阅读说明：本技术 一种具有双面拱形柔性碳膜的蒸发器及其制备方法 (Evaporator with double-sided arched flexible carbon film and preparation method thereof ) 是由 王成兵 石国良 许珂圆 王勇 严鑫悦 穆雪阳 马苗苗 于 2021-09-02 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明提供一种具有双面拱形柔性碳膜的蒸发器及其制备方法,包括双面拱形柔性碳膜材料,所述双面拱形柔性碳膜材料由长有Cu-BTC的碳布煅烧得到；将制得的双面拱形柔性碳膜材料的两端固定在底座上,双面拱形柔性碳膜材料最高点距离底座端面0.1cm-0.5cm即得蒸发器,本发明蒸发器能有效、高效地从无处不在的太阳能和自然蒸发过程中获取能量,同时产生淡水和电力,这为同时解决淡水资源短缺和能源问题提供了新的途径。(The invention provides an evaporator with a double-sided arched flexible carbon film and a preparation method thereof, wherein the evaporator comprises a double-sided arched flexible carbon film material, and the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material is obtained by calcining carbon cloth with Cu-BTC; the evaporator can effectively and efficiently obtain energy from ubiquitous solar energy and natural evaporation processes, and simultaneously generate fresh water and electric power, thereby providing a new way for solving the problems of fresh water resource shortage and energy sources.)

1. An evaporator having a double-sided arch-shaped flexible carbon film, characterized by comprising a double-sided arch-shaped flexible carbon film material obtained by calcining a carbon cloth grown with Cu-BTC.

2. An evaporator having a double-sided arch-shaped flexible carbon film as recited in claim 1, further comprising a base, both ends of the double-sided arch-shaped flexible carbon film material being fixed to the base, the highest point of the double-sided arch-shaped flexible carbon film material being 0.1cm to 0.5cm from the end surface of the base.

3. An evaporator having a double-sided arch-shaped flexible carbon film as recited in claim 1 or 2, wherein a voltage of 81mV can be generated per 2 x 1.6cm of the double-sided arch-shaped flexible carbon film material under normal sunlight.

4. A method for producing an evaporator with a double-sided arched flexible carbon film according to any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising the steps of:

s1 the copper plated carbon cloth with both sides plated with copper is put into the mixed solution containing NaOH and ammonium persulfate to be soaked to obtain the growing Cu (OH)₂A carbon cloth of nanowires;

s2 will grow Cu (OH)₂Immersing the carbon cloth of the nanowire into the mixed solution of trimesic acid and ethanol to obtain the carbon cloth with Cu-BTC;

s3, calcining the carbon cloth with Cu-BTC to obtain a double-sided arched flexible carbon film material;

s4, fixing two ends of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material on the base, namely the evaporator with the double-sided arched flexible carbon film.

5. The manufacturing method according to claim 4, wherein in step S1, the copper-coated carbon cloth with both sides coated with copper is obtained by magnetron sputtering, specifically: sputtering for 30min under the power condition of 65W-70W by using a high-purity copper target in the argon atmosphere to ensure that copper is uniformly deposited on one surface of the carbon cloth; and repeating the steps to deposit copper on the other surface of the carbon cloth.

6. The method according to claim 4, wherein in step S1, the copper-coated carbon cloth is washed with acetone, ethanol and deionized water in this order before use and dried in air.

7. The manufacturing method according to claim 4, wherein in step S1, the copper-coated carbon cloth is placed in a chamberSoaking in mixed solution containing 700mM-800mM NaOH and 26mM-30mM ammonium persulfate at warm condition for 5min-10min to obtain Cu (OH) growth product₂A carbon cloth of nanowires.

8. The method according to claim 4, wherein in step S2, Cu (OH) is grown₂And (3) immersing the carbon cloth of the nanowire into the mixed solution of the trimesic acid and the ethanol, and growing for 30-40min at room temperature to obtain the carbon cloth with the Cu-BTC.

9. The method according to claim 4, wherein the calcination is performed in a tube furnace in step S3, and argon is introduced for 20min and then at 1 ℃/min^-1-3℃/min^-1The heating rate is that the carbon cloth with Cu-BTC is heated for 1h to 3h at the temperature of 800 ℃ to 1000 ℃ to obtain the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material.

10. The method according to claim 4, wherein the base is a polystyrene foam, two insertion holes are formed in the polystyrene foam, and two ends of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material are respectively inserted into the insertion holes.

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of solar interface evaporation, and particularly belongs to an evaporator with a double-sided arched flexible carbon film and a preparation method thereof.

Background

With the acceleration of industrialization, water shortage has become one of the most important global challenges. For this reason, various methods have been employed to produce fresh water, but most of them suffer from environmental sustainability problems due to the use of fossil fuels. In recent years, the utilization of solar energy as a driving energy source for obtaining drinkable fresh water by desalinating seawater at the interface between an evaporator and bulk water is considered as a considerable and sustainable means for relieving the water crisis. Unlike traditional solar evaporation, which requires heating of a large amount of water, solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SIE) can achieve thermal localization with the aid of photo-thermal materials, improving the utilization of solar energy. Consequently, SIE is widely recognized as an environmentally friendly and efficient means of desalinating seawater.

