阅读说明：本技术 含噻二唑衍生物的润滑剂 (Lubricant containing thiadiazole derivative ) 是由 方兴高 于 2020-01-15 设计创作，主要内容包括：本公开描述了一种润滑组合物,其包含a)主要部分的润滑粘度的基础油,其中所述基础油选自API第I、II、III、IV、V组或其混合物,b)基于总润滑组合物总共0.001-0.536wt.％的根据式(I)的一种或多种单烃基取代的二巯基噻二唑衍生物或其互变异构体或盐,如下式I<Image he="299" wi="478" file="DDA0002367525890000011.GIF" imgContent="drawing" imgFormat="GIF" orientation="portrait" inline="no"></Image>其中R为甲基或C<Sub>2</Sub>至C<Sub>4</Sub>烷基,其中总润滑组合物的硫含量至多2.500ppm(wt.),c)小于0.1wt％的亚磷酸盐。本公开进一步描述了润滑组合物用于润滑传动系统、包括手动或自动变速器的变速器、齿轮、自动齿轮或车轴以及用于增强FZG测试性能的用途。本公开进一步涉及用于制备该润滑组合物的方法。(The present disclosure describes a lubricating composition comprising a) a major portion of a base oil of lubricating viscosity, wherein the base oil is selected from the group consisting of API noI. Group II, III, IV, V or mixtures thereof, b) from 0.001 to 0.536% by weight, based on the total lubricating composition, of one or more mono-hydrocarbyl substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives according to formula (I) or tautomers or salts thereof, as shown in formula I below Wherein R is methyl or C 2 To C 4 Alkyl groups, wherein the sulfur content of the total lubricating composition is at most 2.500ppm (wt.), c) less than 0.1 wt% of phosphite. The present disclosure further describes the use of the lubricating composition for lubricating a driveline, a transmission, including a manual or automatic transmission, a gear, an automatic gear, or an axle, and for enhancing FZG test performance. The disclosure further relates to a process for preparing the lubricating composition.)

1. A lubricating composition comprising:

a) a major portion of a base oil of lubricating viscosity, wherein the base oil is selected from API group I, II, III, IV, V and mixtures thereof,

b) from 0.001 to 0.536% in total, based on the total lubricating composition, of one or more mono-hydrocarbyl-substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives according to formula (I) or tautomers or salts thereof, as follows

Formula I

Wherein R is methyl or C₂To C₄An alkyl group, a carboxyl group,

wherein the total lubricating composition has a sulfur content of up to 2500ppm (wt.), and

c) less than 0.1 wt% phosphite.

2. The lubricating composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more mono-hydrocarbyl-substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives according to formula (I) are present in a total of 0.005-0.400 wt.%, based on total lubricating composition; or

Wherein the one or more mono-hydrocarbyl substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives comprise 5- (methylthio) -3, 4-thiadiazole-2 (3H) -thione.

3. The lubricating composition of claim 1, wherein said mono-hydrocarbyl-substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivative contributes 200 to 1,500ppm of sulfur to said lubricating composition; or wherein the sulfur content of the total lubricating composition is less than 2,000ppm (wt.).

4. The lubricating composition of claim 1, wherein the lubricating composition further comprises a dispersant.

5. The lubricating composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more additives selected from the group consisting of: extreme pressure agents, anti-wear agents, friction modifiers, metal deactivators, detergents, viscosity index improvers, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, foam inhibitors, demulsifiers, pour point depressants, seal swelling agents, and mixtures thereof.

6. The lubricating composition of claim 1, comprising less than 0.05 wt.% phosphite.

7. The lubricating composition of claim 1, comprising 0.001 to 0.20 wt.% of the one or more mono-hydrocarbyl substituted dimercaptothiadiazoles and 0.01 to 0.40 wt.% of at least one of: monohydrocarbylthio substituted dimercaptothiadiazoles of formula IIa and

a bis-hydrocarbylthio substituted dimercaptothiadiazole of formula II

Wherein each R is independently C₅-C₁₅An alkyl group.

8. The lubricating composition of claim 4, wherein the dispersant is present in the lubricating composition in an amount of 0.001 to 10 wt.% based on the total lubricating composition; or wherein the dispersant is selected from the group consisting of ashless dispersants, borated ashless dispersants, and dispersant viscosity index improvers, and combinations thereof.

9. The lubricating composition of claim 1, wherein the lubricating composition is free of phosphite.

10. A method of lubricating a driveline, a transmission, a gear, an automatic gear, or an axle, including a manual or automatic transmission, the method comprising lubricating the driveline, the transmission, the gear, the automatic gear, or the axle with a lubricating composition comprising:

a) a major portion of a base oil of lubricating viscosity, wherein the base oil is selected from API group I, II, III, IV, V and mixtures thereof,

b) from 0.001 to 0.536% in total, based on the total lubricating composition, of one or more mono-hydrocarbyl-substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives according to formula (I) or tautomers or salts thereof, as follows

Formula I

Wherein R is methyl or C₂To C₄An alkyl group, a carboxyl group,

wherein the total lubricating composition has a sulfur content of up to 2500ppm (wt.), and

c) less than 0.1 wt.% phosphite.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the lubricating composition is used to enhance FZG test performance; or wherein the lubricating composition is used to enhance the gear scratch resistance of the lubricating composition.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the enhanced FZG test performance comprises an enhanced break load phase (F L S) score.

13. A method of making a lubricating composition comprising mixing a base oil of lubricating viscosity with one or more mono-hydrocarbyl substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives according to formula (I) or tautomers thereof

Formula I

Wherein R is methyl or C₂To C₄An alkyl group;

wherein the base oil is selected from the group consisting of API groups I, II, III, IV, V and mixtures thereof; wherein the lubricating composition has a sulfur content of at most 2,500ppm (wt.) and contains less than 0.1 wt.% phosphite; and

wherein the lubricating composition comprises 0.001 to 0.536 wt.% of said mono-hydrocarbyl substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivative.

14. A method of preparing a lubricating composition according to claim 13, wherein the one or more mono-hydrocarbyl-substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives according to formula (I) are present in a total of 0.005-0.400 wt.%, based on the total lubricating composition.

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to novel additive compositions and lubricating compositions, including lubricating compositions for drivelines, transmissions, gears or axles. Further, the present disclosure describes the use of additive compositions and lubricant compositions to enhance FZG test performance.

Background

Different applications of lubricants require different characteristics and performance characteristics, which often result in a delicate balance between the components. The difficulty is multiplied by the fact that: certain components may chemically interact with each other, thereby compromising the performance of the lubricant. Environmental and legal requirements present further challenges such as setting increasingly stringent maximum levels of sulfur, phosphorus, and other performance standards.

