阅读说明：本技术 用于运行用于机动车中的电存储器的充电调节器的方法 (Method for operating a charging regulator for an electrical accumulator in a motor vehicle ) 是由 B.雷内克 J.穆勒 W.费舍尔 S.葛罗德 于 2018-11-29 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明涉及一种用于运行用于电存储器(S)、尤其是车辆车载电网(100)的电池的充电调节器(LR,40)的方法,其中利用直接地或者经转换地能够耦合到内燃机(112)上的电机(30)能够以电能量加载所述电存储器,其中所述电机包括转子(32)、定子(33),所述定子具有至少一个生成相信号(U<Sub>U</Sub>、U<Sub>V</Sub>、U<Sub>W</Sub>、I<Sub>U</Sub>、I<Sub>V</Sub>、I<Sub>W</Sub>)的相绕组(U、V、W),其中检测至少一个值(W<Sub>Uu</Sub>、W<Sub>Ud</Sub>、W<Sub>Vu</Sub>、W<Sub>Vd</Sub>、W<Sub>Wu</Sub>、W<Sub>Wd</Sub>),其中所述至少一个值对于所述转子(32)每一转而言分别出现至少一次并且与所述相信号(U<Sub>U</Sub>、U<Sub>V</Sub>、U<Sub>W</Sub>、I<Sub>U</Sub>、I<Sub>V</Sub>、I<Sub>W</Sub>)的至少一个上升边沿(Fl<Sub>Uu</Sub>、Fl<Sub>Vu</Sub>、Fl<Sub>Wu</Sub>)或所述相信号(U<Sub>U</Sub>、U<Sub>V</Sub>、U<Sub>W</Sub>、I<Sub>U</Sub>、I<Sub>V</Sub>、I<Sub>W</Sub>)的下降边沿(Fl<Sub>Ud</Sub>、Fl<Sub>Vd</Sub>、Fl<Sub>Wd</Sub>)相关联,其中在达到或超出所述电存储器(S)的第一额定值(U<Sub>Soll1</Sub>)之后,这样操控所述充电调节器(LR),使得在出现所述至少一个值(W<Sub>Uu</Sub>、W<Sub>Ud</Sub>、W<Sub>Vu</Sub>、W<Sub>Vd</Sub>、W<Sub>Wu</Sub>、W<Sub>Wd</Sub>)之后阻止从所述电机(30)到所述电存储器(S)中的通过电流(I)。此外,本发明涉及一种相应的计算单元以及一种用于执行该方法的计算机程序,所述计算单元被设立用于执行该方法。(The invention relates to a method for operating a charging regulator (L R, 40) for an electrical storage device (S), in particular a battery of a vehicle electrical system (100), wherein the electrical storage device can be charged with electrical energy by means of an electric machine (30) that can be coupled directly or in a switched manner to an internal combustion engine (112), wherein the electric machine comprises a rotor (32), a stator (33) having at least one phase-generating signal (U) U 、U V 、U W 、I U 、I V 、I W ) A phase winding of (U, V, W) in which at least one value (W) is detected Uu 、W Ud 、W Vu 、W Vd 、W Wu 、W Wd ) Wherein the at least one value occurs at least once for each revolution of the rotor (32) and is correlated with the phase signal (U) U 、U V 、U W 、I U 、I V 、I W ) At least one rising edge (Fl) Uu 、Fl Vu 、Fl Wu ) Or the phase signal (U) U 、U V 、U W 、I U 、I V 、I W ) Falling edge of (Fl) Ud 、Fl Vd 、Fl Wd ) Associated, wherein a first nominal value (U) of the electrical storage device (S) is reached or exceeded Soll1 ) Thereafter, the charging regulator (L R) is controlled in such a way that the at least one value (W) occurs Uu 、W Ud 、W Vu 、W Vd 、W Wu 、W Wd ) Thereafter, the current (I) flowing from the electric motor (30) into the electrical storage device (S) is prevented. The invention further relates to a corresponding computing unit, which is set up to carry out the method, and to a computer program for carrying out the method.)

1. Method for operating a charging regulator (L R) for an electrical storage device (S), in particular a battery (B) of a vehicle electrical system (100), wherein the electrical storage device can be charged with electrical energy by means of an electric machine (30) which can be coupled directly or in a switched manner to an internal combustion engine (112), wherein the electric machine comprises a rotor (32), a stator (33) having at least one phase signal (U) that is generated_U、U_V、U_W、I_U、I_V、I_W) In which at least one value (W) is detected (U, V, W), in which a phase winding (U, V, W) is formed_Uu、W_Ud、W_Vu、W_Vd、W_Wu、W_Wd) Wherein the at least one value occurs at least once for each revolution of the rotor (32) and is correlated with the phase signal (U)_U、U_V、U_W、I_U、I_V、I_W) At least one rising edge (Fl)_Uu、Fl_Vu、Fl_Wu) Or the phase signal (U)_U、U_V、U_W、I_U、I_V、I_W) Falling edge of (Fl)_Ud、Fl_Vd、Fl_Wd) Associated, wherein a first nominal value (U) of the electrical storage device (S) is reached or exceeded_Soll1) Thereafter, the charging regulator (L R) is controlled in such a way that the at least one value (W) occurs_Uu、W_Ud、W_Vu、W_Vd、W_Wu、W_Wd) Thereafter, the current (I) flowing from the electric motor (30) into the electrical storage device (S) is prevented or released.

2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the passing current (I) from the electric machine (30) into the electrical storage (S) is prevented until other nominal values (U) of the electrical storage (S) are reached or not exceeded_Soll2）。

3. Method according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the first setpoint value (Uj) of the electrical storage (S) is predetermined as a function of the number of revolutions (n) of the electric machine (30)_Soll1) And/or the other nominal value (U)_Soll2）。

4. Method according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the first setpoint value (Uj) of the electrical storage (S) is predetermined as a function of at least one operating point of the internal combustion engine (112)_Soll1) And/or the other nominal value (U)_Soll2）。

5. The method of any of the above claims, wherein during the blocking of the passing current (I) from the motor (30) into the electrical storage (S), at least one of the phase windings (U, V, W) is shorted or at least one of the phase windings (U, V, W) is adjusted to no current with no load.

6. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein (32) is carried out according to at least one angular position of rotation of the rotor) To perform: -blocking the passing current from the motor (30) into the electrical storage (S).

7. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one value (W) occurs_Uu、W_Ud、W_Vu、W_Vd、W_Wu、W_Wd) Thereafter, the current (I) is prevented until the phase signal (U) is detected_U、U_V、U_W、I_U、I_V、I_W) Next rising edge (Fl)_Uu、Fl_Vu、Fl_Wu) Or the phase signal (U)_U、U_V、U_W、I_U、I_V、I_W) Falling edge of (Fl)_Ud、Fl_Vd、Fl_Wd) Associated at least one other value (W)_Uu、W_Ud、W_Vu、W_Vd、W_Wu、W_Wd）。

8. Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein at least one signal (U) for said phase signal (U) is present_U、U_V、U_W、I_U、I_V、I_W) Rising edge of (Fl)_Uu、Fl_Vu、Fl_Wu) Or the phase signal (U)_U、U_V、U_W、I_U、I_V、I_W) Falling edge of (Fl)_Ud、Fl_Vd、Fl_Wd) Associated at least one value (W)_Uu、W_Ud、W_Vu、W_Vd、W_Wu、W_Wd) Minimum interval in time (T)_min) Starting a switching process for blocking or releasing the through current (I).

9. Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the phase signal (U) is identified_U、U_V、U_W、I_U、I_V、I_W) Rising edge of (Fl)_Uu、Fl_Vu、Fl_Wu) Or with said phase signal (U)_U、U_V、U_W、I_U、I_V、I_W) Falling edge of (Fl)_Ud、Fl_Vd、Fl_Wd) Associated value (W)_Uu、W_Ud、W_Vu、W_Vd、W_Wu、W_Wd) The switching process for blocking or releasing the through-current (I) is then carried out in a time-delayed manner.

10. Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the phase signal (U) is identified in a first mode_U、U_V、U_W、I_U、I_V、I_W) Rising edge of (Fl)_Uu、Fl_Vu、Fl_Wu) Or the phase signal (U)_U、U_V、U_W、I_U、I_V、I_W) Falling edge of (Fl)_Ud、Fl_Vd、Fl_Wd) Associated value (W)_Uu、W_Ud、W_Vu、W_Vd、W_Wu、W_Wd) Wherein switching from the first mode into a further mode after identifying the value, starting in the further mode: -blocking or releasing said passing current (I).

11. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein said at least one value (W) occurs_Uu、W_Ud、W_Vu、W_Vd、W_Wu、W_Wd) The current (I) is then blocked at a time, preferably by means of pulse width modulation.

12. Method according to claim 9, wherein the temporal timing (PWM) is selected such that the operating voltage (U) of the electrical storage device (S) is at the first setpoint value (U)_Soll1) And said other nominal values (U)_Soll2) Preferably of constant value (U)_Const）。

13. The method of any of the above claims, wherein the one or more phase signals (U) of the electric machine (30)_U、U_V、U_W、I_U、I_V、I_W) Is processed by means of an electronic circuit, in particular an engine control device (122).

14. Computing unit, preferably an engine control device (122) for an internal combustion engine (12), wherein the computing unit is set up by a corresponding integrated circuit and/or by a computer program stored on a memory for carrying out the method according to one of the preceding claims.

15. Computer program which, when executed on a computing unit, causes the computing unit to carry out the method according to any one of claims 1 to 11.

16. A machine-readable storage medium having stored thereon the computer program according to claim 13.

Technical Field

The invention relates to a method for operating a charging regulator for an electrical storage device, in particular a battery of a vehicle electrical system, wherein the electrical storage device can be charged with electrical energy by means of an electrical machine that can be coupled directly or in a switched manner to an internal combustion engine, wherein the electrical machine comprises a rotor, a stator, and the stator has at least one phase winding that generates a phase signal.

Background

The number of revolutions and the rotational angle position of the crankshaft of the internal combustion engine are important input variables for many functions of electronic engine control. In order to determine the number of revolutions and the rotational angle position, a plurality of markings can be provided on a body that rotates together with a crankshaft of the internal combustion engine at the same angular intervals. The marking caused by the rotation of the crankshaft is passed over a sensor and forwarded as an electrical signal to the evaluation electronics.

Such an electronic device determines a signal saved for this purpose for the respective rotational angle position of the crankshaft for the marking or measures the time difference between the two markings, and can determine the angular speed and thus the number of revolutions on the basis of the known angular distance of the two markings from one another. In the case of motor vehicles, in particular motorcycles, mopeds or mopeds, the marking can be provided, for example, by the teeth of a metallic toothed wheel, a so-called signaling wheel, which, by their movement in the sensor, cause a change in the magnetic field. The spacing of some of the teeth may be used as a reference mark for identifying absolute position.

In the case of Pkw (passenger cars) 60-2 teeth (60 teeth distributed evenly, two of which remain empty) are mostly used, whereas in the case of motorcycles or motorbikes 36-2, 24-2 or 12-3 teeth are used, for example. In the indirect principle of the determination of the rotational speed or the determination of the rotational angle position of the crankshaft, the resolution of the rotational speed signal or the absolute detection of the rotational angle position is determined by the number of teeth and by a reliable detection of the reference marks.

In every modern vehicle with an internal combustion engine, an electric generator is provided which is driven by the rotation of the crankshaft and supplies an electrical signal for supplying the vehicle with electrical energy and for charging the vehicle battery. The specified operation of the vehicle without such a generator is not possible or is possible only for a short time. For regulating the battery voltage, a regulator is used, by means of which the battery voltage is adjusted to a target value, for example by short-circuiting the phases of the electric machine. The generator described above is typically used cumulatively with respect to the above-described sensors for detecting the rotational speed and the rotational angular position of the crankshaft. Such a system is disadvantageous: both a generator for the current supply and a large number of sensors are required in order to determine the rotational angle position or the number of revolutions of the crankshaft.

Furthermore, it is also known from EP 0664887B 1 to use the electrical output variable of an electric motor driven by a crankshaft for the speed determination. For this purpose, the phase of the generator to which the pulsed dc voltage is applied is provided as a reference. Furthermore, for this purpose, means can be considered in which, depending on the respective phase signal, an estimate of the rotational angle position of the rotor of the electric machine and thus also the rotational angle position of the crankshaft of the internal combustion engine are also determined, wherein each of these are coupled to one another directly or in a switched manner. A corresponding voltage regulation, which permanently influences the electrical output variable of the electric machine, as is usual in the case of a motor vehicle in the case of a short-circuit regulation, for example, may not be suitable in this case, since this would destroy the characteristic signal for determining the rotational speed or rotational angle position of the shaft and thus would no longer make it possible to determine the rotational speed or other machine variables. Furthermore, in this case, a high-resolution determination of the rotational angle position of the rotor or the crankshaft of the electric machine or a high-resolution determination of the number of revolutions is not achieved.

It is therefore desirable to specify a possibility for regulating the battery voltage without influencing the determination of the number of revolutions or the rotational angle position of the rotor of the electric machine, which is obtained from the phase signal of the electric machine.

Disclosure of Invention

According to the invention, a method is proposed with the features of patent claim 1. Advantageous embodiments are the subject matter of the dependent claims and the following description.

THE ADVANTAGES OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

In a method for operating a charging regulator for a battery of an electrical storage device, in particular a vehicle electrical system, at least one value is detected, wherein the at least one value occurs at least once for each rotation of the rotor and is associated with at least one rising edge of the phase signal or a falling edge of the phase signal. This value can in principle also be associated with a zero crossing of at least one of the phase signals. By detecting said value associated with the rising edge of a phase signal or the falling edge of this phase signal or from this value from which the corresponding phase can likewise be located in time, the rotational angle position of the rotor of the electrical machine or its number of revolutions can be deduced. The crankshaft position can therefore also be determined from the rotational speed or the angular position of the crankshaft by the fixed coupling of the electric machine to the crankshaft. The precise rotational angle position of the rotor can be read directly from the unloaded electric machine as a function of the free-wheeling voltage of the electric machine, since the relative phase of the free-wheeling voltage corresponds to the rotational angle position of the rotor. In the case of a loaded machine, the precise rotational angular position of the rotor can be determined by additionally taking into account the pole wheel angle.

In the event of reaching or exceeding a target value for the electrical accumulator, in particular a target voltage of the electrical accumulator, the charging controller is now actuated in such a way that the current flow from the electric machine into the electrical accumulator is prevented or released after the occurrence of at least one value. In order not to permanently interfere with the detection of a machine parameter, such as a phase signal or a signal characteristic of a phase voltage, by the voltage regulation by the charging regulator, the charging regulator is actuated, after reaching or exceeding a target value of an electrical memory which indicates a regulation requirement and after the occurrence of the at least one value: only after the occurrence of the characteristic signal from the phase signals required for determining the rotational angle position or the rotational speed is the electric machine controlled in view of the voltage regulation for the electrical storage. Thereby preventing: due to the voltage regulation of the memory, the characteristic signal required for determining the rotational angle position or the number of revolutions of the rotor is permanently influenced, wherein due to the permanent influence the determination of the characteristic signal within the time range of the regulation is occasionally not possible.