The SIE technology uses a material with high light absorption rate, such as metal, semiconductor, polymer, and carbon-based material, as the light absorber on the top layer, and the bottom layer is usually made of foam material to support the floating of the light absorber, and at the same time, to avoid direct contact between the evaporation body and the bulk water, thereby reducing heat loss. The working principle of the solar evaporators is that after a top light absorber receives sunlight, solar energy is converted into heat energy, meanwhile, bottom seawater is conveyed to an interface through a porous structure of an evaporation body, the heat energy is utilized to realize conversion of seawater and steam, the steam completes condensation on the wall of a condenser, and finally fresh water is collected. However, most of the SIE structures currently have many problems, such as: (1) the aperture of the evaporator is too large, which inevitably causes excessive water transportation, so that redundant water is heated, excessive energy is consumed, and the photo-thermal conversion efficiency is reduced; (2) many SIE structures have only single-sided evaporation, which also reduces the photothermal conversion efficiency; (3) meanwhile, the current SIE evaporator inevitably has a salt accumulation phenomenon during operation, which greatly deteriorates the evaporation performance of the interface evaporator.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to solve the problems of single structure, low photo-thermal conversion efficiency, poor salt resistance and poor durability of an interface evaporation structure, the invention provides the evaporator with the double-sided arched flexible carbon film and the preparation method thereof, which can effectively and efficiently obtain energy from ubiquitous solar energy and natural evaporation processes and simultaneously generate fresh water and electric power, thereby providing a new way for simultaneously solving the problems of fresh water resource shortage and energy.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: an evaporator having a double-sided arched flexible carbon film includes a double-sided arched flexible carbon film material obtained by calcining a carbon cloth grown with Cu-BTC.

The device further comprises a base, wherein two ends of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material are fixed on the base, and the highest point of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material is 0.1cm-0.5cm away from the end face of the base.

Further, under normal sunlight, 81mV of voltage can be generated per 2X 1.6cm of double-sided arched flexible carbon film material.

The invention also provides a preparation method of the evaporator with the double-sided arched flexible carbon film, which comprises the following specific steps:

s1 the copper plated carbon cloth with both sides plated with copper is put into the mixed solution containing NaOH and ammonium persulfate to be soaked to obtain the growing Cu (OH)₂A carbon cloth of nanowires;

s2 will grow Cu (OH)₂Immersing the carbon cloth of the nanowire into the mixed solution of trimesic acid and ethanol to obtain the carbon cloth with Cu-BTC;

s3, calcining the carbon cloth with Cu-BTC to obtain a double-sided arched flexible carbon film material;

s4, fixing two ends of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material on the base, namely the evaporator with the double-sided arched flexible carbon film.

Further, in step S1, obtaining a copper-plated carbon cloth with both sides plated with copper by magnetron sputtering, specifically: sputtering for 30min under the power condition of 65W-70W by using a high-purity copper target in the argon atmosphere to ensure that copper is uniformly deposited on one surface of the carbon cloth; and repeating the steps to deposit copper on the other surface of the carbon cloth.

Further, in step S1, the copper-coated carbon cloth is washed with acetone, ethanol and deionized water in this order before use, and dried in air.

Further, in step S1, the copper-coated carbon cloth is dipped into a mixed solution containing 700mM-800mM NaOH and 26mM-30mM ammonium persulfate at room temperature for 5min-10min to obtain a carbon cloth with Cu (OH) growth₂A carbon cloth of nanowires.

Further, in step S2, Cu (OH) will grow₂And (3) immersing the carbon cloth of the nanowire into the mixed solution of the trimesic acid and the ethanol, and growing for 30-40min at room temperature to obtain the carbon cloth with the Cu-BTC.

Further, in step S3, the calcination is performed in a tube furnace, argon is introduced for 20min, and then the temperature is 1-3 ℃/min^-1The heating rate is that the carbon cloth with Cu-BTC is heated for 1h-3h at the temperature of 800-.

Furthermore, the base is made of polystyrene foam, two insertion holes are formed in the polystyrene foam, and two ends of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material are respectively inserted into the insertion holes.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has at least the following beneficial effects:

the invention provides an evaporator with a double-sided arched flexible carbon film, which is characterized in that the double-sided arched flexible carbon film is adopted to enable double-sided evaporation to occur in the working process of the evaporator, and meanwhile, only two ends of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film are in contact with bulk water at the bottom of a base when the evaporator is used, so that heat loss is reduced, and the heat conversion efficiency is improved. Secondly, the double-sided arched flexible carbon film is composed of a large number of black super-hydrophilic nanoparticles, and channels among the nanoparticles can generate strong forceCapillary action, which confines the water to the pores of the particles rather than the carbon cloth, greatly reduces the excess heat loss. The experimental data show that the evaporator realizes 3.2kg m under the irradiation of sunlight^-2h^-1High evaporation rate.

The evaporator disclosed by the invention benefits from the excellent capillary action and strong water pumping capacity of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film, and no salt is accumulated at last after salt is deposited on the surface of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film through salt diffusion convection at night even if a small amount of salt is deposited on the surface of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film after long-time sunshine. Finally, in addition to having efficient solar desalination performance, evaporators with double-sided arched flexible carbon membranes also produce appreciable electrically driven water evaporation.

In conclusion, the evaporator with the double-sided arched flexible carbon film can effectively and efficiently obtain energy from ubiquitous solar energy and natural evaporation processes, and simultaneously generate fresh water and electricity, so that a new way is provided for solving the problems of fresh water resource shortage and energy simultaneously.

Drawings

FIG. 1 shows a carbon cloth with Cu (OH) growing thereon₂SEM images of carbon cloth of nanowires and carbon cloth grown with Cu-BTC, wherein (a) is carbon cloth and (b) is carbon cloth grown with Cu (OH)₂Carbon cloth of nano-wire, (c) SEM picture of carbon cloth with Cu-BTC;

FIG. 2 is an SEM image of a double-sided arched flexible carbon film material obtained by calcination at different temperatures;

FIG. 3 Experimental quality changes in steam after different treatment processes;

FIG. 4 evaporation rates of different height double-sided carbon film dome evaporators;

FIG. 5 shows the voltage of the dome-shaped carbon film under solar irradiation.

