阅读说明：本技术 一种轮产栽培葡萄的方法 (Method for cultivating grapes in rotation mode ) 是由 武鹏 何海旺 赵明 龙芳 莫天利 邹瑜 于 2020-06-05 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明提供一种轮产栽培葡萄的方法,采用宽窄行种植法,定植后第一年A株葡萄和B株葡萄生长至1.5m后打顶；定植后第二年,对B株葡萄的枝条的所有芽进行催芽处理,结果枝生长至1.5m后打顶；A株葡萄进行剪断后继续生长,4～5月份打顶,留一条新萌枝条继续生长至1.5米后打顶；定植第三年A株葡萄转换为生产株,然后对所有的芽进行催芽处理,结果枝生长至1.5m后打顶；B株葡萄转换为轮产株,剪断后的枝条继续生长,4～5月份打顶,留一条新萌枝条继续生长至1.5米后打顶；以后的每年A株和B株按照上述方法交替进行管理。本发明的葡萄栽培分成轮产株和生产株,各司其职,一株坐果一株专门进行花芽分化,生产株可提高产量。(The invention provides a method for cultivating grapes in wheel production, which adopts a wide-narrow row planting method, and topping after A grapes and B grapes grow to 1.5m in the first year after field planting; in the second year after field planting, all buds of the branches of B plants of grapes are subjected to germination accelerating treatment, and topping is carried out after bearing branches grow to 1.5 m; the A grape plants continue to grow after being cut off, topping is carried out in 4-5 months, a new sprout branch is left to continue to grow to 1.5m, and topping is carried out; b, converting the A grapes into production plants in the third field planting, then accelerating germination of all buds, and topping after bearing branches grow to 1.5 m; b, converting the grapes into recurrent-growing plants, continuing to grow the cut branches, topping in 4-5 months, and topping after a new sprout branch continues to grow to 1.5 m; the subsequent annual strains A and B were alternately managed as described above. The grape cultivation method is divided into alternate production plants and production plants, each of which plays its own role, and one of the plants for bearing fruits is specially used for flower bud differentiation, and the production plants can improve the yield.)

1. A method for cultivating grapes in a rotation mode is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) selecting a land block with relatively flat terrain to build a garden, building a shed frame, connecting column tops of columns (1) of the shed frame longitudinally by using steel wires (6), arranging a plurality of shed lines (4) which are perpendicular to the steel wires (6) and parallel to the ground on a main body of the steel wires (6), and vertically arranging climbing upright rods (5) from the shed lines (4) to ground planting holes; isolation plates (2) are embedded between the upright columns (1) along the underground direction, and drip irrigation pipes I (3) and drip irrigation pipes II (9) are arranged on two sides of the isolation plates (2) in parallel;

(2) digging a planting hole A (7) and a planting hole B (8) at the positions of 30-40 cm away from the two sides of the partition plate (2), then applying an organic-inorganic compound pesticide fertilizer into each planting hole, mixing the organic-inorganic compound pesticide fertilizer with soil uniformly, and filling the mixture back into the holes; finally, planting A grapes and B grapes on the planting hole A (7) and the planting hole B (8) respectively by adopting a wide-narrow row planting method;

(3) seedling stage management: after planting, in the first year, A grapes and B grapes grow to a shed line (4) along a climbing upright rod (5), then grow to a steel wire (6) along the shed line (4), after the grapes reach the steel wire (6), the A grapes are taken as a crop rotation plant to be subjected to topping treatment, another branch is left to continue to grow along the shed line (4) connected with the steel wire (6), and topping is carried out after the grape rotation cross the shed line (4) by 1.5 m; b, topping the grapes serving as production plants after the grapes grow from the shed line (4) to the steel wire (6), and topping the grapes at the position of 1.5m away from the steel wire (6);

