditions for further tailoring of other properties of the polymer are well known and described in the literature and can be readily used by the skilled person. Suitable polymerisation temperatures range up to 400 ℃, suitably from 80 ℃ to 350 ℃ and pressures from 70MPa to 400MPa, suitably from 100MPa to 350 MPa. High pressure polymerizations are generally carried out at pressures of from 100MPa to 400MPa and temperatures of from 80 ℃ to 350 ℃. Such processes are well known and well documented in the literature and are further described below.

The incorporation of the comonomer (when present, including the preferred form of the silane group containing unit as comonomer) into the ethylene monomer and the control of the comonomer feed to achieve the desired final level of such comonomer can be carried out in a well known manner and within the skill of the skilled person.

Further details of the production of ethylene (co) polymers by high pressure free radical polymerization can be found in the following documents: encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Vol.6, (1986), p.383-410, and Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology,2001Elsevier Science Ltd.: Polyethylene: High-pressure, R.Klimesch, D.Littmann and F.O.Page 7181 and 7184.

This HP polymerization produces the so-called low density ethylene polymer (LDPE), which in this application produces polymer (a1) or polymer (a 2). The term LDPE has a well-known meaning in the polymer art and describes the nature (i.e. typical features such as different branching structures) of the polyethylene produced in HP to distinguish LDPE from PE produced in the presence of an olefin polymerisation catalyst (also referred to as a coordination catalyst). Although the term LDPE is an abbreviation for low density polyethylene, it is to be understood that this term is not intended to limit the density range, but covers HP polyethylenes like LDPE having low, medium and higher densities.

Polymer (a3) may be commercially available or produced in a polymerisation process using a coordination catalyst (typically a ziegler-natta catalyst or a single site catalyst) (as extensively documented in the literature). The choice of process, process conditions and catalyst are within the skill of the artisan.

Hereinafter, "amount based on the polymer composition of the present invention (100% by weight)" means the amount of the components present in the polymer composition of the present invention, which is 100% by weight in total.

In one embodiment, the composition of the present invention suitably comprises an additive other than hals (a). Preferably, the composition comprises, based on the total amount of the composition (100 wt.%)

-0.0001 to 10.0 wt.% of additive, preferably 0.0001 and 5.0 wt.%, such as 0.0001 and 2.5 wt.%, of additive different from hals (a), and optionally

-0 to 40.0 wt% of a pigment.

If present, the pigment is preferably present in an amount of from 0.10 to 40.0 wt%, suitably from 0.20 to 40.0 wt%, preferably from 0.3 to 30.0 wt%, preferably from 0.3 to 25.0 wt%, preferably from 0.30 to 20.0 wt%, more preferably from 0.30 to 15.0 wt%.

The optional pigment is preferably selected from inorganic pigments, preferably from inorganic white pigments. More preferably, the optional pigment is titanium dioxide, TiO₂. Titanium oxide TiO₂Preferably in the form of rutile. Rutile is a mineral based primarily on titanium dioxide and has a tetragonal unit cell structure well known in the art.

In a preferred embodiment, the polymer composition comprises, preferably consists of:

-a polymer (P) bearing silane group containing units;

-hals (a) in an amount of 0.01 to 1.0 wt. -%, based on the amount of the polymer composition (100 wt%); and

-optional additives, preferably from 0.0001 wt% to 10 wt% additives, preferably 0.0001 wt% and 5.0 wt% (e.g. 0.0001 wt% and 2.5 wt%) additives other than hals (a).

Of course, the preferred additives are also different from the polymer (a) or the optional pigment.

Optional additives other than hals (a) or optional pigments are, for example, conventional additives suitable for the desired end use and within the skill of the artisan, including without limitation: preferably at least antioxidants, UV light stabilizers and/or UV light absorbers, and may also include metal deactivators, clarifiers, brighteners, acid scavengers, slip agents, and the like. The optional additives preferably do not include any phosphite containing additives. Optional antioxidants generally do not include hindered phenol antioxidants. Each additive may be used, for example, in conventional amounts, the total amount of additives present in the polymer composition of the present invention preferably being the amounts described above. Such Additives are generally commercially available and are described, for example, in "plastics Additives Handbook", 5 th edition, 2001 of Hans Zweifel.

