阅读说明：本技术 北方寒区双棚双膜条件下葡萄栽培技术 (Vinegrowing technology under the conditions of the two-film-layer of northern cold area ) 是由 容新民 王富霞 郭景红 赵智强 边凤霞 于 2019-10-15 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明涉及葡萄栽培技术领域,尤其为北方寒区双棚双膜条件下葡萄栽培技术,双棚需要扣2层大棚膜和一层彩条布,秋季外界日平均温度低于10度时,进行薄膜覆盖,在9月中下旬,开始扣内棚膜,大约在11月中旬,修剪清园完成之后扣上外棚膜及彩条布,棚膜下沿用土压好封严,翌年3月先揭掉彩条布,当外界日平均温度高于10度时,根据棚内温度依次进行,先放风控温,4月初再揭掉外棚膜,5月中下旬揭掉内棚膜,本发明中,通过扣棚、揭棚的时间和方法,所用覆盖材料及覆盖顺序,双棚双膜条件下大棚葡萄栽培不需要升温设备就可以达到提早或延晚的效果,既降低了成本,而且可以错峰销售,显著提高经济效益。(The present invention relates to vinegrowing technical fields, in particular vinegrowing technology under the conditions of the two-film-layer of northern cold area, double canopies need to detain 2 layers of awning film and one layer of colour bar cloth, when autumn external world's mean daily temperature is lower than 10 degree, carry out film covering, in mid or late September, start to detain interior canopy film, about in mid-November, it trims after clear garden is completed and buckles outer canopy film and colour bar cloth, soil pressure is continued to use under canopy film to obturage well, March in next year first takes colour bar cloth off, when extraneous mean daily temperature is higher than 10 degree, it is successively carried out according to temperature of shed, first leak informaton temperature control, take outer canopy film at the beginning of 4 months off again, mid or late May takes interior canopy film off, in the present invention, by detaining canopy, take off time and the method for canopy, covering material used and covering sequence, greenhouse vine cultivation, which does not need heating device, under the conditions of two-film-layer can achieve the effect that ahead of time or prolong late, Both it reduced costs, and the sale that can avoid the peak hour, and significantly improved economic benefit.)

1. vinegrowing technology under the conditions of the two-film-layer of northern cold area, it is characterised in that: the following steps are included:

Step 1: cultivation mode: Valley of Vineyards row is to the positive north orientation trench digging in due south allows the deviation of positive south by west≤5 degree, line-spacing 2.5m, spacing in the rows 1.0m select posture and are built, using single climing low " factory " posture, " V " shape leaf curtain type cropping pattern；Mulch Rush of keeping a full stand of seedings is covered to sprout；Level is grown along earth's surface 70cm after grape Dan Manxian tilts 45 degree, and annual shoot is in " V "-shape to thing two Side elongation, the distribution of one line of north-south, concrete column are transplanted along Valley of Vineyards north-south position of center line, depth of planting 60cm, spacing 5m, Respectively in concrete column away from tying up cross bar at earth's surface 70cm and 150cm, wood cross bar specification: lower crosspiece long 30cm, diameter 10cm, on Portion's cross bar long 70cm, diameter 10cm, cross bar both ends respectively draw 1, respectively draw 1 away from wood cross-arm both ends at earth's surface 1.5m, and totally four；

