阅读说明：本技术 桁架楼层板 (Truss floor plate ) 是由 周建滨 王浩 曹荣利 王志国 孟凡超 岳琪 刘亚莉 杜坤 王勇 于 2021-10-14 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明提供的一种桁架楼层板,包括桁架、底模、连接件,所述桁架通过连接件固定连接到底模上,所述桁架包括一个上弦筋11、一对下弦筋及一对腹杆,连接件包括本体,本体上设置凹槽,该凹槽设置一对相对的凸起,下弦筋或者靠近下弦筋的腹杆设置在凹槽底面与所述一对凸起之间。本发明提供的桁架楼层板具有以下优点：连接件采用钢筋或钢片成Ω型,金属连接件焊接可与钢筋桁架生产同步加工完成,便于机械化自动化生产提高效率,同时大大提高了桁架与模板之间的连接固定强度。同时可兼具混凝土保护层垫块的作用,施工过程中在该预留空间内浇筑混凝土,能够很好的保证最外层钢筋混凝土保护层的厚度,满足国家相应标准的要求。(The invention provides a truss floor plate which comprises a truss, a bottom die and a connecting piece, wherein the truss is fixedly connected to the bottom die through the connecting piece, the truss comprises an upper chord rib 11, a pair of lower chord ribs and a pair of web members, the connecting piece comprises a body, a groove is formed in the body, a pair of opposite bulges are arranged in the groove, and the lower chord ribs or the web members close to the lower chord ribs are arranged between the bottom surface of the groove and the pair of bulges. The truss floor plate provided by the invention has the following advantages: the connecting piece adopts reinforcing bar or steel sheet to become omega type, and the welding of metal connecting piece can be accomplished with the synchronous processing of steel bar truss production, and the mechanized automated production of being convenient for improves efficiency, has improved the fixed intensity of being connected between truss and the template simultaneously greatly. Meanwhile, the concrete protective layer cushion block has the function of a concrete protective layer cushion block, concrete is poured in the reserved space in the construction process, the thickness of the outermost reinforced concrete protective layer can be well guaranteed, and the requirements of national corresponding standards are met.)

1. The truss floor plate comprises a truss (10), a bottom die (20) and a connecting piece (30), the truss (10) is fixedly connected to the bottom die (20) through a connecting piece (30), the truss (10) comprises an upper chord rib (11), a pair of lower chord ribs (12) and a pair of web members (13), the upper chord ribs (11) and the pair of lower chord ribs (12) are parallel to each other and are arranged at equal distance from the pair of lower chord ribs (12), the upper chord tendon (11) is respectively connected with the pair of lower chord tendons (12) through a pair of web members (13), characterized in that the connecting piece (30) comprises a body (31), a groove (32) is arranged on the body (31), the groove (32) is provided with a pair of opposite bulges (33), and the lower chord (12) or the web member (13) close to the lower chord (12) is arranged between the bottom surface of the groove (32) and the pair of bulges (33).

2. The truss floor panel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the projection (33) is connected to the upper surface of the body (31) with an upward and outward inclination.

3. The truss floor slab as claimed in claim 2, wherein the groove (32) is arc-shaped, and the arc-shaped groove (32) and the pair of protrusions (33) are omega-shaped in cross section.

4. The truss floor slab as claimed in claim 3, wherein the arc segment central angle degree of the arc-shaped groove (32) is greater than 180 degrees and 210 degrees or less.

5. The truss floor panel as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the body (31) of the connector (30) is formed by bending steel bars or steel sheets.

6. The truss floor panel as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the bottom form (20) is a fiber cement slab.

7. The truss floor panel of claim 5, wherein the bottom form (20) is a fiber cement slab.

8. The truss floor panel as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the connecting members (30) are a plurality; when fixed to the lower chord (12), the connectors (30) are respectively connected to one chord of the pair of lower chord (12) or two chords of the pair of lower chord (12); when it is fixed to the web members (13) near the lower chord (12), the connecting members (30) are each connected to a lower protruding portion of one of the pair of web members (13) or to a lower protruding portion of both of the pair of web members (13), respectively.