Thus, on the one hand, it is generally desirable to reduce the levels of sulfur and phosphorus, especially phosphites, in lubricants exposed to high pressures and loads. On the other hand, antiwear and extreme pressure properties are often associated with the presence of sulfur and phosphite additives.

For driveline applications, particularly automotive driveline applications such as transmissions (manual and automatic), clutches, gearboxes, axles or differentials, the lubricating composition needs to provide antiwear, extreme pressure and load bearing capabilities, in antiwear performance, scratch resistance is particularly desirable.A scratch condition can be measured and objectively determined using the CEC L-84-02 industry standard test to evaluate a gear for scratch.

Dimercaptothiadiazoles (DMTD, formula (I) where R ═ H) are known additives in lubricating compositions to provide antiwear properties. However, DMTD has the disadvantage of low solubility in lubricating oils, requiring premixing with dispersants prior to addition to the additive package or lubricating composition. DMTD still tended to come out of solution.

Another class of known additives having better oil solubility are 2, 5-bis (hydrocarbyl disulfide) -1, 3, 4-thiadiazole and 2-hydrocarbyl disulfide-5-mercapto-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole. These additives have instability, high reactivity, and interaction with other components, resulting in reduced performance. Therefore, Automatic Transmission Fluids (ATFs) that rely on those additives may degrade performance in many areas.

US 2016/0168505 a1 suggests the use of various types of thiadiazole-derived compounds including the above-described 2, 5-bis (hydrocarbyl disulfide) -1, 3, 4-thiadiazole and 2-hydrocarbyl disulfide-5-mercapto-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole as components in compound transmission oils. However, as an essential component, phosphite is required, and the total sulfur content is not disclosed.

The present disclosure provides an additive for a driveline lubricant, or a driveline lubricant, having a low sulfur content and a low phosphite content. The present disclosure also provides enhanced antiwear properties, particularly gear scratch resistance, to driveline lubrication compositions having low total sulfur content and little or no phosphite.

Disclosure of Invention

The present disclosure relates to a lubricating composition comprising:

a) a major portion of a base oil of lubricating viscosity, wherein the base oil is selected from API group I, II, III, IV, V or mixtures thereof,

b) from 0.001 to 0.536% in total, based on the total lubricating composition, of one or more mono-hydrocarbyl substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives according to formula I, or tautomers or salts thereof, as follows

Formula I

Wherein R is methyl or C₂To C₄An alkyl group, a carboxyl group,

wherein the total lubricating composition has a sulfur content of up to 2500ppm (wt.), and

c) less than 0.1 wt% phosphite.

The use of the mono-hydrocarbyl substituted dimercaptothiadiazoles of formula (I) according to the present disclosure results in more stable lubricating compositions allowing for a reduction in total sulfur with the same or improved gear scratch resistance.

In particular, the gear scratch resistance is surprisingly improved compared to conventional reagents such as dimercaptodiazole (formula (I) where R ═ H) or 2, 5-bis (hydrocarbyl disulfide) -1, 3, 4-thiadiazole and 2-hydrocarbyl disulfide-5-mercapto-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole. Furthermore, there is an unexpected synergy using a mixture of 2, 5-bis (hydrocarbyl disulfide) -1, 3, 4-thiadiazole and 2-hydrocarbyl disulfide-5-mercapto-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole with a mono-hydrocarbyl substituted dimercaptothiadiazole according to formula (I) of the present disclosure, allowing for even lower sulfur limits and lower overall processing rates at optimum wear resistance, including gear scratch resistance.

It is understood by those skilled in the art that the mono-hydrocarbyl substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives of formula (I) according to the present disclosure may exist in tautomeric equilibrium forms and salt forms when exposed to other additives in a lubricant composition.

In the present disclosure, all references to mono-hydrocarbyl substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives refer to those of formula (I), and tautomeric forms and salt forms are considered herein as synonyms. Thus, for example, 5-hydrocarbyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole-2-thiol, 2-hydrocarbyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole-5-thiol, 2-hydrocarbyl-5-mercapto-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole or 5- (hydrocarbylthio) -3, 4-thiadiazole-2 (3H) -thione all describe the same compound.

In one embodiment, the lubricating composition according to the present disclosure comprises less than 0.05 wt.% phosphite, or less than 0.01 wt.% phosphite, or less than 0.001 wt.% phosphite. In another embodiment, the composition is substantially free of phosphite.

In one embodiment, the lubricating composition according to the present disclosure has a sulfur content of less than 2,500ppm (wt.), 2,000ppm (wt.), or 1,800ppm (wt.), up to 1,500. In another embodiment, the sulfur content is less than 1,500ppm (wt.) or up to 1,200. In another embodiment, the sulfur content is less than 1200ppm (wt.) and up to 1,000 or less than 1,000ppm (wt.).

In an embodiment, the lubricating composition may have a combination of low sulfur and low phosphite, such as less than 2500ppm (wt.) sulfur and less than 0.1 wt.% phosphite, or 2,000ppm (wt.) sulfur and less than 0.01 wt.% phosphite, or less than 2,000ppm (wt.) sulfur and less than 0.001 wt.% phosphite, or less than 1,800ppm (wt.) sulfur and less than 0.01 wt.% phosphite, or less than 1,800ppm (wt.) sulfur and less than 0.001 wt.% phosphite, or even less than 1,500ppm (wt.) sulfur and less than 0.01 wt.% phosphite, or less than 1,500ppm (wt.) sulfur and less than 0.001 wt.% phosphite, or even less than 1,000ppm (wt.) sulfur and less than 0.01 wt.% phosphite, or less than 1,000ppm (wt.) sulfur and less than 0.001 wt.% phosphite, or even less than 1,000ppm (wt.) sulfur and less than 0.001 wt.% phosphite.

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the total amount of mono-hydrocarbyl substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivative according to formula (I) present is 0.001-0.4 wt.%, or 0.001-0.40 wt.%, or 0.005-0.400 wt.%, or 0.01-0.3 wt.%, or 0.05-0.2 wt.%, based on the total lubricating composition.

As noted above, the mono-hydrocarbyl substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives used in this disclosure are monoalkyl dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives. In one embodiment, the alkyl group may be methyl, or may be ethyl, propyl or butyl, or C₁To C₄Any combination of alkyl groups. In another embodiment, alkyl is methyl.

Advantageously, the mono-hydrocarbyl-substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivative contributes 200 to 1,500ppm or 400 to 1,000ppm of sulfur to the lubricating composition.

In one embodiment, the lubricating composition of the present disclosure comprises a dispersant. In one embodiment, the lubricating composition comprises 0.001 to 10 wt.% dispersant, based on the total lubricating composition. In another embodiment, the dispersant is present in an amount of 0.01 to 8 wt.%. In another embodiment, the dispersant is in the lubricating composition at 0.1 to 5 wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricating composition.

