阅读说明：本技术 一种利用秸秆废弃物制备禾谷镰刀菌抑制剂的方法及应用 (Method for preparing fusarium graminearum inhibitor by using straw waste and application ) 是由 高弢 徐剑宏 史建荣 刘馨 于 2019-10-29 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明涉及一种利用秸秆废弃物制备禾谷镰刀菌抑制剂的方法,在氮气气氛中、350-550℃下密闭裂解,冷凝在裂解过程中产生的挥发份气体,并收集冷凝液,同时控制冷凝液的收率为秸秆总重量的20％～30％,即得一种禾谷镰刀菌抑制剂的原液；将所述原液稀释200-500倍,于小麦扬花期前直接喷施于麦穗和植株上,具有显著的抑制小麦禾谷镰刀菌生长的效果,可有效预防小麦赤霉病。本发明禾谷镰刀菌抑制剂的原液制备方法简单、成本低廉,无化学物质的添加,所制得的禾谷镰刀菌抑制剂使用方法简单,是一种绿色、环境友好的化学农药替代物；本发明产生的剩余固体产物还可以作为肥料施用于农田,无毒害物质产生,安全环保。(The invention relates to a method for preparing a fusarium graminearum inhibitor by utilizing straw wastes, which comprises the steps of hermetically cracking the fusarium graminearum inhibitor at 550 ℃ in a nitrogen atmosphere, condensing volatile gas generated in the cracking process, collecting condensate, and controlling the yield of the condensate to be 20-30% of the total weight of straws to obtain a stock solution of the fusarium graminearum inhibitor; the stock solution is diluted by 200-fold and is directly sprayed on wheat ears and plants before the wheat flowering period, so that the growth effect of fusarium graminearum is remarkably inhibited, and wheat scab can be effectively prevented. The stock solution of the fusarium graminearum inhibitor is simple in preparation method, low in cost and free of addition of chemical substances, and the prepared fusarium graminearum inhibitor is simple in use method and is a green and environment-friendly chemical pesticide substitute; the residual solid product produced by the invention can also be used as a fertilizer to be applied to farmlands, has no toxic and harmful substances, and is safe and environment-friendly.)

1. A method for preparing fusarium graminearum inhibitor by using straw waste is characterized in that the straw waste is added at 0.1-0.5m³Heating to 350-500 ℃ at the heating rate of 5-20 ℃/min in the nitrogen atmosphere at the flow rate/min, hermetically cracking, condensing volatile gas generated in the cracking process, collecting condensate, and controlling the yield of the condensate to be 20% -30% of the total weight of the straws, wherein the obtained condensate is the stock solution of the fusarium graminearum inhibitor.

2. The method for preparing the fusarium graminearum inhibitor by using the straw waste as the claimed in claim 1, wherein the straw waste is one or more of wheat, rice and cotton.

3. The method for preparing the fusarium graminearum inhibitor by using the straw wastes as the claimed in claim 1, wherein the straw wastes are subjected to moisture content control below 25% and are crushed to a diameter of less than 1 cm.

4. The method for preparing fusarium graminearum inhibitor from straw waste as claimed in claim 1, wherein during said cracking process, condensation is performed after maintaining at 350-550 ℃ for 1-2 h.

5. The method for preparing the fusarium graminearum inhibitor by using the straw waste as the claimed in claim 1, wherein the method for preparing the fusarium graminearum inhibitor further comprises the steps of standing the obtained stock solution and filtering the residue.

6. Use of the fusarium graminearum inhibitor prepared by the method of any one of claims 1 to 5 in wheat scab.

7. The use as claimed in claim 6, wherein the stock solution of the fusarium graminearum inhibitor is diluted 200-fold and sprayed directly on the ear and plant before the flowering stage of wheat.

8. The application of claim 7, wherein the spraying method is that the spraying amount is 20-50 kg/mu/time, the spraying is carried out once every 5-7 days, the spraying frequency is 2-5 times, and the application is carried out in the rainy days.

Technical Field

The invention relates to a method for preparing a fusarium graminearum inhibitor by using straw waste and application thereof.