(4) and (4) managing a result period: in the second year after planting, carrying out germination accelerating treatment on all buds of the branches of B plants of grapes on the steel wire (6), and topping after the fruit branches grow to 1.5m along the shed line (4) after germination; cutting off the A grape at the joint of the climbing upright rod (5) and the shed line (4), leaving a branch to continue growing to the steel wire (6) along the shed line (4) after the grape sprouts, topping at the intersection of the shed line (4) and the steel wire (6) in 4-5 months, and leaving a new sprout branch to continue growing to 1.5 meters along the shed line (4) and topping; in the third year after field planting, the A grapes are converted into production plants, branches on the shed lines (4) are bound to steel wires (6), then all buds are subjected to germination accelerating treatment, and after germination, bearing branches grow to 1.5m along the shed lines (4) and then topping is carried out; b, converting the grapes into rotation-produced grapes, cutting the rotation-produced grapes at the joint of the climbing upright rod (5) and the shed line (4), leaving a branch to grow towards the steel wire (6) along the shed line (4) after the grapes sprout, topping the cross position of the shed line (4) and the steel wire (6) in 4-5 months, and leaving a new sprout branch to continue to grow to 1.5 meters along the shed line (4) and topping the tops; the A strain and the B strain are alternately managed according to the method every year;

(5) and (3) water and fertilizer management: in the first year of field planting, the alternate production plants and the production plants are managed by adopting water and fertilizer for promoting differentiation; in the second and third years after planting, production plants adopt water and fertilizer management for promoting fruit production, alternate production plants adopt water and fertilizer management for promoting differentiation, and meanwhile, foliar fertilizers are sprayed once after topping of the alternate production plants and the production plants.

2. The method for cultivating grapes in turn according to claim 1, wherein the wide-narrow row cultivation method comprises: a planting hole A (7) and a planting hole B (8) of each row form a group, the group width L2 is 2.2-2.4 m, the distance L1 between the planting hole A (7) and the planting hole B (8) is 60-80 cm, and the longitudinal distance L3 between the planting holes is 1.0-1.5 m.

3. The method of cultivating grapes in turn according to claim 1, wherein: the drip irrigation pipe I (3) and the drip irrigation pipe II (9) on the two sides of the isolation plate (2) are two independent water and fertilizer management systems which are not interfered with each other.

4. The method of cultivating grapes in turn according to claim 1, wherein: the planting density of the whole garden is 230-250 plants/mu.

5. The method of cultivating grapes in turn according to claim 1, wherein: the height of the upright post (1) is 2m, and the post distance is 3m multiplied by 3 m; the embedding depth of the isolation plate (2) is 40-60 cm.

6. The method of cultivating grapes in turn according to claim 1, wherein: the specification of the planting hole is 60cm in length, 60cm in width and 50cm in depth; the planting hole A (7) and the planting hole B (8) are arranged at the positions of 30-40 cm on the two sides of the partition plate (2); and deeply turning the whole garden to 80-100 cm before planting.

7. The method of cultivating grapes in turn according to claim 1, wherein: the steel wires (4) are 18-22 cm apart.

8. The method of cultivating grapes in turn according to claim 1, wherein: the pregermination treatment is to paint cyanamide.

9. The method of cultivating grapes in turn according to claim 1, wherein: the organic-inorganic composite pesticide fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight: 80 parts of decomposed chicken manure, 10 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 8 parts of compound fertilizer (15-15-15), 1 part of hymexazol, 0.5 part of abamectin and 0.5 part of fosthiazate, wherein the application amount is 5 kg/planting hole.

10. The method of cultivating grapes in turn according to claim 1, wherein: the foliar fertilizer comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 14% of nitrogen, 22% of phosphorus, 28% of potassium, 10% of calcium, boron and other medium and trace elements respectively, 1% of paclobutrazol and the balance of soluble carriers.

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit and vegetable planting, and particularly relates to a method for cultivating grapes by turns.

Background

The grapes are popular fruits and have wide market demands. In view of economic benefits, the grape cultivation method is used as a support industry to catch in many areas, and the facility grape cultivation has good development prospect. However, in the development of facility grape production, a nearly universal problem arises in that the second year yield of greenhouse grapes is higher than the subsequent year yield, and the yield in subsequent years tends to decrease or is often the case of big and small years.

In the traditional grape cultivation method, the nutrient requirements of different positions of branches with one fruiting simultaneously exist: apical growth, fruit growth and flower bud differentiation of winter buds. According to the source library relation theory, flower bud differentiation is the library with the weakest competition, then apical growth is carried out, the strongest library is fruit, apical growth can be inhibited by pinching and topping, but the requirement of the fruit for nutrition must be ensured, so that the nutrition obtained by flower bud differentiation is still very little. Fruit growth and flower bud differentiation compete with each other, more fruits are left, the yield is high, the flower bud differentiation is influenced, the yield in the next year is not guaranteed, the phenomenon of big and small years which often occurs in grape production is caused, more nutrition branches without fruits are left in production for updating, but the problem of same-plant competition still exists, the whole grape trellis area is fixed, more nutrition branches are left, the ventilation and the light transmission are also influenced, and the yield and the quality are also influenced.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the problems of the existing grape cultivation method, the invention provides a method for cultivating grapes by turns.

