阅读说明：本技术 一种通孔新型金属基复合泡沫材料及其制备方法 (Novel metal-based composite foam material with through holes and preparation method thereof ) 是由 徐志刚 沈大勇 黄尚宇 于 2021-08-02 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种通孔新型金属基复合泡沫材料及其制备方法,本方案中复合泡沫材料包括用以形成金属管阵列的金属管、填充于金属管间隙的粉末,其制备方法为：用纤维将金属管固定成为金属管阵列,将粉末与金属管阵列骨架交替叠加填充于模具中,压制成型；至少重复以上步骤两次,得到预制体压坯；真空烧结预制体压坯并保温,得通孔新型金属基复合泡沫材料,所制备的泡沫金属孔隙结构、孔隙分布、孔径大小可控,无需使用造孔剂进行造孔,泡沫金属的机械力学性能好。(The invention discloses a novel metal-based composite foam material with through holes and a preparation method thereof, wherein the composite foam material comprises metal tubes for forming a metal tube array and powder filled in gaps among the metal tubes, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: fixing the metal tube into a metal tube array by using fibers, alternately stacking and filling the powder and the metal tube array framework into a mold, and pressing and molding; repeating the steps at least twice to obtain a preform compact; and (3) performing vacuum sintering on the preform compact and preserving heat to obtain the novel metal-based composite foam material with the through holes, wherein the prepared foam metal has controllable pore structure, pore distribution and pore size, pore-forming is not required to be performed by using a pore-forming agent, and the mechanical property of the foam metal is good.)

1. The novel metal-matrix composite foam material with the through holes is characterized by comprising metal tubes for forming a metal tube array and powder filled in gaps among the metal tubes.

2. The via novel metal matrix composite foam of claim 1, further comprising fibers for securing the array of metal tubes.

3. The through-hole novel metal matrix composite foam material according to claim 1, wherein the base component of the metal tube comprises one or more of the metal elements aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, tantalum, tin, cobalt, chromium, niobium, vanadium, zinc, and the base component of the powder comprises one or more of the metal elements aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, tantalum, tin, cobalt, chromium, niobium, vanadium, zinc.

4. The novel through-hole metal matrix composite foam material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the metal tube is one or more of an alloy metal tube and an elemental metal tube.

5. The novel through-hole metal-based composite foam material of claim 1, wherein the powder is one or more of metal powder and non-metal powder, the metal powder is one or more of elemental metal powder and alloy powder, the metal element of the metal powder comprises one or more of aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, tantalum, tin, cobalt, chromium, niobium, vanadium and zinc, the non-metal powder comprises elemental non-metal powder, and the non-metal element of the non-metal powder comprises one or more of boron, carbon, silicon and phosphorus.

6. The novel metal matrix composite foam material with through holes as claimed in claim 1, wherein the inner diameter of the metal tube is 0.01 mm-10 mm, and the wall thickness of the metal tube is 0.01 mm-10 mm.

7. A method for preparing the novel metal matrix composite foam material for the through hole according to any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising the steps of:

s1, arranging the metal tubes by fibers to form a fixed metal tube array;

s2, ultrasonically cleaning the metal tube array by using a cleaning agent and drying to obtain a metal tube array framework;

s3, alternately stacking and filling the powder and the metal tube array framework into a die, and pressing and molding;

s4, repeating the step S3 at least twice to obtain a preform;

and S5, sintering the preform in vacuum and preserving heat to obtain the novel metal matrix composite foam material with the through holes.

8. The method for preparing the novel metal matrix composite foam material for the through holes, as claimed in claim 7, wherein the temperature rise rate of the vacuum sintering is 0.5-100 ℃, the temperature preservation temperature is 400-2000 ℃, and the temperature preservation time is 1-3 h.

9. The method for preparing the novel metal matrix composite foam material with through holes as claimed in claim 8, wherein the temperature of the heat preservation is 0.5-1 times of the melting point temperature of the base component in the metal tube and the mixed powder or alloy powder.

10. The novel through-hole metal matrix composite foam material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fiber is one or more of metal fiber, polymer fiber and natural fiber.

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of foam metal, in particular to a novel metal-based composite foam material with through holes and a preparation method thereof.

Technical Field

The foam metal is used as a function-structure integrated composite material, and can fully exert the comprehensive performance advantages of metal and porous structures. On one hand, the foam metal has the remarkable advantages of the metal material, such as good toughness, conductivity, heat conduction (resistance), weldability, recyclability and the like; on the other hand, the existence of the three-dimensional porous structure can endow the foam metal with a series of novel structural/functional characteristics different from the traditional compact material, such as low relative density, high specific strength, high specific surface area, excellent impact energy absorption, sound absorption, heat insulation, heat dissipation, filtering and separating performances and the like. The foam metal material has excellent comprehensive performance, so that the foam metal material becomes a key supporting material in important military, industrial and agricultural and medical fields such as aerospace, automobile manufacturing, national defense and military industry, energy and chemical industry, building industry, biomedicine and the like.