Background

Wheat is one of the grain crops with the largest planting area and the largest yield in the world, and the problems of planting and disease control concern global grain supply and safety. Wheat scab is an epidemic disease, which occurs all over the world, is frequently generated in rainy and humid climatic regions, and is easily epidemic in the ear stage of wheat growth. According to related reports, wheat scab in China has become one of the most important diseases in wheat production. Wheat yield loss is caused after wheat scab occurs, and no grain is harvested when the wheat yield is severe. There are many pathogenic bacteria causing wheat scab in China, and fusarium graminearum F.graminearum and fusarium flavum F.culmorum are the most common. In warmer climates, the predominant pathogen of wheat scab is Fusarium graminearum (Schw.). In recent years, wheat scab is continuously expanded and popular in the world due to the common influence of the popularization of protective farming technologies such as straw returning, no tillage and the like and factors such as global warming, and the wheat scab is popular and has an aggravating trend in northern China and northwest China, so that the production and safety of wheat are seriously influenced. According to the estimation, the wheat damage area in China is about 750 ten thousand hectares, the wheat damage area occupies 1/4 of the cultivation area, and the wheat yield loss is huge. Gibberellic disease is caused by fusarium fungus, can generate mycotoxin mainly comprising deoxynivalenol (namely vomitoxin DON), has great harm to people and livestock, can cause acute poisoning symptoms such as dizziness, fever, nausea, diarrhea and the like when being eaten, can cause bleeding when being serious, influences immunity, fertility and the like, and directly threatens the health and life safety of people and livestock, so that the wheat cannot be eaten when the content of the diseased wheat in the wheat reaches more than 4 percent, and the condition that the wheat loses commodity value is shown.

Since the 70 s of the 20 th century, carbendazim and a compound agent thereof have been used for preventing and treating the harm of fusarium graminearum in production. However, fusarium gradually develops resistance to various bactericides, so that the control effect of most bactericides and wheat scab is not ideal, and the consumption of the bactericides is gradually increased, so that pesticide residues in food and environment are increased, and the health of human and ecological systems is endangered. With the increasing attention of people to the environmental and health problems, a technology for controlling diseases in a green manner and reducing the application of chemical pesticides is urgently needed.

The plant-derived bactericide is a medicament for controlling plant diseases, which is processed by using some active parts of plants or extracting active ingredients of the active parts and separating and purifying monomer substances, and comprises plant-derived fungicides, bactericides, virus inhibitors and nematicides. About 1389 plants are reported to be possible bactericides, and research results show that the world-wide bacteriostatic and bactericidal plant resources are extremely abundant, however, most of them are concentrated in plants of the family of Compositae (Compositae), the family of Leguminosae (Leguminosae), the family of Liliaceae (Liliaceae), the family of Zingiberaceae (Zingiaceae), the family of Labiatae (Labiatae), the family of Rutaceae (Rutaceae), the family of Myrtaceae (Myrtaceae), the family of Poaceae (Poaceae), and the family of Lauraceae (Lauraceae). In addition, the botanical pesticide has relatively high requirements on the types of the botanical plants, the extraction process is complex, and the active ingredients are easy to decompose.

And the crop straws have become a new source of non-point source pollution in rural areas. In summer and autumn and winter every year, a large amount of straws of wheat, corn and the like are incinerated in the field, a large amount of dense smoke is generated, and the straw incineration method not only becomes a bottleneck problem of rural environment protection, but also even becomes a chief culprit of compromising urban environment. According to statistics, as a big agricultural country, China can generate more than 7 hundred million tons of straws every year, and the straws become wastes which are not used much but need to be treated. Therefore, how to improve the comprehensive development and utilization of the crop straws and the utilization rate thereof is the key of the problem.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the problems of preventing and controlling fusarium graminearum caused by wheat and how to utilize straw waste as resources, the invention aims to organically combine the two problems and provides a method for preparing a fusarium graminearum inhibitor by utilizing the straw waste and application thereof.

A method for preparing a fusarium graminearum inhibitor by using straw waste comprises the following steps: the straw waste is put at 0.1-0.5m³Heating to 350-500 ℃ at the heating rate of 5-20 ℃/min in the nitrogen atmosphere with the flow rate of/min, hermetically cracking, condensing volatile gas generated in the cracking process, collecting condensate, and controlling the yield of the condensate to be 20% -30% of the total weight of the straws, wherein the obtained condensate is the stock solution of the fusarium graminearum inhibitor.