In this way, the voltage regulation can be separated in time in a smart manner from the determination of characteristic values of the phase signal, which are associated with the rising and falling edges of the phase signal, so that not only the voltage regulation but also a determination of secondary variables, such as the rotational angle position of the rotor and the rotational speed of the rotor, is obtained, so that the rotational speed of the crankshaft and the rotational angle position of the crankshaft, which in turn are important output variables for controlling the internal combustion engine, can also be determined by direct coupling to the internal combustion engine.

In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the current flow from the electric machine into the electrical storage device is prevented by the charging regulator until other nominal values of the electrical storage device are reached or not exceeded. By specifying a further target value of the electrical storage device, which is preferably the target value of the battery voltage, a target value range can be predefined accordingly, wherein a charging regulation of the electrical storage device by means of the charging regulator is provided within the target value range. It is furthermore preferred that: the first nominal value is also the nominal value of the voltage of the memory.

In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, provision is made for: the first setpoint value and/or the further setpoint value of the electrical storage device is or can be predetermined as a function of the number of revolutions of the electric machine. By predetermining the machine parameters for setting the target values for the electrical storage, the energy available in the electric machine, which is dependent on the number of revolutions, can be taken into account in a particularly simple manner for the charging process. Furthermore, it is possible to prevent: in the event of an excessively low number of revolutions of the electric machine and thus of an excessively low number of revolutions of the internal combustion engine due to a possible charging requirement, the internal combustion engine is excessively loaded by the electric machine with a braking torque, so that the operation of the internal combustion engine is stopped.

In a further preferred embodiment, the first setpoint value and/or the further setpoint value of the electrical storage device is predefined as a function of at least one operating point of the internal combustion engine. Such a regulation is advantageous, since, for example, in the case of different loads of the internal combustion engine, a corresponding regulation can be carried out or a corresponding regulation can be carried out as a function of the mixture ratio of fuel and combustion air, so that, for example, for the case of an internal combustion engine operating under load, the generator which does not electrically charge the accumulator also carries out an additional load, wherein the mixture ratio makes it possible to determine the respective operating point of the internal combustion engine. In the case of internal combustion engines, in particular for two-wheeled vehicle applications, the fuel is usually injected by means of a valve by means of suction line injection or direct injection, wherein the valve is operated directly with the battery voltage. The injection process is therefore dependent on the battery voltage, which is applied to the injection valve at the time of actuation of the valve. Advantageously, at the time of injection, the voltage regulator is now loaded in such a way that the battery voltage is adjusted to a value that is as constant as possible, either with sufficient time advance for the control signal without a change in the charging regulation or, further preferably, at the time of actuation of the injection valve, wherein the adjustment of the constant voltage is preferably started before the actuation process of the injection valve.

In a further preferred embodiment, the voltage regulator is loaded in such a way that the charging of the electrical storage is continued continuously in the time range in which the ignition takes place in at least one of the cylinders or in the time period during which the ignition coil is charged correspondingly for the ignition, in order to ensure optimum ignition.

In a further preferred embodiment, the switching of the phase windings is effected by short-circuiting at least one of the phase windings or by current removal of at least one of the phase windings in the absence of a load: preventing the passage of current from the motor into the electrical storage device. Voltage regulation by means of at least one of the phase windings of the short-circuited machine is advantageous: this voltage regulation can be carried out simply and particularly efficiently. The current removal of the motor without load has the following advantages: no power losses are produced by means of such a regulation when the electrical storage device is separated from the generator. In this case, it should be noted that: the free-wheeling voltage of the motor does not exceed the maximum permissible value. This can preferably be done by machine design of the electrical machine. In principle it is also possible: the free-wheeling voltage applied to the generator is limited to a maximum value of, in particular, 60V by means of the switched-on electrical load.

In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the following is carried out depending on at least one rotational angle position of the rotor of the electric machine: preventing the passage of current from the motor into the electrical storage device. By knowing the absolute crankshaft information, the charging regulator advantageously prevents a leveling of the motor or a short circuit of the phase voltages within a defined crankshaft range. Preferably, the charging regulator, the charging of the battery or the voltage, which is kept in a constant state, is limited, in particular by a short circuit. It is thus possible to provide a still better quality of the high-resolution number of revolutions to the function which requires in particular a high-resolution number of revolutions in a given crankshaft range, wherein the function comprises in particular: ignition or injection of an internal combustion engine. This is possible because in other cases the phase signal, on the basis of which the rotational angle position or the number of revolutions of the rotor of the electric machine and thus also the rotational angle position of the crankshaft via direct coupling to the internal combustion engine, may be influenced accordingly.

In a further preferred embodiment, the through-current is prevented until at least one further value associated with a following rising edge of the phase signal or a falling edge of the phase signal is identified after the occurrence of the at least one value. In this case it is advantageous: a respective flip-flop enables identification of a first value associated with a rising edge of the phase signal or a falling edge of the phase signal, wherein by the flip-flop it is determined: determination of the number of revolutions or the rotational angular position of the rotor of the electric machine. In this case, it may be further preferable that: the at least one further value is coupled to the immediately following rising edge of the phase signal or to the falling edge of the phase signal at least relating to the first value, since both the rising edge and also the falling edge can thus be reliably detected by means of the at least one first value and the at least one further value, as a result of which a corresponding charge regulation can be reliably carried out by means of the charge regulator, but no influence on the edge detection is caused.

In a further preferred embodiment of the process, when present, the at least one value (W)_Uu、W_Ud、W_Vu、W_vd、W_Wu、W_Wd) At least one minimum interval (T) in time_min) When a switching process for blocking or releasing the through-current (I) is started, wherein the at least one value is associated with the phase signal (U)_U、U_V、U_W、I_U、I_V、I_W) Rising edge of (Fl)_Uu、Fl_Vu、Fl_Wu) Or the phase signal (U)_U、U_V、U_W、I_U、I_V、I_W) Falling edge of (Fl)_Ud、Fl_Vd、Fl_Wd) And (4) associating. By introducing a minimum interval in time with the next following edge it can be ensured that: at the time of the measurement intervention, the overall system is no longer in a transient state but rather in a static state, so that it can be determined with even greater accuracy: the measurement of the edges and thus the determination of the angular position of the rotor or its number of revolutions. Typical minimum intervals in time range from about 100 mus to 1 ms.

In a further preferred embodiment, the switching process for blocking or releasing the through-current is carried out with a time delay after the value is identified, which is associated with the rising edge of the phase signal or with the falling edge of the phase signal. In this case, it is advantageous to be able to use a time delay for this in order to verify the plausibility of the value detection. Thereby artifacts in the signal, such as so-called signal jitter, can be excluded. The time delay can be varied as necessary with the number of revolutions in order to ensure sufficient calculation time. Typical time delays range from about 100 mus to 1 ms.

