Method for selecting skin barrier system suitable for infants and young children
阅读说明：本技术 一种选择适用于婴儿和幼儿的皮肤阻隔系统的方法 (Method for selecting skin barrier system suitable for infants and young children ) 是由 J·本萨其 T·奥多斯 G·N·斯塔玛特斯 E·格鲁尼 于 2020-05-28 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种选择适用于婴儿和幼儿的皮肤阻隔系统的方法。(The present invention discloses a method of selecting a skin barrier system suitable for infants and young children.)
1. A method of evaluating the ability of a skin barrier system to protect an infant's skin from external irritants, the method comprising:
a) topically applying the barrier system to adult human skin;
b) topically applying an external stimulus to adult human skin treated with the barrier system;
c) observing the production of inflammatory molecules in adult human skin treated with the barrier system;
d) using a computational model of adult human skin inflammation to visualize the effect of the external stimulus by optimizing inflammation parameters such that the model of adult human skin inflammation distribution matches experimental data;
e) transferring the optimized inflammation parameters to a computational model of the infant skin; and
f) determining an effect of the stimulus in a computational model of the infant's skin.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the irritant is selected from the group consisting of paraffin and petrolatum.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein an EPISIM is used as a computational model of the adult human skin inflammation.
4. A barrier system selected by the method of claim 1.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the computational model of adult human skin inflammation is an agent-based model.
Technical Field
The present invention relates to the development of skin barrier systems, in particular for infants or young children, while assessing the level of skin protection by analyzing adult skin tests. The present invention allows the level of protection of the skin barrier system to be assessed using objective data, while eliminating the need for testing on young children or infants.
Background
Skin cleansers contain surfactants that can compromise the integrity of the skin against penetration by external intruders, resulting in skin irritation. Assessment of the mildness of cleansers on skin is generally performed by clinically evaluating and measuring changes in the trans-dermal water loss (TEWL) according to either an exaggerated patch test or an exaggerated wash test protocol. These methods are partially subjective and often have variable results.
Skin care product mildness (especially for cleansing products containing potentially irritating surfactant systems) is often assessed in adult humans using the normal use test, the exaggerated (repeated) use test or the spot-on test. Even for infant products, evaluation was first performed in adults, and once the evaluation was passed, normal use tests were sometimes performed in infants. Mildness is evaluated as being non-irritating (usually skin erythema (redness)). The effect on skin barrier is usually assessed instrumentally by measuring the transepidermal water loss (TEWL). The effect of the product on skin barrier can also be studied in vitro using Franz cells and measuring skin impedance.
However, the previous methods suffer from a number of drawbacks and problems. For example, normal use testing typically requires large panel sizes in order to distinguish between different levels of mildness, which can be costly and time consuming. In the patch test, surfactants respond differently under closed conditions versus normal use conditions. The results of the arm immersion test may depend on the climate. In the flex-wash test, the skin site tested may not represent other areas of the body.
Furthermore, each of the above items is subjectively evaluated (clinical observation), which may produce variations. Finally, most of these tests are either directed to adult skin and are not related to infant skin at all, or these studies are performed on infants/young children, but clinical studies on infants cause ethical and technical problems. As noted, the effectiveness of transferring data collected from adults directly to the condition of the infant's skin is questioned. For example, baby skin is not typically used in Franz pools, and the transfer of these data to baby skin is problematic. The use of these methods always involves a margin of safety (typically 10 times) reflecting the uncertainty.
It would be useful to develop a method that can assess the effect of a surfactant system on skin barrier in infants and/or young children by objectively assessing the concentration profile of a marker, such as caffeine, that penetrates into the skin of an adult subject. The present invention seeks to assess the effects by using biomarker tests on adult human skin, using computational models to assess the effects on infant/young child skin, and developing surfactant systems as a result of these tests and analyses.
Moisturizers are mixtures of chemical agents specifically designed to make the outer layer of skin or hair softer. Personal care compositions having moisturizing properties are known. Consumers expect such compositions to meet a range of requirements. In addition to determining the skin/hair care effect of the intended application, values are set for various parameters such as dermatological compatibility, appearance, sensory impression, storage stability and ease of use. Another benefit provided by many moisturizers is the protection of the skin from exposure to the external environment and agents.