9. The truss floor panel as claimed in claim 5, wherein the connecting members (30) are a plurality; when fixed to the lower chord (12), the connectors (30) are respectively connected to one chord of the pair of lower chord (12) or two chords of the pair of lower chord (12); when it is fixed to the web members (13) near the lower chord (12), the connecting members (30) are each connected to the lower projecting portion of one of the pair of web members (13) or to the lower projecting portions of both of the pair of web members (13), respectively.

10. The truss floor panel as claimed in claim 6, wherein the connecting members (30) are a plurality; when fixed to the lower chord (12), the connectors (30) are respectively connected to one chord of the pair of lower chord (12) or two chords of the pair of lower chord (12); when it is fixed to the web members (13) near the lower chord (12), the connecting members (30) are each connected to the lower projecting portion of one of the pair of web members (13) or to the lower projecting portions of both of the pair of web members (13), respectively.

Technical Field

The invention relates to a building prefabricated part, in particular to a truss floor plate, which is used for bearing the dead weight and the construction load of cast-in-place concrete in building construction and is superposed with the cast-in-place concrete into a whole to form a floor plate or a floor slab.

Background

Fabricated buildings are buildings assembled on site from prefabricated parts. At present, the assembly type building technology of overseas European and American developed countries is mature, the adoption of industrial production and assembly type construction becomes a main construction mode, and most prefabricated parts and components realize standardization, serialization and industrialization. China introduces foreign assembly type building technology from the end of the last century, and particularly, the country vigorously pushes assembly type building in recent years. The social investment projects are brought into the construction condition opinions, the proportion of the assembled building is definite, and the proportion reaches more than 25 percent at present and reaches more than 40 percent by 2025 years. Calculated according to 3.2 hundred million square meters of newly-worked building area per year in the current province, the number of the newly-worked building area per year can reach more than 1.2 hundred million square meters per year.

At present, the national strongly pushes assembly type buildings, industrial production and assembly type construction are certainly to become main construction modes in the future, most prefabricated components and parts are standardized, serialized and industrialized, especially prefabricated stairs and laminated plates are popularized and applied in a large quantity, and the development of the assembly type buildings is positively promoted. In recent years, the concrete truss composite slab is used in a large amount in the construction industry, and the product can reduce wet operation in the construction process and the using amount of construction templates and scaffolds, reduce labor consumption, reduce construction difficulty and improve construction efficiency. The existing concrete truss composite slab is manufactured in advance to form a truss consisting of an upper chord member, a web member and a lower chord member, the lower chord member and part of the web member are embedded into a concrete bottom plate when the concrete bottom plate is poured to form the concrete truss composite slab, and the lower chord member is simultaneously used as a longitudinal inner rib of the concrete bottom plate. The thickness of the concrete truss composite slab with the structure is required to be ensured to be more than 60mm, otherwise, the bottom plate can be distorted, the requirement on the rigidity of the composite slab in the building construction process cannot be met, the larger the thickness of the concrete bottom plate is, the larger the self weight is, so that the self weight of the whole structure of the building is increased, the volume of foundation structural members such as beams, columns and walls is increased, the utilization rate of the indoor area of the building and the floor height clearance are reduced, the strength of the concrete truss composite slab is also limited, cracks are easily generated in the transportation and installation processes, and the defective rate is higher.

At present prefabricated staircase, balcony, superimposed sheet have obtained a large amount of popularization and application, have played positive promotion effect to the development of assembly type structure. However, there are many disadvantages and problems associated with precast concrete composite slabs, which restrict the rapid development of prefabricated buildings, including the following aspects: firstly, the production technology is complicated, and the transportation installation is inconvenient, secondly need set up the post-cast strip, and the construction degree of difficulty is big, and thirdly reduces indoor net height, and engineering cost is higher relatively.

1. Complicated production process and inconvenient transportation and installation

At present, the precast concrete laminated slab production line adopted by most enterprises in China has large equipment investment and low automation degree, belongs to semi-mechanical and semi-manual production, and mostly adopts manual operation in the procedures of mold assembly, reinforcement, concrete leveling and the like, so that the production process is complex and the labor cost is high. In addition, the precast concrete composite slab has larger weight, is inconvenient to transport and install, and is easy to crack if not hoisted properly.