In the present disclosure, the dispersant may be selected from ashless dispersants, borated ashless dispersants, ashless dispersants and dispersant viscosity index improvers, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the dispersant is an ashless dispersant selected from the group consisting of succinimide dispersants, polyisobutylene dispersants, and ethylene-propylene copolymers, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the dispersant is a succinimide dispersant.

As noted above, a synergistic effect on gear scratch resistance is observed if 0.001 to 0.20 wt.% of one or more mono-hydrocarbyl substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives are combined with 0.01 to 0.40 wt.% of mono-and/or bis-hydrocarbyl thio substituted dimercaptothiadiazole(s) of formula II/IIa. In another method, the lubricating composition comprises 0.01 to 0.15 wt.% of one or more mono-hydrocarbyl substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives in combination with 0.05 to 0.20 wt.% of mono-and/or bis-hydrocarbyl thio substituted dimercaptothiadiazole.

Wherein R is independently C₅-C₁₅An alkyl group.

The lubricating composition according to the present disclosure may further comprise one or more additives selected from the group consisting of: extreme pressure agents, anti-wear agents, friction modifiers, metal deactivators, detergents, viscosity index improvers, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, foam inhibitors, demulsifiers, pour point depressants, seal swelling agents, and mixtures thereof.

In one aspect of the disclosure, the lubricating composition is used to lubricate a driveline, including a transmission, gear, automatic gear, or axle of a manual or automatic transmission.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, the lubricating composition is used for enhanced FZG test performance.

Another aspect of the present disclosure is a use of lubrication or a method of lubrication by including in the lubricating composition from 0.001 to 0.536 wt.% in total, based on the total lubricating composition, of one or more mono-hydrocarbyl-substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives according to formula (I) or tautomers or salts thereof, as follows

Formula (I)

Wherein R is methyl or C₂To C₄An alkyl group, the lubricating composition comprising a major portion of a base oil of lubricating viscosity, wherein the base oil is selected from API group I, II, III, IV, V or mixtures thereof, wherein the sulfur content of the total lubricating composition is up to 2,500ppm (wt.) to enhance the gear scratch resistance of the lubricating composition. It should be understood that this aspect contemplates all options and limitations described in connection with the lubricating compositions of the present disclosure, alone or in combination. For example, the present disclosure also relates to the use of any amount of one or more mono-hydrocarbyl substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives of formula (I), or tautomers or salts thereof, in the lubricating composition of the present disclosure to enhance the gear scratch resistance of the lubricating composition.

Another aspect of the present disclosure is a method of making a lubricant comprising mixing a base oil of lubricating viscosity with one or more mono-hydrocarbyl substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives according to formula (I) or tautomers thereof, wherein the base oil is selected from API group I, II, III, IV, V or mixtures thereof.

Wherein R is methyl or C₂-C₄Alkyl to form a lubricant having a sulphur content of at most 2,500ppm (wt.) and containing less than 0.1 wt.% of phosphite, wherein the lubricating composition comprises a major portion of said base oil and 0.001-0.536 wt.%, based on the total lubricating composition, of said one or more mono-hydrocarbyl substituted dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives according to formula (I) or tautomers thereof.

The method may comprise dissolving a compound according to formula (I) in a base oil in the presence of a dispersant. The viscosity can finally be adjusted by adding an oil of lubricating viscosity.

Detailed Description

Transmission lubricants providing improved FZG wear performance are described. The lubricant is particularly suitable for automatic transmissions such as, but not limited to, dual clutch transmissions having wet clutch friction discs. Such results are obtained not by increasing the sulfur and phosphorus content, but by finding compounds that more efficiently transfer sulfur to the metal surface. Previously such compounds did not affect the wear performance of FZG in transmission lubricants in such a significant manner. In one aspect, the lubricant comprises a major amount of a base oil or lubricating oil, and a selected amount of a thiadiazole derivative of formula I as described in the summary above.

As used herein, the terms "oil composition", "lubricating oil", "lubricant composition", "fully formulated lubricant composition" and "lubricant" are considered synonymous, fully interchangeable terms referring to the finished lubricating product comprising a major amount of a base oil or lubricating oil plus a minor amount of selected dispersants and detergents described herein. The lubricant may also include optional additives, as described further below.

As used herein, the term "hydrocarbyl substituent" or "hydrocarbyl group" is used in its ordinary sense, as is well known to those skilled in the art. Specifically, it refers to a group having a carbon atom directly attached to the rest of the molecule and having predominantly hydrocarbon character. Examples of hydrocarbyl groups include: (a) hydrocarbon substituents, that is, aliphatic (e.g., alkyl or alkenyl), alicyclic (e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl) substituents and aromatic, aliphatic and alicyclic substituted aromatic substituents, as well as cyclic substituents wherein the ring is completed through another portion of the molecule (e.g., two substituents together form an alicyclic moiety); (b) substituted hydrocarbon substituents, that is, substituents containing non-hydrocarbon groups that do not alter the predominantly hydrocarbon substituent in the context of this disclosure (e.g., halo (especially chloro and fluoro), hydroxy, alkoxy, mercapto, alkylmercapto, nitro, nitroso, amino, alkylamino, and sulfoxy); and (c) hetero substituents, that is, substituents that, while having a predominantly hydrocarbon character, in the context of this disclosure contain atoms other than carbon in a ring or chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms. Heteroatoms can include sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen, and encompass substituents as pyridyl, furyl, thienyl and imidazolyl. In general, no more than two, e.g., no more than one, non-hydrocarbon substituent will be present for every ten carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl group; typically, no non-hydrocarbon substituents will be present in the hydrocarbyl group.

Base oil or lubricating oil

As used herein, the term "base oil" or "lubricating oil" generally refers to oils classified by the American Petroleum Institute (API), group I-V oils, as well as animal oils, vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil and lard oil), petroleum oils, mineral oils, synthetic oils, and oils derived from coal or shale. The american petroleum institute has classified these different base oil types as follows:

i, II th and group III are mineral oil process feedstocks. Hydrotreated and catalytically dewaxed base oils are generally group II and group III based on their low sulfur and aromatics content. Group IV base oils contain true synthetic molecular species that are prepared by polymerization of olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbons and are essentially free of sulfur and aromatic hydrocarbons. Many group V base oils are also true synthetic products and may contain diesters, polyol esters, polyalkylene glycols, alkylated aromatics, polyphosphate esters, polyvinyl ethers and/or polyphenyl ethers, and the like, but may also be naturally occurring oils, such as vegetable oils. It should be noted that although group III base oils are derived from mineral oils, the rigorous processing experienced by these fluids makes their physical properties very similar to some real composites, such as PAOs. Accordingly, oils derived from group III base oils may be referred to in the industry as synthetic fluids.