Step 2: be colonized the management of current year: after field planting, the 15cm of young sprout length carries out first time bud picking, reserve 2 stalwartnesses, it is raw The good bud in position, remaining bud eye and sprout tillers are all erased, young sprout it is long to 30cm when, select and remain 1 as main stem in 2 reserved buds Culture；It is drawn on first of wirerope when growing to 30-50cm from young sprout with 45 degree of angles of the rope made of hemp, so that young sprout is sought connections with the rope made of hemp raw Long, rope made of hemp bondage will reserve overstriking space: first time pinching when the 70cm of leading shoot length, rear every long 50cm pinching is primary, promotes to lead Tip diameter increment, pair slightly 70cm or less do not stay leaf, and 70cm or more stays 2 leaf pinching, and accessory bud of erasing: pouring water: after plant immediately Drip, the second water poured after 5 days, later, water of every 10 days drops carries out control water until mid-August stops watering, promote branches and tendrils at Ripe, to winter irrigation is carried out by the end of October, it is saturating that winter irrigation water will drip foot drop；Fertilising: mid-May applies humic acids in conjunction with watering every time 5-10kg/ mus of drip irrigation fertilizer, promote seedling growth；Progress winter early November cuts, and takes hanging branch overwintering, and main stem trims standard are as follows: thick The mature branch in 0.6cm or more is spent, every main stem is respectively wrapped on the iron wire at 70cm, guarantees the quantity and matter of hibernaculum Amount, clears up orchard after trimming, sprays Bordeaux mixture, pour freeze-up water；

Step 3: be colonized the management of second year: after rudiment, main stem 70cm or less does not stay bud, 70cm or more select and remain healthy and strong bud, it is raw The good bud in position, double buds, three buds etc. select and remain one, carry out at the beginning of 4 months for the first time, second after first time bud picking 15 days into Row mainly erases the buds more stayed for the first time, the bud sprouted afterwards and position improperly bud；Generally occurs and can differentiate in young sprout flower spike It is carried out when flower spike size out, determines the quantity of branch, 70cm level above main stem, every 5-10cm selects and remain a young sprout, makes to select and remain new The tip is distributed in fishbone shape, and a bearing basal shoot only retains a young sprout, when such as adjacent result young sprout has omission, can retain two or Multiple young sprouts；It is drawn on second wirerope when the young sprout issued in main stem grows to 30-50cm with the rope made of hemp, young sprout and main stem At an angle of 90 degrees, it is desirable that be uniformly distributed, reserve overstriking space；In inflorescence 7-10cm long or secondary fringe Branch Angle be 20-40 degree into Row determines fringe, and the result branch of robust growth reserves 1-2 inflorescence, and golden mean of the Confucian school branch stays 1 inflorescence, and excessively weak branch does not stay inflorescence, tree Body extension branch does not stay inflorescence, removes fringe point from fruit ear 1/3-1/4 before flowering, promotes branch development, fruit development is consistent, whole Together；Terminate to start fruit thinning in the physiological fallen fruit phase, dredged in 10 days, discrimination shoulder fringe is removed, to the small ear left at middle section interval 2-3 are removed, it is made to cut off oxter after lifting for uppermost two biggish small ears at 120 degree of angles from each other as far as possible Fruit, after the completion of fruit thinning, every fringe fruit control is at 500-800 grams；

Step 4: water and fertilizer management: will fill the key waters such as rudiment water, Hua Qianshui, Fruit water, overwintering water in the time of infertility, In the coloring phase it is noted that control water, accomplishes that each breeding time pours water in due course；Rudiment water: rudiment water is the head water of grape, to prevent branches and tendrils Air-dry to pour water in time, and irrigation quantity is controlled in 40 sides/mu；Hua Qianshui: suitably pouring water according to soil moisture content, and irrigation quantity is controlled 20 Side/mu；Fruit water: in the time before physiological fallen fruit to fruit color, fruit expands rapidly, young sprout vigorous growth, often It poured water every 15 days 1 time, 20 sides of irrigation quantity/mu, picking time controls the overwintering water of water: early November pours water, and it is heavy real to be conducive to autumn basal dressing With it is overwintering cold-proof, irrigation quantity control in 60 sides/mu；Pay attention to and reinforce the application of organic fertilizer, the sowing amount of base manure, which accounts for, annual always to be applied The 50~60% of fertilizer amount, organic fertilizer one want decomposed；Two will apply deeply, and depth is in 40cm or more；Third is that annual rotation fertilizer placement, winter Base manure is applied before filling, mu applies 5 kilograms of urea, 10 kilograms of three material, 10 kilograms of potassium sulfate, 2 sides of well-rotted farmyard manure/mu, chemical fertilizer master Fertigation, one fertilizer of a water are used, and matches and spray foliar fertilizer, urea is affixed by rudiment water, Hua Qianshui and winter irrigation water, sets Body growth period mainly based on P, K fertilizer, foliar fertilizer mainly before flowering after mainly based on boron fertilizer, zinc fertilizer, iron fertilizer, in fruit Spot color mainly based on calcareous fertilisers, manganese fertilizer, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, promotes fruit maturation, the type of foliar fertilizer included phosphorus to the maturity period Sour calcium 1-3%；Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.3-0.5%；The 0.1-0.2% such as borax, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate；Calcium chloride 0.2%；Amino Sour compound fertilizer is also the material of foliar fertilizer, is carried out using concentration according to related description, foliar fertilizer not increase dosage arbitrarily Or be used in mixed way with Multiple Pesticides, in order to avoid reduction effect or generation phytotoxicity；