At present, the main preparation methods of the foam metal comprise a melt foaming method, a seepage casting method, an investment casting method, an electrodeposition method, a powder metallurgy pore-forming agent method, a hollow ball sintering method, an alloy removing method and the like. The liquid methods such as a melt foaming method, a seepage casting method, an investment casting method and the like have the obvious advantages of simple and convenient operation, low cost, high porosity and the like, but the method for preparing the porous material has long period, and the pore size and pore distribution of the metal foam are difficult to accurately control. In addition, the metal liquid in the preparation process of the seepage casting method and the investment casting method is difficult to be fully filled into the gaps of the pore-forming filler, so that defects are generated in the matrix, and the performance of the metal porous material is deteriorated. The powder metallurgy method realizes the preparation of the porous material by utilizing solid-phase sintering, and the preparation temperature is far lower than that of a casting method. The reduction of the preparation temperature effectively widens the variety and the range of the pore-forming agent.

In the prior art, the invention patent with the publication number of CN201510163987.3 discloses a method for preparing a foamed zinc-based material by a powder metallurgy method, which comprises the steps of cleaning the surface of a prefabricated body by taking calcium carbonate as a foaming agent and zinc powder and magnesium powder as metal matrixes, heating and foaming the prefabricated body in a resistance furnace, cooling a sample to obtain the foamed zinc-based material, and adopting CaCO₃Instead of TiH₂The preparation cost is reduced, the prepared foam zinc-based material has the characteristic of small pore diameter, but the open pore structure of the prepared foam metal is usually in an irregular shape, the pore structure and the pore diameter of the foam metal are uncontrollable, the pore shape is easy to be irregular and is unevenly distributed, so that the thickness of the pore wall is uneven, and the comprehensive effect of the pore structure and the pore diameter is easy to cause the stress concentration of the pore wall, thereby reducing the mechanical property of the foam metal. In addition, the porosity of the foam metal prepared by the existing powder metallurgy technology mainly depends on the content of the pore-forming agent, and excessive pore-forming agent easily causes the sample to deform or even collapse after the pore-forming agent is removed.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a novel metal-based composite foam material with through holes and a preparation method thereof.

The technical scheme of the invention is to provide a novel metal matrix composite foam material with through holes, which comprises metal tubes and powder, wherein the metal tubes are used for forming a metal tube array, the powder is filled in gaps among the metal tubes, the metal tube array comprises an equidistant array, an equal difference array, a gradient array and other regular or irregular arrays, the distance between every two adjacent metal tubes is 0-10 mm, preferably, the distance between every two adjacent metal tubes is 0-8 mm, and more preferably, the distance between every two adjacent metal tubes is 2-5 mm.

Preferably, the metal pipe array further comprises fibers for fixing the metal pipe array, the fibers can be one or more of metal fibers, polymer fibers and natural fibers, elements of the metal fibers comprise one or more of aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, tantalum, tin, cobalt, chromium, niobium, vanadium and zinc, the polymer fibers comprise polypropylene fibers, polyethylene fibers, polybutylene terephthalate fibers, polytrimethylene terephthalate, nylon fibers, polyester fibers and the like, and the natural fibers comprise silk, hemp, cotton and the like.

Preferably, the base metal element of the metal tube comprises one or more of the metal elements aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, tantalum, tin, cobalt, chromium, niobium, vanadium, zinc, the base metal element of the powder comprises one or more of the metal elements aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, tantalum, tin, cobalt, chromium, niobium, vanadium, zinc, more preferably, the base metal element of the metal tube is the same as the base metal element of the powder, and when the metal tube and the powder contain more than one element, the same base metal element accounts for 30-99% of the total mass of the metal tube, correspondingly, the sum of the percentages of the other elements accounts for 1-70% of the total mass of the metal tube, and the same base metal element accounts for 30-99% of the total mass of the powder, correspondingly, the sum of the percentages of the other elements accounts for 1-70% of the total mass of the powder.

Preferably, the metal tube is one or more of an alloy metal tube and an elemental metal tube, and preferably, the metal tube is a metal capillary tube;

the inner diameter of the metal tube is 0.01 mm-10 mm, more preferably, the inner diameter of the metal tube is 0.1 mm-5 mm, still more preferably, the inner diameter of the metal tube is 1 mm-3 mm, the wall thickness of the metal tube is 0.01 mm-10 mm, preferably, the wall thickness of the metal tube is 0.1 mm-8 mm, more preferably, the wall thickness of the metal tube is 1 mm-5 mm, and the metal tube may be one or more of a steel tube, an aluminum tube, a copper tube, a nickel tube, a tungsten tube, a magnesium tube, an iron tube, a titanium tube, a molybdenum tube, a zinc tube and other metal tubes or alloy metal tubes thereof, but is not limited to the metal tubes made of the above materials.

Preferably, the powder is one or more of metal powder and non-metal powder, the metal powder is one or more of elementary metal powder and alloy powder, the metal element of the metal powder comprises one or more of aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, tantalum, tin, cobalt, chromium, niobium, vanadium and zinc, the non-metal element in the elementary non-metal powder is a common non-metal element in the periodic table of elements and mainly comprises one or more of boron, carbon, silicon and phosphorus, preferably, the powder size diameter of the powder is 1 μm-500 μm, and more preferably, the powder size diameter of the powder is 20 μm-100 μm.