Detailed Description

The invention is further described with reference to the following figures and detailed description.

The invention provides a preparation method of an evaporator with a double-sided arched flexible carbon film, which comprises the following specific steps:

1. preparation of double-sided arched flexible carbon film

(1) The carbon cloth is first cut to the desired size (e.g., 2 x 3cm) and then cleaned by washing with acetone, ethanol solution and deionized water for 10min in sequence.

(2) After drying in air, the carbon cloth was placed in a magnetron sputtering system (560C). A direct current power supply is used as a sputtering source, the vacuum degree of a sputtering chamber is pumped to 9.0 multiplied by 10 < -4 > Pa through a mechanical pump and a molecular pump in sequence, then argon gas (100sccm) is introduced, and the pressure in the vacuum chamber is adjusted to 0.6 Pa. The sputtering process used a high purity copper target (99.9%) that was pre-sputtered for 15min prior to sputtering to remove oxides from the copper surface. Then sputtering is carried out for 30min under the conditions of argon flow and power of 65-70W, so that the sputtered copper is uniformly deposited on the carbon fiber. And then changing the other side of the carbon cloth, and repeating the steps to ensure that both sides of the carbon cloth are uniformly covered with copper, thereby obtaining the copper-plated carbon cloth with both sides plated with copper.

(3) The obtained copper-plated carbon cloth was washed with acetone, ethanol and deionized water in this order, and dried in air. Then, the copper-coated carbon cloth is put into a mixed solution of NaOH (700-800mM) and ammonium persulfate (26-30mM) at room temperature for soaking for 5-10min to grow Cu (OH)₂A nanowire. Then rinsing Cu (OH) with deionized water₂Carbon cloth of nano wire, and drying at room temperature to obtain the product with Cu (OH)₂A carbon cloth of nanowires.

(4) Preparing ethanol mixed solution of trimesic acid, wherein the ethanol mixed solution contains 102-106mM H3BTC ethanol solution and 18mL deionized water, Cu (OH) is grown on the mixed solution₂And (3) immersing the carbon cloth of the nanowire into the trimesic acid ethanol mixed solution, growing for 30-40min at room temperature to obtain the carbon cloth with the Cu-BTC, then thoroughly washing the obtained sample with ethanol, and drying at room temperature.

(5) Placing the carbon cloth with Cu-BTC in a tube furnace, introducing argon for 20min, and introducing argon at a rate of 1-3 deg.C/min^-1The temperature rise rate of the method ensures that the sample is calcined for 1-3h at the temperature of 800-1000 ℃ to obtain the carbon cloth covered by the super-hydrophilic carbon film, namely the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material.

2. Assembled evaporator

Cutting the polystyrene foam into a circle with the diameter of 5cm, inserting the obtained carbon cloth covered by the super-hydrophilic carbon film into a pre-cut space of 2 x 2cm, enabling the highest point of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material to be 0.1-0.5cm away from the polystyrene foam, and then carrying out subsequent evaporation performance test.

Example 1

1. Preparation of double-sided arched flexible carbon film

(1) The carbon cloth was first cut to the desired size (2 x 3cm) and then washed with acetone, ethanol solution and deionized water for 10min in sequence to clean the carbon cloth.

(2) After drying in air, the carbon cloth was placed in a magnetron sputtering system (560C). A direct current power supply is used as a sputtering source, the vacuum degree of a sputtering chamber is pumped to 9.0 multiplied by 10 < -4 > Pa through a mechanical pump and a molecular pump in sequence, then argon gas (100sccm) is introduced, and the pressure in the vacuum chamber is adjusted to 0.6 Pa. The sputtering process used a high purity copper target (99.9%) that was pre-sputtered for 15min prior to sputtering to remove oxides from the copper surface. Then, sputtering was performed for 30min under the conditions of an argon flow and a power of 65W, so that the sputtered copper was uniformly deposited on the carbon fiber. And then changing the other side of the carbon cloth, and repeating the steps to ensure that both sides of the carbon cloth are uniformly covered with copper, thereby obtaining the copper-plated carbon cloth with both sides plated with copper.

(3) The obtained copper-plated carbon cloth was washed with acetone, ethanol and deionized water in this order, and dried in air. Then, the copper-coated carbon cloth was immersed in a mixed aqueous solution containing 700mM NaOH and 26M ammonium persulfate at room temperature for 5min to grow Cu (OH)₂A nanowire. Then rinsing Cu (OH) with deionized water₂Carbon cloth of nano wire, and drying at room temperature to obtain the product with Cu (OH)₂A carbon cloth of nanowires.

(4) Preparing 102mM ethanol trimesic acid mixture, adding 18mL deionized water, adding Cu (OH) in the mixture₂And (3) immersing the carbon cloth of the nanowire into the trimesic acid ethanol mixed solution, growing for 30min at room temperature to obtain the carbon cloth with the Cu-BTC, then thoroughly washing the obtained sample with ethanol, and drying at room temperature.

(5) Placing the carbon cloth with Cu-BTC in a tube furnace, introducing argon for 20min, and introducing argon at a rate of 1 deg.C/min^-1The sample is calcined at a temperature of 700 ℃ for 1h to obtain carbon covered with a super-hydrophilic carbon filmAnd (4) cloth, namely the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material.