Drawings
Fig. 1A and 1B show the absorption of exogenously applied water via raman confocal microscopy spectroscopy after 10 seconds of water application to the skin of the lower abdominal arm.
Fig. 2 shows a comparison between experiments (adults), models (adults) and predictions (infants).
FIG. 3 showsComparison between Experimental, model and prediction of Water and SLS on adult and infant skin
Figure 4 shows a comparison between several surfactant formulations.
Fig. 5 shows modeling experimental data in a computer-simulated adult epidermis model.
Figure 6 shows the predicted caffeine penetration curve after surfactant treatment.
FIG. 7 shows the predicted absorption in the stratum corneum of infants, the area under the curve (mmol caffeine/g keratin) at a depth of 0 μm to 10 μm.
Fig. 8 shows experimental data on adult skin.
Fig. 9 shows modeling of adult skin.
Fig. 10 shows the predicted results for the skin of an infant.
Fig. 11 shows experimental data on adult skin.
Fig. 12 shows modeling of adult skin.
Fig. 13 shows the predicted results for the skin of an infant.
Detailed Description
The present invention relates to a method for assessing the mildness of a skin care product on the skin of an infant, and in particular assessing the effect of topical administration of a substance and/or formulation on the barrier of the skin of an infant, and for preparing and/or using a surfactant system based on this assessment. As used herein, the term "infant skin" refers to the skin of a human newborn, but also refers to and includes the skin of children up to 12 months old. The term "young child" refers to infants between 12 and 36 months of age, but also includes children.
It is an object of the present invention to be able to assess the safety, mildness, etc. of a product on the skin of an infant and/or young child by safely evaluating the product on the skin of an adult. The method involves applying a substance to adult skin, collecting penetration data of the marker on treated adult skin, transmitting this information to a computational model of adult skin, extracting a penetration parameter from the model, transmitting the parameter to a computational model of infant skin, and visualizing penetration of the marker in the infant skin model and drawing conclusions about the effect of the topical product on infant skin. Finally, the method then includes preparing the surfactant system as a result of the evaluation and/or using the surfactant system based on the evaluation and the final preparation of the system.
U.S. published patent application 20150285787 to Laboratoires Expancreatce discloses a method for identifying at least one biomarker of skin in children, the method comprising: a) measuring the expression level of a biomarker candidate in at least one skin cell sample (a) obtained from a donor under 16 years old; b) measuring the expression level of the candidate biomarker in at least one control sample (B) of skin cells; c) calculating the ratio between the expression level of step a) and the expression level of step b); and d) determining whether the candidate marker is a biomarker for skin of the child.
WO2015150426 and WO2017103195 to Laboratoires Expanscience disclose methods of evaluating in vivo formulations comprising a) contacting an active agent or formulation with a reconstituted skin model obtained from a skin sample of a child; b) contacting the reconstructed skin model after step a) with urine; and c) measuring the expression level of at least one biomarker in the list of biomarkers specified in the skin model after step b.
U.S. published patent application 20180185255 to Procter & Gamble discloses a method of screening for mild cleansers comprising: a) measuring the level of one or more ceramides on the area of skin prior to applying the cleanser; b) applying a cleanser to the area of skin for at least 7 days; c) measuring the level of one or more ceramides at least 7 days after application of the product on the area of skin; wherein the cleanser is mild if the level of the one or more ceramides is at least 10% relative to an untreated control.
U.S. patent 10,036,741 to Procter & Gamble discloses a method for evaluating the effect of an interferent on skin homeostasis and formulating a skin care composition comprising an interferent, the method comprising causing a computer processor to query a data structure of stored skin cases associated with the interferent having unhealthy skin gene expression signature, wherein the query comprises comparing the unhealthy skin gene expression signature to each of the stored skin cases and assigning a relevance score to each case.