The base oil used in the disclosed lubricating oil compositions can be a mineral oil, an animal oil, a vegetable oil, a synthetic oil, or mixtures thereof. Suitable oils may be derived from hydrocracking, hydrogenation, hydrofinishing, unrefined, refined and re-refined oils, and mixtures thereof.

Unrefined oils are those derived from a natural, mineral, or synthetic source with little or no further purification treatment. Refined oils are similar to unrefined oils except that they have been treated in one or more purification steps, which may result in an improvement in one or more properties. Examples of suitable purification techniques are solvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid or base extraction, filtration, percolation, etc. Oils refined to edible quality may or may not be suitable. Edible oils may also be referred to as white oils. In some embodiments, the lubricant composition is free of edible or white oil.

Rerefined oils are also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oils. These oils are obtained similarly to refined oils, using the same or similar processes. Typically these oils are additionally processed by techniques directed to the removal of spent additives and oil breakdown products.

The mineral oil may comprise oil obtained by drilling or from plants and animals or any mixture thereof. For example, the oils may include, but are not limited to, castor oil, lard oil, olive oil, peanut oil, corn oil, soybean oil, and linseed oil, as well as mineral lubricating oils such as liquid petroleum oils and solvent-treated or acid-treated mineral lubricating oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic, or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic types. The oil may be partially or fully hydrogenated if desired. Oils derived from coal or shale may also be suitable.

Suitable synthetic lubricating oils may include hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized, oligomerized, or interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene isobutylene copolymers), poly (1-hexenes), poly (1-octenes), terpolymers or oligomers of 1-decenes, such as poly (1-decene), which are commonly referred to as α -olefin, and mixtures thereof, alkyl-benzenes (e.g., dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, di- (2-ethylhexyl) -benzenes), polyphenyls (e.g., biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenyls), diphenylalkanes, alkylated diphenylethers, and alkylated diphenylsulfides, as well as derivatives, analogs, and homologs thereof, or mixtures thereof. the poly α olefins are typically hydrogenated materials.

Other synthetic lubricating oils contain polyol esters, diesters, liquid esters of phosphorus-containing acids (e.g., tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, and diethyl ester of decane phosphionic acid), or polymeric tetrahydrofurans. Synthetic oils may be produced by Fischer-Tropsch reactions (Fischer-Tropsch reactions) and may typically be hydroisomerized Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons or waxes. In one embodiment, the oil may be prepared by a fischer-tropsch gasoil synthesis procedure as well as other gasoil oils.

The amount of oil of lubricating viscosity present may be the remainder after subtracting the sum comprising viscosity index improver(s) and/or pour point depressant(s) and/or other pre-treatment additives from 100 wt%. For example, the oil of lubricating viscosity that may be present in the finished fluid may be present in a major amount, such as greater than about 50 wt.%, greater than about 60 wt.%, greater than about 70 wt.%, greater than about 80 wt.%, greater than about 85 wt.%, or greater than about 90 wt.%.

The lubricant may also include other optional additives as desired for a particular application, so long as the optional components do not affect the essential characteristics of the dispersants and detergents described above. Several common optional additives are noted herein.

Optional additive Components

In addition to the base oil and the thiadiazole derivative of formula I described above, the automatic transmission lubricating composition herein may further comprise other additives to perform one or more functions required for the lubricating fluid. In addition, one or more of the noted additives can be multifunctional and provide other functions in addition to or different from those specified herein.

For example, the composition of the present invention may comprise one or more of at least one component selected from the group consisting of: friction modifiers, air repellant additives, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, foam inhibitors, seal swell agents, viscosity index improvers, rust inhibitors, extreme pressure additives, and combinations thereof. In addition to those noted above, other performance additives may include one or more metal deactivators, ashless TBN synergists, demulsifiers, emulsifiers, pour point depressants, and mixtures thereof. Typically, fully formulated lubricating oils will contain one or more of these performance additives. Examples of some common optional additive components are described below.

Dispersing agent

The lubricant composition may include one or more selected dispersants or mixtures thereof. Dispersants are generally referred to as ashless-type dispersants because they do not contain ash-forming metals prior to incorporation into a lubricating oil composition, and they do not generally provide any ash when added to a lubricant. Ashless type dispersants are characterized by a polar group attached to a molecule or relatively high weight hydrocarbon chain. Typical ashless dispersants comprise an N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimide. The N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimide includes a Polyisobutylene (PIB) substituent having a number average molecular weight in the range of about 800 to about 2500 as determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) using polystyrene (number average molecular weight 180 to about 18,000) as a calibration reference. The PIB substituents used in the dispersants also have viscosities from about 2100 to about 2700cSt at 100 ℃ as determined using ASTM D445. Succinimide dispersants and their preparation are disclosed, for example, in U.S. patent No. 7,897,696 and U.S. patent No. 4,234,435, which are incorporated herein by reference. Succinimide dispersants are typically imides formed from polyamines, typically poly (ethyleneamines). The dispersant may include two succinimide moieties linked by a polyamine. The polyamine may be Tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), Pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), other higher nitrogen ethylenediamine species and/or mixtures thereof. The polyamine may be a mixture of linear, branched and cyclic amines. A PIB substituent may be attached to each succinimide moiety.

In some embodiments, the lubricant composition comprises at least one polyisobutylene succinimide dispersant derived from polyisobutylene having a number average molecular weight in the range of about 350 to about 5000, or about 500 to about 3000, as measured by GPC methods described herein. The polyisobutylene succinimide may be used alone or in combination with other dispersants.

In some embodiments, when included, the Polyisobutylene (PIB) terminal double bond content may be greater than 50 mole%, greater than 60 mole%, greater than 70 mole%, greater than 80 mole%, or greater than 90 mole%. The PIB is also known as a highly reactive PIB ("HR-PIB"). HR-PIB having a number average molecular weight in the range of about 800 to about 5000 is suitable for use in embodiments of the present disclosure. The terminal double bond content of conventional non-highly reactive PIB is typically less than 50 mole%, less than 40 mole%, less than 30 mole%, less than 20 mole%, or less than 10 mole%.

HR-PIB having a number average molecular weight in the range of about 900 to about 3000 may be suitable, as measured by the GPC method described herein. Such HR-PIB is commercially available or can be synthesized by polymerizing isobutylene in the presence of a non-chlorinated catalyst (e.g., boron trifluoride) as described in U.S. patent No. 4,152,499 and U.S. patent No. 5,739,355. When used in the aforementioned thermal ene reactions, HR-PIB can increase conversion in the reaction, as well as reduce the amount of sediment formation, due to the enhanced reactivity.