Further, a preparation method of the novel metal matrix composite foam material with the through holes is also provided, and comprises the following steps:

s1, arranging the metal tubes by fibers to form a fixed metal tube array;

s2, ultrasonically cleaning the metal tube array by using a cleaning agent, and drying in vacuum at the temperature of 60-80 ℃ to obtain a metal tube array framework;

s3, putting powder with the particle size of 1-500 μm into a mixing or ball milling device, mixing or ball milling in inert gas such as argon, alternately overlapping and filling the mixed powder and the metal tube array framework into a die, and after the metal tubes are covered by the mixed powder each time, fully filling the mixed powder into gaps among the metal tubes by using mechanical pressing and ultrasonic vibration;

s4, repeating the step S3 at least twice to obtain a preform compact, wherein the step is convenient for adjusting the arrangement mode of the metal tube arrays between different levels, the aperture and the category of the metal tubes and the like to form the metal tube array-powder preform with controllable pore structure, pore distribution and aperture size;

s5, vacuum sintering the preform compact, preserving heat, and cooling to obtain the novel metal-based composite foam material with the through holes, wherein the specific heat preservation temperature is set according to the melting points of various substances in the metal tube-powder composite system, more preferably, according to the melting point of a base body component in the system, and the aperture size of the finally obtained metal-based composite foam material is mainly determined by the inner diameter of the metal tube, namely, between 0.01 and 10 mm. The metal-based through hole composite foam material with controllable pore distribution, pore size and porosity and various characteristics such as uniform pore distribution, non-uniform pore distribution, gradient pore size distribution, gradient density distribution and the like can be obtained by comprehensively regulating and selecting the inner diameter and the wall thickness of the metal pipe, the distance between two adjacent metal pipes in the metal pipe array and the arrangement mode of the metal pipe array.

Preferably, the temperature rise rate of the vacuum sintering is 0.5-100 ℃, the heat preservation temperature is 400 + 2000 ℃, and the heat preservation time is 1-3 h.

Preferably, the holding temperature is equal to 0.5-1 times of the melting point temperature of the metal pipe and the matrix component in the mixed powder or pre-alloyed powder, so that the powder and the metal pipe realize metallurgical bonding on an atomic scale.

Preferably, the cleaning agent is one or more of acetone and absolute ethyl alcohol so as to remove oil stains and impurities on the surface of the metal pipe.

Preferably, the fiber is one or more of metal fiber, polymer fiber and natural fiber, the element of the metal fiber comprises one or more of aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, tantalum, tin, cobalt, chromium, niobium, vanadium and zinc, the polymer fiber comprises polypropylene fiber, polyethylene fiber, polybutylene terephthalate fiber, polytrimethylene terephthalate, nylon fiber, polyester fiber and the like, and the natural fiber comprises silk, hemp, cotton silk and the like.

In the scheme, the metal tubes with hollow through hole structures are arranged at intervals at certain intervals by utilizing fibers to form a metal tube array, a powder system matched with the metal tube array is selected, then mixed powder and the metal tube array are alternately stacked and filled into a mold to obtain a prefabricated blank with certain size, then vacuum sintering is carried out on a pressed blank, the powder and the surface of the metal tube form firm metallurgical bonding of atomic scale, so that the metal tube array effectively forms an organic whole, the size and the arrangement mode of the metal tubes are adjusted, and finally, the novel metal-based composite foam with controllable and adjustable pore size, pore distribution, pore structure and porosity is obtained, the mechanical property of the foam material is improved, and the improvement of the impact energy absorption, sound absorption, heat insulation, heat dissipation and filtering separation performance in practical application is enhanced.

The selection principle of the powder in the scheme is as follows: the powder comprises metal components which are commonly seen in the periodic table of elements such as aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, zinc and the like, and also comprises components which react with the metal tube in an exothermic way and can be finally dissolved in the metal element of the metal tube matrix, such as aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, zinc, boron, carbon, silicon, phosphorus and the like, and other metal/nonmetal components which are commonly seen in the periodic table of elements.

Specifically, the mechanism for preparing the novel metal matrix composite foam material with the through holes by the preparation method in the scheme is as follows: first, the main porosity is provided by the metal tube with a hollow through hole structure. In addition, in the sintering process, the mixed powder firstly reaches supersaturated solid solubility due to mutual diffusion of elements in partial powder regions to start to form intermetallic compounds, the process is accompanied with the release of heat, the diffusion rate of the elements is improved to accelerate sintering, the elements continue to diffuse in the subsequent process to gradually disappear the intermetallic compounds, finally, non-matrix elements are dissolved in the matrix elements in a solid way to leave pores in situ, and sintering necks are formed at the interfaces among the powder and between the powder and the metal tube through diffusion to realize metallurgical bonding in an atomic scale.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

1. according to the scheme, the metal pipe with the hollow through hole structure is introduced as a foam metal framework, the metal pipe arrays with different combined structures are designed by adjusting the arrangement mode of the metal pipe with the hollow through hole structure, so that the pore structure, pore distribution and pore size of the metal-based composite foam material are controllable, and the accurate control on the pore size, distribution and shape of the metal-based composite foam material can be realized by regulating and controlling the inner diameter, wall thickness and shape of the metal pipe;

2. according to the scheme, the metal tube with the hollow through hole structure is introduced to prepare the foam metal, so that the problems that a metal substrate is polluted by residual pore-forming agent in a casting method or a traditional powder metallurgy pore-forming agent method and the like are solved.