In a preferred embodiment, the polymer composition consists of polymer (a) as the only polymer component. If any of the HALS, optional additives or optional pigments is present in the composition in a so-called masterbatch, the "polymer component" does not comprise in the present application any carrier polymer, e.g. carrier polymer, of the HALS, optional additives or optional pigments. The optional carrier polymer is calculated as the amount of the corresponding HALS, additives and/or pigments, based on the amount of the polymer composition (100 wt%).

The polymer composition, preferably polymer (a), can be crosslinked if desired.

The polymer composition, preferably polymer (a), is preferably not crosslinked using peroxide. Preferably, the polymer composition is free of peroxide.

If desired, depending on the end application, the polymer composition of the article, preferably the polymer composition of the Layer Element (LE), preferably the polymer (a) of the Layer Element (LE), before or during the lamination process of the present invention, may be crosslinked via silane group containing units using a Silanol Condensation Catalyst (SCC), preferably selected from the group of: carboxylates of tin, zinc, iron, lead or cobalt, or aromatic organic sulphonic acids. The SCC is, for example, commercially available.

It is to be understood that the SCCs defined above are those conventionally supplied for the purpose of cross-linking.

The Silanol Condensation Catalyst (SCC) optionally present in the polymer composition, preferably the polymer composition of the Layer Element (LE), is more preferably selected from the group C consisting of: carboxylates of metals (such as tin, zinc, iron, lead, and cobalt); a titanium compound bearing a group hydrolysable to a bronsted acid (preferably as described in WO2011/160964 to Borealis, which is included herein by reference); an organic base; inorganic acids; and organic acids; suitably selected from carboxylates of metals such as tin, zinc, iron, lead and cobalt, titanium compounds or organic acids bearing groups hydrolysable to bronsted acids, preferably selected from dibutyltin Dilaurate (DBTL), dioctyltin Dilaurate (DOTL), especially DOTL; or aromatic organic sulphonic acids, suitably organic sulphonic acids comprising the following structural elements:

Ar(SO₃H)_x(III)

wherein Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group and, if substituted, is suitably substituted with at least one hydrocarbyl group having up to 50 carbon atoms, and x is at least 1; or precursors of the sulfonic acids of formula (III), including anhydrides thereof, or sulfonic acids of formula (III) having hydrolyzable protecting groups, e.g., acetyl groups removable by hydrolysis. Such organic sulfonic acids are described, for example, in EP736065, or alternatively in EP1309631 and EP 1309632.

If present, the amount of optional crosslinking agent (SCC) is preferably from 0 to 0.1mol/kg, such as from 0.00001mol/kg to 0.1mol/kg, preferably from 0.0001mol/kg to 0.01mol/kg, more preferably from 0.0002mol/kg to 0.005mol/kg, more preferably from 0.0005mol/kg to 0.005mol/kg of the polymer of ethylene (a). Preferably, no crosslinking agent (SCC) is present in the polymer composition.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, no Silane Condensation Catalyst (SCC) selected from the SCC group of group C consisting of organotin catalysts or aromatic organosulfonic acids is present in the polymer composition. In another preferred embodiment, no peroxide or Silane Condensation Catalyst (SCC) as defined above is present in the polymer composition. That is, preferably, the polymer composition does not contain a peroxide and does not contain a "group C Silane Condensation Catalyst (SCC)". As already mentioned, with the present polymer composition of the invention, cross-linking of the polymer composition using conventional SCC or peroxides (as mentioned above, below or in the claims) can be avoided, which helps to achieve good quality of its end application (e.g. the Layer Element (LE) of the invention).

The present invention provides the use of a polymer composition according to any of the preceding claims for the production of a Layer Element (LE) comprising one or more layers, comprising a polymer composition.

The invention also provides the use of a polymer composition for the production of an article comprising a Layer Element (LE).

Layer Element (LE)/article of the invention and end use thereof

The invention also provides a Layer Element (LE) comprising one or more layers, wherein at least one layer comprises, preferably consists of, a polymer composition according to the invention comprising

-a polymer (P);

-a unit (b) containing silane groups; and

-a hindered amine compound (HALS) comprising units of formula (a0) (as defined above and in the claims).