In one embodiment, the dispersant may be derived from a poly α olefin (PAO) succinic anhydride.

One class of suitable dispersants may be Mannich bases (Mannich bases). Mannich bases are materials formed from the condensation of higher molecular weight, alkyl-substituted phenols, polyalkylene polyamines, and aldehydes (such as formaldehyde). Mannich bases are described in more detail in U.S. patent No. 3,634,515.

A suitable class of dispersants may be high molecular weight esters or half ester amides.

The dispersant may also be post-treated by conventional means by reaction with any of a variety of reagents. Among these agents are boron, urea, thiourea, dimercaptothiadiazoles, carbon disulfide, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, hydrocarbon-substituted succinic anhydrides, maleic anhydride, nitriles, epoxides, carbonates, cyclic carbonates, hindered phenolic esters, and phosphorus compounds. Us patent 7,645,726; us patent 7,214,649; and U.S. patent No. 8,048,831 describes some suitable post-treatment methods and post-treatment products.

Suitable boron compounds useful in forming the dispersants of the present invention include any boron compound or mixture of boron compounds capable of introducing a boron-containing species into an ashless dispersant. Any organic or inorganic boron compound capable of such a reaction may be used. Thus, boron oxide hydrate, boron trifluoride, boron tribromide, boron trichloride, HBF can be used₄Boric acids such as boronic acids (e.g. alkyl-B (OH)₂Or aryl-B (OH)₂) Boric acid (i.e. H)₃BO₃) Tetraboric acid (i.e. H)₂B₅O₇) Metaboric acid (i.e., HBO)₂) Ammonium salts of such boronic acids and esters of such boronic acids. The use of complexes of boron trihalides with ethers, organic acids, inorganic acids or hydrocarbons is a convenient method of introducing the boron reactant into the reaction mixture. Such complexes are known, for example boron trifluoride-diethyl ether, boron trifluoride-phenol, boron trifluoride-phosphoric acid, boron trichloride-chloroacetic acid, boron tribromide-dioxane and boron trifluoride-methylethyl ether.

Suitable phosphorus compounds for use in forming the dispersants of the present invention include phosphorus compounds or mixtures of phosphorus compounds capable of incorporating phosphorus-containing species into ashless dispersants. Thus, any organic or inorganic phosphorus compound capable of such a reaction may be used. Therefore, these inorganic phosphorus compounds such as inorganic phosphoric acid and inorganic phosphorus oxides, including their hydrates, can be used. Typical organophosphorus compounds include all and partial esters of phosphoric acid, such as mono-, di-, and tri-esters of phosphoric acid, thiophosphoric acid, dithiophosphoric acid, thiophosphoric acid, and tetrathiophosphoric acid; mono-, di-and triesters of phosphorous, thiophosphoric, dithiophosphorous and trithiophosphorous acids; trihydrocarbylphosphine oxide: trihydrocarbylphosphine sulfide; mono-and dihydrocarbyl phosphonates (RPO (OR ') (OR') wherein R and R 'are hydrocarbyl groups and R' isHydrogen atoms or hydrocarbyl groups) and their mono-, di-and trithio analogs; mono-and dihydrocarbylphosphites (RP (OR ') (OR ") wherein R and R' are hydrocarbyl groups and R" is a hydrogen atom OR a hydrocarbyl group) and mono-and dithio-analogs thereof; and so on. Thus, compounds such as phosphorous acid (H) can be used₃PO₃Sometimes described as H₂(HPO₃) Sometimes referred to as ortho-phosphorous acid or phosphonic acid), phosphoric acid (H)₃PO₄Sometimes referred to as orthophosphoric acid), hypophosphorous acid (H)₄P₂O₆) Metaphosphoric acid (HPO)₃) Pyrophosphoric acid (H)₄P₂O₇) Hypophosphorous acid (H)₃PO₂Sometimes referred to as phosphinic acid), pyrophosphorous acid (H)₄P₂O₅Sometimes referred to as pyrophosphonic acid), phosphinic acid (H)₃PO), tripolyphosphoric acid (H)₅P₃O₁₀) Tetra-poly (phosphoric acid) (H)₅P₄O₁₃) Trimetaphosphoric acid (H)₃P₃O₉) Phosphorus trioxide, phosphorus tetroxide, phosphorus pentoxide, and the like. Partial or total sulfur analogues, e.g. tetrathioacetic acid (H)₃PS₄) Thiophosphoric acid (H)₃PO₃S), dithiophosphoric acid (H)₃PO₂S₂) Trithiophosphoric acid (H)₃POS₃) Phosphorus sesquisulfide, phosphorus heptasulfide and phosphorus pentasulfide (P)₂S₅Sometimes referred to as P₄S₁₀) And may also be used to form the dispersants of the present disclosure. Inorganic phosphorus halide compounds, e.g. PCI, may also be used₃、PBr₃、POCl₃、PSCl₃And the like.

It is likewise possible to use such organic phosphorus compounds as mono-, di-and triesters of phosphoric acid (e.g.trihydrocarbyl phosphates, dihydrocarbyl monoacid phosphates, monohydrocarbyl diacid phosphates and mixtures thereof), mono-, di-and triesters of phosphorous acid (e.g.trihydrocarbyl phosphites, dihydrocarbyl hydrogen phosphites, hydrocarbyl diacid phosphites and mixtures thereof), esters of phosphonic acids ("primary" RP (O) (OR))₂And "secondary" R₂P (O) (OR), esters of phosphinic acids, phosphonyl halides (e.g. RP (O) Cl)₂And R₂P (O) Cl), halogenated phosphites (e.g. (RO) PCl)₂And (RO)₂PCl), halophosphates (e.g. ROP (O) Cl)₂And (RO)₂P (O) Cl), triesters of pyrophosphoric acid (e.g. (RO)₂P(O)-OP(O)(OR)₂) And partial sulfur analogs of any of the foregoing organophosphorus compounds and the like, wherein each hydrocarbyl group contains up to about 100 carbon atoms, or up to about 50 carbon atoms, or up to about 24 carbon atoms, or up to about 12 carbon atoms. Halogenated phosphine halides (e.g., alkyl tetrahalo-phoshores, dialkyl trihalo-phoshores, and trialkyl dihalides) and halogenated phosphines (monohalogenated phosphines and dihalohalogenated phosphines) may also be used.

The lubricant herein may comprise a mixture of one or more of the above-described borated and phosphated dispersants with non-borated and non-phosphated dispersants.