2. Assembled evaporator

Cutting the polystyrene foam into a circle with the diameter of 5cm, inserting the obtained carbon cloth covered by the super-hydrophilic carbon film into a pre-cut space of 2 x 2cm, enabling the highest point of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material to be 0.1cm away from the polystyrene foam, and then carrying out subsequent evaporation performance test, wherein the evaporation rate is 2.24kg m^-2h^-1。

Example 2

1. Preparation of double-sided arched flexible carbon film (1) the carbon cloth was first cut to the desired size (2 x 3cm) and then washed with acetone, ethanol solution and deionized water for 10min in order to clean the carbon cloth.

(2) After drying in air, the carbon cloth was placed in a magnetron sputtering system (560C). A direct current power supply is used as a sputtering source, the vacuum degree of a sputtering chamber is pumped to 9.0 multiplied by 10 < -4 > Pa through a mechanical pump and a molecular pump in sequence, then argon gas (100sccm) is introduced, and the pressure in the vacuum chamber is adjusted to 0.6 Pa. The sputtering process used a high purity copper target (99.9%) that was pre-sputtered for 15min prior to sputtering to remove oxides from the copper surface. Then, sputtering was performed for 30min under the conditions of an argon flow and a power of 70W, so that the sputtered copper was uniformly deposited on the carbon fiber. And then changing the other side of the carbon cloth, and repeating the steps to ensure that both sides of the carbon cloth are uniformly covered with copper, thereby obtaining the copper-plated carbon cloth with both sides plated with copper.

(3) The obtained copper-plated carbon cloth was washed with acetone, ethanol and deionized water in this order, and dried in air. Then, the copper-coated carbon cloth was immersed in an aqueous solution containing 750mM NaOH and 28mM ammonium persulfate) at room temperature for 8min to grow Cu (OH)₂A nanowire. Then rinsing Cu (OH) with deionized water₂Carbon cloth of nano wire, and drying at room temperature to obtain the product with Cu (OH)₂A carbon cloth of nanowires.

(4) Preparing 102mM ethanol trimesic acid mixture, adding 18mL deionized water, adding Cu (OH) in the mixture₂Immersing carbon cloth of the nanowire into the mixed solution of trimesic acid and ethanol, growing for 30min at room temperature to obtain the carbon cloth with Cu-BTC, and then using ethanol to thoroughly extract the obtained sampleBottom washing and drying at room temperature.

(5) Placing the carbon cloth with Cu-BTC in a tube furnace, introducing argon for 20min, and introducing argon at a rate of 1 deg.C/min^-1The temperature rise rate of the method is that the sample is calcined for 1h at the temperature of 800 ℃ to obtain the carbon cloth covered by the super-hydrophilic carbon film, namely the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material.

2. Assembled evaporator

Cutting the polystyrene foam into a circle with the diameter of 5cm, inserting the obtained carbon cloth covered by the super-hydrophilic carbon film into a pre-cut space of 2 x 2cm, enabling the highest point of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material to be 0.2cm away from the polystyrene foam, and then carrying out subsequent evaporation performance test, wherein the evaporation rate is 2.67kg m^-2h^-1。

Example 3

1. Preparation of double-sided arched flexible carbon film (1) the carbon cloth was first cut to the desired size (2 x 3cm) and then washed with acetone, ethanol solution and deionized water for 10min in order to clean the carbon cloth.

(2) After drying in air, the carbon cloth was placed in a magnetron sputtering system (560C). A direct current power supply is used as a sputtering source, the vacuum degree of a sputtering chamber is pumped to 9.0 multiplied by 10 < -4 > Pa through a mechanical pump and a molecular pump in sequence, then argon gas (100sccm) is introduced, and the pressure in the vacuum chamber is adjusted to 0.6 Pa. The sputtering process used a high purity copper target (99.9%) that was pre-sputtered for 15min prior to sputtering to remove oxides from the copper surface. Then, sputtering was performed for 30min under the conditions of an argon flow and a power of 70W, so that the sputtered copper was uniformly deposited on the carbon fiber. And then changing the other side of the carbon cloth, and repeating the steps to ensure that both sides of the carbon cloth are uniformly covered with copper, thereby obtaining the copper-plated carbon cloth with both sides plated with copper.

(3) The obtained copper-plated carbon cloth was washed with acetone, ethanol and deionized water in this order, and dried in air. Then, the copper-coated carbon cloth was immersed in an aqueous solution containing 800mM NaOH and 30mM ammonium persulfate at room temperature for 10min to grow Cu (OH)₂A nanowire. Then rinsing Cu (OH) with deionized water₂Carbon cloth of nano wire, and drying at room temperature to obtain the product with Cu (OH)₂A carbon cloth of nanowires.

(4) Preparing 104mM ethanol trimesic acid mixture, adding 18mL deionized water, adding Cu (OH) in the mixture₂And (3) immersing the carbon cloth of the nanowire into the trimesic acid ethanol mixed solution, growing for 30min at room temperature to obtain the carbon cloth with the Cu-BTC, then thoroughly washing the obtained sample with ethanol, and drying at room temperature.

(5) Placing the carbon cloth with Cu-BTC in a tube furnace, introducing argon for 20min, and introducing argon at a rate of 2 deg.C/min^-1The temperature rise rate of the method is that the sample is calcined for 1h at the temperature of 800 ℃ to obtain the carbon cloth covered by the super-hydrophilic carbon film, namely the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material.