The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:

a method for the crop rotation cultivation of grapes, comprising the steps of:

(1) selecting a land block with relatively flat terrain to build a garden, building a shed frame, connecting the column tops of the shed frame by using steel wires in the longitudinal direction, arranging a plurality of shed lines which are perpendicular to the steel wires and parallel to the ground on a main body of the steel wires, and vertically arranging climbing upright rods from the shed lines to ground planting holes; partition plates are longitudinally embedded in the ground between the upright columns, and drip irrigation pipes I and drip irrigation pipes II are arranged on two sides of each partition plate in parallel;

(2) digging a planting hole A and a planting hole B at positions 30-40 cm away from the two sides of the partition plate, then applying an organic-inorganic compound pesticide fertilizer into each planting hole, uniformly mixing with soil, and filling back into the holes; finally, planting A grapes and B grapes on the planting hole A and the planting hole B respectively by adopting a wide-narrow row planting method;

(3) seedling stage management: after planting, in the first year, A grapes and B grapes grow to a shed line along a climbing upright rod, then grow to a steel wire along the shed line, after reaching the steel wire, the A grapes are taken as alternate-yield plants to be subjected to topping treatment, another branch is left to continue growing along the shed line connected with the steel wire, and topping is carried out after the other branch crosses the shed line by 1.5 m; b, topping the grapes serving as production plants after the grapes grow to the steel wire from the shed line, and topping the grapes with the other branch which continues to grow to a position of 1.5m along the steel wire;

(4) and (4) managing a result period: in the second year after field planting, carrying out germination accelerating treatment on all buds of the branches of B plants of grapes on the steel wire, and topping after the fruit branches grow to 1.5m along the shed line after germination; cutting off the A grape at the joint of the climbing upright rod and the shed line, leaving a branch to continue growing to the steel wire along the shed line after sprouting, topping at the intersection of the shed line and the steel wire in 4-5 months, and leaving a newly-germinated branch to continue growing to 1.5 meters along the shed line and topping; in the third year after field planting, the A grapes are converted into production plants, branches on the shed lines are bound to steel wires, then all buds are subjected to germination accelerating treatment, and after germination, bearing branches grow to 1.5m along the shed lines and then topping is carried out; b, converting the grapes into rotation plants, cutting off the rotation plants at the joint of the climbing upright stanchion and the shed line, leaving a branch to grow towards the steel wire along the shed line after the grapes sprout, topping the crossing part of the shed line and the steel wire in 4-5 months, and leaving a new sprout branch to continue to grow to 1.5 meters along the shed line and topping the top; the A strain and the B strain are alternately managed according to the method every year;

(5) and (3) water and fertilizer management: in the first year of field planting, the alternate production plants and the production plants are managed by adopting water and fertilizer for promoting differentiation; in the second and third years after planting, production plants adopt water and fertilizer management for promoting fruit production, alternate production plants adopt water and fertilizer management for promoting differentiation, and meanwhile, once foliar fertilizer is sprayed after topping of the alternate production plants and the production plants of grapes.

The invention relates to a method for cultivating grapes by rotation production, which divides grape plants into rotation production plants and production plants by a wide-narrow row planting method, the rotation production plants are subjected to flower bud differentiation and young shoot growth, nutrition mainly provides flower bud differentiation after and after control, and the rotation production plants are free from competition of fruit cluster growth, young shoot growth and flower bud differentiation. Through tip cutting, pinching, proper control of nitrogen fertilizer, additional application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and other cultivation management, the carbohydrate content of the fruits is increased, the gibberellin synthesis of branches is reduced, and the synthesis of ethylene, abscisic acid and cytokinin is promoted, so that flower bud differentiation is promoted.

