阅读说明：本技术 一种适用于热锻模具电弧熔丝增材制造用丝材及其制备方法 (Wire material suitable for hot forging die arc fuse wire additive manufacturing and preparation method thereof ) 是由 易江龙 张雪莹 邹晓东 潘琳琳 牛犇 陈俊孚 于 2021-06-25 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种适用于热锻模具电弧熔丝增材制造用丝材及其制备方法,采用添加Cr、Nb、Ni、W、Mo等元素提升高温服役条件下基体的热强性,通过添加球形石墨,原位形成多种复合碳化物,提升增材制造层的耐磨性,同时添加钛、硅和锰作为金属粉芯丝材的脱氧、脱硫剂,原位生成的含Ti、Si、Mn的复合氧化物还能作为形核质点,产生钉扎效应,细化晶粒,阻止沿着增材制造方向的柱状晶生长,改善电弧熔丝增材制造多重热循环作用下显微组织粗大、性能各向异性的问题,该丝材为不含有矿物粉的无渣型金属粉芯丝材,无需长时间停弧进行清渣处理,可实现机器人操作的逐层累积制造,尤其适用于热锻模具的电弧熔丝增材制造。(The invention discloses a wire material suitable for hot forging die arc fuse wire additive manufacturing and a preparation method thereof, wherein elements such as Cr, Nb, Ni, W, Mo and the like are added to improve the heat strength of a matrix under a high-temperature service condition, a plurality of composite carbides are formed in situ by adding spherical graphite to improve the wear resistance of an additive manufacturing layer, meanwhile, titanium, silicon and manganese are added as deoxidizing and desulfurizing agents of metal powder core wire materials, the composite oxides containing Ti, Si and Mn generated in situ can also be used as nucleation particles to generate pinning effect, refine crystal grains, prevent columnar crystal growth along the additive manufacturing direction, improve the problems of coarse microstructure and anisotropic performance under the action of multiple thermal cycles of arc fuse wire additive manufacturing, the wire material is a slag-free metal powder core wire material without long-time arc stopping for slag removal treatment, and realize the layer-by-layer accumulated manufacturing of robot operation, the method is particularly suitable for the additive manufacturing of the arc fuse of the hot forging die.)

1. A wire suitable for hot forging die arc fuse wire additive manufacturing is characterized in that the wire is a slag-free flux-cored wire without mineral powder and consists of a stainless steel belt of an outer shell and flux-cored powder of an inner package, the steel belt is an SUS430M stainless steel belt, the size of the steel belt is 0.5 multiplied by 12mm, the powder filling rate is 24.0-30.0%, and the diameter range of the wire is 1.0-2.0 mm; the flux core powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 5.0 to 14.0 percent of Ni, 1.0 to 3.0 percent of Cr, 1.0 to 5.0 percent of Nb, 4.0 to 5.0 percent of W and 2.0 to 5.0 percent of Mo; ti: 1.0%, Si: 0.5 percent; mn: 1.5 percent; spherical graphite: 0.5-1.5%, and the grain diameter of the alloy powder is in the range of 100-150 μm.

2. A method of preparing a hot die arc fuse additive manufacturing filament of claim 1, comprising the steps of:

s1: mixing Cr, Nb, Ni, W, Mo powder and spherical graphite by a planetary ball mill, and then carrying out radiofrequency plasma premelting and mixing to obtain matrix alloy powder of the dispersion-distributed composite carbide;

s2: adding the matrix alloy powder of the dispersion-distributed composite carbide prepared in the step S1, titanium powder, silicon powder and manganese powder into a V-shaped powder mixer, and mixing for 30min to obtain uniformly-mixed flux-cored powder;

s3: and adding the flux-cored powder prepared in the S2 into an SUS430M stainless steel band according to a required filling rate, and sequentially rolling, drawing, cleaning and winding to obtain a wire with a required diameter.

The technical field is as follows:

the invention relates to a wire material for repairing a hot forging die, in particular to a wire material suitable for hot forging die arc fuse wire additive manufacturing and a preparation method thereof.