In one embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may comprise at least one borated dispersant, wherein the dispersant is the reaction product of an olefin copolymer or the reaction product of an olefin copolymer with succinic anhydride, and at least one polyamine. The ratio of PIBSA to polyamine may be from 1: 1 to 10: 1, or from 1: 1 to 5:1, or from 4: 3 to 3: 1, or from 4: 3 to 2: 1. Particularly useful dispersants contain polyisobutenyl groups of PIBSA having a number average molecular weight (Mn) in the range of about 500 to 5000, as determined by the GPC method described herein, and (B) a polyamine having the formula H₂N(CH₂)m-[NH(CH₂)_m]_n-NH₂Wherein m ranges from 2 to 4 and n ranges from 1 to 2.

In addition to the above, the dispersant may be post-treated with an aromatic carboxylic acid, an aromatic polycarboxylic acid, or an aromatic anhydride, wherein all carboxylic acid or anhydride groups are directly attached to the aromatic ring. The aromatic compound containing a carboxyl group may be selected from 1, 8-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid or anhydride and 1, 2-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid or anhydride, 2, 3-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid or anhydride, naphthalene-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid, naphthalene-2, 6-dicarboxylic acid, phthalic anhydride, pyromellitic anhydride, 1,2, 4-benzenetricarboxylic anhydride, diphenic acid or anhydride, 2, 3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid or anhydride, 3, 4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid or anhydride, 1, 4,5, 8-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid or anhydride, perylene-3, 4, 9, 10-tetracarboxylic anhydride, pyrenedicarboxylic acid or anhydride, and the like. The moles of such post-treatment components per mole of polyamine reaction may range from about 0.1: 1 to about 2: 1. Typical molar ratios of such post-treatment components to polyamine in the reaction mixture may range from about 0.2: 1 to about 2: 1. Another molar ratio of such post-treatment component to polyamine that can be used can be in the range of 0.25: 1 to about 1.5: 1. Such post-treatment components may be reacted with other components at a temperature of about 140 ℃ to about 180 ℃.

Alternatively, or in addition to the post-treatment described above, the dispersant may be post-treated with a non-aromatic dicarboxylic acid or anhydride. The number average molecular weight of the non-aromatic dicarboxylic acid or anhydride may be less than 500 as measured by the GPC method described herein. Suitable carboxylic acids or anhydrides thereof can include, but are not limited to, acetic acid or anhydride, oxalic acid and anhydride, malonic acid and anhydride, succinic acid and anhydride, alkenyl succinic acid and anhydride, glutaric acid and anhydride, adipic acid and anhydride, pimelic acid and anhydride, suberic acid and anhydride, azelaic acid and anhydride, sebacic acid and anhydride, maleic acid and anhydride, fumaric acid and anhydride, tartaric acid and anhydride, glycolic acid and anhydride, 1,2, 3, 6-tetrahydronaphthalene dicarboxylic acid and anhydride, and the like.

The non-aromatic carboxylic acid or anhydride is reacted with the polyamine in a molar ratio in the range of about 0.1 to about 2.5 moles per mole of polyamine. Typically, the amount of non-aromatic carboxylic acid or anhydride used will be relative to the number of secondary amino groups in the polyamine. Thus, from about 0.2 to about 2.0 moles of non-aromatic carboxylic acid or anhydride per secondary amino group in component B can be reacted with the other components to provide a dispersant according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Another mole ratio of non-aromatic carboxylic acid or anhydride to polyamine that can be used can be from 0.25: 1 to about 1.5: 1 moles per mole of polyamine. The non-aromatic carboxylic acid or anhydride may be reacted with the other components at a temperature of about 140 c to about 180 c.

The wt% actives of alkenyl or alkyl succinic anhydrides may be determined using chromatographic techniques. Such a method is described in columns 5 and 6 of U.S. patent No. 5,334,321. The percent conversion of the polyolefin was calculated from the activity% using the equations in columns 5 and 6 of U.S. patent No. 5,334,321.

The TBN of suitable borated dispersants may range from about 10 to about 65mg KOH/gram of composition on an oil-free basis, which if measured on a dispersant sample containing about 50% diluent oil, corresponds to a TBN of from about 5 to about 30mg KOH/gram of composition.

Typically, the above-described dispersant is provided in the lubricant in about 4.5 to about 25 wt.%, in other processes in about 4.5 to about 12 wt.%, and in still other processes in about 4.5 to about 7.7 wt.%.

Extreme pressure agent

The lubricating oil compositions herein may also optionally contain one or more extreme pressure agents. Extreme Pressure (EP) agents that are soluble in oil include sulfur-and sulfur-containing EP agents, chlorinated hydrocarbon EP agents, and phosphorus EP agents. Examples of the EP agent include: chlorinated wax; organic sulfides and polysulfides, such as benzhydryl disulfide, bis (chlorophenylmethyl) disulfide, dibutyl tetrasulfide, sulfurized methyl ester of oleic acid, sulfurized alkylphenols, sulfurized dipentene, sulfurized terpenes, and sulfurized diels-alder adducts; phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons, such as the reaction product of phosphorus sulfide with turpentine or methyl oleate; phosphorus esters, such as dihydrocarbyl and trihydrocarbyl phosphites, for example dibutyl, diheptyl, dicyclohexyl, pentylphenyl phosphite; dipentylphenyl phosphite, tridecyl phosphite, distearyl phosphite and polypropylene-substituted phenyl phosphite; metal thiocarbamates such as zinc dioctyldithiocarbamate and barium heptylphenol dicarboxylate; amine salts of alkyl and dialkylphosphoric acids, including, for example, amine salts of the reaction product of a dialkyldithiophosphoric acid with a propane oxide; and mixtures thereof.

The extreme pressure agent may be present in an amount of, for example, about 0 to 3.0 wt.%, or about 0.1 to 2.0 wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

Friction modifiers

The lubricating oil compositions herein may also optionally contain one or more friction modifiers. Suitable friction modifiers may include metal-containing as well as metal-free friction modifiers, and may include (but are not limited to): imidazolines, amides, amines, succinimides, alkoxylated amines, alkoxylated ether amines, amine oxides, amidoamines, nitriles, betaines, quaternary amines, imines, amine salts, aminoguanidines, alkanolamides, phosphonates, metal-containing compounds, glycerides, sulfurized fatty compounds and olefins, sunflower oil other naturally occurring vegetable or animal oils, dicarboxylic acid esters, esters or partial esters of polyols and one or more aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acids, and the like.

Suitable friction modifiers may contain hydrocarbyl groups selected from straight chain, branched chain or aromatic hydrocarbyl groups or mixtures thereof and may be saturated or unsaturated. The hydrocarbyl group may be composed of carbon and hydrogen or heteroatoms, such as sulfur or oxygen. The hydrocarbyl group may be between 12 and 25 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the friction modifier may be a long chain fatty acid ester. In another embodiment, the long chain fatty acid ester may be a mono-or di-ester or a (tri) glyceride. The friction modifier may be a long chain fatty amide, a long chain fatty ester, a long chain fatty epoxide derivative, or a long chain imidazoline.