2. Assembled evaporator

Cutting the polystyrene foam into a circle with the diameter of 5cm, inserting the obtained carbon cloth covered by the super-hydrophilic carbon film into a pre-cut space of 2 x 2cm, enabling the highest point of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material to be 0.3cm away from the polystyrene foam, and then carrying out subsequent evaporation performance test, wherein the evaporation rate is 3kg m^-2h^-1。

Example 4

1. Preparation of double-sided arched flexible carbon film (1) the carbon cloth was first cut to the desired size (2 x 3cm) and then washed with acetone, ethanol solution and deionized water for 10min in order to clean the carbon cloth.

(2) After drying in air, the carbon cloth was placed in a magnetron sputtering system (560C). A direct current power supply is used as a sputtering source, the vacuum degree of a sputtering chamber is pumped to 9.0 multiplied by 10 < -4 > Pa through a mechanical pump and a molecular pump in sequence, then argon gas (100sccm) is introduced, and the pressure in the vacuum chamber is adjusted to 0.6 Pa. The sputtering process used a high purity copper target (99.9%) that was pre-sputtered for 15min prior to sputtering to remove oxides from the copper surface. Then, sputtering was performed for 30min under the conditions of an argon flow and a power of 70W, so that the sputtered copper was uniformly deposited on the carbon fiber. And then changing the other side of the carbon cloth, and repeating the steps to ensure that both sides of the carbon cloth are uniformly covered with copper, thereby obtaining the copper-plated carbon cloth with both sides plated with copper.

(3) The obtained copper-plated carbon cloth was washed with acetone, ethanol and deionized water in this order, and dried in air. Then, the copper-coated carbon cloth was placed in a bath containing 750mM NaOH and 28mM persulfate at room temperatureSoaking in aqueous solution of ammonium sulfate for 5min to grow Cu (OH)₂A nanowire. Then rinsing Cu (OH) with deionized water₂Carbon cloth of nano wire, and drying at room temperature to obtain the product with Cu (OH)₂A carbon cloth of nanowires.

(4) Preparing 106mM ethanol trimesic acid mixture, adding 18mL deionized water, adding Cu (OH) in the mixture₂And (3) immersing the carbon cloth of the nanowire into the trimesic acid ethanol mixed solution, growing for 35min at room temperature to obtain the carbon cloth with the Cu-BTC, then thoroughly washing the obtained sample with ethanol, and drying at room temperature.

(5) Placing the carbon cloth with Cu-BTC in a tube furnace, introducing argon for 20min, and introducing argon at a rate of 3 deg.C/min^-1The temperature rise rate of the method is that the sample is calcined for 1h at the temperature of 900 ℃ to obtain the carbon cloth covered by the super-hydrophilic carbon film, namely the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material.

2. Assembled evaporator

Cutting the polystyrene foam into a circle with the diameter of 5cm, inserting the obtained carbon cloth covered by the super-hydrophilic carbon film into a pre-cut space of 2 x 2cm, enabling the highest point of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material to be 0.4cm away from the polystyrene foam, and then carrying out subsequent evaporation performance test, wherein the evaporation rate is 2.5kg m^-2h^-1。

Example 5

1. Preparation of double-sided arched flexible carbon film (1) the carbon cloth was first cut to the desired size (2 x 3cm) and then washed with acetone, ethanol solution and deionized water for 10min in order to clean the carbon cloth.

(2) After drying in air, the carbon cloth was placed in a magnetron sputtering system (560C). A direct current power supply is used as a sputtering source, the vacuum degree of a sputtering chamber is pumped to 9.0 multiplied by 10 < -4 > Pa through a mechanical pump and a molecular pump in sequence, then argon gas (100sccm) is introduced, and the pressure in the vacuum chamber is adjusted to 0.6 Pa. The sputtering process used a high purity copper target (99.9%) that was pre-sputtered for 15min prior to sputtering to remove oxides from the copper surface. Then, sputtering was performed for 30min under the conditions of an argon flow and a power of 70W, so that the sputtered copper was uniformly deposited on the carbon fiber. And then changing the other side of the carbon cloth, and repeating the steps to ensure that both sides of the carbon cloth are uniformly covered with copper, thereby obtaining the copper-plated carbon cloth with both sides plated with copper.

(3) The obtained copper-plated carbon cloth was washed with acetone, ethanol and deionized water in this order, and dried in air. Then, the copper-coated carbon cloth was immersed in an aqueous solution containing 750mM NaOH and 28mM ammonium persulfate at room temperature for 5min to grow Cu (OH)₂A nanowire. Then rinsing Cu (OH) with deionized water₂Carbon cloth of nano wire, and drying at room temperature to obtain the product with Cu (OH)₂A carbon cloth of nanowires.

(4) Preparing 106mM ethanol trimesic acid mixture, adding 18mL deionized water, adding Cu (OH) in the mixture₂And (3) immersing the carbon cloth of the nanowire into the trimesic acid ethanol mixed solution, growing for 40min at room temperature to obtain the carbon cloth with the Cu-BTC, then thoroughly washing the obtained sample with ethanol, and drying at room temperature.

(5) Placing the carbon cloth with Cu-BTC in a tube furnace, introducing argon for 20min, and introducing argon at a rate of 2 deg.C/min^-1The temperature rise rate of the method is that the sample is calcined for 2 hours at the temperature of 1000 ℃ to obtain the carbon cloth covered by the super-hydrophilic carbon film, namely the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material.