EP 1248830a1 to Procter & Gamble discloses the use of a forearm controlled application test to assess surfactant mildness.
"Skin hydration analysis by experiment and computer simulations and its simulations for applying Skin" by Saadatmand et al discloses a reversible hydration model of the stratum corneum which simulates evaporative water loss and stratum corneum thickness as a function of exposure scenarios such as time-dependent relative humidity, air temperature, Skin temperature and wind speed.
Maxwell et al, "Application of a systems biology approach for skin allergy assessment" (Proc.6)th World Congress on Alternatives&Animal Use in Life Sciences, p.381-388, 2007) discloses a computer-simulated model of skin sensitization induction to characterize and quantify the contribution of each pathway to the overall biological process.
"The flex wash test: a method for evaluating The milling of personal washing products" (J.Soc.cosmet.chem.,40:297-306(1989)) by Strube et al discloses The use of sixty second washes of flex arms (three times daily) to assess The potential irritation of The washed product.
Keswick et al, "diagnosis of activated and normal use technologies for accessing the mill of personal cleaners" (J.Soc.Cosmet.chem.,43: 187. 193(1992)) discloses a Comparison of forearm tests and flex wash tests with home use to determine how close the test is to being used ad libitum.
Frosch et al, "Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology" (Vol.1, No. 1, pp.35-41, 1979) discloses a chamber test for assessing the irritancy of soaps which requires five working days of exposure to 8% solution and shows scaling and redness.
For experimental use on the skin of infants, many in vivo tests are unacceptable. The cited references do not disclose or suggest evaluating adult skin and how the ingredients will affect infant skin association using computational models. Thus, the present invention eliminates the need for in vivo testing of infant skin.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. In addition, all publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. As used herein, all percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated. Moreover, all ranges set forth herein are intended to encompass any combination of values between the two endpoints (inclusive of the endpoints).
In the present invention, the method can be used to distinguish between different cleanser formulations based on their effectiveness in blocking external penetration of the skin. The present invention proposes a method of analyzing a formulation that objectively evaluates the effectiveness of topical cleansers to block penetration of external intruders and can be used to evaluate cleanser mildness. One can use the results of this analysis and provide or prepare a suitable formula that is considered mild to the skin of the infant and/or young child.
The present invention relates to a predictive method for assessing the mildness of a topical substance to the skin of a subject, preferably a young child. The invention also relates to a predictive method for assessing the penetration of a compound (marker) through the skin of an infant. The invention also relates to a predictive method for assessing the effect of a topically applied substance on the penetration of a compound (marker) through the skin of an infant. In addition, the present invention may provide a method of measuring and/or predicting the barrier-enhancing effect of a topical substance.
In one aspect, the invention can include a plurality of method steps. It may comprise stages 1 (in vivo) and 2 (computer simulation), and optionally stage 3 (intellectual process), and finally the process ends with the preparation of a suitable surfactant system that has been analysed to pass the tests described above, or the process ends with the application of the surfactant system to the skin of an infant and/or young child.
Stage I, in vivo
A. The topical substance is applied to adult human skin, such as by direct application or on a patch or other delivery system.
B. The marker is topically applied to adult human skin, and penetration data of the marker on substance-treated adult human skin is collected. This step involves applying the marker and then collecting its concentration profile across the skin, for example using Confocal Raman Microscopy (CRM).
Stage II, computer simulation
C. This information (penetration data) was transferred to a computational model of adult human skin and penetration parameters were extracted from the model.
This step can also be described as using a computational adult skin penetration model to visualize the penetration of the marker by optimizing the penetration parameters (e.g., local surface concentration and permeability coefficient) so that the model penetration distribution matches the experimental data.
D. The permeation parameters (after appropriate conversion) are transferred to a computational model of the infant skin and the permeation of the marker in the infant skin model is visualized.
(optional), stage III, intellectual Property Process
E. Based on the amount of marker that has penetrated the infant skin model, conclusions are drawn about the mildness (effect) of the topical product on the infant skin.