2. Need to set up post-cast strip, the construction degree of difficulty is big

Transverse stressed steel bars cannot be arranged in the precast concrete composite slab in a full-length mode, beard ribs need to be left on two sides, a concrete post-pouring belt of about 300mm is arranged in a slab joint connection mode, a hanging die needs to be erected, construction is complex, and difficulty is high.

3. The indoor clear height is reduced, and the construction cost is relatively high.

The precast concrete superimposed sheet is generally 60mm thick, and the upside is pour 70mm concrete at least, and floor thickness minimum is 130mm, compares with ordinary cast in situ concrete floor (ordinary span is the thick 100mm of board below 3.6m generally), uses 30mm thick concrete more, reduces indoor effective layer height 30mm, and the house comfort level reduces, and engineering cost is higher relatively.

4. The connecting piece has the risk of fixation failure

Most adoption plastic connecting piece is connected to traditional building carrier plate, and easy ageing, fire behavior is poor in case suffer the fire hazard and can cause in case exempt from to tear open the fixed inefficacy of template, has great quality and potential safety hazard.

5. The connecting piece is not firmly fixed with the lower chord steel bar

The existing metal connecting piece is connected with the truss through welding, the production process is complex, and the mechanical production is difficult; and the plastic connecting piece and the truss reinforcing steel bar cannot be welded and fixed in a real sense, and the efficient high-quality synchronous production of the connecting piece and the truss reinforcing steel bar cannot be realized.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a truss floor slab which can solve the defects in the prior art. The truss floor plate provided by the invention has the advantages of simple production process and convenience in transportation and construction; the building can be designed according to the traditional reinforced concrete floor without arranging a post-cast strip; ensuring the indoor clear height, and the obvious technical progress and the outstanding technical effect of relatively low construction cost.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:

truss floor board, including truss 10, die block 20, connecting piece 30, truss 10 passes through connecting piece 30 fixed connection to on the die block 20, truss 10 includes an upper chord muscle 11, a pair of lower chord muscle 12 and a pair of web member 13, upper chord muscle 11 is parallel to each other and sets up with this a pair of lower chord muscle 12 equidistance with a pair of lower chord muscle 12, upper chord muscle 11 is connected with a pair of lower chord muscle 12 respectively through a pair of web member 13, connecting piece 30 includes body 31, set up recess 32 on the body 31, this recess 32 sets up a pair of relative arch 33, lower chord muscle 12 or the web member 13 that is close to lower chord muscle 12 set up in recess 32 bottom surface with between a pair of arch 33.

Further, as described above for the truss floor slab, the protrusion 33 is connected to the upper surface of the body 31 to be inclined upward and outward.

Further, in the truss floor slab described above, the groove 32 is arc-shaped, and the cross section of the arc-shaped groove 32 and the pair of protrusions 33 is Ω -shaped.

Further, according to the truss floor slab, the central angle of the arc section of the arc-shaped groove 32 is greater than 180 degrees and less than or equal to 210 degrees.

Further, according to the truss floor plate, the body 31 of the connecting member 30 is formed by bending a steel bar or a steel sheet.

Further, in the truss floor slab, the bottom mold 20 is a fiber cement slab.

Further, as for the truss floor plate, the number of the connecting pieces 30 is several; when it is fixed to the lower-chord wire 12, the connectors 30 are each connected to one of the pair of lower-chord wires 12, or to both of the pair of lower-chord wires 12, respectively; the connecting members 30 are each connected to a lower projecting portion of one of the pair of web members 13, or to lower projecting portions of both of the pair of web members 13, respectively, when they are fixed to the web members 13 adjacent to the lower chord 12.

In the invention:

the truss floor plate is a three-dimensional combined template which integrates a truss and a flat plate (a disassembly-free bottom die) so as to bear the self weight of cast-in-place concrete and construction load;

the fiber cement flat plate is a plate prepared by molding, pressurizing and autoclaving cement serving as a cementing material and organic synthetic fibers, inorganic mineral fibers or cellulose fibers serving as a reinforcing material; in order to ensure that the fiber cement flat plate can bear the self weight and the construction load of cast-in-place concrete in the construction process, the performance index of the fiber cement flat plate is controlled in the following range: apparent density of 1.0-1.5 g/cm3, water absorption of 20-35%, wet expansion rate of 0.2-0.3%, water retention and breaking strength of 10-20%, impact strength of 1.5-3.0 KJ/m2, aspect ratio of 55-65%, and breaking strength ratio of 65-75%;

the truss refers to a structure in which the rods are connected to each other. Preferably, the steel bars are used as rod members to form a plane or space structure with triangular units, and the plane or space structure comprises an upper chord, a pair of lower chords and web members which are connected with each other through resistance spot welding.