The Layer Element (LE) is preferably selected from

-a monolayer element comprising a polymer composition as defined above, below or in the claims;

-a multilayer element, wherein at least one layer comprises a polymer composition as defined above, below or in the claims.

Preferably, one or more layers of the Layer Element (LE) of the invention consist of the polymer composition of the invention. More preferably, one layer of the Layer Element (LE) comprises, preferably consists of, a polymer composition. One preferred Layer Element (LE) is a monolayer element comprising, preferably consisting of, the polymer composition of the present invention.

The invention also provides an article comprising the polymer composition of the invention.

Preferably, the article comprises, preferably consists of, a Layer Element (LE) comprising, preferably consisting of, a polymer composition of the invention comprising

-a polymer (P);

-a unit (b) containing silane groups; and

-a hindered amine compound (HALS) comprising units of formula (a0) (as defined above and in the claims).

The Layer Element (LE) may be a part of an article, for example, a layer of any shape in a molded article (such as a bottle or container), such as a label; or the article is, i.e. consists of, a Layer Element (LE), which is a mono-or multi-layer film, e.g. for packaging or thermoforming; or the article is an assembly of two or more layer elements, wherein at least one layer element is a Layer Element (LE) of the present invention.

It will be appreciated that some or each of the layer elements of the assembly of the invention typically and preferably provide different functionality to the assembly.

Preferred Layer Element (LE), preferably of the article, is a monolayer element comprising, preferably consisting of, a polymer composition as defined above, below or in the claims.

The article is preferably an assembly comprising two or more layer elements, wherein at least one layer element is a Layer Element (LE). A Photovoltaic (PV) module is one example of such an assembly comprising layer elements of different functionalities.

Another non-limiting example of an article as a component is: articles for use in building applications, such as elements in buildings, e.g. building elements, such as exterior/interior elements, such as exterior wall elements, window elements, door elements or interior wall elements of the exterior of a building, etc.; an article for use as an element in a bridge; articles for components in vehicles, such as windows in automobiles, trains, airplanes, or ships, and the like; articles for producing components in equipment, such as security windows in machines and the like; articles for producing components in equipment, such as security windows in machines; an article for a component of a home appliance; articles for projection applications, such as head-up displays; or articles for elements in furniture, etc.; the article as a component is not limited to the above mentioned applications, comprising a Layer Element (LE) as defined above, below or in the claims. Fig. 2 shows these other embodiments of components of an article, which is a laminated glass element, for example, for use in security applications, insulation applications, or thermal applications (all applications having well-known meanings). In fig. 2, the laminated glass element comprises a first layer element (1), a Layer Element (LE) of the invention comprising a polymer composition of the invention and a second layer element (2).

Article, preferably a component, preferably a Photovoltaic (PV) module comprising a photovoltaic element and one or more further layer elements, wherein at least one layer element is a Layer Element (LE) of the invention comprising, preferably consisting of, a polymer composition comprising

-a polymer (P);

-a unit (b) containing silane groups; and

-a hindered amine compound (HALS) comprising units of formula (a0) (as defined above and in the claims).

Preferably, the Photovoltaic (PV) module of the invention comprises a protective front layer element, a front encapsulant element, a photovoltaic element, a rear encapsulant element and a protective back layer element in the given order, wherein at least one layer element is a Layer Element (LE) of the invention.

It is to be understood that the protective front layer element and the front encapsulant layer element of the PV module are on the light receiving side of the Photovoltaic (PV) module in this application.

The protective backing element is also referred to as backsheet element in this application.

By "photovoltaic element" is meant that the element has photovoltaic activity. The photovoltaic element may be an element, such as a photovoltaic cell, which has a meaning well known in the art. Silicon-based materials (e.g., crystalline silicon) are non-limiting examples of materials used in photovoltaic cells. As is well known to the skilled person, crystalline silicon materials may vary in crystallinity and crystal size. Alternatively, the photovoltaic element may be: a substrate layer having formed on one surface thereof another layer or deposit having photoelectric activity, such as a glass layer, in which an ink material having photoelectric activity is printed on one side thereof; or a base layer having a photo-electrically active material deposited on one side of the base layer. For example, in the well-known thin-film solutions of photovoltaic elements, for example, inks having optoelectronic activity are printed on one side of a substrate, typically a glass substrate.