Temperature has a direct effect on the flower bud differentiation of grapes. Researches suggest that the grape inflorescence primordium has special requirements on high temperature in the formation stage, higher temperature is beneficial to forming the inflorescence primordium by the undifferentiated primordium, and lower temperature is beneficial to forming tendrils by the undifferentiated primordium. The period of temperature sensitivity of grape flower formation is within 3 weeks before primordia formation, and the optimal temperature for flower formation is about 30 ℃. The geothermal temperature also has a regulating effect on flower bud differentiation, and researches show that cytokinin is a main hormone for promoting flowering, and the formation of an inflorescence primordium is generally limited by the insufficient supply of cytokinin. Cytokinins are mainly present in dividing young tissues, especially new roots and young shoots, while its synthesis site is at the root tip near the root cap, and cytokinins in flower buds are mainly transported from xylem by transpiration. In the forcing culture, the low temperature in early spring leads the development of new roots of the grapes to be retarded, the activity and the function of the roots are influenced, and the synthesis of cytokinin is less, thereby inhibiting the flower formation.

Light is a necessary condition for flower bud formation. The optical compensation point of the grape leaf is 1000-2000 lx, the saturation point is 30000-50000 lx, and strong illumination is required during flower bud differentiation. All factors deteriorating the light conditions weaken the flower bud differentiation. When the illumination intensity is lower than 70% of natural illumination, the fruit branch rate and the inflorescence weight average in the 2 nd year are obviously reduced, and the lower the illumination intensity is, the lower the fruit branch rate is, and the smaller the inflorescence is. When the illumination intensity is 50% of natural light, the inflorescence number is reduced by 20%, and the inflorescence weight is reduced by 43%; when the illumination intensity is 26% of natural light, the inflorescence number is reduced by 42%, and the inflorescence weight is reduced by 62%; when the illumination intensity is 20% of natural light, the inflorescence number is reduced by 73%, and the inflorescence weight is reduced by 70%.

Pruning the recurrent plant after 4 months, wherein the period is long in sunshine, strong in illumination, high in temperature, high in ground temperature, active in root system and high in cytokinin content, and the flower bud differentiation of newly-germinated branches is promoted; the production plant carries out fruit production without considering the load to influence flower bud differentiation, thereby increasing the fruit bearing number and the yield.

The grape branch nutrition status has great influence on the robustness of the young shoots, and the robustness of the young shoots has very obvious influence on flower bud differentiation. The thicker the young shoots, the higher the maturity, the better the flower bud differentiation and the higher the fruit branch rate. Over-vigorous growth or over-large loading capacity of young shoots can cause malnutrition of the tree body, and further affect the flower bud differentiation quality. Excessive nitrogen can cause over-vigorous growth of new shoots to inhibit flower bud differentiation, and lack of nitrogen can cause weak branches, thin and thin leaves and hindered flower bud differentiation. Phosphorus and potassium can obviously promote flower bud differentiation, boron can promote the development of male and female pistils, and the deficiency of peng can cause incomplete development of the male and female pistils, and the crowns cannot fall off normally after blooming.

The water and fertilizer management adopts drip irrigation fertilizer, the first year of field planting needs flower bud differentiation promotion for the alternate production plant and the production plant, the second year and the third year of field planting respectively serve as the alternate production plant and the production plant, the alternate production plant needs differentiation promotion for water and fertilizer management, and the fruit production promotion for water and fertilizer management.

The drip irrigation fertilizer for promoting differentiation comprises the following components in parts by weight: 98.8-99.2 parts of water and 0.8-1.2 parts of soluble nutrient elements; the soluble nutrient elements comprise the following components in parts by weight: 13-16 parts of nitrogen, 13-116 parts of phosphorus, 13-16 parts of potassium, 0.8-1.2 parts of calcium, 1.5-2.5 parts of magnesium and 0.1-0.3 part of other trace elements.

The drip irrigation fertilizer for promoting fruit production comprises the following components in parts by weight: 98.8-99.2 parts of water and 0.8-1.2 parts of soluble nutrient elements; the soluble nutrient elements comprise the following components in parts by weight: 15-20 parts of nitrogen, 20-25 parts of phosphorus, 20-25 parts of potassium, 1-2 parts of calcium, 1-2 parts of magnesium and 0.1-0.3 part of other trace elements.

The water and fertilizer management for promoting differentiation comprises the steps that when the sprouts grow to 1.5m and are topped, fertilizer is dripped every 9-11 days, and the fertilizing amount of soluble nutrient elements reaches 18-22 g/plant; the water and fertilizer management for promoting fruit production is to apply fertilizers respectively in the sprouting period to the flowering period, the fruit expanding period and the color changing period, the fertilizers are dropped once every 10-12 days, and the fertilizing amount of soluble nutrient elements reaches 20-24 g per plant.