Step 5: greenhouse management: double canopies need to detain 2 layers of awning film and one layer of colour bar cloth, according to temperature and weather forecast, outside autumn When boundary's mean daily temperature is lower than 10 degree, film covering is carried out, in mid or late September, starts to detain interior canopy film, prevention early frost harm, control Temperature of shed processed guarantees grape energy normal growth and development at 20 degree or more, and late grape is allow to prolong late harvesting of avoiding the peak hour, and improves quotient Product economic benefit carries out winter irrigation according to temperature of shed, when temperature of shed reaches 10 degree or less and completes winter pruning, and the time is 11 The middle of the month trims after clear garden is completed and buckles outer canopy film and colour bar cloth, continues to use soil pressure under canopy film and obturage well, avoid leaking out and cause to freeze Evil, first takes colour bar cloth off March in next year, when extraneous mean daily temperature is higher than 10 degree, is successively carried out according to temperature of shed, is first leaked informaton Temperature control takes outer canopy film off again at the beginning of 4 months, mid or late May takes interior canopy film off, guarantees that greenhouse is suitable for grape growth in canopy, epidemic disaster Modification scope: 0-9 DEG C of temperature when suspend mode, relative humidity 60-70%, the control of budding period day temperature are at 15-25 DEG C, nocturnal temperature Control is at 10 DEG C or more, relative humidity 70-80%；25-28 DEG C of florescence day temperature, 18-22 DEG C of night, relative humidity 60- 65%, 28-30 DEG C of fruit expanding period day temperature, 18-22 DEG C of nocturnal temperature night, relative humidity 70% or so；Fruit color It should control daytime in maturity period at 28-30 DEG C, not more than 32 DEG C, nocturnal temperature is 15-16 DEG C, and air humidity should control 50%-60%, grape light, select light transmission it is good, it is anti-aging, without drop, dust-proof long-lived polychloroethylene film or ethylene-vinegar The plastic film of sour vinyl film, and pay attention to removing dust, lay reflex film also can be used, add lighting apparatus etc. improves light in canopy According to condition, plant Photosynthetic Efficiency is improved；

Step 6: the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control: adhering to the principle of " putting prevention first, integrated control ", reinforces orchard management, improves the logical of orchard Wind light transmission condition improves the resistance of grapevine seedling, reduces the access times of pesticide, reasonable employment pesticide, and fructescence is forbidden Use pesticide；

Step 7: fruit harvesting: after fruit maturation, collecting time harvesting standard is strictly grasped are as follows: fruit color is uniform, solvable Property solid content reaches 17% or more；

Step 8: winter pruning: 5-10cm stays a side shoot in horizontal main stem, and side shoot stays 3-4 bud is short to cut, and main stem extends the length of the tip Degree determines that extension end of the branch is just contacted with the frame face of lower strain tree to be advisable according to spacing in the rows.

Technical field

The present invention relates to vinegrowing technical fields, specially vinegrowing technology under the conditions of the two-film-layer of northern cold area.