Other suitable friction modifiers may include organic, ashless (metal-free), nitrogen-free organic friction modifiers. The friction modifier may comprise esters formed by reacting carboxylic acids and anhydrides with alkanols, and typically comprises a polar terminal group (e.g., a carboxyl or hydroxyl group) covalently bonded to an oleophilic hydrocarbon chain. An example of an organic ashless, nitrogen-free friction modifier is generally known as Glycerol Monooleate (GMO), which may contain mono-, di-and tri-esters of oleic acid. Other suitable friction modifiers are described in U.S. patent No. 6,723,685.

The amine-based friction modifier may comprise an amine or polyamine. Such compounds may have linear saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon groups or mixtures thereof, and may contain from 12 to 25 carbon atoms. Other examples of suitable friction modifiers include alkoxylated amines and alkoxylated ether amines. The compounds may have linear, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon groups, or mixtures thereof. Which may contain from about 12 to about 25 carbon atoms. Examples include ethoxylated amines and ethoxylated ether amines.

The amines and amides can be used as such or in the form of adducts or reaction products with boron compounds, such as boron oxides, boron halides, metaborates, boric acid or monoalkyl borates, dialkyl borates or trialkyl borates. Other suitable friction modifiers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,300,291.

The friction modifier may optionally be present in a range of, for example, 0 wt.% to 6 wt.%, or 0.01 wt.% to 4 wt.%, or 0.05 wt.% to 2 wt.%.

Cleaning agent

The lubricant composition also includes one or more detergents, or mixtures thereof, selected to provide a specific amount of metal and soap content to the lubricating composition. In one approach, the detergent is a metal-containing detergent, such as a neutral to high alkaline detergent. Suitable detergent substrates include: phenates, sulfur-containing phenates, sulfonates, calixarenes (calixarates), salicylates (salixarates), salicylates, carboxylic acids, phosphoric acids, monothiophosphoric and/or dithiophosphoric acids, alkylphenols, sulfur-coupled alkylphenol compounds, and methylene-bridged phenols. Suitable cleaning agents and methods for their preparation are described in more detail in a number of patent publications, including U.S. patent 7,732,390 and the references cited therein. In one approach, the detergent is neutral to overbased sulfonates, phenates, or carboxylates having a basic metal or alkaline earth metal salt. The detergent may be linear or branched, for example a linear or branched sulfonate. Linear detergents are those that comprise a linear chain without a side chain attachment and typically comprise a carbon atom bonded only to one or two other carbon atoms. Branched detergents are those having one or more side chains attached to the molecular backbone and may include carbon atoms bonded to one, two, three, or four other carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the sulfonate detergent may be a predominantly linear alkyl benzene sulfonate detergent. In some embodiments, the straight chain alkyl (or hydrocarbyl) may be attached anywhere on the phenyl ring along the linear chain of the alkyl, but is typically in the 2,3, or 4 position of the linear chain, and in some cases predominantly in the 2 position. In other embodiments, the alkyl (or hydrocarbyl) group may be branched, i.e., formed from a branched olefin such as propylene or 1-butene or isobutylene. Sulfonate detergents having a mixture of straight and branched chain alkyl groups may also be used.

The detergent matrix may be salted with alkali or alkaline earth metals such as, but not limited to: calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, lithium, barium, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the cleaning agent is free of barium. Suitable detergents may include alkali or alkaline earth metal salts of petroleum sulfonic acid and long chain mono or dialkyl aryl sulfonic acids, where the aryl group is one of benzyl, tolyl and xylyl.

Overbased detergent additives are well known in the art and may be alkali metal or alkaline earth metal overbased detergent additives. Such detergent additives may be prepared by reacting a metal oxide or metal hydroxide with a substrate and carbon dioxide gas. The substrate is typically an acid, for example, an acid such as an aliphatic-substituted sulfonic acid, an aliphatic-substituted formic acid, or an aliphatic-substituted phenol. Generally, the term "overbased" relates to metal salts, such as those of sulfonic acids, formic acids, and phenols, in which the amount of metal present is in excess of stoichiometric. Such salts may have conversion levels in excess of 100% (i.e., they may contain more than 100% of the theoretical amount of metal required to convert the acid to its "normal", "neutral" salt). The expression "metal ratio" is commonly abbreviated MR and is used to denote the ratio of the total stoichiometric amount of metal in the overbased salt to the stoichiometric amount of metal in the neutral salt, according to known chemical reactivity and stoichiometry. In normal or neutral salts, the metal ratio is one, while in overbased salts, the MR is greater than one. Such salts are commonly referred to as overbased, superbased or superbased salts and may be salts of organic sulfuric acids, carboxylic acids or phenols. The detergent may also have a Total Base Number (TBN) of about 27 to about 307, and in other methods, about 200 to about 307.

The detergent provides less than about 455ppm of metal to the lubricant composition in the transmission fluid. High levels of metal result in failure of one or more of the friction durability or wear tests described herein. In other methods, the detergent provides from about 0 to about 281ppm of the metal. In yet other methods, the detergent provides from about 0 to about 100ppm of the metal to the lubricant composition.

The detergent also provides a selected level of soap content to the lubricant composition, and the soap content provided is balanced with the metal content such that if the metal is not within the desired range, increasing the soap content fails to achieve the desired results, as will be discussed in more detail in the examples herein. By one approach, the detergent provides a soap content of about 0.02% to about 0.15% to the final lubricating composition, such as sulfonate, phenate, and/or carboxylate soaps. In other approaches, the cleanser provides about 0.02% to about 0.1% soap, while in still other approaches, about 0.02% to about 0.05% soap is provided.

Soap content generally refers to the amount of neutral organic acid salt, reflecting the cleaning or detergency and soil suspension ability of the cleaner. Use of an exemplary calcium sulfonate detergent (by RSO)₃)_vCa_w(CO₃)_x(Oh)_yWherein v, w, x and y represent the number of sulfonate groups, the number of calcium atoms, the number of carbonate groups and the number of hydroxyl groups, respectively), the soap content can be determined by the following formula:

the effective formula weight is a composition formula (RSO)₃)_vCa_w(CO₃)_x(OH)_yThe total weight of all atoms plus the weight of any other lubricant components. Further discussion of determining soap content may be found in fuel and lubricant handbooks, techniques, Properties, Performance and testing, edited by George Totten, ASTM International, 2003, relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The treat rate of the detergent may be from about 0.08 wt.% to about 1 wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. In some methods, the metal-containing detergent is not borated such that the boron in the lubricant is provided only by the dispersant.