The connecting piece is a special connecting piece for connecting the truss and the fiber cement flat plate (bottom die).

The truss floor plate provided by the invention is a three-dimensional combined floor bearing plate which integrates a truss and a flat plate (a disassembly-free bottom die), is particularly suitable for concrete and steel structure fabricated buildings in areas with 8 degrees and below 8 degrees of seismic fortification intensity, and has the following beneficial technical effects.

1. The connecting piece creatively adopts the reinforcing bar or steel sheet to bend into omega type, and production technology is simple, and the truss is directly buckled on omega type connecting piece, should be convenient for realize mechanized automated production.

2. The welding of the metal connecting piece can be finished synchronously with the production of the steel bar truss, so that the processes are reduced, the production efficiency is improved, and the connecting and fixing strength between the truss and the non-dismantling formwork is greatly improved.

3. The connecting piece has the effect of concrete protective layer cushion concurrently, and concreting in this headspace in the work progress, the thickness of the outermost reinforced concrete protective layer of assurance that can be fine satisfies the requirement of national corresponding standard.

4. According to the design of the traditional reinforced concrete floor slab, a post-cast strip is not required to be arranged. The thickness of the bottom die of the truss floor slab provided by the invention is generally 10-20 mm, the truss floor slab does not participate in structural stress calculation, the floor slab design is designed according to the common cast-in-place concrete floor slab, and the design and calculation are simple. The upper side of the bottom die can be laid with a full-length transverse stress reinforcing steel bar, and a concrete post-pouring belt is not needed at the joint of the plate joints, so that the construction is convenient.

5. Ensuring indoor clear height and relatively low construction cost. Compared with the precast concrete composite slab, the truss floor slab provided by the invention is applied to a middle-span floor slab and a small-span floor slab, the thickness of the floor slab can be reduced, the clear height of the floor slab is ensured, the surface of a floor slab bottom mold is smooth, and the truss floor slab can replace a floor slab cast-in-place concrete template to meet the plastering-free requirement. The living comfort of the house is ensured, and the construction cost is reduced.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a first embodiment of a truss floor panel provided in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a second embodiment of a truss floor panel provided in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of a third embodiment of a truss floor panel provided in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of a fourth embodiment of the truss floor panel provided in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic structural view of a fifth example of a truss floor panel provided in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic structural view of a sixth embodiment of a truss floor panel provided in accordance with the present invention;

fig. 7 is a perspective view of a truss floor panel provided by the present invention.

Wherein: 10-truss, 11-upper chord rib, 12-lower chord rib 13-web member, 20-bottom die, 30-connecting piece, 31-body, 32-groove, 33-protrusion and 34-screw.

Detailed Description

The following description of the embodiments of the present invention is provided for illustrative purposes, and other advantages and effects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the present disclosure.

The structures, ratios, sizes, and the like of the present specification are only used for matching with the contents disclosed in the specification, so as to be understood and read by those skilled in the art, and are not used to limit the conditions that the present invention can be implemented, so that the present invention has no technical significance, and any structural modifications, changes in the ratio relationship, or adjustments of the sizes, without affecting the efficacy and the achievable purpose of the present invention, should still fall within the range that the technical contents disclosed in the present invention can cover. In addition, the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "middle" and "one" used in the present specification are for clarity of description, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and the relative relationship between the terms and the terms is not to be construed as a scope of the present invention.

The following examples are for illustrative purposes only. The various embodiments may be combined, and are not limited to what is presented in the following single embodiment.