Background art:

with the rapid development of the mold forming technology, the requirements on the service conditions and the performance of the mold are increasingly strict. Taking a large forging die of an aircraft landing gear as an example, the forging die not only bears huge impact force and repeated stress in the service process, but also is in long-time contact with a material (high-temperature alloy, titanium alloy, ultrahigh-strength steel and the like) which is difficult to deform during forging forming, so that the bearing pressure of the die is high, the temperature rise of the surface layer of a cavity is fast, and the temperature can reach above 700 ℃. This requires that the hot forging die steel not only have good toughness and impact resistance, but also have high thermal stability and high-temperature wear resistance. The traditional hot-work die steel (such as H13, HM1 and the like) can not completely meet the performance requirements, so that the problem of die failure caused by high-temperature friction wear is more and more prominent. Heretofore, scholars at home and abroad adopt various technologies to improve the comprehensive performance of the surface of a die, such as nitriding, carburizing, vapor deposition, plasma spraying, supersonic spraying, laser cladding, plasma cladding and the like. Compared with the traditional surface modification mode, the Direct Energy Deposition (DED) manufacturing technology which is developed rapidly in recent years can individually manufacture materials meeting various specific functional requirements by optimizing and adjusting the components of added wires or powder materials.

The energy deposition additive manufacturing technology (DED) is a direct energy deposition additive manufacturing technology that uses laser, electron beam, or electric arc to melt, solidify, and deposit layer by layer coaxially conveyed metal powder or wire. Compared with powder raw materials, the wire material has high utilization rate, is easy to store and transport and has low environmental sensitivity. Direct energy deposition additive manufacturing technique using arc fuses, material utilization>90 percent, the deposition efficiency can reach 400cm³H is toAnd the hot forging die is formed in an atmospheric environment, and is particularly suitable for repairing and additive manufacturing of large-size hot forging dies. However, no wire for a hot forging die specially aiming at arc fuse additive manufacturing exists at present. Most of wires for repairing the existing hot forging die are surfacing flux-cored wires, one type is a gas-shielded surfacing flux-cored wire, and the other type is a self-shielded surfacing flux-cored wire. The invention discloses a Chinese invention patent with the publication number of CN 102029482A and the patent name of ' a gas shielded surfacing flux-cored wire for repairing hot forging dies ' discloses a gas shielded surfacing flux-cored wire for repairing hot forging dies ' which is prepared by taking a cold-rolled low-carbon steel strip as a welding wire raw material and adding alloy powder of iron powder, high-carbon ferrochrome (15-20%), electrolytic manganese (10-15%), ferrosilicon, ferromolybdenum (4-8%), ferrovanadium (2-5%), nickel powder (4-8%), tungsten powder (5-10%) and cobalt powder (2-5%), and has good high-temperature hardness and thermal fatigue resistance. CN 101920413A discloses a flux-cored wire for hot forging die overlaying repair, which also adopts a cold-rolled steel strip as a flux-cored sheath, and 30-50% of metal chromium (Cr) is added; 10-25% of ferromolybdenum (Mo-Fe); 3-9% of metal manganese (Mn); 3-10% of nickel powder (Ni); 2-8% of rare earth oxide (ReY); 1-4% of tungsten carbide (WC); 0.3-2% of ferrovanadium (V-Fe), and the balance of slag former. The surfacing repair failure die for the flux-cored wire has the advantages that the service life is prolonged by more than 3 times compared with that of a surfacing repair die made of a traditional material, the welding efficiency is high, and the welding process performance is good. The patent with publication number CN 105171275A discloses a high-hardness gas-shielded surfacing flux-cored wire for repairing a hot forging die, which adopts an SPCC-SD cold-rolled low-carbon steel strip as a raw material of the wire, and adds mineral powder such as fluoride, barium carbonate and the like, 20-30 parts of high-carbon ferrochrome, 10-15 parts of silicon-manganese alloy, 4-8 parts of ferromolybdenum, 1-4 parts of nickel powder, 20-30 parts of tungsten powder, 3-6 parts of cobalt powder, 1-1.5 parts of cerium-rare earth alloy and 10-30 parts of iron powder as a flux core. When the flux-cored wire disclosed by the invention is used for surfacing three layers, the hardness HRC of the surfacing layer is 55-58, and the using effect is good. The CN 103862194 a patent discloses a surfacing flux-cored wire for repairing a hot forging die, which