The total amount of detergent that may be present in the lubricating oil composition may be from 0 wt.% to 2 wt.%, or from about 0 wt.% to about 0.5 wt.%, or from about 0 wt.% to about 0.15 wt.%.

Viscosity index improver

Suitable viscosity index improvers can include polyolefins, olefin copolymers, ethylene/propylene copolymers, polyisobutylene, hydrogenated styrene-isoprene polymers, styrene/maleate copolymers, hydrogenated styrene/butadiene copolymers, hydrogenated isoprene polymers, α -olefin maleic anhydride copolymers, polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyalkylstyrenes, hydrogenated alkenyl aryl conjugated diene copolymers, or mixtures thereof.

The lubricating oil compositions herein may also optionally contain one or more dispersant viscosity index improvers in addition to or in place of the viscosity index improvers. Suitable viscosity index improvers may include functionalized polyolefins, for example, ethylene-propylene copolymers that have been functionalized with the reaction product of an acylating agent (e.g., maleic anhydride) and an amine; with amine functionalized polymethacrylates, or esterified maleic anhydride-styrene copolymers reacted with amines.

The total amount of viscosity index improver and/or dispersant viscosity index improver may be from 0 wt.% to 20 wt.%, from 0.1 wt.% to 15 wt.%, from 0.25 wt.% to 12 wt.%, or from 0.5 wt.% to 10 wt.% of the lubricating composition.

Antioxidant agent

Antioxidant compounds are known and include, for example, phenates, phenol sulfides, sulfurized olefins, phosphosulfurized terpenes, sulfurized esters, aromatic amines, alkylated diphenylamines (e.g., nonyldiphenylamine, dinonyldiphenylamine, octyldiphenylamine, dioctyldiphenylamine), phenyl- α -naphthylamine, alkylated phenyl- α -naphthylamine, hindered non-aromatic amines, phenols, hindered phenols, oil-soluble molybdenum compounds, macroantioxidants, or mixtures thereof.

Useful antioxidants may include diarylamines and high molecular weight phenols. In one embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may contain a mixture of diarylamines and high molecular weight phenols such that each antioxidant may be present in an amount sufficient to provide up to about 5 wt.%, based on the final weight of the lubricating oil composition. In one embodiment, the antioxidant may be a mixture of 0.3 wt.% to 2 wt.% diarylamine and 0.4 wt.% to 2 wt.% high molecular weight phenol, based on the final weight of the lubricating oil composition.

The one or more antioxidants may be present in the range of 0 wt.% to 5 wt.%, or 0.01 wt.% to 5 wt.%, or 0.1 wt.% to 3 wt.%, or 0.8 wt.% to 2 wt.% of the lubricating composition.

Corrosion inhibitors

The automatic transmission lubricant may further include additional corrosion inhibitors (note that some other noted components may also have copper corrosion inhibiting properties). Suitable additional copper corrosion inhibitors include ether amines, polyethoxylated compounds such as ethoxylated amines and ethoxylated alcohols, imidazolines, monoalkyl and dialkyl thiadiazoles, and the like.

Thiazoles, triazoles and thiadiazoles may also be used in lubricants. Examples include benzotriazole; tolyltriazole; octyl triazole; decyl triazole; dodecyl triazole; 2-mercaptobenzotriazole; 2, 5-dimercapto-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole; 2-mercapto-5-hydrocarbylthio-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole; and 2-mercapto-5-hydrocarbylthio-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole. In one embodiment, the thiadiazole is a1, 3, 4-thiadiazole. In another embodiment, the thiadiazole is a 2-hydrocarbyl disulfide-5-mercapto-1, 3, 4-dithiadiazole. Many thiadiazoles are commercially available.

The corrosion inhibitor, if present, may be used in an amount sufficient to provide 0 wt.% to 5 wt.%, 0.01 wt.% to 3 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% to 2 wt.%, based on the final weight of the lubricating oil composition.

Foam inhibitor/defoamer

Anti-foaming agents/surfactants may also be included in the fluids according to the present invention. Various agents are known for this purpose. In one embodiment, the agent is a copolymer of ethyl acrylate and hexyl acrylate, such as PC-1244 available from Solutia. In another embodiment, the agent is a silicone fluid, such as 4% DCF. In another embodiment, the agent is a mixture of anti-foaming agents.

Rust inhibitor

Various known rust inhibitors or additives are known for use in transmission fluids and are suitable for use in fluids according to the present invention. Rust inhibitors include alkyl polyoxyalkylene ethers such as77, C-8 acids, e.g.8, alkylamine oxides such as Tomah PA-14, 3-decyloxypropylamine and polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block copolymers such asL-81。

Pour point depressant

Suitable pour point depressants may include polymethyl methacrylate or mixtures thereof. The pour point depressant may be present in an amount sufficient to provide 0 wt.% to 1 wt.%, 0.01 wt.% to 0.5 wt.%, or 0.02 wt.% to 0.04 wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.

Sealing expansion agent

The automatic transmission fluid of the present disclosure may further include a seal swell agent. Seal swelling agents such as esters, adipates, sebacates, phthalates, sulfones, alcohols, alkylbenzenes, substituted sulfolanes, aromatic hydrocarbons or mineral oils cause swelling of elastomeric materials used as seals in engines and automatic transmissions.

The alcoholic seal swell agents are typically low volatility, linear alkyl alcohols such as decyl alcohol, tridecyl alcohol, and tetradecyl alcohol. Alkylbenzenes that may be used as seal swelling agents include dodecylbenzene, tetradecylbenzene, dinonyl-benzene, di (2-ethylhexyl) benzene, and the like. Substituted sulfolanes, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,029,588, incorporated herein by reference, are also useful as seal swell agents in the compositions of the present disclosure. Mineral oils useful as seal swell agents in the present disclosure include those having high naphthenesOr low viscosity mineral oils of aromatic content. The Aromatic seal swell agent includes a commercially available Exxon Aromatic 200 ND seal swell agent. Examples of commercially available mineral oil seal swelling agents include(FN 1380) andmineral sealing oil (FN 3200).

In general, suitable lubricants may comprise additive components in the ranges listed in table 1.

TABLE 1

The additives used to formulate the compositions described herein can be blended into the base oil individually or in various sub-combinations. However, it may be suitable to blend all of the components simultaneously using an additive concentrate (i.e., additive plus diluent, such as a hydrocarbon solvent).

The present disclosure and many of its advantages are better understood by the following examples. The following examples are illustrative, but not limiting, of the invention in scope or spirit. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that variations of the components, methods, steps, and apparatus described in these embodiments may be used. All percentages, ratios, and parts mentioned in this disclosure are by weight unless otherwise indicated.