The photovoltaic element is most preferably an element of a photovoltaic cell.

By "photovoltaic cell" is meant in the present application a layer element of the photovoltaic cell as explained above together with a connector.

The PV module may optionally contain a protective cover as a further layer element in the given sequence after the back plate layer element, which may be, for example, a metal frame, such as an aluminum frame (with a junction box).

All terms have meanings well known in the art.

The materials of the above elements, which are different from the polymer composition of the Layer Element (LE), are well known in the art and can be selected by the skilled person according to the desired PV module.

It is well known that the elements and layer structure of the photovoltaic module of the present invention may vary depending on the type of PV module desired. The photovoltaic module may be rigid or flexible. Rigid photovoltaic modules may be, for example, modules containing rigid protective front layer elements (such as glass elements), front encapsulant layer elements, photovoltaic layer elements, rear encapsulant layer elements, and backsheet layer elements (which may be rigid or flexible). In a flexible module, all the above elements are flexible, whereby the protective front layer element and the protective back layer element and the front encapsulation layer element and the back encapsulation layer element are typically based on polymer layer elements.

Further, any of the above layer elements of the PV module may be a single layer element or a multi-layer element. Preferably, at least one or both of the front and rear encapsulant layers elements of the PV module is an encapsulated single layer element.

The most preferred embodiment of the Photovoltaic (PV) module as an article of the invention is a Photovoltaic (PV) module comprising the following layer elements in the given order: a protective front layer element, a front encapsulation layer element, a photovoltaic element, a rear encapsulation layer element and a protective back layer element, wherein the front encapsulation layer element or the rear encapsulation layer element, or both the front encapsulation layer element and the rear encapsulation layer element, is the Layer Element (LE) of the invention.

In this embodiment, the further layer elements of the PV module preferably comprise, preferably consist of, a polymer composition different from the polymer composition of the invention.

More preferably, the front and back encapsulant layer elements preferably comprise, preferably consist of, a Layer Element (LE), preferably a monolayer element comprising, preferably consisting of, a composition of the present invention.

By way of non-limiting example only, the thickness of the front and rear encapsulation layer elements is typically up to 2mm, preferably up to 1mm, typically 0.3mm to 0.6 mm.

By way of non-limiting example only, the thickness of the rigid protective front element (e.g. glass layer) is typically up to 10mm, preferably up to 8mm, preferably 2mm to 4 mm. By way of non-limiting example only, the thickness of the flexible protective pre-layer element (e.g. the polymeric (multi-) layer element) is typically up to 700 μm, such as 90 μm to 700 μm, suitably 100 μm to 500 μm, such as 100 μm to 400 μm.

By way of non-limiting example only, the thickness of a photovoltaic element (e.g., an element of a single crystal photovoltaic cell) is typically between 100 microns and 500 microns.

In some embodiments, there may be an adhesive layer (as is well known in the art) between different layer elements of the assemblies of the invention (preferably PV modules), and/or between layers of a multilayer element of a layer element (e.g., a Layer Element (LE)). The adhesive layer has the function of improving the adhesion between two elements and has the meaning well known in the art of lamination. The adhesive layer is distinct from other functional layer elements of the PV module (e.g., as specified above, below, or in the claims, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art). Preferably, there is no adhesive layer between the protective front layer element and the front encapsulation layer element and/or, preferably, between the protective back layer element and the rear encapsulation layer element. Preferably, no adhesive layer is present between the photovoltaic element and the Layer Element (LE) of the PV module as front encapsulant layer element. Preferably, no adhesive layer is present between the photovoltaic element and the Layer Element (LE) of the PV module as rear encapsulant layer element. Further preferably, no adhesive layer is present between the layers of the optional multilayer element of the Layer Element (LE). In a preferred embodiment, the Layer Element (LE) is a single layer element.

Fig. 1 is a schematic view of one embodiment of a preferred PV module of the invention, comprising a protective front layer element (1), a front encapsulant element (2), a photovoltaic element (3), a rear encapsulant element (4) and a protective back layer element (5). In a preferred embodiment, the back encapsulant element (4) or the front encapsulant element (2), or and preferably the front encapsulant element (2) and the back encapsulant element (4), comprises, preferably consists of, the polymer composition of the present invention.