Once the above-described method steps have been completed and a conclusion is reached in step E, the surfactant system can be prepared, applied or dispensed by the user.
Topical substance
The present invention includes one or more topical substances to be evaluated, wherein the topical substance is intended for use in the final surfactant system. Topical substances are any type of substance applied to the skin that has an effect on the permeability of the stratum corneum. The topical substance will alter the penetration of the marker through the skin. By measuring the penetration of the marker, the effect of the topical substance can be assessed. Typically, for the tests outlined above, the topical substance is dipped on the patch that is kept in contact with the skin for 30 minutes before applying the marker. The patch may include one or more topical substances for application testing.
Different types of topical substances may be evaluated within the scope of the present invention, for example, a topical substance may be a irritating substance that may reduce the barrier properties of the skin and increase the penetration of the marker. In this case, the present invention may allow creating a gentleness classification of substances and help selecting milder solutions when designing new skin product compositions without in vivo or in vitro testing. In other aspects, the topical substance may include a barrier substance designed to help protect the skin and increase its barrier properties, thus reducing permeation of the marker through the skin. As mentioned above, the present invention may help to select the most effective solution without having to perform in vitro or in vivo tests on the skin of the infant.
Marker substance
The present invention uses one or more markers or biomarkers in the assessment method. Any type of marker is suitable as long as there is a way to track the marker and generate a concentration profile (e.g., permeation data). In examples where confocal raman microscopy is used, the tag should have a traceable signal in the raman spectrum. As another example, confocal fluorescence microscopy can be used to track fluorescent markers. Ideally, the kinetics of permeation of the label should be such that a steady state of concentration profile is achieved within a reasonable time (e.g., up to one hour).
The marker may be hydrophilic, lipophilic or amphoteric, which will define which type of barrier effect the evaluator is examining. For example, one suitable marker is caffeine. In the case of caffeine, the assay checks for a barrier to hydrophilic substances.
The marker according to the invention may comprise any molecule that is toxicologically and dermatologically safe, has reasonable penetration kinetics and can be followed by confocal analysis.
-security; some of the markers used in the past have been unacceptable for toxicity reasons (Dansyl chloride (set forth in Paye et al, "Dansyl chloride labeling of strand corn: its rapid extraction from skin conditioner products to surfactants and cleaning products" Contact details 30 (2)), 91-96,1994), which has been stopped due to the risk of sensitization and skin corrosion upon Contact with the skin.
-osmotic kinetics; molecules that permeate the skin, for example, are fast enough but not too fast. For example, molecules with permeability coefficients close to that of caffeine can be used: kp 1.16 × 10-4cm/h, reported in "clinical delivery of coffee from social relations formulas" by Dias M et al (Int J Pharm 1999182(1): 41-7).
Confocal analysis is non-invasive and provides data on the depth penetration of the marker. In contrast, for example, tape tabs are intrusive and break barriers; this is not acceptable in the present invention.
Penetration data
The present invention analyzes penetration data. The permeation data is the concentration profile; this means that the concentration of the marker is a function of the depth of penetration through the skin. The present invention may use any desired analytical method suitable for measuring the change in the concentration profile of a marker with depth in the skin, more precisely depth in the epidermis, in particular depth in the stratum corneum. Any desired method may be used, and non-invasive methods are preferred. Confocal techniques are preferred because they are non-invasive and provide reasonable resolution, for example 3 μm to 5 μm resolution in the direction perpendicular to the skin surface, up to a depth of 200 μm. One such method includes confocal raman microscopy, but other methods, including confocal fluorescence microscopy, can also be used.
Computational model of adult/infant skin
The present invention uses a computational model to evaluate the components of the surfactant system tested. Any model that can produce a concentration profile of the marker across the skin can be used. The user may select any type of calculated skin penetration model that produces a concentration profile of the marker across the skin given the penetration parameters. The use of both adult skin and skin models requires that the model take into account the structure of the skin architecture and the differences that exist between the two.