The soluble nutrient elements are mainly derived from water-soluble nutrient components such as calcium ammonium nitrate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium sulfate, magnesium nitrate, boric acid, zinc sulfate, ammonium phosphate nitrate and the like.

As a further improvement of the invention, the wide-narrow row planting method specifically comprises the following steps: the planting hole A and the planting hole B of each row form a group, the group width L2 is 2.2-2.4 m, the distance L1 between the planting hole A and the planting hole B is 60-80 cm, and the longitudinal distance L3 between the planting holes is 1.0-1.5 m.

As a further improvement of the invention, the drip irrigation pipes I and II on the two sides of the isolation plate are two independent water and fertilizer management systems which are not interfered with each other.

As a further improvement of the method, the planting density of the whole garden is 230-250 plants/mu.

As a further improvement of the invention, the height of the upright post is 2m, and the distance between the upright posts is 3m multiplied by 3 m; the embedding depth of the isolation plate is 40-60 cm. .

As a further improvement of the invention, the planting hole specification is 60cm in length, 60cm in width and 50cm in depth; the planting hole A and the planting hole B are arranged at the positions 30-40 cm away from the two sides of the partition plate; and deeply turning the whole garden to 80-100 cm before planting.

As a further improvement of the invention, the steel wire intervals are 18-22 cm.

As a further improvement of the invention, the pregermination treatment is to apply cyanamide.

As a further improvement of the invention, the organic-inorganic composite pesticide fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight: 80 parts of decomposed chicken manure, 10 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 8 parts of compound fertilizer (15-15-15), 1 part of hymexazol, 0.5 part of abamectin and 0.5 part of fosthiazate, wherein the application amount is 5 kg/planting hole.

As a further improvement of the invention, the foliar fertilizer comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 14% of nitrogen, 22% of phosphorus, 28% of potassium, 10% of calcium, boron and other medium and trace elements respectively, 1% of paclobutrazol and the balance of soluble carriers.

The distance between the A plant and the B plant is too small, so that the plant growth and the germination are inhibited due to the competitive action, and the yield and the fruit quality are influenced; when the distance is too large, the land cannot be fully utilized, so that waste is caused, and the cost is increased; when the spacing between the steel wires is too small, the branches of the production plants are too dense after growing, so that the branches can not carry out photosynthesis fully, and the fruit growth is not facilitated. According to the invention, the test proves that the spacing between the steel wires is 18-22 cm, the transverse spacing between the A plant and the B plant is 60-80 cm, the longitudinal spacing is 1.0-1.5 m, and the best planting density is 230-250 plants/mu. The partition board can prevent the mutual permeation of water and fertilizer applied by the A strain and the B strain from influencing, so that the partition board needs to be arranged underground with enough depth. The foliar fertilizer can promote the transportation and distribution of nutrients to fruits or winter buds.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

1. the grape cultivation method comprises the steps of dividing grape cultivation into alternate production plants and production plants, each of which plays its own role, carrying out flower bud differentiation on one fruit bearing plant, carrying out flower bud differentiation and young sprout growth on the alternate production plants, carrying out and controlling later period, mainly providing nutrition for flower bud differentiation, carrying out fruit production on the production plants, not considering the load to influence flower bud differentiation, properly increasing the fruit bearing number and improving the yield.

2. The grapes produced by the rotation plant grow under the environment condition with good illumination temperature, the rotation plant does not have the competition of cluster growth, young shoot growth and flower bud differentiation, the pruning time is late, the geothermal high root system is active, the cytokinin content is high, and the flower bud differentiation is promoted, so that the yield is stable in the next year.

3. The space occupied by the alternate production plant grape in the growth period is the space which is not used by the production plant grape any more, and the two spaces are not interfered with each other.

4. The grape cultivation method is simple in pruning, the whole production plant is updated, and fruiting parts are stable and cannot move upwards.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the shed structure of the present invention.

Fig. 2 is a schematic plan view of the planting method of the present invention.

Reference numerals: the method comprises the following steps of 1-upright post, 2-isolation plate, 3-drip irrigation pipe I, 4-shed line, 5-climbing upright rod, 6-steel wire, 7-planting hole A, 8-planting hole B and 9-drip irrigation pipe II.

Detailed Description

The invention will be further explained with reference to the drawings.