The individual layer elements of the PV module can be produced in a manner well known in the photovoltaic field or from the literature; or already commercially available as a layer element of a PV module. The PV layer element of the Layer Element (LE), preferably the Layer Element (LE) as a front encapsulation layer element, and preferably the Layer Element (LE) as a rear encapsulation layer element, can be produced as described below.

It will also be appreciated that a portion of the layer elements may be in the form of a unitary body, i.e. two or more of the PV elements may be integrally formed together, for example by lamination, prior to undergoing the preferred lamination process of the invention described below.

For example, if desired, the rear encapsulant layer element may be integrated with the protective backing layer element (i.e., backsheet layer element) by extrusion, or lamination, or by any combination thereof, before the layer elements of the PV module are arranged into an assembly and the PV elements of the assembly are integrated (typically laminated together).

The invention further provides a method for producing a Layer Element (LE), wherein the Layer Element (LE) is produced by extrusion, typically using a conventional extruder as described in the literature. The choice of extrusion conditions is within the skill of the artisan. Preferably, the single-layer or multi-layer element (preferably single-layer element) as the Layer Element (LE) is produced by cast film extrusion.

The invention further provides a process for producing an article of the invention (preferably for producing a component as defined above, below or in the claims) by lamination, the process comprising:

(i) arranging the Layer Element (LE) of the invention, preferably forming an assembly step of an assembly with at least one further layer element;

(ii) a heating step of heating the formed assembly (optionally and preferably in a chamber under vacuum conditions);

(iii) a pressing step of establishing and maintaining a pressure on the assembly under heating conditions so that lamination of the assembly occurs; and

(iv) a recycling step of cooling and removing the obtained article comprising the laminated assembly.

The following process conditions of the lamination process are preferred for producing the Photovoltaic (PV) module of the present invention and can be combined in any order.

A preferred method for producing the PV modules of the invention is a lamination process, wherein the different functional layer elements (typically prefabricated layer elements) of the PV module are laminated to form an integral final PV module.

The present invention therefore also provides a preferred lamination process for producing a Photovoltaic (PV) module comprising, in the given order, a protective front layer element, a front encapsulant element, a photovoltaic element, a rear encapsulant element and a protective back layer element, wherein at least the front or rear encapsulant element, preferably both the front and rear encapsulant elements, is a Layer Element (LE) of the invention comprising, preferably consisting of, a polymer composition comprising

-a polymer (P);

-a unit (b) containing silane groups; and

-a hindered amine compound (HALS) comprising units of formula (a0) (as defined above and in the claims);

wherein the method comprises the following steps:

(i) an assembly step of arranging the protective front layer element, the front encapsulation layer element, the photovoltaic element, the rear encapsulation layer element and the protective back layer element in the given order to form a photovoltaic module assembly;

(ii) a heating step of heating the photovoltaic module assembly, optionally in a chamber under vacuum conditions;

(iii) a pressing step of establishing and maintaining a pressure on the assembly of photovoltaic modules under heated conditions so that lamination of the assembly occurs; and

(iv) the resulting photovoltaic module is cooled and removed for a recycling step for subsequent use.

In the present application, it is understood that a portion of the layer elements of the assembly may be integrated, for example by pre-lamination or (co) extrusion, before being subjected to the lamination process of the article, preferably a PV module.

The lamination process is carried out in a laminator device, which may be, for example, any conventional laminator suitable for use with a multilayer laminate to be laminated. The selection of the laminator is within the skill of the technician. Typically, the laminator comprises a chamber in which the heating step (optional and preferred evacuation), pressing step and recovery step (including cooling steps) (ii) - (iv) occur.

In a preferred lamination process of the invention:

-starting the pressing step (iii) when at least one of the front and rear encapsulation layer elements reaches a temperature which is at least 3 ℃ to 10 ℃ higher than the melting temperature of the polymer (P), preferably the polymer (a) of ethylene, present in the Layer Element (LE), preferably the Layer Element (LE) in the rear encapsulation layer element; and

-the total duration of the pressing step (iii) is up to 15 minutes.