adopts a carbon steel strip to wrap flux-cored powder, wherein the flux-cored powder mainly comprises the following alloy powder besides mineral powder: 4.3 to 13.2 percent of high-carbon ferrochrome; 24.8 to 38.3 percent of pure chromium powder; 6-11.3% of nickel powder; 1.5 to 3.5 percent of tungsten iron powder; 2.5 to 5.1 percent of electrolytic manganese; 14.7 to 27.3 percent of ferromolybdenum powder; ferrosilicon powder 3.6-6.1Percent; 0.2 to 1.4 percent of ferrovanadium powder. The wire of this patent has good thermal stability and thermal fatigue resistance, and has high crack resistance, without pre-heating before welding and immediate heat treatment after welding. CN 102814604A discloses a surfacing flux-cored wire for repairing a hammer forging die and a preparation method thereof, wherein carbon steel strips are adopted to wrap flux-cored powder, and the alloy powder mainly comprises 8.5-17% of ferrochrome powder; 5-11% of nickel powder; 3 to 6.5 percent of ferromolybdenum; 1.7-11% of ferrosilicon; 0.5 to 2.1 percent of ferrovanadium. The welding wire has high efficiency, good processing performance, high temperature hardness and thermal fatigue resistance. The CN 109894772A patent discloses a flux-cored wire for a skin layer of a large-scale hot forging die with a fist-type bionic structure and a preparation method thereof, wherein the wire comprises 2.2-2.8% of manganese element, 0.2-0.6% of silicon element, 14-20% of chromium element, 1.6-2.0% of molybdenum element, 2.0-2.8% of tungsten element, 0.2-0.6% of molybdenum element, 0.4-1.0% of vanadium element and the balance of nickel and impurities. The flux-cored wire has moderate strength and hardness at normal temperature, can effectively reduce the problems of surface layer cracks caused by high surface hardness, difficult machining and the like, but has strong strength and stability and oxidation resistance under the working condition of about 600 ℃ and has an impact strengthening effect, is very suitable for a large forging die skin layer with high requirements on wear resistance and deformation resistance under the working condition of high temperature and heavy load, and obviously prolongs the service life of a die. The patent with publication number CN 107225339A discloses a self-protecting cored wire for a large-scale hot forging die sandwich layer and a preparation method thereof, wherein the wire comprises 0.8-1.2% of manganese element, 0.2-0.6% of silicon element, 1.8-2.5% of chromium element, 1.8-2.5% of nickel element, 1.2-1.6% of molybdenum element, 13-18% of vanadium element, and the balance of iron and impurities. This patent makes sandwich layer material under the extreme operating mode of high temperature heavy load, and sandwich layer's elastic deformation and stress diffusion ability improve, and the bonding strength increase and sandwich layer's shaping quality and welding manufacturability between sandwich layer and cast steel mould base member and the transition layer are better. The invention patent of CN 107175426A discloses a self-protecting flux-cored wire for surface strengthening of a large hot forging die and a preparation method thereof, wherein the flux-cored wire mainly comprises the following alloy elements: 26-30% of chromium element, 8-10% of molybdenum element, 1.8-3% of tungsten element and nickel element1.5-2.5 percent of silicon element, 0.8-1.2 percent of manganese element, 0.6-1.0 percent of niobium element, and the balance of cobalt and impurities. The wire can be directly used for direct surfacing of a working area of a large-scale hot forging die cavity to form a surface strengthening layer, so that the wear, deformation and cracking of the surface layer of the large-scale hot forging die cavity are not easy to occur under the extreme working condition that the load is more than 4 ten thousand tons at the temperature of 500-.

Both the gas-shielded surfacing flux-cored wire and the self-shielded surfacing flux-cored wire adopt the traditional flux-cored wire preparation mode, namely, a cold-rolled steel strip is adopted as a sheath, alloy elements with different contents and components are added to meet the component requirements required by the high-temperature wear-resistant working condition, and simultaneously, the purposes of protecting a molten pool and a solidification structure are achieved by adding mineral powder such as slagging, gas making and the like. Because the mineral powder is used, a certain amount of skull must be generated in the surfacing manufacturing process of the wire, and the skull can be removed in a knocking mode and the like in the traditional manual surfacing manufacturing process, but the wire is not suitable for the automatic fuse wire additive manufacturing technology controlled by a robot. Therefore, the development of a wire material for a hot forging die suitable for the additive manufacturing of the arc fuse is urgently needed.