3. The foam metal prepared by the traditional powder metallurgy method has an uncontrollable pore structure and pore size, and is easy to cause uneven wall thickness, compared with the foam metal, the metal pipe with a hollow through hole structure is used as a supporting framework, the continuous and uniform pore structure of the metal pipe can reduce the phenomenon of stress concentration of the foam metal, and the mechanical property of the foam metal is improved.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the preparation of the present embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a foamed aluminum composite with uniformly distributed pores made in accordance with example 4;

FIG. 3 is a pictorial view of a through-hole aluminum foam having a uniform pore distribution made in accordance with example 4 of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a stress-strain curve of a uniform pore distribution foam aluminum made in accordance with example 4 of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a gradient pore size distribution molybdenum foam composite made in accordance with example 9 of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a gradient density profile tungsten foam composite made in accordance with example 10 of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a stress-strain curve of the composite material prepared in comparative example 1;

FIG. 8 is a stress-strain curve of the composite material prepared in comparative example 2;

FIG. 9 shows the application results of the effect of the present invention and the foamed aluminum prepared by the powder metallurgy pore-forming agent method.

Detailed Description

In order to make the present invention more comprehensible, the technical solutions of the present invention are further described below with reference to specific embodiments, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

Example 1

A novel metal matrix composite foam material with through holes comprises metal tubes for forming a metal tube array, and powder filled in gaps of the metal tube array;

the base metal element of the metal tube comprises one or more of aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, tantalum, tin, cobalt, chromium, niobium, vanadium and zinc metal elements, and the base metal element of the powder comprises one or more of aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, tantalum, tin, cobalt, chromium, niobium, vanadium and zinc metal elements.

The metal pipe is one or more of an alloy metal pipe and a simple substance metal pipe, preferably, the inner diameter of the metal pipe is 0.01 mm-10 mm, more preferably, the inner diameter of the metal pipe is 0.1 mm-5 mm, further preferably, the inner diameter of the metal pipe is 1 mm-3 mm, the pipe wall thickness of the metal pipe is 0.01 mm-10 mm, preferably, the pipe wall thickness of the metal pipe is 0.1 mm-8 mm, more preferably, the pipe wall thickness of the metal pipe is 1 mm-5 mm, and the metal pipe can be one or more of simple substance metal pipes such as a steel pipe, an aluminum pipe, a copper pipe, a nickel pipe, a tungsten pipe, a magnesium pipe, an iron pipe, a titanium pipe, a molybdenum pipe and a zinc pipe or the alloy metal pipes thereof;

the powder is one or more of metal powder and non-metal powder, the metal powder is one or more of elementary metal powder and alloy powder, the metal element of the metal powder comprises one or more of aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, tantalum, tin, cobalt, chromium, niobium, vanadium and zinc, the non-metal powder comprises elementary non-metal powder, the non-metal element of the non-metal powder comprises one or more of boron, carbon, silicon and phosphorus, preferably, the powder has a size diameter of 1-500 μm, and more preferably, the powder has a size diameter of 20-100 μm.

Example 2

A novel metal matrix composite foam material with through holes comprises metal tubes for forming a metal tube array, and powder filled in gaps of the metal tube array;

the base metal element of the metal tube comprises one or more of aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, tantalum, tin, cobalt, chromium, niobium, vanadium and zinc metal elements, and the base metal element of the powder comprises one or more of aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, tantalum, tin, cobalt, chromium, niobium, vanadium and zinc metal elements.

The metal pipe is one or more of an alloy metal pipe and a simple substance metal pipe, preferably, the inner diameter of the metal pipe is 0.01 mm-10 mm, more preferably, the inner diameter of the metal pipe is 0.1 mm-5 mm, further preferably, the inner diameter of the metal pipe is 1 mm-3 mm, the pipe wall thickness of the metal pipe is 0.01 mm-10 mm, preferably, the pipe wall thickness of the metal pipe is 0.1 mm-8 mm, more preferably, the pipe wall thickness of the metal pipe is 1 mm-5 mm, and the metal pipe can be one or more of simple substance metal pipes such as a steel pipe, an aluminum pipe, a copper pipe, a nickel pipe, a tungsten pipe, a magnesium pipe, an iron pipe, a titanium pipe, a molybdenum pipe and a zinc pipe or the alloy metal pipes thereof;

the powder is one or more of metal powder and non-metal powder, the metal powder is one or more of elementary metal powder and alloy powder, the metal element of the metal powder comprises one or more of aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, tantalum, tin, cobalt, chromium, niobium, vanadium and zinc, the non-metal powder comprises elementary non-metal powder, the non-metal element of the non-metal powder comprises one or more of boron, carbon, silicon and phosphorus, preferably, the powder has a size diameter of 1-500 μm, and more preferably, the powder has a size diameter of 20-100 μm.

The metal tube and the powder contain more than one element, the base metal element of the metal tube is the same as the base metal element of the powder, the same base metal element accounts for 30-99% of the total mass of the metal tube, preferably 50-85% of the total mass of the metal tube, more preferably 65-80% of the total mass of the metal tube, and the same base metal element accounts for 30-99% of the total mass of the mixed powder, preferably 50-85% of the total mass of the mixed powder, more preferably 65-80% of the total mass of the mixed powder.