The duration of the heating step (ii) is preferably up to 10 minutes, preferably 3 to 7 minutes. The heating step (ii) may be, and typically is, done stepwise.

Preferably, the pressing step (iii) is started when at least one layer element reaches a temperature of 3 to 10 ℃ above the melting temperature of the polymer (P), preferably polymer (a), of the Layer Element (LE).

Preferably, the pressing step (iii) is started when the Layer Element (LE), preferably the polymer of ethylene (a) of the Layer Element (LE), reaches the following temperature: at least 85 ℃, suitably from 85 ℃ to 150 ℃, suitably from 85 ℃ to 148 ℃, suitably from 85 ℃ to 140 ℃, preferably from 90 ℃ to 130 ℃, preferably from 90 ℃ to 120 ℃, preferably from 90 ℃ to 115 ℃, preferably from 90 ℃ to 110 ℃, preferably from 90 ℃ to 108 ℃.

In the pressing step (iii), the duration of the pressure build-up is preferably up to 5 minutes, preferably from 0.5 to 3 minutes. The establishment of the pressure to the desired level during the pressing step may be done in one step or may be done in multiple steps.

In the pressing step (iii), the duration of the pressure holding is preferably up to 10 minutes, preferably 3.0 to 10 minutes.

The total duration of the pressing step (iii) is preferably from 2 to 10 minutes.

The total duration of the heating step (ii) and the pressing step (iii) is preferably up to 25 minutes, preferably from 2 to 20 minutes.

The pressure used in the pressing step (iii) is preferably up to 1000 mbar, preferably 500 mbar to 900 mbar.

Measurement method

Unless otherwise stated in the description or experimental section, the following methods are used for the determination of the properties of the polymer compositions, polar polymers and/or any sample formulations thereof as specified in the text or experimental section.

Melt flow rate

The Melt Flow Rate (MFR) is determined according to ISO1133 and is expressed in g/10 min. MFR is an indication of the flowability and hence the processability of the polymer. The higher the melt flow rate, the lower the viscosity of the polymer. For polyethylene, MFR is determined at 190 ℃. The MFR may be variedLoad (such as, 2.16kg (MFR)₂) Or 5kg (MFR)₅) Measured under the following conditions).

Density of

Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE): the density of the polymer was measured according to ISO 1183-2. Sample preparation was performed according to ISO 1872-2, Table 3Q (compression moulding).

Comonomer content:

the content of polar comonomer present in the polymer (wt% and mol%) and the content of silane group containing units (preferred comonomers) present in the polymer composition (preferred polymer) (wt% and mol%):

quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is used to quantify the comonomer content of a polymer composition or polymer as provided above or below in this application.

Quantitative recording in solution using a Bruker Advance III 400NMR spectrometer operating at 400.15MHz¹H NMR spectrum. All spectra were recorded using a standard broadband inverted 5mm probe at 100 ℃ using nitrogen for all pneumatics. Approximately 200mg of material was dissolved in 1, 2-tetrachloroethane-d using di-tert-Butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) (CAS 128-37-0) as a stabilizer₂(TCE-d₂) In (1). A standard single pulse excitation using a 30 degree pulse, a relaxation delay of 3s and no sample rotation was used. Using 2 virtual scans (dummy scan), a total of 16 transients were acquired per spectrum. With a residence time of 60 μ s, a total of 32k data points were collected for each FID, which corresponds to a spectral window of about 20 ppm. The FID is then zeroed out to 64k data points and an exponential window function broadened with 0.3Hz spectral lines. This setup was chosen primarily to be able to resolve quantitative signals resulting from the copolymerization of methyl acrylate and vinyltrimethoxysilane when present in the same polymer.

Automated procedure for quantification using custom spectrogram analysis¹H NMR spectra were processed, integrated and quantitative properties determined. All chemical shifts are referenced internally to the residual protonated solvent signal at 5.95 ppm.

When present, a characteristic signal (Randell89) was observed from the incorporation of Vinyl Acetate (VA), Methyl Acrylate (MA), Butyl Acrylate (BA) and Vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) in various comonomer sequences. All comonomer contents are calculated relative to the other monomers present in the polymer.