Background technique

China's facility grape area accounts for the 12.16% of China's vinegrowing gross area, northern China facility up to 900,000 mu Grape production development is rapid, ends for the end of the year 2010, and up to 20,000 hectares, cultivated form design promotees north of China facility grape area Early to cultivate, prolong the various modes such as late cultivation, rain shelter cultivation, wherein Forcing cultivation area is maximum, more than 1.3 ten thousand hectares, currently, Greenhouse, single layer structure greenhouse mainly are taken, but Greenhouse wine-growing needs heating device, energy consumption is high, at high cost, It is not suitable for the weaker group of economic capability；The grape of single layer structure greenhouse can prevent natural calamity, less pest and disease damage, but mention Morning and prolong that late effect is unobvious, and economic benefit is unobvious, under the natural environment of northern cold area, planting effect is worse, because This, the demand to vinegrowing technology under the conditions of the two-film-layer of northern cold area is growing.

And existing northern cold area vinegrowing technology climate condition limitation, the excellent late variety in part can not be mature, Breed structure is single；Setting greenhouse controlling, which is planted, needs heating device, and energy consumption is high, at high cost, and it is weaker to be not suitable for economic capability Group；The vinegrowing of single layer structure greenhouse can prevent natural calamity, less pest and disease damage, but growth cycle is short, ahead of time and Prolong that late effect is unobvious, and economic benefit is low；Outdoor cropping and single layer structure greenhouse gardening grape winter are required to soil burial winter protection, It is time-consuming, tree body loss etc. is also easily caused, therefore, grape is planted under the conditions of proposing northern cold area two-film-layer regarding to the issue above Training technology.

Summary of the invention

The purpose of the present invention is to provide vinegrowing technologies under the conditions of the two-film-layer of northern cold area, to solve above-mentioned background The problem of being proposed in technology.

To achieve the above object, the invention provides the following technical scheme:

Vinegrowing technology under the conditions of the two-film-layer of northern cold area, comprising the following steps:

Step 1: cultivation mode: Valley of Vineyards row is to the positive north orientation trench digging in due south allows the deviation of positive south by west≤5 degree, row It away from 2.5m, spacing in the rows 1.0m, selects posture and is built, using single climing low " factory " posture, " V " shape leaf curtain type cropping pattern；Ground Film covers rush of keeping a full stand of seedings and sprouts；Level is grown along earth's surface 70cm after grape Dan Manxian tilts 45 degree, and annual shoot is in " V "-shape to thing Both sides elongation, the distribution of one line of north-south, concrete column are transplanted along Valley of Vineyards north-south position of center line, depth of planting 60cm, spacing 5m, respectively in concrete column away from tying up cross bar at earth's surface 70cm and 150cm, wood cross bar specification: the long 30cm of lower crosspiece, diameter 10cm, upper cross bar long 70cm, diameter 10cm, cross bar both ends respectively draw 1, respectively draw 1 away from wood cross-arm both ends at earth's surface 1.5m, Totally four；

Step 2: it is colonized the management of current year: after field planting, the 15cm progress first time bud picking of young sprout length, reserved 2 stalwartnesses, The good bud of adnation position, remaining bud eye and sprout tillers are all erased, young sprout it is long to 30cm when, select and remain 1 conduct in 2 reserved buds Main stem culture；It is drawn on first of wirerope when growing to 30-50cm from young sprout with 45 degree of angles of the rope made of hemp, young sprout is made to seek connections with the rope made of hemp Growth, rope made of hemp bondage will reserve overstriking space: first time pinching when the 70cm of leading shoot length, rear every long 50cm pinching is primary, promotes Leading shoot diameter increment, pair slightly 70cm or less do not stay leaf, and 70cm or more stays 2 leaf pinching, and accessory bud of erasing；It pours water: being stood after plant It drips, the second water is poured after 5 days, later, water of every 10 days drops carries out control water until mid-August stops watering, promotes branches and tendrils Maturation, to winter irrigation is carried out by the end of October, it is saturating that winter irrigation water will drip foot drop；Fertilising: mid-May applies humic acid in conjunction with watering every time 5-10kg/ mus of class drip irrigation fertilizer, promote seedling growth；Progress winter early November cuts, and takes hanging branch overwintering, and main stem trims standard are as follows: In the mature branch of 0.6cm or more, every main stem is respectively wrapped on the iron wire at 70cm rugosity, guarantees the quantity and matter of hibernaculum Amount, clears up orchard after trimming, sprays Bordeaux mixture, pour freeze-up water；