For example, a physiological model published in "A3D self-organizing multicell admixture model of barrier formation and hybridization with regenerative cell transferred on EPISIM," (Scientific Reports, Vol.7, No. 43472, 2017) by Sutterlin et al; and modified to integrate the substance (e.g., marker) that diffuses through the skin layer. Sutterlin et al discloses a Cell Behavior Model (CBM) that encompasses epidermal barrier, water loss in the environment, and regulatory feedback loops between water and calcium flow within the tissue. The EPISIM platform consists of two ready-to-use software tools: (i) EPISIM modeller (graphical modeling system) and (ii) EPISIM Simulator (reagent-based simulation environment). Each EPISIM-based model consists of at least a cell behavior model and a biomechanical model (CBM and BM). BM encompasses all spatial and biophysical cellular properties. CBM is a model of cellular decision. A2D or 3D version of the model (a version of the 2D model (but without stratum corneum components) described in "modeled Multi-cellular pigment in epidermal tissue in mesoporous pigment film in Multi-agent systems" by Suettelin et al (Bioinformatics,25 (16)), 2057-2063,2009)) may be used according to the invention.
In one approach, the process begins with the user bringing the simulation to a steady state corresponding to epidermal homeostasis. Then, at a given point in time corresponding to the topical application of the marker, the evaluator introduces a skin surface concentration (C) corresponding to the markerSurface of) Of the user-defined variable. The value of this parameter is defined by the concentration profile obtained by experiment and corresponds to the marker concentration at depth 0 (skin surface). Introduction of cellular variables into defined cellsCells) The model of (1). This parameter was modified at each time based on the Fick's Law of diffusion, as the label was allowed to diffuse from each cell to its immediate neighbours. To apply Fick's law, a permeability coefficient parameter is introduced into the modelNumber (P). The permeability coefficient parameter inherently takes into account the diffusion coefficient, the diffusion resistance due to the partition coefficient, and the diffusion resistance due to the path distance that a substance must travel from one cell to the next. With the living epidermis (P)VE) In contrast, the stratum corneum (P)SC) Are different. If the substance reaches the bottommost portion of the epidermis, it is allowed to diffuse into the epidermal compartment modeled as a permeate "trough".
These modifications apply to both adult human skin and infant skin models.
The infant skin model is created by modifying the parameters of the adult model to reflect the higher conversion rate (proliferation and exfoliation) in the infant skin.
Penetration parameter
The penetration parameter characterizes the kinetics of penetration, the ease with which a substance traverses the surface and penetrates into the skin. It may be, for example, a partition coefficient, a diffusion coefficient, and/or a permeability coefficient.
Index of mildness
In steady state, the concentration profile of the marker in the adult skin model is compared to the experimental concentration profile. If the distributions do not match, the permeation parameter (C) is adjustedSurface of、PSCAnd Pve) And the simulation was repeated. Once the two distributions match, the parameters are used to calculate the corresponding parameters for marker penetration in the infant skin model. Due to the high hydrophilicity of the skin of infants, CSurface ofThe parameters were higher (typically twice as high as adult skin), while the other penetration parameters remained the same between the two models.
See, for example, Nikolovski et al, "Barrier function and water-holding and transport properties of infant stratum corneum from additive and connecting to level through the first layer of life" (Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Vol. 128, 2008) using tools such as transcutaneous Water loss (TEWL), skin capacitance, adsorption-desorption, and Raman confocal spectroscopy to confirm that the water storage and water transport properties of the infant's stratum corneum are different from those of an adult. Specifically, the reference discloses that absorption of exogenously applied water is observed via raman confocal microscopy spectroscopy 10 seconds after water is applied to the skin of the lower abdominal arm. Figure 5a therein (and reproduced in figure 1A) shows that significant water absorption was found in the stratum corneum of infants younger than 12 months of age. Figure 5B therein (and reproduced in figure 1B) shows, in contrast, that no significant water absorption was found in adult human skin after water application. It is expected that highly hydrophilic caffeine penetration will behave similarly to water penetration.