In a further preferred embodiment, the occurrence of a value associated with a rising edge of the phase signal or a falling edge of the phase signal is identified in the first mode, wherein after the value is identified, a switch is made from the first mode into a further mode in which: the passing current (I) is prevented or released. A direct jump from the first mode to the other mode, the so-called interrupt, provides the following advantages: switching that is as edge-synchronous as possible is achieved. The duration of the transition state to the next edge is thus reliably ensured and the implementation in the computing unit is made very computationally efficient at the same time.

In a further preferred embodiment, the current is blocked periodically, preferably by means of pulse width modulation, after the occurrence of the at least one value. The timing of the charging regulator is advantageous because the target voltage of the electrical storage is reliably adjustable by means of the corresponding timing and can be set by means of a corresponding positioning of the clock between the trigger values, which are respectively associated with the rising or falling edges of the phase signal, so that on the one hand a reliable charging regulation and on the other hand a precise detection of the edges and thus a reliable determination of the rotational angle position or the rotational speed of the rotor are continuously ensured.

In a further preferred embodiment, the time-related timing for preventing the current flow between the electric machine and the accumulator, preferably the pulse width of the control signal and/or the timing of the start and end points of the time thereof, is selected such that the battery voltage of the electric accumulator is between the first setpoint value and the other setpoint value, more preferably has a constant value. The operating voltage of the electrical storage device can be set almost arbitrarily by a corresponding selection of the clock frequency, typically 10, 20 or 100kHz, and the corresponding pulse width and/or the starting and ending point in time of the pulse width of the control signal, in particular of the Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signal. On the other hand, the position of the pulses can be selected such that a temporal superposition with the characteristic values of the phase signals which are required for determining the respective rising and falling edges of the phase signals is not affected. In other respects, the PWM time period is much smaller than the time constant of the motor. The switching time point associated with the determination of the respective value is therefore no longer very important and no attention needs to be paid to the phase signal for the switching process.

In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the at least one phase signal of the electric machine is processed by means of an electronic circuit, in particular an engine control device. By appropriate external processing of the phase signals or values related thereto and the associated rising and falling edges and the regulation, in particular the charging regulation of the electrical memory in the engine control unit, additional control components can be dispensed with, since the engine control unit is always present and can in principle also be used for this purpose. This is advantageous, since the corresponding control structure can thereby be simplified, and costs can thereby be saved additionally.

In principle, it can be understood that: the method described above makes it possible to determine a high-resolution rotational angle position or number of revolutions of the rotor of the electric machine and thus also of the crankshaft of the internal combustion engine directly from the internal signals of the electric machine, as a result of which the respective signaling wheel for determining the rotational angle position or number of revolutions and the associated sensor device can also be dispensed with. In continuous operation, the number of revolutions of the rotor or the rotational angle position can be determined continuously, since the respective charging regulation of the electrical storage is decoupled in time from the determination of the edges of the phase signal, which are required for determining the rotational angle position or the number of revolutions. In continuous operation, therefore, not only can the determination of the rotational angle position of the rotor and thus of the rotational angle position of the crankshaft and of the number of revolutions be ensured, but a corresponding voltage regulation of the electrical storage can also be ensured, taking into account the phase signal of the electric machine. Thereby, costs can be saved, which is advantageous in particular with regard to a lower cost portable moped or moped. Furthermore, control functions, such as injection position calculation, torque calculation, or learning functions, can be significantly improved for accurately determining the OT position and the like.

Furthermore, it can be understood that: the phase signal can in principle be obtained in different ways. It is possible that: for example, the phase voltages are observed relative to one another by means of the potential of the diodes of the connected rectifier relative to their own output terminals, and if the stator of the electric machine is in a star circuit with a star point that can be tapped, the observation of the output voltage or a comparable evaluation of the phase currents is carried out relative to the branches of the star point.

In a further preferred embodiment of the method, the rotational angle position of the crankshaft is used for controlling the internal combustion engine. The processing and detection of the phase signal of the electric machine by the engine control device and the corresponding determination of the rotational angle position of the crankshaft from the rotational angle position of the rotor and the possible angular offset in a manner given by the pole wheel angle can be taken into account accordingly for controlling the torque or ignition time point of the internal combustion engine in the control device of the internal combustion engine. Therefore, it is possible to combine the charge regulation of the battery, the control of the internal combustion engine, and the improved determination of the number of revolutions or the rotational angle position of the crankshaft in the engine control apparatus, thereby further yielding a synergistic effect. For this purpose, the computing unit used is provided with a corresponding integrated circuit and/or a computer program stored on a memory, wherein the computing unit is preferably designed as an engine control device for an internal combustion engine, wherein the integrated circuit or the computer program is set up to carry out the method steps described above.

The implementation of the method in the form of a computer program, which is preferably stored in software on a data carrier, in particular a memory, and is available in a computing unit for implementing the method, or the provision of an integrated circuit, in particular an ASIC, is advantageous because this results in particularly low costs, in particular if the executing control device is also to be used for other tasks and is therefore always present. Suitable data carriers for providing the computer program are, in particular, magnetic, optical and electrical memories as are known in many ways from the prior art.

Further advantages and embodiments of the invention emerge from the description and the drawings.

Drawings

Fig. 1 schematically shows a signalling wheel with sensors according to the prior art, in particular for revolution number determination;

fig. 2a to c show schematic diagrams (a, b) of an electric machine coupled to an internal combustion engine and an associated signal profile (c);

fig. 3 schematically shows an electric machine with corresponding associated phase signals;

fig. 4a and 4b show possible voltage profiles of the phases of a three-phase electric machine;

fig. 5a and 5b show a simplified equivalent circuit diagram of a single phase of the electric machine (a) and an associated vector diagram of the phase voltage vector (b);

fig. 6a to 6f show six different embodiments of regulator circuits, wherein these are downstream of the rectifier of the electric machine and are set up for regulating the battery voltage;

fig. 7a and b show the course of the change of the phase signal with the adjustment intervention according to a first and an alternative second embodiment of the method;

fig. 8a and 8b show a process of changing the phase signal with a regulating intervention according to a further and alternatively further embodiment of the method; and

fig. 9 shows a variation of the phase signal with a temporally timed adjustment intervention according to a further embodiment of the method.

Detailed Description

Fig. 1 schematically shows a signaling wheel 20 and an associated inductive sensor 10, as used in the prior art for approximate determination of the rotational angle position of a crankshaft or for determination of the number of revolutions. The signaling wheel 20 is here fixedly connected to the crankshaft of the internal combustion engine and the sensor 10 is arranged in a positionally fixed manner at a suitable location.

The signaling wheel 20 is generally made of ferromagnetic material, having teeth 22 arranged on the outside with a spacing 21 between two teeth 22. At one location on the outside, the signalling wheel 20 has a gap 23 of a length of a predetermined number of teeth. The gap 23 serves as a reference mark for identifying the absolute position of the signalling wheel 20.

The sensor 10 has a bar magnet 11, on which soft-magnetic pole contact pins 12 are arranged. The pole foot 12 is in turn surrounded by an induction coil 13. As the signaling wheel rotates, the teeth 22 and the gap between each two teeth alternately pass the inductive coil 13 of the sensor 10. Since the signalling wheel consists of ferromagnetic material and therefore the teeth 22 also consist of ferromagnetic material, a signal is induced in the coil upon rotation, so that a distinction can be made between the teeth 22 and the air gap.

Due to the dependence of the time difference between two teeth on the angle enclosed by these two teeth, the angular speed or the number of revolutions and, in addition, the respective angular position of the crankshaft can be approximately calculated.

Over the gap 23, the induced signal in the induction coil has a different course than in the case of the otherwise alternating teeth 22 with gaps. In this way, absolute position marking is possible, but only with respect to a full crankshaft revolution.