Step 3: be colonized the management of second year: after rudiment, main stem 70cm or less does not stay bud, 70cm or more select and remain healthy and strong bud, The good bud of adnation position, double buds, three buds etc. select and remain one, and for the first time in progress at the beginning of 4 months, second 15 days after first time bud picking Left and right carries out, and mainly erases the buds more stayed for the first time, the bud sprouted afterwards and position improperly bud；Generally occur simultaneously in young sprout flower spike Flower spike size when progress can be told, the quantity of branch, the horizontal main stem of 70cm or more branches and tendrils are determined, every 5-10cm or so selects and remain one newly The tip is distributed the young sprout selected and remain in fishbone shape, and a general bearing basal shoot only retains a young sprout, such as adjacent result young sprout When having omission, two or more young sprouts can be retained；Second is drawn to the rope made of hemp when young sprout issued in main stem grows to 30-50cm On road wirerope, young sprout and main stem are at an angle of 90 degrees, it is desirable that are uniformly distributed, reserve overstriking space；In inflorescence 7-10cm long or pair Fringe Branch Angle is that 20-40 degree carries out determining fringe, and the result branch of robust growth reserves 1-2 inflorescence, and golden mean of the Confucian school branch stays 1 flower Sequence, excessively weak branch do not stay inflorescence, and tree body extends branch and do not stay inflorescence, removes fringe point from fruit ear 1/3-1/4 before flowering, promote to divide Branch development, fruit development is consistent, neatly；Terminate to start fruit thinning in the physiological fallen fruit phase, has been dredged in 10 days, discrimination shoulder fringe has been removed, to staying Under small ear in middle section interval removal 2-3, make it from each other at 120 degree of angles as far as possible, for uppermost two compared with Big small ear, cuts off oxter fruit after lifting, after the completion of fruit thinning, every fringe fruit control is at 500-800 grams or so；

Step 4: the keys such as rudiment water, Hua Qianshui, Fruit water, overwintering water water and fertilizer management: to have been filled in the time of infertility Water, in the coloring phase it is noted that control water, accomplishes that each breeding time pours water in due course；Rudiment water: rudiment water is the head water of grape, to prevent branch Climing air-dry will pour water in time, and irrigation quantity is controlled in 40 sides/mu or so；Hua Qianshui: suitably pouring water according to soil moisture content, irrigation quantity control System is in 20 sides/mu；Fruit water: in the time before physiological fallen fruit to fruit color, fruit expands rapidly, the vigorous life of young sprout It is long, it generally poured water every 15 days 1 time, 20 sides of irrigation quantity/mu, picking time controls the overwintering water of water: early November pours water, and is conducive to the autumn and applies Base manure is heavy real and overwintering cold-proof, and irrigation quantity is controlled in 60 sides/mu or so；Pay attention to and reinforce the application of organic fertilizer, the application of base manure Amount accounts for the 50~60% of annual total dose, and organic fertilizer one wants decomposed；Two will apply deeply, and depth is in 40cm or more；Third is that every annual ring Fertilizer placement is changed, base manure is applied before winter irrigation, mu applies 5 kilograms of urea, 10 kilograms of three material, 10 kilograms of potassium sulfate, well-rotted farmyard manure 2 Side/mu, chemical fertilizer mainly uses Fertigation, one fertilizer of a water, and matches and spray foliar fertilizer, in rudiment water, Hua Qianshui and winter irrigation Be affixed by urea when water, the Growth status phase mainly based on P, K fertilizer, foliar fertilizer mainly before flowering after mainly with boron fertilizer, zinc fertilizer, Based on iron fertilizer, in fruit spot color to maturity period mainly based on calcareous fertilisers, manganese fertilizer, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, promote fruit maturation, foliar fertilizer Type include calcium superphosphate 1-3%；Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.3-0.5%；The 0.1-0.2% such as borax, zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate；Chlorine Change calcium 0.2%；Amino-acid compound fertilizer is also the material of foliar fertilizer, is carried out using concentration according to related description, foliar fertilizer is not Arbitrarily to increase dosage or be used in mixed way with Multiple Pesticides, in order to avoid reduction effect or generation phytotoxicity；