Example 3

A novel metal matrix composite foam material with through holes comprises metal tubes for forming a metal tube array, and mixed powder filled in gaps among the metal tubes;

the fiber fixing device further comprises fibers for fixing the metal tube array, wherein the fibers are one or more of metal fibers, polymer fibers and natural fibers.

The base metal element of the metal tube comprises one or more of aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, tantalum, tin, cobalt, chromium, niobium, vanadium and zinc metal elements, and the base metal element of the powder comprises one or more of aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, tantalum, tin, cobalt, chromium, niobium, vanadium and zinc metal elements.

The metal pipe is one or more of an alloy metal pipe and a simple substance metal pipe, preferably, the inner diameter of the metal pipe is 0.01 mm-10 mm, more preferably, the inner diameter of the metal pipe is 0.1 mm-5 mm, further preferably, the inner diameter of the metal pipe is 1 mm-3 mm, the pipe wall thickness of the metal pipe is 0.01 mm-10 mm, preferably, the pipe wall thickness of the metal pipe is 0.1 mm-8 mm, more preferably, the pipe wall thickness of the metal pipe is 1 mm-5 mm, and the metal pipe can be one or more of simple substance metal pipes such as a steel pipe, an aluminum pipe, a copper pipe, a nickel pipe, a tungsten pipe, a magnesium pipe, an iron pipe, a titanium pipe, a molybdenum pipe and a zinc pipe or the alloy metal pipes thereof;

the powder is one or more of metal powder and non-metal powder, the metal powder is one or more of elementary metal powder and alloy powder, the metal element of the metal powder comprises one or more of aluminum, magnesium, iron, titanium, copper, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, tantalum, tin, cobalt, chromium, niobium, vanadium and zinc, the non-metal powder comprises elementary non-metal powder, the non-metal element of the non-metal powder comprises one or more of boron, carbon, silicon and phosphorus, preferably, the powder size diameter of the mixed powder is 1-500 μm, and more preferably, the powder size diameter of the mixed powder is 20-100 μm.

The metal tube and the powder contain more than one element, the base metal element of the metal tube is the same as the base metal element of the powder, the same base metal element accounts for 30-99% of the total mass of the metal tube, preferably 50-85% of the total mass of the metal tube, more preferably 65-80% of the total mass of the metal tube, and the same base metal element accounts for 30-99% of the total mass of the mixed powder, preferably 50-85% of the total mass of the mixed powder, more preferably 65-80% of the total mass of the mixed powder.

Example 4

A preparation method of a through-hole aluminum-based composite foam material comprises the following specific steps:

as shown in the preparation flow of FIG. 1, Al powder and Mg powder, both of which have a size of 30 μm, are uniformly mixed in a mass ratio of 9: 1. Arranging pure aluminum tubes with the inner diameter of 1.4 mm and the wall thickness of 0.5 mm at intervals of 0.8 mm into an array, fixing the array by using pure aluminum fibers, and then putting the pure aluminum tube array into acetone and absolute ethyl alcohol in sequence for ultrasonic cleaning and drying for later use. And sequentially filling the uniformly mixed Al-Mg powder/pure aluminum tube array into a die. In the filling process, firstly, Al-Mg mixed powder is paved on the bottommost layer of a die, the mixed powder is compacted by adopting a die pressing process, then a pure aluminum tube array is placed on the compacted powder, then the powder is paved on the pure aluminum tube array, and after the pure aluminum tube is covered by the mixed powder, the powder is fully filled in gaps of the pure aluminum tube by adopting a die pressing and ultrasonic vibration combined process. The above process was repeated 6 times to obtain preform compacts, the final arrangement of the powder and the array of pure aluminum tubes in the preforms being as shown in FIG. 2. And then, heating the green compact to 550 ℃ at a heating rate of 3 ℃ per min by using vacuum sintering, and preserving the temperature for 120 min. After furnace cooling, the through-hole aluminum-based composite foam material with uniform pore distribution and porosity of 55% is obtained, as shown in figure 3. Wherein the size of small pores of the foam material is about 31 mu m, and the size of large pores of the foam material is about 1.4 mm. The average plateau stress of the obtained composite foam can reach 42.6MPa, and the strain at the plateau stress stage can reach 51.2 percent, as shown in figure 4.

Example 5

A preparation method of a through hole steel-aluminum composite foam material comprises the following specific steps:

uniformly mixing Al powder and Mg powder with the sizes of 20 mu m according to the mass percentage of 9:1, arranging stainless steel pipes with the inner diameter of 0.5 mm and the wall thickness of 0.3 mm into an array by using polypropylene fibers at intervals of 0.2 mm, then putting the stainless steel pipe array into acetone and absolute ethyl alcohol in sequence, ultrasonically cleaning and drying, and then filling the mixed Al-Mg powder/stainless steel pipe array into a die in sequence. In the filling process, firstly, Al-Mg mixed powder is paved on the bottommost layer of a die, the mixed powder is compacted by adopting a die pressing process, then a stainless steel tube array is placed on the compacted powder, then the powder is paved on the stainless steel tube array, and after the stainless steel tube array is covered by the mixed powder, the powder is fully filled in gaps of the stainless steel tubes by adopting a die pressing and ultrasonic vibration combined process. The above process was repeated 6 times to obtain a preform compact. Heating the green compact to 500 ℃ at a heating rate of 3 ℃ per min in a vacuum sintering furnace, and keeping the temperature for 60 min, and then heating to 650 ℃ at a heating rate of 2 ℃ per min, and keeping the temperature for 60 min. And cooling along with the furnace to obtain the through hole stainless steel based composite foam material with the porosity of 64%, wherein the size of small holes is about 23 mu m, and the size of large holes is about 0.5 mm.