The integral of the signal at 4.84ppm assigned to the VA site was used to quantify the Vinyl Acetate (VA) incorporation, taking into account the number of reporter nuclei per comonomer and the correction for overlap of OH protons from BHT (when present):

VA＝(I_*VA–(I_ArBHT)/2)/1

taking into account the number of reporter nuclei per comonomer, the integration of the signal at 3.65ppm assigned to the 1MA site was used to quantify the Methyl Acrylate (MA) incorporation:

MA＝I_1MA/3

the integration of the signal at 4.08ppm assigned to the 4MA site was used to quantify the Butyl Acrylate (BA) incorporation, taking into account the number of reported nuclei per comonomer:

BA＝I_4BA/2

taking into account the number of reported nuclei per comonomer, the integration of the signal at 3.56ppm assigned to the 1VTMS site was used to quantify vinyltrimethoxysilane incorporation:

VTMS＝I_1VTMS/9

characteristic signals resulting from the additional use of BHT as a stabilizer were observed. The integration of the signal at 6.93ppm assigned to the ArBHT site was used to quantify the BHT content, taking into account the number of reporter nuclei per molecule:

BHT＝I_ArBHT/2

the ethylene comonomer content was quantified using the integral of the bulk aliphatic (bulk) signal between 0.00 and 3.00 ppm. The score may include 1VA (3) and α VA (2) sites from isolated vinyl acetate incorporation, MA and α MA sites from isolated methyl acrylate incorporation, 1BA (3) and 2BA (2) sites, 3BA (2) and BA (1) and α BA (2) sites from isolated butyl acrylate incorporation, VTMS and α VTMS sites from isolated vinyl silane incorporation and aliphatic sites from BHT and sites from polyethylene sequences. The total ethylene comonomer content was calculated based on bulk integration and compensation for observed comonomer sequence and BHT:

E＝(1/4)*[I_body-5*VA-3*MA-10*BA-3*VTMS-21*BHT]

It should be noted that half the alpha signal in the bulk signal represents ethylene rather than comonomer and that minor errors arise due to the inability to compensate for the two saturated chain ends (S) without the associated branching sites. The total mole fraction of a given monomer (M) in the polymer is calculated as:

fM＝M/(E+VA+MA+BA+VTMS)

the total comonomer incorporation of a given monomer (M) in mole percent is calculated from the mole fractions in a standard manner:

m [ mol% ] -100 fM

The total comonomer incorporation of a given monomer (M) in weight percent is calculated in a standard manner from the mole fraction and Molecular Weight (MW) of the monomers:

m [ wt% ] ═ 100 (fM × MW)/((fVA × 86.09) + (fMA × 86.09) + (fBA × 128.17) + (fVTMS × 148.23) + ((1-fVA-fMA-fBA-fVTMS) × 28.05))

randall89:J.Randall,Macromol.Sci.,Rev.Macromol.Chem.Phys.1989,C29,201.

The logic of quantification and/or compensation can be extended in a similar manner to the signature for a particular described chemical species if signatures from other particular chemical species are observed. I.e. identification of the characteristic signal, quantification by integration of a specific signal or signals, scaling of the number of reporting nuclei and compensation of the ontology integration and correlation calculations. Although the method is directed to the particular chemical species in question, the method is based on the basic principle of quantitative NMR spectroscopy of polymers and can therefore be carried out as desired by a person skilled in the art.

And (3) adhesion test:

the adhesion test was performed on the laminated sample strips, and the force required to peel the encapsulation film and the back sheet while measuring them in a tensile test apparatus.

A laminate consisting of glass, 2 encapsulating films and a back sheet was first laminated. Inserting a small piece of teflon between the glass and the first encapsulation film at one of the ends will result in a small portion of the encapsulation film and the back plate not adhering to the glass. This section will serve as an anchor point for the tensile testing apparatus. All vacuum lamination was carried out at 145 ℃, using an evacuation time of 2 minutes and a hold time of 6 minutes (the film was always at 800 mbar pressure).

The laminate was then cut along the laminate to form 13mm wide strips, cut through the backing sheet and encapsulation film all the way down to the glass surface.

The laminate was mounted in the tensile testing apparatus and the clamp of the tensile testing apparatus was attached to the end of the spline.