In this embodiment:

referring to fig. 1 to 3 and 7, the truss floor slab provided by the present invention includes a truss 10, a bottom mold 20 and a connecting member 30, wherein the truss 10 is fixedly connected to the bottom mold 20 through the connecting member 30, the truss 10 includes an upper chord 11, a pair of lower chord 12 and a pair of web members 13, the upper chord 11 and the pair of lower chord 12 are parallel to each other and are disposed at an equal distance from the pair of lower chord 12, the upper chord 11 is connected to the pair of lower chord 12 through the pair of web members 13, the connecting member 30 includes a body 31, the body 31 is provided with a groove 32, the groove 32 is provided with a pair of opposite protrusions 33, the protrusions 33 are connected to the upper surface of the body 31 in an upward and outward inclined manner, that the groove is gradually reduced from the opening of the surface of the body 21 to the protrusion 33, the groove 32 is in an arc shape, the cross sections of the arc groove 32 and the pair of protrusions 33 are in an inverted shape, i.e. the opening of the circular arc-shaped groove 32 faces upwards. The central angle of the arc segment of the arc-shaped groove 32 is greater than 180 degrees and less than or equal to 210 degrees, and for example, 182 degrees is adopted in the present embodiment. The body 31 of the connecting member 30 is formed by bending a steel bar. Illustratively, the bottom mold 20 is a fiber cement flat plate. The lower chord 12 is connected to the upper surface structure of the body 31 by means of the guide of the protrusion 33 inclining upwards and outwards, and is pressed into the space formed by the bottom surface of the groove 32 and the surrounded by the pair of protrusions 33 under the action of external force, and the truss 10 is fixed in the groove 32 through the lower chord 12 to realize firm fixation with the connecting piece 30. Preferably, the upper chord steel bar of the steel bar truss is HRB 400-grade steel bar, the lower chord steel bar is CRB 600-grade steel bar, and the web members are HPB 300-grade steel bars.

In order to overcome the defects of large self weight, large thickness and large construction difficulty in the concrete pouring process of the traditional precast concrete bottom die, a fiber cement flat plate is preferably selected as the bottom die 20. In order to ensure that the fiber cement flat plate can bear the self weight and the construction load of cast-in-place concrete in the construction process, the performance index of the fiber cement flat plate is controlled in the following range: apparent density of 1.0-1.5 g/cm3, water absorption of 20-35%, wet expansion rate of 0.2-0.3%, water retention and breaking strength of 10-20%, impact strength of 1.5-3.0 KJ/m2, aspect ratio of 55-65%, and breaking strength of 65-75%.

In this embodiment:

referring to fig. 1 to 3 and 7, the truss floor slab provided by the present invention includes a truss 10, a bottom mold 20 and a connecting member 30, wherein the truss 10 is fixedly connected to the bottom mold 20 through the connecting member 30, the truss 10 includes an upper chord 11, a pair of lower chord 12 and a pair of web members 13, the upper chord 11 and the pair of lower chord 12 are parallel to each other and are disposed at an equal distance from the pair of lower chord 12, the upper chord 11 is connected to the pair of lower chord 12 through the pair of web members 13, the connecting member 30 includes a body 31, the body 31 is provided with a groove 32, the groove 32 is provided with a pair of opposite protrusions 33, the protrusions 33 are connected to the upper surface of the body 31 in an upward and outward inclined manner, that the groove is gradually reduced from the opening of the surface of the body 21 to the protrusion 33, the groove 32 is arc-shaped, the cross sections of the arc-shaped groove 32 and the pair of protrusions 33 are in an omega shape that is rotated by 90 degrees counterclockwise, i.e. the opening of the circular arc-shaped groove 32 faces outwards. The central angle of the arc segment of the arc-shaped groove 32 is greater than 180 degrees and less than or equal to 210 degrees, and for example, 200 degrees is adopted in the present embodiment. The body 31 of the connecting member 30 is formed by bending a steel bar. The connecting members 30 are provided in a plurality, and are fixed to the lower chord 12, and each of the connecting members 30 simultaneously spans two chords of a pair of the lower chord 12. Preferably, the upper chord and the lower chord of the steel bar truss adopt HRB 400-grade steel bars, and the web members adopt HPB 300-grade steel bars.