The invention content is as follows:

the invention aims to provide a wire material suitable for hot forging die arc fuse wire additive manufacturing and a preparation method thereof, which mainly adopts elements such as Cr, Nb, Ni, W, Mo and the like to improve the heat strength of a matrix under high-temperature service conditions, forms a plurality of composite carbides in situ by adding spherical graphite to improve the wear resistance of an additive manufacturing layer, simultaneously adds titanium, silicon and manganese as deoxidizing and desulfurizing agents of metal powder core wire materials, and the composite oxides containing Ti, Si and Mn generated in situ can also be used as nucleation particles to generate pinning effect, refine crystal grains, prevent columnar crystal growth along the additive manufacturing direction, and improve the problems of thick microstructure and anisotropic performance under the action of multiple thermal cycles of arc fuse wire additive manufacturing, wherein the wire material is a slag-free metal powder core wire material without mineral powder, does not generate slag in the fuse wire additive manufacturing process, does not need long-time arc stopping for slag removal treatment, the device can realize the layer-by-layer accumulative manufacturing of robot operation, and is particularly suitable for the arc fuse additive manufacturing of a hot forging die.

The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:

a wire suitable for the additive manufacturing of an electric arc fuse wire of a hot forging die is a slag-free flux-cored wire without mineral powder, and consists of a stainless steel belt of a sheath and flux-cored powder which are internally wrapped, wherein the steel belt is an SUS430M stainless steel belt, the size of the steel belt is 0.5 multiplied by 12mm, the filling rate of the powder is 24.0-30.0%, and the diameter range of the wire is 1.0-2.0 mm; the flux core powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 5.0 to 14.0 percent of Ni, 1.0 to 3.0 percent of Cr, 1.0 to 5.0 percent of Nb, 4.0 to 5.0 percent of W and 2.0 to 5.0 percent of Mo; ti: 1.0%, Si: 0.5 percent; mn: 1.5 percent; spherical graphite: 0.5-1.5%, and the grain diameter of the alloy powder is in the range of 100-150 μm.

The preparation method of the wire for the additive manufacturing of the hot forging die arc fuse comprises the following steps:

s1: mixing Cr, Nb, Ni, W, Mo powder and spherical graphite by a planetary ball mill, and then carrying out radiofrequency plasma premelting and mixing to obtain matrix alloy powder of the dispersion-distributed composite carbide;

s2: adding the matrix alloy powder of the dispersion-distributed composite carbide prepared in the step S1, titanium powder, silicon powder and manganese powder into a V-shaped powder mixer, and mixing for 30min to obtain uniformly-mixed flux-cored powder;

s3: and adding the flux-cored powder prepared in the S2 into an SUS430M stainless steel band according to a required filling rate, and sequentially rolling, drawing, cleaning and winding to obtain a wire with a required diameter.

The invention has the following beneficial effects:

1) the stainless steel strip is used as the flux-cored sheath, most of Cr elements can be transited into a molten pool through the steel strip sheath, the addition amounts of other strengthening alloy elements Cr, Nb, Ni, W and Mo in the flux-cored powder can be properly increased, the heat strength of the matrix alloy is improved, and the strength and the resistance to thermal fatigue of the matrix alloy can be further improved by adding high-content niobium and nickel;

2) spherical graphite is added, and a radio frequency plasma pre-melting mode is adopted to form a plurality of composite carbides in situ to be uniformly dispersed and distributed in the composite powder of the matrix alloy, so that on one hand, the pre-melted alloy powder has high stability under the action of electric arc, molten drop transition is stable, and splashing and smoke dust in the manufacturing process of the electric arc fuse are greatly reduced; on the other hand, the burning loss of the C element in the arc fuse process can be effectively reduced by adopting radio frequency plasma pre-melting, and the dispersed carbide particles (comprising chromium carbide, niobium carbide and tungsten carbide) can also improve the high-temperature wear resistance of the matrix material;

3) based on the flexibility of adding flux-cored powder in the flux-cored wire, the addition amount of carbide and heat-strength elements can be adjusted based on the use requirement;

4) adding titanium powder, silicon powder and manganese powder (keeping the Mn/Si ratio more than 3) as a deoxidizing agent and a desulfurizing agent, on one hand, the full deoxidizing and desulfurizing treatment can be carried out on the molten pool metal in the manufacturing process of the arc fuse; on the other hand, the composite oxide containing Ti, Si and Mn generated in situ in the deoxidation process can be used as nucleation particles in the solidification process of the matrix alloy, and has the effects of refining crystal grains, generating a pinning effect, preventing the growth of columnar crystals along the additive manufacturing direction, improving the anisotropy of the additive manufacturing structure and performance of the arc fuse, and remarkably improving the comprehensive mechanical property of the additive manufacturing structure.