The drawing angle is 90 DEG with respect to the laminate and the drawing speed is 50 mm/min.

The adhesion is the average force per 50mm of peel with the specimen starting at 25mm and ending at 75 mm.

Since the width of the specimen is 13mm, the average force over 50mm is divided by 1.3 and expressed as the adhesion strength (N/cm).

Melting temperature, crystallization temperature (T)_cr) And degree of crystallinity

The melting temperature Tm of the polymer used was measured according to ASTM D3418. Tm and Tcr were measured on a 3+ -0.5mg sample using a MettlerTA820 Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). The crystallization and melting curves were obtained during a 10 ℃/min cooling scan and heating scan between-10 ℃ and 200 ℃. The peaks of the endothermic curve and the exothermic curve were taken as the melting temperature and the crystallization temperature. Crystallinity is calculated by comparison with the heat of fusion of a fully crystalline polymer of the same polymer type (e.g., polyethylene, 290J/g).

Experimental part

Preparation of Polymer examples (copolymers of ethylene with methyl acrylate comonomer and vinyl trimethoxysilane comonomer) for all test examples

The polymers were produced in commercially available high pressure tubular reactors using conventional peroxide initiators at pressures of 2500 to 3000 bar and maximum temperatures of 250 to 300 ℃. Ethylene monomer, Methyl Acrylate (MA) polar comonomer and Vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) comonomer (silane group containing comonomer (b)) were added to the reactor system in a conventional manner. The MFR is adjusted using CTA as is well known to the skilled person. Having information on the desired balance of properties of the final polymer (a) of the invention, the skilled person can control the process to obtain the polymer (a) of the invention.

Amount of vinyltrimethoxysilane unit VTMS (═ silane group-containing unit), amount of MA, and MFR₂Given in table 1.

Table 1: properties of base Polymer used in all samples of storage stability test and adhesion test

In table 1 above, MA represents the amount of methyl acrylate comonomer present in the polymer and correspondingly VTMS content represents the amount of vinyltrimethoxysilane comonomer present in the polymer. The polymer was used in the following tests.

Stability in storage

HALS can have an adverse effect on the storage stability of the polymer composition, as evidenced, for example, by a decrease in MFR with change in storage time. A decrease in MFR means that the viscosity of the melt of the polymer composition increases. As a result, changes in MFR can have a detrimental effect on the production of articles for the desired end use. For example, in applications where a layer of the HALS-containing polymer composition is integrally formed (e.g., laminated) to a substrate of a different material (e.g., a glass substrate), the adhesion of the HALS-containing polymer composition to the substrate may be insufficient to meet the needs required for the end application.

Production of membranes

The HALS 1 of the present invention and the HALS 1-4 of the comparative example were added to the base polymer at a concentration of 1600 ppm. The compound was homogenized using a two-roll mill. The compound was homogenized for 5 minutes at 140 ℃. The compound was then extruded into 0.45mm thick films at 140 ℃.

The films used for the storage stability study were placed in an aluminum package and then placed in an oven for storage at 70 ℃.

Lamination of the adhesion samples was completed as described in the adhesion test.

Table 2: features of HALS 1 of the invention and HALS 1-4 of the comparative examples

HALS additive	CAS number
		HALS
1 of the invention	65447-77-0
		HALS 1 of the comparative example	71878-19-8
HALS 2 of the comparative example	52829-07-9
		HALS 3 of the comparative example	129757-67-1
HALS 4 of the comparative example	191680-81-6

As can be seen from FIG. 1, the type of additive used has a large influence on the rate of decrease of MFR. A low rate of decrease indicates a longer shelf life of the film.

Table 3: MFR value during storage at 70 ℃ in aluminium packaging

HALS additive	Storage at 70 ℃ until MFR2,16kg<2[g/10min]Days of
		HALS 1 of the invention	70
HALS 1 of the comparative example	7
		HALS 2 of the comparative example	7
HALS 3 of the comparative example	35
		HALS 4 of the comparative example	21

Table 3 clearly shows the effect of the type of HALS used on the shelf life of the films.

Adhesion to glass after humid heat ageing

Table 4: peel force, average of three laminates, measured after exposure to moist Heat (DH) conditions (85 ℃, 85% relative humidity)