2. Assembled evaporator

Cutting the polystyrene foam into a circle with the diameter of 5cm, inserting the obtained carbon cloth covered by the super-hydrophilic carbon film into a pre-cut space of 2 x 2cm, enabling the highest point of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material to be 0.4cm away from the polystyrene foam, and then carrying out subsequent evaporation performance test, wherein the evaporation rate is 2.42kg m^-2h^-1。

Example 6

1. Preparation of double-sided arched flexible carbon film (1) the carbon cloth was first cut to the desired size (2 x 3cm) and then washed with acetone, ethanol solution and deionized water for 10min in order to clean the carbon cloth.

(2) After drying in air, the carbon cloth was placed in a magnetron sputtering system (560C). A direct current power supply is used as a sputtering source, the vacuum degree of a sputtering chamber is pumped to 9.0 multiplied by 10 < -4 > Pa through a mechanical pump and a molecular pump in sequence, then argon gas (100sccm) is introduced, and the pressure in the vacuum chamber is adjusted to 0.6 Pa. The sputtering process used a high purity copper target (99.9%) that was pre-sputtered for 15min prior to sputtering to remove oxides from the copper surface. Then, sputtering was performed for 30min under the conditions of an argon flow and a power of 70W, so that the sputtered copper was uniformly deposited on the carbon fiber. And then changing the other side of the carbon cloth, and repeating the steps to ensure that both sides of the carbon cloth are uniformly covered with copper, thereby obtaining the copper-plated carbon cloth with both sides plated with copper.

(3) The obtained copper-plated carbon cloth was washed with acetone, ethanol and deionized water in this order, and dried in air. Then, the copper-coated carbon cloth was immersed in an aqueous solution containing 750mM NaOH and 28mM ammonium persulfate at room temperature for 5min to grow Cu (OH)₂A nanowire. Then rinsing Cu (OH) with deionized water₂Carbon cloth of nano wire, and drying at room temperature to obtain the product with Cu (OH)₂A carbon cloth of nanowires.

(4) Preparing 106mM ethanol trimesic acid mixture, adding 18mL deionized water, adding Cu (OH) in the mixture₂And (3) immersing the carbon cloth of the nanowire into the trimesic acid ethanol mixed solution, growing for 30min at room temperature to obtain the carbon cloth with the Cu-BTC, then thoroughly washing the obtained sample with ethanol, and drying at room temperature.

(5) Placing the carbon cloth with Cu-BTC in a tube furnace, introducing argon for 20min, and introducing argon at a rate of 2 deg.C/min^-1The temperature rise rate of the method is that the sample is calcined for 3 hours at the temperature of 1000 ℃ to obtain the carbon cloth covered by the super-hydrophilic carbon film, namely the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material.

2. Assembled evaporator

Cutting the polystyrene foam into a circle with the diameter of 5cm, inserting the obtained carbon cloth covered by the super-hydrophilic carbon film into a pre-cut space of 2 x 2cm, enabling the highest point of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material to be 0.4cm away from the polystyrene foam, and then carrying out subsequent evaporation performance test, wherein the evaporation rate is 2.6kg m^-2h^-1。

Example 7

1. Preparation of double-sided arched flexible carbon film (1) the carbon cloth was first cut to the desired size (2 x 3cm) and then washed with acetone, ethanol solution and deionized water for 10min in order to clean the carbon cloth.

(2) After drying in air, the carbon cloth was placed in a magnetron sputtering system (560C). A direct current power supply is used as a sputtering source, the vacuum degree of a sputtering chamber is pumped to 9.0 multiplied by 10 < -4 > Pa through a mechanical pump and a molecular pump in sequence, then argon gas (100sccm) is introduced, and the pressure in the vacuum chamber is adjusted to 0.6 Pa. The sputtering process used a high purity copper target (99.9%) that was pre-sputtered for 15min prior to sputtering to remove oxides from the copper surface. Then, sputtering was performed for 30min under the conditions of an argon flow and a power of 70W, so that the sputtered copper was uniformly deposited on the carbon fiber. And then changing the other side of the carbon cloth, and repeating the steps to ensure that both sides of the carbon cloth are uniformly covered with copper, thereby obtaining the copper-plated carbon cloth with both sides plated with copper.

(3) The obtained copper-plated carbon cloth was washed with acetone, ethanol and deionized water in this order, and dried in air. Then, the copper-coated carbon cloth was immersed in an aqueous solution containing 750mM NaOH and 28mM ammonium persulfate at room temperature for 5min to grow Cu (OH)₂A nanowire. Then rinsing Cu (OH) with deionized water₂Carbon cloth of nano wire, and drying at room temperature to obtain the product with Cu (OH)₂A carbon cloth of nanowires.

(4) Preparing 106mM ethanol trimesic acid mixture, adding 18mL deionized water, adding Cu (OH) in the mixture₂And (3) immersing the carbon cloth of the nanowire into the trimesic acid ethanol mixed solution, growing for 30min at room temperature to obtain the carbon cloth with the Cu-BTC, then thoroughly washing the obtained sample with ethanol, and drying at room temperature.

(5) Placing the carbon cloth with Cu-BTC in a tube furnace, introducing argon for 20min, and introducing argon at a rate of 2 deg.C/min^-1The temperature rise rate of the method is that the sample is calcined for 1h at the temperature of 1000 ℃ to obtain the carbon cloth covered by the super-hydrophilic carbon film, namely the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material.

2. Assembled evaporator

Cutting the polystyrene foam into a circle with the diameter of 5cm, inserting the obtained carbon cloth covered by the super-hydrophilic carbon film into a pre-cut space of 2 x 2cm, enabling the highest point of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material to be 0.5cm away from the polystyrene foam, and then carrying out subsequent evaporation performance test, wherein the evaporation rate is 2.49kg m^-2h^-1。

Example 8

1. Preparation of double-sided arched flexible carbon film (1) the carbon cloth was first cut to the desired size (2 x 3cm) and then washed with acetone, ethanol solution and deionized water for 10min in order to clean the carbon cloth.

