阅读说明：本技术 一种白及块茎的分龄采收方法 (Age-based harvesting method for bletilla striata tubers ) 是由 周颖 李朝桢 张家春 戚燕强 周鑫伟 熊鹏飞 张子雄 张珍明 孙超 于 2021-07-15 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种白及块茎的分龄采收方法,属于中药材采收技术领域,本方法包括以下步骤：(S1)白及植株选择,(S2)白及植株采挖,(S3)白及块茎分龄,(S4)白及块茎采收与初加工；本发明提供了一种按白及块茎生长年龄的分龄采收方法,分龄后的白及块茎,1年龄、2年龄白及块茎作为药用白及块茎进行采收与初加工,1年龄、2年龄白及块茎鲜重占总鲜重的90%以上,采取本发明提供的白及块茎的分龄采收方法,白及块茎产量基本不受影响,但有效提高了药用白及块茎中白及多糖的含量,同时3年龄白及块茎的总酚、1,4-二[4-(葡萄糖氧)苄基]-2-异丁基苹果酸酯含量高,本发明提高了白及的综合利用价值。(The invention discloses a method for harvesting bletilla striata tubers according to ages, which belongs to the technical field of Chinese medicinal material harvesting and comprises the following steps: (S1) selecting bletilla striata plants, (S2) digging the bletilla striata plants, (S3) aging the bletilla striata tubers, (S4) harvesting and primarily processing the bletilla striata tubers; the invention provides a harvesting method according to the growth age of bletilla striata tubers, the aged bletilla striata tubers, 1 age and 2 age bletilla striata tubers are used as medicinal bletilla striata tubers to be harvested and primarily processed, the fresh weight of the 1 age and 2 age bletilla striata tubers accounts for more than 90% of the total fresh weight, the harvesting method of the aged bletilla striata tubers provided by the invention has the advantages that the yield of the bletilla striata tubers is basically not influenced, the content of bletilla striata polysaccharides in the medicinal bletilla striata tubers is effectively improved, meanwhile, the content of total phenols, 1, 4-bis [4- (glucose oxygen) benzyl ] -2-isobutyl malate in the 3 age bletilla striata tubers is high, and the comprehensive utilization value of the bletilla striata is improved.)

1. A method for harvesting bletilla striata tubers according to ages is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(S1) bletilla striata plant selection: selecting bletilla striata plants which are artificially planted for 3 years or 4 years and reach the harvest time;

(S2) harvesting rhizoma bletillae: digging rhizoma bletilla plants in the step (S1), digging loose soil with a shovel, taking out the whole rhizoma bletilla plants in the soil when the soil is aired to be loose, removing soil on the surface, soaking the rhizoma bletilla plants in tap water for 1 hour, and thoroughly cleaning the soil on the surfaces of rhizoma bletilla tubers and roots;

(S3) age-divided rhizoma bletillae tubers: classifying the rhizoma bletillae tubers harvested in the step (S2) according to growth age, and classifying into 4 rhizoma bletillae tubers of 1 age, 2 ages, 3 ages or 4 ages;

(S4) harvesting and primary processing of rhizoma bletillae tubers: and (S3) boiling the bletilla striata tubers of 1 age and 2 ages in the step (S3) in boiling water respectively until no white heart exists, taking out the bletilla striata tubers of 3 ages or 4 ages, and naturally drying the bletilla striata tubers in an oven at 65 ℃.

2. The harvesting method for the bletilla striata tubers according to the claim 1, which is characterized in that: the bletilla striata plants in the step (S1) are bletilla striata, the flower is purple flower, the tuber is oblate spherical, and the harvesting period is after the overground part of the bletilla striata is poured.

3. The harvesting method for the bletilla striata tubers according to the claim 1, which is characterized in that: and (S3) classifying the bletilla striata tubers in the step (S3) according to growth age, wherein the bletilla striata tubers with buds are classified into 1-age bletilla striata tubers, and the bletilla striata tubers with buds are sequentially classified into 2-age bletilla striata tubers, 3-age bletilla striata tubers and 4-age bletilla striata tubers from 1-age bletilla striata tubers along internodes.