Then, the marker was allowed to permeate to reach a steady state in the infant skin model (about 1000 steps, each step corresponding to a 30 minute physiological time). In the steady state, the mean concentration distribution of the marker was calculated (mean concentration as a function of depth). The area under the curve (AUC, integral) is calculated for the concentration distribution down to a defined depth, such as 20 μm.
The mildness index scale may be defined by AUC values corresponding to different product treatments. This is an agreed scale for classifying mildness of topical substances.
This mildness index value allows the evaluator to compare the mildness profile of the tested topical substances with respect to the following two reference substances: water (mild) and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) 0.1% (irritant). With water and SLS 0.1% as two reference points, it is possible to establish a scale to measure the mildness of other topical substances.
It should be noted that this mildness index is optional, and one can ignore the mildness index and directly compare the relative mildness of different topical substances to each other based on the integration of their predicted permeation curves (i.e., calculated AUC values).
Examples
1-comparison between experiment (adult), model (adult) and prediction (infant).
See FIG. 2。
The target is as follows:
two extreme topical solutions are indicated: the predicted effect of a stimulant solution (containing 0.1% SLS) and a mild solution (water) on infant skin.
It is shown that the adult model is consistent with the experimental data.
Indicating that the topical substance has a different effect on adult and infant skin, the marker more readily penetrates the infant skin.
Comparison between experimental, model and prediction of SLS and water on skin of adults and infants. See FIG. 3。
The upper fig. 3 shows the penetration depth (in μm) of caffeine (marker) in mmol/g keratin obtained by in vivo experiments (lines + and o) or computer simulation predictive models (lines Δ, ×, diamondand □) on adult human skin.
The effect of 2 topical solutions on caffeine penetration is shown in figure 3: water and 0.1% SLS. The model calculation data for adults is represented by lines Δ and o; for water and SLS, respectively. The predicted data for the infant is represented by lines x and □, for water and SLS, respectively.
In vivo experimental data on adult skin was collected and then transferred to an adult skin model to simulate the depth of caffeine penetration in adult skin. The prediction of caffeine penetration in the skin of an infant presented by the present model is represented by the diagonal line (x) when the skin was treated with a water patch prior to caffeine administration and by the square line (□) when the skin was treated with a 0.1% SLS patch prior to caffeine administration.
The area under the curve with skin depth of 0 μm to 20 μm gives an indication of the level of mildness of the topical substance. The smaller the area, the gentler the skin. The area under the curve is a key parameter to be able to compare different treatments.
2-comparison between several surfactant formulations. See FIG. 4。
The target is as follows:
creating a predictive surfactant formula classification based on the mildness of the surfactant formula to the skin of the infant.
Step 2.1: experimental data, caffeine penetration in adult human skin, in vivo
The formulations tested are shown in figure 4.
Experimental protocols are disclosed in Stamatas et al, the materials and methods of "Development of a non-innovative optical method for assessment of skin barrier to external specificity" (Biomedical Optics and 3D Imaging OSA (2012)). Stamatas et al disclose the use of characteristic Raman spectroscopy of caffeine to track the permeation of caffeine through adult human skin to demonstrate the effect of (1) sodium lauryl sulfate and (2) barrier cream on stratum corneum barrier function.
Step 2.2: modeling experimental data in a computer simulated adult human epidermis model. See FIG. 5。
The experimental caffeine penetration data collected at step 2.1 was transferred to a computational model of adult human skin. Performing a skin penetration simulation for each topical agent; a single simulation of each substance may be sufficient. Caffeine penetration parameters (local surface concentration and permeability coefficient) were extracted.
Step 2.3: predicted caffeine penetration curve after surfactant treatment. See FIG. 6。
The caffeine penetration parameters obtained from the adult skin model at step 2.2 are transferred to the computational model of the infant skin. Infant skin penetration simulation was performed for each topical substance. The predicted caffeine penetration results were extracted and are shown in figure 4 above.
Step 2.4: predicted absorption in the infant cuticle, area under the curve with depth of 0 μm-10 μm (mmol coffee) Factor/g keratin). See FIG. 7。
The predicted curves for each topical agent shown in figure 6 in step 2.3 were integrated to obtain a predicted amount of caffeine absorbed in the infant's stratum corneum for each topical agent. These values are shown in fig. 7.