Example 6

A preparation method of a through-hole iron-based composite foam material comprises the following specific steps:

uniformly mixing Fe powder, Al powder and Si powder with the sizes of 5 mu m according to the mass percentage of 90:8:2, arranging iron pipes with the inner diameter of 1 mm and the wall thickness of 0.3 mm into an array at intervals of 0.8 mm by using iron fiber wires, then putting the iron pipe array into acetone and absolute ethyl alcohol in sequence, ultrasonically cleaning and drying, and then filling the mixed Fe-Al-Si mixed powder/iron pipe array into a mold in sequence. In the filling process, the mixed powder is firstly paved on the bottommost layer of the die, the mixed powder is compacted by adopting a die pressing process, then the iron pipe array is placed on the compacted powder, the powder is paved on the iron pipe array, and the powder is fully filled in the gap of the iron pipe by adopting a die pressing and ultrasonic vibration combined process after the iron pipe is covered by the mixed powder. The above process was repeated 6 times to obtain a preform compact. Increasing the heating rate of the pressed green compacts to 550 ℃ in a vacuum sintering furnace at 3 ℃ per min, and preserving the temperature for 60 min; subsequently, the temperature was raised to 1100 ℃ at a heating rate of 2C/min for 60 min. And cooling along with the furnace to obtain the through-hole iron-based composite foam material with the porosity of 62%, wherein the size of small holes is about 6.8 mu m, and the size of large holes is about 1 mm.

Example 7

A preparation method of a through hole nickel-based composite foam material comprises the following specific steps:

uniformly mixing Ni powder and Mg powder with the sizes of 20 mu m according to the mass percentage of 9:1, arranging nickel tubes with the inner diameter of 1 mm and the tube wall thickness of 0.3 mm into an array by using nylon fibers at intervals of about 1 mm, then putting the nickel tube array into acetone and absolute ethyl alcohol in sequence, ultrasonically cleaning and drying, and then filling the mixed Ni-Mg powder/nickel tube array into a mold in sequence. In the filling process, firstly, the Ni-Mg mixed powder is paved on the bottommost layer of a die, the mixed powder is compacted by adopting a die pressing process, then a nickel tube array is arranged on the compacted powder, then the powder is paved on the nickel tube array, and after the nickel tube is covered by the mixed powder, the powder is fully filled in gaps of the nickel tube array by adopting a die pressing and ultrasonic vibration combined process. The above process was repeated 6 times to obtain a preform compact. Heating the green compact to 450 ℃ in a vacuum sintering furnace at a heating rate of 5 ℃ per min; subsequently, the temperature was raised to 1000 ℃ at a heating rate of 2C/min and maintained for 60 min. After cooling, the through-hole nickel-based composite foam material with the porosity of 65% is obtained, wherein the size of small holes is about 24.6 mu m, and the size of large holes is about 1 mm.

Example 8

A preparation method of a through-hole titanium-based composite foam material comprises the following specific steps:

uniformly mixing Ti powder and Al powder with the sizes of 25 mu m according to the mass percentage of 9:1, arranging titanium tubes with the inner diameter of 2 mm and the tube wall thickness of 0.5 mm into an array by using titanium wires at intervals of about 0.6 mm, then putting the titanium tube array into acetone and absolute ethyl alcohol in sequence, ultrasonically cleaning and drying, and then filling the mixed Ti-Al powder/titanium tube array into a mold in sequence. In the filling process, firstly, the Ti-Al mixed powder is paved on the bottommost layer of a mould, the mixed powder is compacted by adopting a mould pressing process, then a titanium tube array is arranged on the compacted powder, the powder is paved on the titanium tube array, and the powder is fully filled in the gaps of the titanium tubes by adopting a mould pressing and ultrasonic vibration combined process after the titanium tubes are covered by the mixed powder. The above process was repeated 6 times to obtain a preform compact. Heating the pressed green compact to 600 ℃ in a vacuum sintering furnace at a heating rate of 5 ℃ per min; subsequently, the temperature was raised to 1100 ℃ at a heating rate of 2C/min and maintained for 60 min. After cooling, the through-hole titanium-based composite foam material with the porosity of 60 percent is obtained, wherein the size of small pores is about 26.7 mu m, and the size of large pores is about 2 mm.