In this embodiment:

referring to fig. 4 to 6 and 7, the truss floor slab provided by the present invention includes a truss 10, a bottom mold 20 and a connecting member 30, wherein the truss 10 is fixedly connected to the bottom mold 20 through the connecting member 30, the truss 10 includes an upper chord 11, a pair of lower chord 12 and a pair of web members 13, the upper chord 11 and the pair of lower chord 12 are parallel to each other and are disposed at an equal distance from the pair of lower chord 12, the upper chord 11 is connected to the pair of lower chord 12 through the pair of web members 13, the connecting member 30 includes a body 31, a groove 32 is disposed on the body 31, the groove 32 is provided with a pair of opposite protrusions 33, the protrusions 33 are connected to the upper surface of the body 31 in an upward and outward inclined manner, that the groove is gradually reduced from the opening of the surface of the body 21 to the protrusion 33, the groove 32 is arc-shaped, the cross sections of the arc-shaped groove 32 and the pair of protrusions 33 are in an Ω -shaped form that rotates clockwise by 90 degrees, i.e. the opening of the circular arc shaped groove 32 faces inwards. The central angle of the arc segment of the arc-shaped groove 32 is greater than 180 degrees and less than or equal to 210 degrees, and for example, 210 degrees is adopted in the present embodiment. The body 31 of the connecting piece 30 is formed by bending a steel sheet. The web member 13 is welded to the lower chord 12, and at the welding point, the web member 13 is provided with a convex part outwards, the convex part of the web member 13 is connected to the guide of the upper surface structure of the body 31 by the protrusion 33 inclining upwards and outwards, and is pressed into the space formed by the bottom surface of the groove 32 and the surrounding of the pair of protrusions 33 under the action of external force, and the truss 10 is fixed in the groove 32 through the web member 13 to realize the firm fixation with the connecting piece 30. Illustratively, the bottom mold 20 is a fiber cement flat plate. Preferably, the upper chord steel bar of the steel bar truss is HRB 400-grade steel bar, the lower chord steel bar is CRB 600-grade steel bar, and the web members are HPB 300-grade steel bars.

In conclusion, the truss floor plate provided by the invention is a three-dimensional combined floor bearing plate which is formed by connecting a steel bar truss and a fiber cement flat plate into a whole, and has the following technical progress and economic benefit.

1. The connecting piece creatively adopts the reinforcing bar or steel sheet to bend into omega type, and production technology is simple, and the truss is directly buckled on omega type connecting piece, should be convenient for realize mechanized automated production.

2. The welding of the metal connecting piece can be finished synchronously with the production of the steel bar truss, so that the processes are reduced, the production efficiency is improved, and the connecting and fixing strength between the truss and the non-dismantling formwork is greatly improved.

3. The connecting piece has the effect of concrete protective layer cushion concurrently, and concreting in this headspace in the work progress, the thickness of the outermost reinforced concrete protective layer of assurance that can be fine satisfies the requirement of national corresponding standard.

4. According to the design of the traditional reinforced concrete floor slab, a post-cast strip is not required to be arranged. The thickness of the bottom die of the truss floor slab provided by the invention is generally 10-20 mm, the truss floor slab does not participate in structural stress calculation, the floor slab design is designed according to the common cast-in-place concrete floor slab, and the design and calculation are simple. The upper side of the bottom die can be laid with a full-length transverse stress reinforcing steel bar, and a concrete post-pouring belt is not needed at the joint of the plate joints, so that the construction is convenient.

5. Ensuring indoor clear height and relatively low construction cost. Compared with the precast concrete composite slab, the truss floor slab provided by the invention is applied to a middle-span floor slab and a small-span floor slab, the thickness of the floor slab can be reduced, the clear height of the floor slab is ensured, the surface of a floor slab bottom mold is smooth, and the truss floor slab can replace a floor slab cast-in-place concrete template to meet the plastering-free requirement. The living comfort of the house is ensured, and the construction cost is reduced. In conclusion, the present invention effectively overcomes various disadvantages of the prior art and has high industrial utilization value.

The foregoing embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and utilities of the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention. Any person skilled in the art can modify or change the above-mentioned embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, it is intended that all equivalent modifications or changes which can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and technical spirit of the present invention be covered by the claims of the present invention.