Fig. 2a shows an internal combustion engine 112, wherein an electric machine 30 is connected to the internal combustion engine in a directly or via a conversion coupling, wherein the electric machine 30 is driven by a crankshaft 17' of the internal combustion engine 112. Therefore, the number n of revolutions of the motor 130_GenAnd the number n of revolutions of the crankshaft 17_BKMAs well as the angular position of the rotor of the motor 30 and the rotational angular position of the crankshaft 17Furthermore, a computing unit, in particular an engine control device 122, is provided, which exchanges data with the electric machine 30 or with the internal combustion engine 112 via a communication connection 124 and is set up to control the internal combustion engine 112 and the electric machine 30 accordingly.

The electric motor 30 is again shown schematically in an enlarged form in fig. 2 b. The electrical machine 30 has a rotor 32 with a shaft 17, the rotor having field windings, and a stator 33 with stator windings. This is a separately excited machine, as is usual in particular in the case of motor vehicles. However, in particular for motorbikes, in particular for small motorbikes and portable motorbikes, permanent magnet motors, i.e. permanently excited electrical machines, are often used. Within the scope of the invention, it is in principle possible to use both types of electric machines, wherein the method according to the invention is not dependent in particular on the use of a corresponding type of electric machine, i.e. a permanent-magnet or separately excited electric machine.

For example, the electric machine 30 is designed as an alternator, in which three phase voltage signals phase-shifted by 120 ° with respect to one another are induced. Such three-phase generators are usually used as generators in modern motor vehicles and are suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention. Within the scope of the invention, it is in principle possible to use all electrical machines independently of the number of phases of the electrical machine, wherein the method according to the invention is not dependent in particular on the application to a corresponding type of electrical machine.

The three phases of the alternator 30 are shown at U, V, W. The voltage dropped across these phases is rectified by a rectifier element in the form of a positive diode 34 and a negative diode 35. The generator voltage U is thus applied between the poles B + and B-_GThe negative pole is connected to ground at this generator voltage. Such an alternator 30 supplies, for example, a battery B or other electrical consumers within the onboard electrical system 110.

Fig. 2c shows three graphs which show the associated voltage profile with respect to the angle of rotation of the rotor 32 of the electric machine 30. The voltage profile at phase U, V, W and the associated phase voltage U are depicted in the upper diagram_P. It can be understood that in general: the numerical sum value ranges illustrated in this diagram and in the following diagrams are merely exemplary and therefore do not limit the invention in principle.

The generator voltage U is shown in the middle diagram_GThe generator voltage is formed by the envelope of the positive and negative half-waves of the voltage variation process U, V, W.

Finally, the rectified generator voltage U is shown in the lower diagram_G- (cf. fig. 2 a) together with the generator voltage U_GEffective value of (1) < U >_GeffWherein the generator voltage is applied between B + and B-.

The positive and negative diodes 34, 35 of fig. 2b and the stator 33 are schematically shown in fig. 3, wherein the stator has a phase U, V, W. In principle, it can be understood that: the rectifier elements in the form of the positive diode 34 and the negative diode 35 depicted here can also be configured as transistors, in particular MOSFETs (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors) (not shown), in the case of active rectifiers. Furthermore, the terms used hereinafter for the voltages and currents present are indicated.

U_U、U_V、U_WAlternatively, the phase voltage of associated phase U, V, W is indicated as it falls between the star point of stator 33 and the outer conductor. U shape_UV、U_VW、U_WURepresenting the voltage between the two phases or the external conductors to which they belong.

l_U、l_V、l_WShowing phase currents from the respective outer conductors of phase U, V, W to the star point. I denotes the total current of all phases after rectification.

In fig. 4a, three phase voltages U with a reference potential with respect to B-as occurs in a generator with an external pole rotor having six permanent magnets are now shown in three diagrams with respect to time_U、U_V、U_W. This illustration of an electrical machine 30 with three-phase stator windings 33 is to be regarded as exemplary only, wherein the method according to the invention can in principle also be carried out without any general limitation on a generator with a correspondingly required number of phases or permanent magnets or field coils. Instead of star connection of the stator coils, delta connection or another connection method can be similarly selected.

In the case of an electric machine 30 with current output, the phase voltage U is the phase voltage_U、U_V、U_WIs rectangular in a first approximation. This is illustrated inter alia by this: the generator voltage causes either the positive or negative diode to conduct in the flow direction, and therefore either approximately 15 to 16 volts is measured (in a 12V lead-acid battery)The battery charging voltage and the voltage across the positive diode in the case) or negative 0.7-1 volts (the voltage across the negative diode). The reference potentials of the measurements are in each case ground potential. Other reference potentials, such as star points of the stator, can also be selected. However, this signal profile of the resulting deviation does not change the information that can be evaluated, the acquisition and evaluation of said information.

In principle, the phase signal (U) can be acquired in different ways_U、U_V、U_W、I_U、I_V、I_W). It is for example possible: determining phase voltages (U) relative to each other_UV、U_UW、U_WU) (ii) a The phase voltage is determined by the diode of the connected rectifier opposite to its output terminals (B +, B-); if the stator of the electrical machine is in the form of a star circuit with a splittable star point, the observation is made with respect to the star point (U)_U、U_V、U_W) The output voltage of the branch of (1); or a comparable evaluation of the phase currents.

In fig. 4b, the phase voltage U in fig. 4a is plotted jointly in the diagram_U、U_V、U_W. In this case, a uniform phase shift is clearly recognized.

The voltage signal through six magnets (especially permanent magnets), the so-called pole pairs, is repeated six times during a complete revolution of the rotor 32 of the electrical machine 30. Correspondingly, for each phase, i.e. for each phase voltage U_U、U_V、U_WIn other words, six falling edges F L occur for each revolution of the rotor 32_DAnd six rising edges F L_U(F L for each respective phase_UU、FL_VU、FL_WUAnd F L_UD、FL_VD、FL_WD）。

These edges define the angular sector, i.e. the angular sector that is exactly covered by the magnets along the radial perimeter of the stator, it is accordingly possible to identify the corresponding edge F L when this edge is identified_UOr F L_DDetermined by time, i.e. with knowledge of the absolute reference point for each revolution, e.g. based on a toolWith phase voltage U different from that of other magnets_U、U_V、U_WIs characterized with reference to a magnet.

Using suitable means, it is now possible to recognize not only the falling edge F L_DBut also the rising edge F L can be recognized_UThe required Schmitt trigger can be integrated either in the control device or in the control electronics, for example in the case of a regulator for the battery voltage, the control device and/or in the case of an activated rectifier in the respective generator regulator or it can also be distributed externally, the individual TT L signals can be combined, in particular for the case of the use of the control device, in particular the engine control device 122 (see FIG. 2 a), via individual lines or by upstream combined electronics or in another manner, as appropriate, and can be transmitted via only one data line 124 (see FIG. 2 a).

In FIG. 4b, the values W are respectively set_U、W_V、W_WIs assigned to the phase voltage U_U、U_V、U_WAlso denoted W, of the corresponding falling edge_Ud、W_Vd、W_Wd. Similarly, the corresponding value W can be set_Uu、W_Vu、W_WuAssigned to rising edge F L_U. These values can be used to identify the rotational angle position of the rotor 32Or by angular increments dictated by the pole pairs of the stator 33. The angular position of the rotor 32 is rotated according to the range of the platform of the phase signal or other ranges therebetweenIdentification by the user is also possible. Likewise, these values can also be used for the time difference、、The number of revolutions of the generator is determined.