Example 9

A preparation method of a through hole molybdenum-based composite foam material with a pore diameter gradient structure comprises the following specific steps:

mo powder and Ni powder with the size of 10 mu m are uniformly mixed according to the mass percentage of 7:3, and 6 molybdenum tubes with the inner diameters of 0.1, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 mm and the wall thickness of 0.8 mm are selected. Molybdenum tubes of different inner diameters were arranged in 6 arrays, respectively, with silk at intervals of about 0.6 mm. The molybdenum tubes in each array have only one fixed inner diameter value, for example, molybdenum tubes with an inner diameter of 0.1 mm are combined to form an array. And then, sequentially putting the molybdenum tube arrays into acetone and absolute ethyl alcohol for ultrasonic cleaning and drying, and then sequentially filling the mixed Mo-Ni powder/molybdenum tube arrays with different inner diameters into a die. In the filling process, firstly, the Mo-Ni mixed powder is paved on the bottommost layer of a die, the mixed powder is compacted by adopting a die pressing process, then a molybdenum tube array with the inner diameter of 0.1 mm is placed on the compacted powder, then the powder is paved on the molybdenum tube array, and the powder is fully filled in gaps of the molybdenum tubes by adopting a die pressing and ultrasonic vibration combined process after the molybdenum tubes are covered by the mixed powder. Then, a molybdenum tube array with the inner diameter of 1 mm is placed on the powder paved in the previous step, the powder is paved on the molybdenum tube array, and the powder is fully filled in the gaps of the molybdenum tubes by adopting a combined die pressing and ultrasonic vibration process after the molybdenum tubes are covered by the mixed powder. And alternately stacking the molybdenum tube array with the inner diameter of 3 mm, the molybdenum tube array with the inner diameter of 5 mm, the molybdenum tube array with the inner diameter of 7 mm and the molybdenum tube array with the inner diameter of 10 mm with the mixed powder in sequence according to the steps to obtain the preform compact with the aperture changing in a gradient manner along the stacking direction of the powder-molybdenum tubes. Finally, heating the pressed green compact to 850 ℃ in a vacuum sintering furnace at a heating rate of 5 ℃ per min; subsequently, the temperature was raised to 1500 ℃ at a heating rate of 2 ℃/min and maintained for 60 min. As shown in FIG. 5, after furnace cooling, the molybdenum-based composite foam material with a gradient pore size distribution and a through-hole structure with a porosity of 59% is obtained, wherein the size of the small pores is about 12.5 μm, and the size of the large pores is in a gradient distribution from 0.1 mm to 10 mm.

Example 10

A preparation method of a through-hole tungsten-based composite foam material comprises the following specific steps:

w powder, Ni powder and Fe powder with the size of 10 mu m are uniformly mixed according to the mass percentage of 93:5:2, and a tungsten tube with the inner diameter of 2 mm and the wall thickness of 1 mm is selected. In the aspect of selecting the space between two adjacent tungsten tubes, 6 spaces such as 0.6, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 mm are respectively selected. Wherein the spacing of each group of tungsten tube arrays is kept consistent (fixed value), for example, when a spacing of 0.6 mm is selected as the spacing of two adjacent tungsten tubes, then the spacing of all two adjacent tungsten tubes in the array is 0.6 mm. According to the above arrangement, 6 kinds of tungsten tube arrays having arrangement pitches of 0.6, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 mm, respectively, can be obtained. And then, putting the tungsten tube array into acetone and absolute ethyl alcohol in sequence, ultrasonically cleaning and drying, and then filling the mixed W-Ni-Fe powder/tungsten tube arrays with different interval sizes into a mould in sequence. In the filling process, firstly, the W-Ni-Fe mixed powder is paved on the bottommost layer of a die, the mixed powder is compacted by adopting a die pressing process, then a tungsten tube array with the spacing of 0.6 mm is placed on the compacted powder, then the powder is paved on the tungsten tube array, and the powder is fully filled in the gap of the tungsten tube by adopting a die pressing and ultrasonic vibration combined process after the tungsten tube is covered by the mixed powder. Then, a tungsten tube array with the distance between adjacent tungsten tubes being 1 mm is placed on the powder paved in the previous step, the powder is paved on the tungsten tube array, and the powder is fully filled in the gap of the molybdenum tube by adopting a die pressing and ultrasonic vibration combined process after the tungsten tube is covered by the mixed powder. According to the steps, the tungsten tube arrays with the distance of 1.5 mm, the tungsten tube arrays with the distance of 2 mm, the tungsten tube arrays with the distance of 2.5 mm and the tungsten tube arrays with the distance of 3 mm are alternately overlapped with the mixed powder in sequence, and the preform compact with the relative density distributed in a gradient manner along the overlapping direction of the powder-tungsten tube arrays can be obtained. Finally, heating the pressed green compact to 1000 ℃ in a vacuum sintering furnace at a heating rate of 5 ℃ per min; subsequently, the temperature was raised to 1430 ℃ at a heating rate of 2C/min and maintained for 60 min. After furnace cooling, the through-hole tungsten-based composite foam material with porosity of 58% and gradient distribution of relative density is obtained, as shown in fig. 6, wherein the size of small holes is about 12.6 μm, and the size of large holes is about 2 mm.