The condensate generated at a too high temperature rise rate contains fewer effective inhibitor components, most of the effective inhibitor components are tar, and the sterilization effect is poor. The nitrogen flow rate mainly influences the outflow and condensation speeds of the volatile matters, the pressure of the tank body is easily increased if the flow rate is controlled to be slow, and the outflow speed of the volatile matters is easily too fast if the flow rate is fast, so that the yield of the condensate is low, the sterilization effect of the collected condensate is poor, nitrogen is wasted, and the cost is increased; the flow rate in this interval is moderate. The cracking process is similar to the biomass gasification process, but rather than generating combustible gas (the biomass gasification needs higher temperature higher than 500 ℃ to generate combustible gas such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen and the like) as the conventional biomass gasification, the generated combustible gas is small molecular organic matter volatile matter (such as acids, alcohols, phenols, ketones, alkanes and the like), the temperature is heated to the low temperature of 350-500 ℃ at a proper heating rate, the nitrogen flow rate and the cracking time are controlled to ensure that nitrogen continuously protects and takes out the volatile matter, and then the condensate with 20-30 percent of the total weight of the straw can be obtained by condensation; if the obtained condensate exceeds 30 percent of the total weight of the straws, the cracking condition is not well controlled, and the biomass gasification occurs, and if the obtained condensate is less than 20 percent of the total weight of the straws, the temperature rise rate is too high, the conversion rate is low, the cost is increased, and the bacteriostatic effect of the obtained stock solution is poor.

Further, the straw waste is one or more of wheat, corn, rice, cotton and soybean.

Furthermore, the water content of the straw waste is controlled to be lower than 25%, and the straw waste is crushed into small sections with the diameter of less than 1 cm. The smaller the diameter of the crushed straw waste is, the more sufficient the volatile matters generated during the thermal cracking are, if the straw waste is not crushed or the diameter is larger, the nonuniform heating of the straw waste can be generated, and the property of the product of the condensed volatile matters is unstable.

Further, the cracking process is carried out by keeping the temperature of 350-550 ℃ for 1-2h and then condensing.

Further, the preparation method of the fusarium graminearum inhibitor further comprises the steps of standing the obtained stock solution and filtering residues. The purpose is to further purify the stock solution.

The invention also aims to provide the application of the fusarium graminearum inhibitor prepared by the method in wheat scab.

Furthermore, the stock solution of the fusarium graminearum inhibitor needs to be diluted by 200-fold and is directly sprayed on wheat ears and plants before the wheat flowering period, so that wheat scab caused by fusarium graminearum can be effectively prevented. If not diluted, the too high concentration of stock solution has damage to plants, and after being diluted by a certain multiple, the stock solution not only has obvious sterilization effect but also is harmless to the plants.

Further, in the application, the spraying method is that 20-50 kilograms of spraying amount per mu per time are sprayed once every 5-7 days, the spraying times are 2-5 times, and the spraying is avoided in rainy days.

The beneficial technical effects are as follows: the invention relates to a method for preparing a fusarium graminearum inhibitor by utilizing straw wastes, which comprises the steps of hermetically cracking the fusarium graminearum inhibitor at 550 ℃ in a nitrogen atmosphere, condensing volatile gas generated in the cracking process, collecting condensate, and controlling the yield of the condensate to be 20-30% of the total weight of straws to obtain a stock solution of the fusarium graminearum inhibitor; the stock solution is diluted by 200-fold and is directly sprayed on wheat ears and plants before the wheat flowering period, so that the growth effect of fusarium graminearum is remarkably inhibited, and wheat scab can be effectively prevented. The stock solution of the fusarium graminearum inhibitor is simple in preparation method, low in cost and free of addition of chemical substances, and the prepared fusarium graminearum inhibitor is simple in use method and is a green and environment-friendly chemical pesticide substitute; different from the existing method that high-value resources such as Chinese herbal medicines or pine trees and the like need to be utilized, the raw materials used by the invention are derived from straw wastes of crops, namely from agriculture and feedback agriculture, and are beneficial to the treatment of agricultural rural environment and the cyclic utilization of biomass waste resources; finally, the residual solid product produced by the method can be used as a fertilizer to be applied to farmlands, and the method is free of toxic and harmful substances, safe and environment-friendly.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the effect of various concentrations of the inhibitor prepared according to the present invention on the growth of Fusarium graminearum hyphae in example 1.

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of different concentrations of the inhibitor prepared according to the present invention on the conductivity of Fusarium graminearum hyphae in example 1.

Detailed Description

The invention is further described below with reference to the figures and specific examples, without limiting the scope of the invention.