The specific implementation mode is as follows:

the following is a further description of the invention and is not intended to be limiting.

Example 1: a wire suitable for the additive manufacturing of an arc fuse wire of a hot forging die adopts an SUS430M stainless steel belt as an outer skin, the size of the steel belt is 0.5 multiplied by 12mm, the powder filling rate is 24.0 percent, and the diameter of the wire is 1.0 mm. The flux core powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass: ni: 12.5 percent of Cr, 1.0 percent of Nb, 4.0 percent of W and 2.0 percent of Mo; ti: 1.0%, Si: 0.5 percent; mn: 1.5 percent; spherical graphite: 0.5%, and the grain diameter of the alloy powder is in the range of 100-150 μm.

The preparation method of the flux-cored wire in the embodiment 1 comprises the following specific steps:

s1: mixing Cr, Nb, Ni, W, Mo powder and spherical graphite by using a planetary ball mill, and then carrying out radiofrequency plasma pre-melting mixing to obtain matrix alloy powder of the dispersion-distributed composite carbide;

s2: adding the matrix alloy powder of the dispersion-distributed composite carbide prepared in the step S1, titanium powder, silicon powder and manganese powder into a V-shaped powder mixer, and mixing for 30min to obtain uniformly-mixed flux-cored powder;

s3: the flux core powder prepared in S2 is added into a SUS430M stainless steel band according to the required filling rate, and the wire with the diameter of 1.0 is obtained after rolling, drawing, cleaning and layer winding.

Comparative example 1:

reference example 1 was made with the exception that no spheroidal graphite was added.

Comparative example 2:

reference example 1 was repeated, except that Ti, Si and Mn were not added.

As a result, it was found that the formation was very difficult, and a sample having good mechanical properties could not be obtained.

Example 2

A wire suitable for the additive manufacturing of an arc fuse wire of a hot forging die adopts an SUS430M stainless steel belt as an outer skin, the size of the steel belt is 0.5 multiplied by 12mm, the powder filling rate is 26.0 percent, and the diameter of the wire is 1.2 mm. The flux core powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass: ni: 14.0 percent of Cr, 1.0 percent of Nb, 4.0 percent of W and 2.0 percent of Mo; ti: 1.0%, Si: 0.5 percent; mn: 1.5 percent; spherical graphite: 1.0%, and the grain size of the alloy powder is in the range of 100-150 μm.

The preparation method of the flux-cored wire of the embodiment 2 comprises the following specific steps:

s1: mixing Cr, Nb, Ni, W, Mo powder and spherical graphite by a planetary ball mill, and then carrying out radiofrequency plasma pre-melting mixing to obtain matrix alloy powder of the dispersion-distributed composite carbide;

s2: adding the matrix alloy powder of the dispersion-distributed composite carbide prepared in the step S1, titanium powder, silicon powder and manganese powder into a V-shaped powder mixer, and mixing for 30min to obtain uniformly-mixed flux-cored powder;

s3: the flux core powder prepared in S2 is added into a SUS430M stainless steel band according to the required filling rate, and the wire with the diameter of 1.2 is obtained after rolling, drawing, cleaning and layer winding.

Example 3

A wire suitable for the additive manufacturing of an arc fuse wire of a hot forging die adopts an SUS430M stainless steel belt as an outer skin, the size of the steel belt is 0.5 multiplied by 12mm, the powder filling rate is 28.0 percent, and the diameter of the wire is 1.6 mm. The flux core powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass: ni:5.0 percent of Cr, 3.0 percent of Cr, 5.0 percent of Nb, 5.0 percent of W and 5.0 percent of Mo; ti: 1.0%, Si: 0.5 percent; mn: 1.5 percent; spherical graphite: 1.0%, and the grain size of the alloy powder is in the range of 100-150 μm.