4. The harvesting method for the bletilla striata tubers according to the claim 1, which is characterized in that: and (S4) selecting rhizoma bletillae tubers of 1 age and 2 ages as medicinal rhizoma bletillae tubers, air-drying or drying the rhizoma bletillae tubers of 1 age, 2 age, 3 age and 4 age, crushing the rhizoma bletillae tubers by using a crusher, sieving the rhizoma bletillae tubers with a 60-mesh sieve, fully and uniformly mixing the rhizoma bletillae tubers for later use, and measuring the contents of rhizoma bletillae polysaccharides, total phenols and 1, 4-bis [4- (glucosyloxy) benzyl ] -2-isobutyl malate.

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of Chinese medicinal material harvesting, in particular to a method for harvesting bletilla striata tubers according to ages.

Background

The bletilla striata is a perennial herb of the genus bletilla of the family orchidaceae, is taken as a medicine by dried tubers, has more than two thousand years of medicinal history in China, and has the pharmacological effects of stopping bleeding, resisting bacteria and tumors, promoting the growth of vascular endothelial cells and the like. The bletilla striata contains a plurality of chemical components, including small molecular compounds such as bibenzyls, dihydrophenanthrenes, diphenanthrenes, terpenes, ethers and the like, but the content is low, so that the bletilla striata is not suitable to be used as a quality index for evaluating the bletilla striata, and generally, medicinal active components with high content, namely bletilla striata polysaccharide and total phenol, are used as quality evaluation indexes. In the 'Chinese pharmacopoeia' of 2020 edition, 1, 4-bis [4- (glucosyloxy) benzyl ] -2-isobutyl malate (mileanine) is added with rhizoma bletilla content determination index. The contents of bletilla polysaccharide, total phenol and militarine in bletilla striata tubers are closely related to the cultivation age, the polysaccharide content in the bletilla striata tubers is reduced along with the increase of the cultivation age, the contents of the total phenol and the militarine are increased along with the increase of the cultivation age, and in order to meet the market requirements, people increase the artificial cultivation and planting of bletilla striata. With the increasing of the artificial planting area of the rhizoma bletillae, the quality of the rhizoma bletillae tubers is uneven due to different planting technologies. The harvesting and the initial processing of the Chinese medicinal materials in the producing area have important influence on the yield and the quality of the Chinese medicinal materials. Rhizoma bletillae is used as a perennial Chinese medicinal material, and the period from planting to harvesting is 3 years or 4 years. The traditional bletilla striata harvesting method is to uniformly harvest white and tubers according to ages after 3 years or 4 years of planting. However, the bletilla striata tubers growing for 3 or 4 years are long in growth age, and fibrosis of different degrees can occur, so that the content of bletilla striata polysaccharide in the bletilla striata tubers growing for 3 or 4 years is low, harvesting is not performed according to the age, and the quality of the bletilla striata tubers is uneven. In order to meet the requirements of the market on the yield and the quality of the bletilla striata, an efficient bletilla striata tuber harvesting method is urgently needed, the market demand of the bletilla striata can be guaranteed, the quality of the bletilla striata can be improved, and the comprehensive utilization value of the bletilla striata resources is optimized to the maximum extent.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art and provide a method for harvesting bletilla striata tubers according to ages, the bletilla striata tubers are good in quality, the comprehensive utilization rate of plants is high, and the problems in the background art can be effectively solved.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: the harvesting method for bletilla striata tubers according to ages comprises the following steps:

(S1) bletilla striata plant selection: selecting bletilla striata plants which are artificially planted for 3 years or 4 years and reach the harvest time;

(S2) harvesting rhizoma bletillae: digging rhizoma bletilla plants in the step (S1), digging loose soil with a shovel, taking out the whole rhizoma bletilla plants in the soil when the soil is aired to be loose, removing soil on the surface, soaking the rhizoma bletilla plants in tap water for 1 hour, and thoroughly cleaning the soil on the surfaces of rhizoma bletilla tubers and roots;

(S3) age-divided rhizoma bletillae tubers: classifying the rhizoma bletillae tubers harvested in the step (S2) according to growth age, and classifying into 4 rhizoma bletillae tubers of 1 age, 2 ages, 3 ages or 4 ages;

(S4) harvesting and primary processing of rhizoma bletillae tubers: and (S3) boiling the bletilla striata tubers of 1 age and 2 ages in the step (S3) in boiling water respectively until no white heart exists, taking out the bletilla striata tubers of 3 ages or 4 ages, and naturally drying the bletilla striata tubers in an oven at 65 ℃.