In this case, a total of 18 falling edges F L d occur with the same arrangement of six permanent magnets in the electric machine 30, and therefore 18 associated values occur at respectively identical intervals from one another for each revolution、OrDuring this period, the angle 360 °/18 = 20 ° is thus swept. As already mentioned at the outset, this can also be taken into account for detecting the rotational angle position of the rotor 32Wherein the exemplarily determined 20 ° represents a detectable angular increment. In addition, the angular velocity is also determined therefrom. Which is based onDeriving and associated number of revolutions n_iIn units of conversion per minuteAnd then the result is obtained.

It can be understood in principle that F L is the falling edge_DAlternatively, the rising edge can also be used for determining the rotational angle position of the rotor 32And for determining the instantaneous number n of revolutions of the motor 30_Gen. By doubling the number of values per revolution, accordingly, not only the rotational angle position of the rotor 32 is determinedHigher resolution and also yields the number of revolutions n_GenIn addition, the edges of the phases can be evaluated in a multiplicity of other ways and methods, for example by means of the rising edges F L of the respectively identical or corresponding phases with respect to one another_UAnd a falling edge F L_DOr by the rising edge F L common to the same or all phases_UOr falling edge F L_DIs evaluated at intervals in time.

Except for rising edge F L_UAnd a falling edge F L_DIn addition, for the rotational angle position of the rotor 32Determination or number of revolutions of n_GenCan also take into account the phase signal U_U、U_V、U_WZero crossing of (c).

The electrical signal, in particular the phase signal U, of the motor 30 can only be supplied with insufficient accuracy_U、U_V、U_WOr associated phase current I_U、I_V、I_WTo determine the actual rotational angular position of the rotor 32 and its shaft 17And thus the rotational angular position of the crankshaft 17This occurs because the motor 30 is loaded by the passing current to generate the phase signal U_U、U_V、U_WOr I_U、I_V、I_WPhase of and actual rotational angular position of the rotor 32Systematic errors in the form of angular offsets between. This is further illustrated in the following figures.

Fig. 5a shows a schematic illustration of a simplified equivalent circuit diagram of a single phase of the electric machine, and fig. 5b shows the relationship between the respective voltages or currents and their relative phase offsets from one another in a vector diagram. The knowledge determined from the single-phase equivalent circuit diagram can in principle also be transferred to a polyphase electric machine, as shown for example in the preceding description. From the single-phase equivalent circuit diagram of the electric machine in fig. 5 a) and the associated vector diagram shown in fig. 5 b), a voltage equation for the loaded electric machine can be derived, which is as follows:

wherein U corresponds to the output voltage of the motor 30, U_PCorresponding to the idling voltage of the motor in the absence of load, and I jX corresponds to the voltage drop U_XWherein the voltage drop is dropped based on the through current through the electrical machine and based on the reactance X of the electrical machine in the generator.

In this case, the idling voltage U of the motor 30_PCorresponding to the ideal induced voltage with respect to the phase and rotational angular position of the rotor 32And (5) the consistency is achieved. In this case, accordingly, the angle offset corresponding to the polar wheel angleEqual to zero. Therefore, the idling voltage U_PAccurately reflects the geometric movement of the rotor 32 and thus describes its precise angular position in the unloaded state of the electric machine 30.

Loaded by the load of the motor 30 and the resulting through-current IWith respect to its induced free-wheeling voltage U, of the generator 30_PThen catch up with the phase aspect of where in U and U_PBy an angular offset from a so-called polar wheel angleAnd then the result is obtained. The angular offset depends in principle on the coil current I and cannot be easily calculated without knowledge of the coil current I.

Furthermore, the angle between output voltage U and current I is obtained by the connected load and, for purely ohmic loads:= 0 °. Ideal induced voltage (free-wheeling voltage) U of the electric machine_PAs a product of machine constant, excitation and angular velocity. In the case of permanently excited machines, a constant excitation and therefore an ideal induced voltage proportional to the angular velocity is obtained by the permanent magnets used. From the vector diagram of FIG. 5 b) thus for diagonal offsetTo obtain:

。

with the use of a voltage regulator 40a which operates linearly, as shown, for example, in fig. 6a, and the actuation of an actuator 42a which is designed, for example, in the form of a power transistor and operates in the linear range (triode range) for the voltage regulator 40, the output voltage U of the electric machine 30 can be adjusted to be almost constant (with respect to the battery voltage). Furthermore, the use of rectifiers 34a, 35a at the output of generator 30 and downstream electrical storage S in the form of battery B leads to a purely ohmic load, even in the case of smaller capacitances which may occur in the on-board electrical system. Thereby, an angular offset between the output voltage U and the current ICorrespondingly close to 0, where the addends in the formula mentioned beforeAlso close to 0 and therefore disappear.

Free-wheeling voltage U_PIn principle with the number n of revolutions of the motor 30_GenAnd (4) in proportion. Thus, a substantially constant amplitude of the output voltage U is assumed andclose to zero and therefore the second addend vanishes, the aforementioned formula is simplified to the following relation:

the constant const. is composed of a constant output voltage U and a constant output voltage U, and therefore does not correspond to the number of revolutions n_GenAssociated free-wheeling voltage U_PThe fraction of (c) is obtained.

If chosen according to the edge time t_GenRather than on the basis of the number of revolutions n_GenTo (1)Is expressed by the formula (2) to obtainAnd t_GenThe following relationships:

wherein const.' includes, in addition to the above constant factor, a constant factor for the number of revolutions n in revolutions per minute (rpm)_GenTo calculate the edge time t in seconds_GenIs constant factor (c).

In the relevant time range of a typical internal combustion engine at idle up to approximately 15000rpm, this relationship can be described almost by a straight-line equation with a negative slope and thus a high computational efficiency in the application is achieved. As already indicated at the outset, the value ranges specified have merely explanatory characteristics and should not limit the invention.

In such a configuration, in which the battery is regulated or the battery voltage is correspondingly regulated in such a way that the corresponding regulating element 42 operates in a linear range, the angular offsetCan be estimated with a first approximation and also without knowledge of the through-current I with sufficient accuracy, which allows a very reliable determination of the phase voltage U at the phase_U、U_V、U_WAnd the actual rotational angular position of the rotor 32Angular offset between。

Accordingly, the angular offset can be correspondingly passedTo correct the phase voltage U_U、U_V、U_WTo determine the rotational angular position of the rotor 32Wherein the angle is offsetDepending on the respective number of revolutions n_Gen. The rotational angle position of the rotor 32 can thus be determined accordinglyOr the actual rotational angular position of the crankshaft 17 of the internal combustion engine. They are in fixed proportion to one another with a fixed coupling between the shaft of the rotor 32 and the crankshaft 17. And is therefore applicable without limitation to generality=But once a current is flowing, however,signal U of just behind_U、U_V、U_W、I_U、I_V、I_WNo longer visible.

By means of signals U of these phases_U、U_V、U_W、I_U、I_V、I_WAt least one of which determines the uncorrected angle of rotation position accordinglyAnd by determining the polar wheel angle in the manner described previouslyIn a particularly good approximation, this can be achieved by:to determine the actual angular position。

However, previously made determination of the number of revolutions n or the rotational angle position of the rotor 32 for high accuracyThe assumption of (2) is that: in determining the corresponding phase signal U_U、U_V、U_W、I_U、I_V、I_WWithout any intervention for regulating the voltage of the electrical storage S by means of the charging regulator 40. This can be reliably ensured by the method according to the invention, as described more precisely in the context of fig. 7 to 9.