Comparative example 1

A method for preparing foam metal with controllable pore structure adopts sodium thiosulfate as a pore-forming agent to prepare aluminum foam with controllable pore structure, and comprises the following steps:

s1, designing a foam metal hole-shaped structure, determining the shape and the structure of a hole: in the first comparative example, the foam metal pores are designed to be short rods, sodium thiosulfate is selected as a raw material of a pore-forming agent according to the porosity (55%) and the pore shape of the foam metal to be formed, the weight of the pore-forming agent is determined to be 17.8 g, the metal powder is aluminum, and the weight of the metal powder is 20.4 g at most;

s2, weighing sodium thiosulfate particles according to the weight of the pore-forming agent determined in the step S1, and directly weighing short rod-shaped sodium thiosulfate particles as the pore-forming agent;

s3, weighing the metal powder according to the weight of the metal powder determined in the step S1, putting the metal powder and the pore-forming agent selected in the step S2 into a stirrer together, wherein the metal powder is added by 50 cm in the stirring process³Adding alcohol into a sample with a volume by adding 4 ml of alcohol, uniformly mixing metal powder and a pore-forming agent, and uniformly wrapping the metal powder outside the pore-forming agent to prepare a sintering raw material;

s4, pouring the sintering raw material prepared in the step S3 into a cold press molding die, compacting the sintering raw material at the isostatic pressure of 200 MPa to obtain a raw material compact, taking the raw material compact out of the cold press molding die, and grinding to remove burrs at edges and corners of the raw material compact for later use;

s5, placing the raw material green compact prepared in the step S4 in a water bath at 60 ℃ for constant-temperature heating for 18 h, dissolving sodium thiosulfate to prepare a to-be-sintered green compact with a porous structure, and then baking the to-be-sintered green compact for 30 minutes in a vacuum environment and at a baking temperature of 100 ℃ for later use;

and S6, sintering the blank to be sintered in a vacuum sintering furnace at the sintering temperature of 550 ℃, preserving heat for 4 hours, and cooling to room temperature along with the furnace to obtain the foamed aluminum material with the controllable pore structure.

The prepared foamed aluminum with the porosity of 55% is subjected to a quasi-static compression experiment to obtain a stress-strain curve as shown in fig. 7, the average plateau stress is 11.82 MPa as can be seen from fig. 7, the stress of the obtained foamed aluminum is monotonically and smoothly increased along with the strain, no peak is formed on the curve, and the characteristic of a typical foam material is shown.

Comparative example 2

A method for preparing foam metal with controllable pore structure adopts spherical urea particles as pore-forming agent to prepare aluminum foam with controllable pore structure, and comprises the following steps:

s1, designing a foam metal hole-shaped structure, determining the shape and the structure of a hole: in the second comparative example, the foam metal pores are designed to be spherical, urea particles are selected as the raw material of the pore-forming agent according to the porosity (55%) and the pore shape of the foam metal to be formed, the weight of the pore-forming agent is determined to be 35.6 g, the metal powder is aluminum, and the weight of the metal powder is 40.8 g at most;

s2, weighing urea particles according to the weight of the pore-forming agent determined in the step S1, and directly weighing spherical urea particles as the pore-forming agent;

s3, weighing the metal powder according to the weight of the metal powder determined in the step S1, putting the metal powder and the pore-forming agent selected in the step S2 into a stirrer together, wherein the metal powder is added by 50 cm in the stirring process³Adding alcohol into a sample with a volume by adding 4 ml of alcohol, uniformly mixing metal powder and a pore-forming agent, and uniformly wrapping the metal powder outside the pore-forming agent to prepare a sintering raw material;

s4, pouring the sintering raw material prepared in the step S3 into a cold press molding die, compacting the sintering raw material at the isostatic pressure of 200 MPa to obtain a raw material compact, taking the raw material compact out of the cold press molding die, and grinding to remove burrs at edges and corners of the raw material compact for later use;

s5, placing the raw material green compact prepared in the step S4 in a water bath at 60 ℃ for constant-temperature heating for 18 h, dissolving urea particles to prepare a to-be-sintered green compact with a porous structure, and then baking the to-be-sintered green compact for 30 minutes in a vacuum environment and at a baking temperature of 100 ℃ for later use;

and S6, sintering the blank to be sintered in a vacuum sintering furnace at the sintering temperature of 600 ℃, preserving heat for 4 hours, and cooling to room temperature along with the furnace to obtain the foamed aluminum material with the controllable pore structure.

The prepared foamed aluminum with the porosity of 55% is subjected to a quasi-static compression experiment to obtain a stress-strain curve as shown in fig. 8, the average plateau stress is 13.45 MPa as can be seen from fig. 8, the stress of the obtained foamed aluminum is monotonically and smoothly increased along with the strain, no peak value is formed on the curve, and the characteristic of a typical foam material is shown.

Application example

The foamed metal with a three-dimensional open-cell structure prepared in example 4 was applied to the fields of energy absorption, electromagnetic shielding, noise reduction, and the like, and compared with the properties of the through-hole foamed aluminum material prepared by the pore-forming agent method, the results are shown in fig. 9.

Specific embodiments of the present invention have been described above in detail.

It should be understood that numerous modifications and variations could be devised by those skilled in the art in light of the present teachings without departing from the inventive concepts. Therefore, any technical solutions that can be obtained by a person skilled in the art through logical analysis, reasoning or limited experiments in the prior art based on the inventive concept should be within the scope of protection defined by the claims.