(2) After drying in air, the carbon cloth was placed in a magnetron sputtering system (560C). A direct current power supply is used as a sputtering source, the vacuum degree of a sputtering chamber is pumped to 9.0 multiplied by 10 < -4 > Pa through a mechanical pump and a molecular pump in sequence, then argon gas (100sccm) is introduced, and the pressure in the vacuum chamber is adjusted to 0.6 Pa. The sputtering process used a high purity copper target (99.9%) that was pre-sputtered for 15min prior to sputtering to remove oxides from the copper surface. Then, sputtering was performed for 30min under the conditions of an argon flow and a power of 70W, so that the sputtered copper was uniformly deposited on the carbon fiber. And then changing the other side of the carbon cloth, and repeating the steps to ensure that both sides of the carbon cloth are uniformly covered with copper, thereby obtaining the copper-plated carbon cloth with both sides plated with copper.

(3) The obtained copper-plated carbon cloth was washed with acetone, ethanol and deionized water in this order, and dried in air. Then, the copper-coated carbon cloth was immersed in an aqueous solution containing 750mM NaOH and 28mM ammonium persulfate at room temperature for 10min to grow Cu (OH)₂A nanowire. Then rinsing Cu (OH) with deionized water₂Carbon cloth of nano wire, and drying at room temperature to obtain the product with Cu (OH)₂A carbon cloth of nanowires.

(4) Preparing 106mM ethanol trimesic acid mixture, adding 18mL deionized water, adding Cu (OH) in the mixture₂And (3) immersing the carbon cloth of the nanowire into the trimesic acid ethanol mixed solution, growing for 30min at room temperature to obtain the carbon cloth with the Cu-BTC, then thoroughly washing the obtained sample with ethanol, and drying at room temperature.

(5) Placing the carbon cloth with Cu-BTC in a tube furnace, introducing argon for 20min, and introducing argon at a rate of 2 deg.C/min^-1The temperature rise rate of the method is that the sample is calcined for 2 hours at the temperature of 1000 ℃ to obtain the carbon cloth covered by the super-hydrophilic carbon film, namely the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material.

2. Assembled evaporator

Cutting polystyrene foam into 5cm diameter circle, and inserting the obtained carbon cloth covered with super-hydrophilic carbon filmPutting the carbon film into a pre-cut space of 2 x 2cm, enabling the highest point of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material to be 0.3cm away from the polystyrene foam, and then carrying out subsequent evaporation performance test, wherein the evaporation rate is 3.1kg m^-2h^-1。

Example 9

1. Preparation of double-sided arched flexible carbon film (1) the carbon cloth was first cut to the desired size (2 x 3cm) and then washed with acetone, ethanol solution and deionized water for 10min in order to clean the carbon cloth.

(2) After drying in air, the carbon cloth was placed in a magnetron sputtering system (560C). A direct current power supply is used as a sputtering source, the vacuum degree of a sputtering chamber is pumped to 9.0 multiplied by 10 < -4 > Pa through a mechanical pump and a molecular pump in sequence, then argon gas (100sccm) is introduced, and the pressure in the vacuum chamber is adjusted to 0.6 Pa. The sputtering process used a high purity copper target (99.9%) that was pre-sputtered for 15min prior to sputtering to remove oxides from the copper surface. Then, sputtering was performed for 30min under the conditions of an argon flow and a power of 70W, so that the sputtered copper was uniformly deposited on the carbon fiber. And then changing the other side of the carbon cloth, and repeating the steps to ensure that both sides of the carbon cloth are uniformly covered with copper, thereby obtaining the copper-plated carbon cloth with both sides plated with copper.

(3) The obtained copper-plated carbon cloth was washed with acetone, ethanol and deionized water in this order, and dried in air. Then, the copper-coated carbon cloth was immersed in an aqueous solution containing 750mM NaOH and 28mM ammonium persulfate at room temperature for 5min to grow Cu (OH)₂A nanowire. Then rinsing Cu (OH) with deionized water₂Carbon cloth of nano wire, and drying at room temperature to obtain the product with Cu (OH)₂A carbon cloth of nanowires.

(4) Preparing 106mM ethanol trimesic acid mixture, adding 18mL deionized water, adding Cu (OH) in the mixture₂And (3) immersing the carbon cloth of the nanowire into the trimesic acid ethanol mixed solution, growing for 30min at room temperature to obtain the carbon cloth with the Cu-BTC, then thoroughly washing the obtained sample with ethanol, and drying at room temperature.

(5) Placing the carbon cloth with Cu-BTC in a tube furnace, introducing argon for 20min, and introducing argon at a rate of 2 deg.C/min^-1The temperature rise rate of (1) is that the sample is calcined for 2 hours at the temperature of 900 ℃ to obtain the super-hydrophilicThe carbon cloth covered by the water-carbon film is the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material.

2. Assembled evaporator

Cutting the polystyrene foam into a circle with the diameter of 5cm, inserting the obtained carbon cloth covered by the super-hydrophilic carbon film into a pre-cut space of 2 x 2cm, enabling the highest point of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material to be 0.3cm away from the polystyrene foam, and then carrying out subsequent evaporation performance test, wherein the evaporation rate is 3.18kg m^-2h^-1。

Example 10

1. Preparation of double-sided arched flexible carbon film (1) the carbon cloth was first cut to the desired size (2 x 3cm) and then washed with acetone, ethanol solution and deionized water for 10min in order to clean the carbon cloth.