Fig. 6a shows the electric machine 30 from fig. 2b again in an enlarged form, the electric machine 30 having a rotor 32 with a shaft 17 and a stator 33 with field windings, the stator having stator windings, so that a separately excited machine is concerned, as is customary in particular in the case of motor vehicles, however, in particular for machine bicycles, in particular in the case of small-sized machine bicycles or portable machine bicycles, mostly motors with permanent magnets, i.e. permanently magnet-excited motors, are used.

For example, the electric machine 30 is designed as an alternator, in which three phase voltage signals phase-shifted by 120 ° with respect to one another are induced. Such three-phase generators are usually used as generators in modern motor vehicles and are suitable for the use of the charging regulator according to the invention downstream of the generator. Within the scope of the invention, it is in principle possible to use all motors independently of the number of phases themselves.

The three phases of alternator 30 are shown at U, V, W. Through a positive diode D configured as a first path 34a_HAnd a negative diode D of the second path 35a_LThe voltage U dropped across these phases, of the rectifying element 36_U、U_V、U_WIs rectified. The generator voltage U is thus applied between the poles B + and B-_GThe negative pole is connected to ground at this generator voltage. Such an alternator 30 supplies, for example, a battery B or other electrical consumers within the onboard electrical system 110.

Furthermore, a charging regulator L R with a control unit 40a is provided, which is controlled by the generator voltage U_GTo adjust the chargingThe power supply and the charging regulator actuates the switch 42a for the voltage regulation of the battery B in such a way that the paths 34a, 35a of the rectifier 36 are short-circuited. In order to prevent a parallel short of the batteries B, a further diode D is provided, which is arranged downstream of the rectifier 36 in such a way that this is likewise prevented. In the open state of switch 42a, rectifier 36 is operated normally and battery B or electrical storage S is therefore charged with electrical energy.

In fig. 6b, further exemplary embodiments of a charging regulator L R are shown, the same or the same type of elements for the first exemplary embodiment (see fig. 6 a) are denoted by the same reference numerals or by the same reference numerals supplemented with the further letter b, with regard to this and with regard to the further following exemplary embodiments, reference is made essentially to the corresponding description of these exemplary embodiments in view of the basic description of the already known elements and only changes with respect to the further exemplary embodiments are shown in view of the corresponding description.

In this exemplary embodiment, a schematically illustrated two-phase electric machine 30 having phases U and V is used in a simplified manner, wherein the phase voltages U are each a phase voltage_UOr U_VApplied to these phases. Strictly speaking, fig. 4a shows a single-phase motor with two outgoing coil ends. The single-phase motor consists of two coils, one of the ends of which is led out and the other end of which is connected and thus shows a single-phase motor from a constructional point of view. The features for this embodiment are: a control unit 40b is arranged in the engine control device 122, which loads the switch 42b for charge regulation and for short-circuiting the first branch 34b or the second branch 35b of the rectifier 36. A revolution number detecting device 45 is also arranged in the engine control device 122. The revolution detecting device has a communication connection with a signal generator 47, which is connected to at least one of the phases (V) in order to determine: phase voltage U required for determining the number of revolutions n of electric machine 30_U、U_VEdge F L_UOr F L_V. The basic determination of the number of revolutions n has already been described at the outset (in particular with regard to fig. 4 b).

Fig. 6c shows a further embodiment of a charging regulator L R, the switch 42c is also actuated again by the control unit 40c, the switch 42c being conductive in the closed state thereof and the branch 35c or 34c (the required devices not being depicted here) of the rectifier 36 being short-circuited accordingly, in this case phase by phase, corresponding to the phase U, V, W, since diodes D1 to D3 are assigned in each case here, depending on the phase, the corresponding phase being short-circuited and the battery B being protected against overloading, the diode D of the first branch 34c of the rectifier 36_HIn this case preventing: battery B is also shorted with the corresponding phase U, V, W shorted.

Likewise, a transistor can be used in the upper path 34c and a diode in the lower path 35c for this purpose. In this case, the regulation of the through current I takes place by short-circuiting via the upper path 34c, while the lower path 35c avoids short-circuiting of the battery B (the corresponding device is not depicted).

Fig. 6D shows a further exemplary embodiment of a charging regulator L R, in this case the second path 35D of the rectifier 36 has a switch 42D in the form of a transistor for each phase U, V, W, which is shown in the form of a MOSFET transistor as a transistor with a corresponding reverse diode, which transistor has in each case not only a rectifying function in the lower path 35D of the rectifier but also a shorting function of the corresponding phase to which the corresponding transistor is assigned, so that the rectifier 36 can be shorted by corresponding actuation of the corresponding transistor 42D by the control unit 40D and thus the through-current i into the battery B is prevented, in this case again by the diode D in the first path 34D_HTo prevent shorting of battery B.

Another embodiment of the charge regulator L R is depicted in FIG. 6e in this case, not only the first path 34e is equipped with the transistor T_HThe second path 35e is furthermore also equipped with transistors T L which are assigned to the respective phases U, V, w, the respective transistors T can each be correspondingly loaded by the control unit 40e_H、T_LThus not toOnly the phase voltage U can be applied_U、U_V、U_WBut also short-circuiting of the respective paths 34e, 35e for charge regulation of the battery B.

The control unit 40e is arranged separately from the engine control device 122, the two being connected to one another by means of a data connection 125e for exchanging data or for actuating the control unit 40e by means of the engine control device 122 or vice versa. For the case of charge regulation, the respective transistor T is switched on in each case in the path 35e, 34e_H、T_LSo that they become conductive. In order to protect battery B, the respective transistor T of the respective other path should be switched on in the blocking direction_H、T_LThereby preventing shorting of battery B.

Fig. 6f shows a further exemplary embodiment of the charging regulator L R, which differs from the exemplary embodiment shown in fig. 4d only in that both the engine control device 122 and the control unit 40f are arranged in a common housing, which offers the advantage of a synergy in order to operate the internal combustion engine 112 or the electric machine 30 accordingly.

In principle, it can be understood that: the computing unit 40 or the engine control device 122 can be arranged either structurally separately or jointly in a common housing.

In fig. 7a and b, the operating voltage U of the electrical storage device S is shown according to a first exemplary embodiment (fig. 7 a) and according to an alternative second exemplary embodiment (fig. 7 b)_SAnd (4) adjusting. In this context, the phase voltage U is plotted on the left ordinate_U,_V,_WOne, the operating voltage U of the electrical storage device S is plotted on the right ordinate_SAnd an arbitrary unit of time is depicted on the abscissa. Furthermore, the operating voltage U of the electrical storage device is shown in dashed lines_SUpper threshold value U of_Soll1And a lower threshold value U_Soll2The respective voltage regulation by the voltage regulator L R or 40 (see fig. 6 a-f) is initiated with or without exceeding and/or exceeding the upper and lower thresholds.

Phase voltage U_U,_V,_WOperating voltage U as a solid line and of the electrical storage device S_SShown in the diagram as dotted and dashed lines. The description of the diagram in fig. 7 is similar to the diagrams in fig. 8a, b and 9, so that reference is generally made to these diagrams also in this case. In principle, it can be understood that: the phase voltage U shown here is only exemplary of a voltage of a single-phase motor or of an exemplary phase of a polyphase motor_UWherein the representation of the method according to the invention is also carried out in connection with each other for the evaluation of other phases of the polyphase machine, for example also for the respective phase.