Further, the bletilla striata plants in the step (S1) are bletilla striata, the flower is purple flower, the tuber is oblate spherical, and the harvesting period is after the overground part of the bletilla striata is poured.

Further, the bletilla striata tubers in the step (S3) are classified according to growth age, the bletilla striata tubers with buds are classified into 1-age bletilla striata tubers, and the bletilla striata tubers with buds are sequentially classified into 2-age bletilla striata tubers, 3-age bletilla striata tubers and 4-age bletilla striata tubers from 1-age bletilla striata tubers along internodes.

Further, in the step (S4), the rhizoma bletillae tubers of 1 age and 2 ages are selected as medicinal rhizoma bletillae tubers, the rhizoma bletillae tubers of 1 age, 2 age, 3 age and 4 ages are air-dried or dried and then crushed by a crusher, the rhizoma bletillae tubers are sieved by a 60-mesh sieve and are fully and uniformly mixed for later use, and the contents of rhizoma bletillae polysaccharides, total phenols and 1, 4-bis [4- (glucosyloxy) benzyl ] -2-isobutyl malate are measured.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: the harvesting method of bletilla striata tubers by ages has the following advantages:

harvesting and primarily processing aged rhizoma bletillae tubers, namely the rhizoma bletillae tubers of 1 age and 2 ages as medicinal rhizoma bletillae tubers, wherein the fresh weight of the rhizoma bletillae tubers of 1 age and 2 ages accounts for more than 90% of the total fresh weight, and the rhizoma bletillae tubers have little influence on the yield of white and tubers; the content of bletilla striata polysaccharide in bletilla striata tubers at 1 age is higher than that of the bletilla striata tubers at 2 ages in the traditional method, but the content of total phenols in the bletilla striata tubers at 2 ages is higher than that of the bletilla striata tubers at 2 ages in the traditional method, and the quality of the rhizoma bletillae tubers used as medicines is improved by the method; the content of bletilla striata polysaccharide in the tubers of the bletilla striata at the age of 3 is low, the bletilla striata tubers are not used as medicinal bletilla striata, but the total phenol and 1, 4-bis [4- (glucosyloxy) benzyl ] -2-isobutyl malate in the tubers of the bletilla striata at the age of 3 are high, and the bletilla striata tubers can be used for extracting the total phenol, particularly 1, 4-bis [4- (glucosyloxy) benzyl ] -2-isobutyl malate; meanwhile, the bletilla striata tubers are harvested according to ages, and the bletilla striata tubers at different ages are subjected to functional production place primary processing according to different functions, so that the medicinal quality of the bletilla striata tubers and the comprehensive utilization value of resources are greatly improved.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

The harvesting method for bletilla striata tubers according to ages comprises the following steps:

(S1) bletilla striata plant selection: selecting a bletilla striata plant which is artificially planted for 3 years or 4 years and reaches the harvesting stage, wherein the bletilla striata plant in the step (S1) is a bletilla striata, the flower is purple flower, the tuber is oblate spherical, and the harvesting stage is the stage after the overground part of the bletilla striata is poured out after exposure to cold;

(S2) harvesting rhizoma bletillae: digging rhizoma bletilla plants in the step (S1), digging loose soil with a shovel, taking out the whole rhizoma bletilla plants in the soil when the soil is aired to be loose, removing soil on the surface, soaking the rhizoma bletilla plants in tap water for 1 hour, and thoroughly cleaning the soil on the surfaces of rhizoma bletilla tubers and roots;

(S3) age-divided rhizoma bletillae tubers: classifying the excavated rhizoma bletillae tubers in the step (S2) according to growth age, wherein the rhizoma bletillae tubers are divided into 4 rhizoma bletillae tubers of 1 age, 2 age, 3 age or 4 age, classifying the rhizoma bletillae tubers in the step (S3) according to growth age, the rhizoma bletillae tubers with buds are divided into 1 age rhizoma bletillae tubers, and the rhizoma bletillae tubers of 1 age, 3 age and 4 age rhizoma bletillae tubers are sequentially divided from the 1 age rhizoma bletillae tubers to the inside along internodes;