The preparation method of the flux-cored wire of the embodiment 3 comprises the following specific steps:

s1: mixing Cr, Nb, Ni, W, Mo powder and spherical graphite by a planetary ball mill, and then carrying out radiofrequency plasma pre-melting mixing to obtain matrix alloy powder of the dispersion-distributed composite carbide;

s2: adding the matrix alloy powder of the dispersion-distributed composite carbide prepared in the step S1, titanium powder, silicon powder and manganese powder into a V-shaped powder mixer, and mixing for 30min to obtain uniformly-mixed flux-cored powder;

s3: the flux core powder prepared in S2 is added into a SUS430M stainless steel band according to the required filling rate, and the wire with the diameter of 1.6 is obtained after rolling, drawing, cleaning and layer winding.

Example 4

A wire suitable for the additive manufacturing of an arc fuse wire of a hot forging die adopts an SUS430M stainless steel belt as an outer skin, the size of the steel belt is 0.5 multiplied by 12mm, the powder filling rate is 30.0 percent, and the diameter of the wire is 2.0 mm. The flux core powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass: ni: 9.5 percent of Cr, 1.0 percent of Cr, 5.0 percent of Nb, 5.0 percent of W and 5.0 percent of Mo; ti: 1.0%, Si: 0.5 percent; mn: 1.5 percent; spherical graphite: 1.5%, and the grain diameter of the alloy powder is in the range of 100-150 μm.

The preparation method of the flux-cored wire of the embodiment 4 comprises the following specific steps:

s1: mixing Cr, Nb, Ni, W, Mo powder and spherical graphite by a planetary ball mill, and then carrying out radiofrequency plasma pre-melting mixing to obtain matrix alloy powder of the dispersion-distributed composite carbide;

s2: adding the matrix alloy powder of the dispersion-distributed composite carbide prepared in the step S1, titanium powder, silicon powder and manganese powder into a V-shaped powder mixer, and mixing for 30min to obtain uniformly-mixed flux-cored powder;

s3: the flux core powder prepared in S2 is added into a SUS430M stainless steel band according to the required filling rate, and the wire with the diameter of 2.0 is obtained after rolling, drawing, cleaning and layer winding.

Example 5

A wire suitable for the additive manufacturing of an arc fuse wire of a hot forging die adopts an SUS430M stainless steel belt as an outer skin, the size of the steel belt is 0.5 multiplied by 12mm, the powder filling rate is 30.0 percent, and the diameter of the wire is 2.0 mm. The flux core powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass: ni: 7.5 percent of Cr, 3.0 percent of Cr, 5.0 percent of Nb, 5.0 percent of W and 5.0 percent of Mo; ti: 1.0%, Si: 0.5 percent; mn: 1.5 percent; spherical graphite: 1.5%, and the grain diameter of the alloy powder is in the range of 100-150 μm.

The preparation method of the flux-cored wire of the embodiment 5 comprises the following specific steps:

s1: mixing Cr, Nb, Ni, W, Mo powder and spherical graphite by adopting a planetary ball mill, and then carrying out radio frequency plasma melting and mixing to obtain matrix alloy powder of the dispersion-distributed composite carbide;

s2: adding the matrix alloy powder of the dispersion-distributed composite carbide prepared in the step S1, titanium powder, silicon powder and manganese powder into a V-shaped powder mixer, and mixing for 30min to obtain uniformly-mixed flux-cored powder;

s3: the flux core powder prepared in S2 is added into a SUS430M stainless steel band according to the required filling rate, and the wire with the diameter of 2.0 is obtained after rolling, drawing, cleaning and layer winding.

The wire materials for hot forging die arc fuse additive manufacturing prepared in the embodiments 1-5 and the comparative example 1 are subjected to additive manufacturing by using MIG arc welding equipment, and the performance of the wire materials is tested by referring to GB/T39254-. A UMT-3 friction wear testing machine is adopted to carry out friction wear tests under the conditions of room temperature and 600 ℃, and the test conditions are as follows: the loading load is 10kg, the abrasion time is 30min, the abrasion frequency is 10HAZ, and the counter-grinding material is GCr15 steel balls (55 HRC). And weighing the sample and the steel ball before the abrasion experiment, and calculating the abrasion weight loss. The results are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1