Step 5: greenhouse management: double canopies need to detain 2 layers of awning film and one layer of colour bar cloth, according to temperature and weather forecast, autumn When season external world's mean daily temperature is lower than 10 degree, film covering is carried out, in mid or late September, starts to detain interior canopy film, prevention early frost danger Evil controls temperature of shed at 20 degree or more, guarantees grape energy normal growth and development, late grape is allow to prolong late harvesting of avoiding the peak hour, Commodity economy benefit is improved, winter irrigation is carried out according to temperature of shed, when temperature of shed reaches 10 degree or less and completes winter pruning, when Between about in mid-November, trim after clear garden is completed and buckle outer canopy film and colour bar cloth, continue to use soil pressure under canopy film and obturage well, avoid It leaks out and causes freeze injury, March in next year first takes colour bar cloth off, when extraneous mean daily temperature is higher than 10 degree, successively according to temperature of shed It carries out, first leak informaton temperature control, takes outer canopy film at the beginning of 4 months off again, and mid or late May takes interior canopy film off, guarantees that greenhouse is suitable for that grape is raw in canopy Long, the modification scope of epidemic disaster: 0-9 DEG C of temperature when suspend mode, relative humidity 60-70%, the control of budding period day temperature are in 15- 25 DEG C, nocturnal temperature control is at 10 DEG C or more, relative humidity 70-80%；25-28 DEG C of florescence day temperature, 18-22 DEG C of night, Relative humidity 60-65%, 28-30 DEG C of fruit expanding period day temperature, 18-22 DEG C of nocturnal temperature night, relative humidity 70% are left It is right；Daytime in fruit color maturity period should control at 28-30 DEG C, and not more than 32 DEG C, nocturnal temperature is 15-16 DEG C, and air is wet Degree should be controlled in 50%-60%, grape light, preferably selection light transmission it is good, it is anti-aging, without drop, dust-proof long-lived polychlorostyrene The plastic film of vinyl film or ethene-vinyl acetate film, and pay attention to removing dust, lay reflex film also can be used, add illumination Equipment etc. improves illumination condition in canopy, improves plant Photosynthetic Efficiency；

Step 6: the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control: adhering to the principle of " putting prevention first, integrated control ", reinforces orchard management, improves orchard Ventilation and penetrating light condition, improve the resistance of grapevine seedling, reduce the access times of pesticide, reasonable employment pesticide, fructescence Forbid using pesticide；

Step 7: fruit harvesting: after fruit maturation, collecting time harvesting standard is strictly grasped are as follows: fruit color is uniform, Soluble solid content reaches 17% or more；

Step 8: winter pruning: 5-10cm stays a side shoot in horizontal main stem, and side shoot stays 3-4 bud is short to cut, and main stem extends the tip Length determined according to spacing in the rows, extend end of the branch and just contact and be advisable with the frame face of lower strain tree.

Compared with prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

In the present invention, by button canopy, the time for taking off canopy and method, covering material used and covering sequence, two-film-layer item Greenhouse vine cultivation, which does not need heating device, under part can achieve the effect that ahead of time or prolong late solve that build greenhouse at high cost Disadvantage, and the sale that can avoid the peak hour, significantly improve economic benefit；

In the present invention, by using posture and matched tree body management method, matched water and fertilizer management technology and winter Pruning technique, whole cultivation technique have a Nian Changcheng, get bumper crops within 2 years, high financial profit；Winter exempts from undercarriage, exempts to bury soil, reduces The advantages that mechanical damage, saving labour cost.

Specific embodiment