(S4) harvesting and primary processing of rhizoma bletillae tubers: boiling the bletilla striata tubers of the age 1 and the age 2 in the step (S3) in boiling water in sequence respectively until no white heart exists, taking out the bletilla striata tubers of the age 3 or the age 4, naturally drying the bletilla striata tubers in an oven at the temperature of 65 ℃, selecting the bletilla striata tubers of the age 1 and the age 2 as medicinal bletilla striata tubers in the step (S4), air-drying or drying the bletilla striata tubers of the age 1, the age 2, the age 3 and the age 4, crushing the bletilla striata tubers by a crusher, sieving the bletilla striata tubers with a 60-mesh sieve, fully and uniformly mixing the bletilla striata polysaccharides, the total phenols and the 1, 4-bis [4- (glucose-oxygen) benzyl ] -2-isobutyl malate ester for later use, and measuring the contents of the bletilla striata polysaccharides, the total phenols and the 1, 4-bis [4- (glucose-oxygen) benzyl ] -2-isobutyl malate ester.

Demonstration test of bletilla striata harvesting, the test takes a traditional harvesting method without different ages as a control group, and the harvesting method of the bletilla striata tubers according to the ages as a test group. The harvested rhizoma bletillae tubers are rhizoma bletillae plants planted in a Guizhou province plantation and a planting demonstration area, wherein the Guizhou province is Luchonghui passage No. 86, Guizhou province, Guiyang city, Guizhou province. The rhizoma bletillae in the rhizoma bletillae planting demonstration area is that rhizoma bletillae seedlings are transplanted in 2018 in 3 months, the planting area is 2.07 mu, and the planting age is 3 years in the harvest period of 2020. After 2020 cold exposure, selecting a bletilla striata planting box surface with basically consistent growth vigor in the same bletilla striata experiment place at the experiment place, taking 1m multiplied by 1m as a test area, wherein each test area contains 9 pits of bletilla striata plants, and 3 times of treatment is set for each treatment; after the overground part of the bletilla striata is fallen to the seedling, soil is firstly loosened by using a shovel, the whole bletilla striata plant in the soil is taken out when the soil is aired to be loose, soil on the surface is removed, then tap water is used for soaking for 1 hour, and soil on the surfaces of tubers and roots of the bletilla striata is thoroughly cleaned.

In the control group, harvested rhizoma bletillae tubers are not aged, boiled with boiling water until no white heart exists, taken out, naturally dried, crushed by a crusher, sieved by a 60-mesh sieve, and fully mixed for later use. Test group, classifying rhizoma bletillae tubers according to growth age, and dividing the rhizoma bletillae tubers into 3 types of rhizoma bletillae tubers of 1 age, 2 ages and 3 ages; boiling rhizoma bletilla tuber of 1 age and 2 ages in boiling water respectively in sequence until no white heart exists, taking out, air drying, oven drying rhizoma bletilla tuber of 3 ages in oven at 65 deg.C, pulverizing with pulverizer, sieving with 60 mesh sieve, and mixing thoroughly.

Attached table bletilla striata tuber test data table

Remarking: each value in the table is an average value of 3 measurements

Harvesting and primarily processing aged rhizoma bletillae tubers, namely the rhizoma bletillae tubers of 1 age and 2 ages as medicinal rhizoma bletillae tubers, wherein the fresh weight of the rhizoma bletillae tubers of 1 age and 2 ages accounts for 94.53% of the total fresh weight, and the yield of white and tubers is not greatly influenced; the content of bletilla striata polysaccharide in the bletilla striata tubers at 1 age is 38.70 percent higher than that of the bletilla striata tubers at 2 ages in the traditional method, the content of the bletilla striata polysaccharide in the bletilla striata tubers at 2 ages is basically equal to that of the bletilla striata tubers at 2 ages in the traditional method, but the content of total phenols in the bletilla striata tubers at 2 ages is 44.44 percent higher than that of the bletilla striata tubers at 2 ages, so that the quality of the bletilla striata tubers serving as a medicine is improved; the content of bletilla striata polysaccharide in the tubers of the bletilla striata at the age of 3 is low, the bletilla striata tubers are not used as medicinal bletilla striata, but the total phenol and 1, 4-bis [4- (glucosyloxy) benzyl ] -2-isobutyl malate in the tubers of the bletilla striata at the age of 3 are high, and the bletilla striata tubers can be used for extracting the total phenol, particularly 1, 4-bis [4- (glucosyloxy) benzyl ] -2-isobutyl malate; meanwhile, the bletilla striata tubers are harvested according to ages, so that the bletilla striata tubers at different ages can be subjected to functional production place primary processing according to different functions, and the medicinal quality and the comprehensive utilization value of resources of the bletilla striata are greatly improved.