It should be seen in fig. 7a that in the first occurrence Fl has a rising edge_UAnd falling edge Fl_DThe operating voltage U of the electrical storage S after a half-wave of the phase voltage of_SExceeding the upper threshold U_Soll1. Furthermore, after the first half-wave, a further edge Fl is to be detected_UThe other edge of which passes through the phase voltage U_UA characteristic value W of_UuBut is identified. Because of the value W according to this characterization_UuTo reliably identify the rising edge Fl of the phase voltage_UCan also reach the value W_UuAfter that, a control intervention is carried out by means of the charging controller 40 of the electrical storage S, whereby in particular the phase voltage U is limited_UAnd thereby prevent at least the phase U_UTo charge the electrical storage S. Until reaching and falling edge Fl_DAssociated value of the next token W_UDThe regulating intervention of the regulator 40 is released again, since the operating voltage U of the electrical storage S is present_SAgain at the upper limit threshold U_Soll1Extending below it. Another threshold value U_Soll2An operating voltage U of the electrical storage device S is indicated_SIn the case of which regulator intervention is resumed and the electrical storage S is charged again.

As can be seen in FIG. 7a, the operating voltage U for the electrical storage S_SWhen U for the phase voltage occurs_UW of the rising edge of the second half-wave of_UuAnd U for the phase voltage_UW of the falling edge of the second half-wave of_UDThe time period in between is sufficient. In contrast, the following scenario is depicted in fig. 7 b: this scenario is similar to the scenario shown in FIG. 7a, however, where the phase voltage U is present_UIn order to keep the regulator intervened during the second and third half-waves of the electric accumulator, in order to maintain the operating voltage U of the electric accumulator_SAccordingly, it is adapted such that it drops again to the setpoint value U_Soll1The following is a description. On the other hand, fig. 7 to 9 show the phase voltage U suppressed by the respective regulator intervention of the charging regulator 40 in dashed lines_UThe half wave that should be expected.

Operating voltage U of the electrical storage device S_SAnother scenario of voltage regulation of (a) is shown in fig. 8a and b. Fig. 8a and b show the dynamic behavior of the voltage regulator 40 or the control thereof, with the aid of the value W_UuTo start the regulation of the operating voltage U of the electrical memory S by the detection of edges_SI.e. in a manner triggered by a corresponding edge, once the battery voltage is at U_Soll1And U_Soll2Within the desired range, the control intervention is released again by the controller 40 (see fig. 8 a), or, as shown in fig. 8b, at the operating voltage U of the electrical storage device S_SHas fallen again to the rated value U_Soll2In the case of this, the charging regulation is then activated again by the charging regulator 40. Also here by identifying the value W associated with the respective edge_UuThe charging control is carried out edge-triggered by means of the charging controller 40, wherein in this case it is always ensured that the angular position of the rotor 32 of the electric motor 30 or its number of revolutions N is reliably determined. Also considered in fig. 8a is the next edge Fl_DOf a minimum interval T in time_min. In this case it is ensured that: when phase voltage U is identified_UWith the next falling Fl_DAssociated value W_UDThe phase voltage already has a static value. By selecting the interval T in time accordingly_minIt can thus be ensured that: the voltage edges are not determined in the transient state but in the virtually steady static state, thereby ensuring an accurate determination of the angular position of the rotor 32 or of its number of revolutions n.To ensure that a stable condition exists, the minimum interval T over time is not exceeded as in FIG. 8b_minIn the event that the next edge is detected or the corresponding operating voltage setpoint value U is not exceeded_Soll2Only then is the adjustment intervention of the regulator 40 released again.

In a further alternative embodiment of the control method of the charging regulator 40, as shown in fig. 9, the through-current I into the electrical storage S is blocked or activated by a timed control of the charging regulator 40. This timed operation is preferably carried out within a half wave, so that not only the rising edge Fl_UAnd falling edge Fl_DAlso by its own characteristic value W for precisely determining the angular position of the rotor 32 or its number of revolutions n_UuAnd W_UDAnd can be determined. Since the PWM time period is furthermore much smaller than the time constant of the electric machine, the switching time point associated with the determination of the respective value is no longer very important, so that attention to the phase signal of the switching process no longer has to be paid. The present operating voltage U of the electrical storage device S_SAs depicted, is nearly constant. In principle, the activation time t for the actuator can be determined_OnOr deactivation time t_OffDepending on the selection of (a), the current loading of the battery is adjusted, wherein the current loading of the electrical storage S is carried out during the activation time and the current loading of the electrical storage S is not carried out during the deactivation time. In this case, the relevant manipulated variable is a so-called Duty Cycle (Duty Cycle), which is given as the ratio between the on-times or off-times of the regulation by the charging regulator 40 as follows:

duty ratio =。

A typical frequency of the actuation of the actuator 40, which can be carried out in a correspondingly timed manner by means of a typical Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), is in the range between 10kHz and 100kHz, preferably 20 kHz. In principle, however, the frequency should be selected sufficiently large so that a still sufficient switching process can be arranged between the two voltage edges for a high number of revolutions n. However, the frequency is preferably selected such that it does not contribute significantly to the noise contribution which is perceptible as interference to the user.

In the case of the assumption that the inertia of the electrical variable of the electric machine 30 is greater than the frequency of the pulse width modulation, this occurs in particular with regard to the determination of the pole wheel angleComparable behavior of the system as it were, as shown in the context of a linear regulator (depicted in fig. 6 a). Estimation of the angle of the polar wheel or thereby also the angular position of the rotor 32The evaluation of (b) can thus be carried out by means of a single characteristic curve or characteristic curve family, as in the case of a linear controller, in which case the polar wheel angle is represented by the input variables duty cycle and rotational speed. As already mentioned, it is thus possible to select the pulse width given by the duty cycle and the control frequency of the pulse width modulation on the one hand and also the characteristic value W on the other hand_UuAnd W_UDTo reliably detect edges to ensure that: operating voltage U of the electrical storage device S_SIs required for determining the quadratic variable of the pole wheel voltage or the rotational angle position of the rotor 32 and its revolutions.

In principle, it can be understood that: enabling the operating voltage U of the electrical storage S_SRated value U of_Soll1Or U_Soll2Depending on the number of engine revolutions of the electric machine or on different operating points. In addition, the operating voltage U can also be set_SRated value U of_{Soll1，Soll2}Depending on the operating point of the internal combustion engine, such as the respective load or the operating point of the mixture of fuel to combustion air (L ambda).

Furthermore, the rotational angle position of the rotor 32 can be determined with high accuracyCorresponding adjustment is also effected, for example, in order not to intervene in any adjustment in the range in which the high-resolution number of revolutions n or the rotational angle position of rotor 32 is highIs necessary, wherein said adjustment is preferably performed by short-circuiting the generator or by de-loading the generator (see fig. 6a to f). Also in the range in which ignition of the internal combustion engine or an injection process into the internal combustion engine takes place, these ranges in turn being sensitive to the operating voltage U of the electrical storage device_SIn this connection, leveling of the electrical storage S by the electric motor 30 can be prevented, so that the operating voltage U is therefore not passed_STo interfere with the corresponding injection or ignition. In addition, to ensure that the high-resolution revolution n of the electric motor 30 or its rotational angular position is determined as well as possibleThe adjustment intervention is carried out in a constant angular range with respect to the zero position of the rotor, so that the angular position of rotation is always such thatOr a highly accurate determination of the number of revolutions N is possible.