(2) After drying in air, the carbon cloth was placed in a magnetron sputtering system (560C). A direct current power supply is used as a sputtering source, the vacuum degree of a sputtering chamber is pumped to 9.0 multiplied by 10 < -4 > Pa through a mechanical pump and a molecular pump in sequence, then argon gas (100sccm) is introduced, and the pressure in the vacuum chamber is adjusted to 0.6 Pa. The sputtering process used a high purity copper target (99.9%) that was pre-sputtered for 15min prior to sputtering to remove oxides from the copper surface. Then, sputtering was performed for 30min under the conditions of an argon flow and a power of 70W, so that the sputtered copper was uniformly deposited on the carbon fiber. And then changing the other side of the carbon cloth, and repeating the steps to ensure that both sides of the carbon cloth are uniformly covered with copper, thereby obtaining the copper-plated carbon cloth with both sides plated with copper.

(3) The obtained copper-plated carbon cloth was washed with acetone, ethanol and deionized water in this order, and dried in air. Then, the copper-coated carbon cloth was immersed in an aqueous solution containing 750mM NaOH and 28mM ammonium persulfate at room temperature for 8min to grow Cu (OH)₂A nanowire. Then rinsing Cu (OH) with deionized water₂Carbon cloth of nano wire, and drying at room temperature to obtain the product with Cu (OH)₂A carbon cloth of nanowires.

(4) Preparing 106mM ethanol trimesic acid mixture, adding 18mL deionized water, adding Cu (OH) in the mixture₂Immersing carbon cloth of the nanowire into the mixed solution of trimesic acid and ethanol, growing for 30min at room temperature to obtain carbon cloth with Cu-BTC, and then putting the carbon cloth with Cu-BTCThe obtained sample is thoroughly washed with ethanol and dried at room temperature.

(5) Placing the carbon cloth with Cu-BTC in a tube furnace, introducing argon for 20min, and introducing argon at a rate of 2 deg.C/min^-1The temperature rise rate of the method is that the sample is calcined for 2 hours at the temperature of 900 ℃ to obtain the carbon cloth covered by the super-hydrophilic carbon film, namely the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material.

2. Assembled evaporator

Cutting the polystyrene foam into a circle with the diameter of 5cm, inserting the obtained carbon cloth covered by the super-hydrophilic carbon film into a pre-cut space of 2 x 2cm, enabling the highest point of the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material to be 0.3cm away from the polystyrene foam, and then carrying out subsequent evaporation performance test, wherein the evaporation rate is 3.24kg m^-2h^-1。

As shown in FIG. 1, the morphology of the sample at each stage of synthesis was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and in FIG. 1(b), after the Cu layer on the carbon cloth was oxidized, Cu (OH) was formed perpendicular to the surface of the carbon cloth₂Nanowires with an average diameter of about 200 nm. Then growing Cu (OH)₂The carbon of the nanowires was placed in an ethanol/deionized water solution with the aid of H3BTC, Cu (OH)₂The surface of the nanowire is provided with Cu²⁺Ion to generate Cu-BTC MOF, wherein H3BTC induces Cu (OH)₂Conversion to MOFs with uniform polyhedral structure is shown in fig. 1 (c).

FIG. 2 is an SEM image of Cu-BTC-carbon cloth after carbonization at different temperatures (700 deg.C, 800 deg.C, 900 deg.C, 1000 deg.C, respectively). It can be clearly seen from the figure that as the temperature increases, the MOF is carbonized with the release of organic ligands, so that partial collapse of the structure occurs. Especially at 1000 c, it can be seen that the carbonized MOF had not been uniformly coated on the carbon fiber surface. And can exhibit the best state at 800 ℃, and the carbon film is uniformly covered on the surface of the carbon cloth, so that the moisture can be ensured to be sufficiently transported to the carbon film.

As shown in FIG. 3, the mass change within 1h was from 1.2kg m with the growth of Cu-BTC MOF on carbon cloth^-2Increased to 2.2kg m^-2. After carbonization, the mass change is further increased to 3.24kg m^-2. This is because MOF becomes black carbon film after calcination, which further increases the absorbance, and these black nanoparticles can confine the transported water inside the particles, not in the pores of the carbon cloth, thereby improving the photothermal conversion efficiency.

In order to study the evaporation performance of arched carbon film evaporators of different heights, we explored the evaporation rate of the evaporators of 0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4 and 0.5 heights under one sun respectively. The experimental data show that the evaporation rates of 0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5 heights in one hour are respectively 2.24kg m^-2h^-1，2.67kg m^-2h^-1，3.24kg m^-2h^-1，2.60kg m^-2h^-1And 2.49kg m^-2h^-1. As shown in fig. 4, the evaporation rate generally increases and then decreases as the height increases. This is because too low a height results in excessive heat loss due to excessive water, while too high a height results in insufficient water, thereby reducing the evaporation rate.

In addition, we have also found that our double-sided arched carbon film has not only excellent evaporation performance but also steam power generation performance. As shown in fig. 5, a 2 x 1.6cm carbon film can generate 81mV under normal sunlight.

In summary, the double-sided arched flexible carbon film material has excellent capillary action due to the unique nano-scale structure, and the ultrahigh evaporation efficiency and the steam power generation performance caused by double-sided evaporation provide a brand-new photo-thermal conversion material for the solar-driven interface seawater desalination technology.