In other words, the prediction plot shows how much caffeine will penetrate within the first 10 μm (not mm) of the SC. The more caffeine that permeates, the more aggressive the topical substance.
Results
Surprisingly, it can be predicted from this figure that topical agents will not have a mildness index value on infant skin that is always reflected by the experimental values obtained on adult skin:
formulation 3 will be milder than formulation 5.
Formulation 4 will be milder than formulation 2.
As a result of this experiment, compositions comprising the formulations in formula 3 and/or formula 4 can be prepared and applied to the skin of infants and/or young children, respectively more preferably than formulas 5 and 2.
In a next embodiment, the present invention relates to the development of barrier systems, in particular for infants or young children, while assessing the level of barrier effect by analyzing the adult skin test.
The present invention allows the level of protection of the barrier system to be assessed using objective data, while eliminating the need for testing on infants or babies.
Method
Steps I and II disclosed above remain the same. Predictive data regarding infant skin penetration of the marker is generated.
Step III differs in that the data relates to low permeation and diffusion through the skin using markers to predict barrier effect of the topical substance applied in step IA on the skin of the infant or baby.
Leave-on products (e.g., creams/moisturizers) can be evaluated using this method.
Experiment of
Example 3
Materials and methods
Adult skin data was collected from healthy volunteers with normal skin who agreed not to use any other skin care treatment on the forearm at least 24 hours prior to and during the study.
The apparatus used was:
in vivo confocal microscopy Raman Spectroscopy (3510 skin care composition Analyzer, River Diagnostics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands)
Caffeine patch preparation: 180mg caffeine in 10mL deionized water, 1.8%
Example 4 simulation of barrier creams
Experimental data were collected for 5 female volunteers between the ages of 20 and 35.
Topical substance tested:
barrier cream:cream (diaper rash cream)
US INCI list: zinc oxide 10%, inactive ingredients (aloe vera leaf juice), cyclomethicone, dimethicone, fragrance, methylparaben, microcrystalline wax, mineral oil, propylparaben, purified water, sodium borate, sorbitan sesquioleate, vitamin E, white petrolatum, white wax.
Protocol
1-Adaptation for 5 minutes in a temperature and humidity controlled Room
2-application of topical substances on the forearm
3-Adaptation for 30 minutes in a temperature and humidity controlled Room
4-application of caffeine Patch on forearm (same position) for 30 minutes
5-measurement in the Raman fingerprint region
Results
1-Experimental data on adult skin. See fig. 8。
Data from Desitin-treated skin (squares) were compared to data from reference (circles) untreated skin (i.e., no topical substance was applied in step 2 of the protocol).
The penetration data was extracted from the experimental results and transferred to a computational model of adult human skin.
2-modeling adult human skin. See fig. 9。
The next step is to define the skin penetration parameters on a computational model of adult human skin so that it can accurately simulate the experimental data provided above.
These parameters were calculated from the slope of the caffeine penetration distribution.
The results of the adult model are shown below.
The barrier cream treated skin (squares) was compared to reference untreated skin (circles).
The permeability parameters were extracted from the calculated adult model.
3-predicted outcome on infant skin. See fig. 10。
The last step consists in transferring the caffeine penetration parameters to the infant skin calculation model with a suitable transformation to simulate the predicted caffeine penetration in the infant skin.
The results of the prediction of caffeine penetration on barrier cream treated skin (squares) and reference untreated skin (circles) are shown below.
Finally, from the ratio of the area under the curve (AUC) relating to untreated skin to the AUC of barrier cream treated skin shown below, we can calculate the predicted percent protection of the barrier cream:
protection% ═ 100 × (AUC (untreated) -AUC (product))/AUC (untreated) ═ 89.18%
Example 5 humectant simulation
Experimental data were collected from 6 volunteers between the ages of 18 and 40.
Topical substance tested:
-humectant a: emulsion comprising glycerol (12%), vaseline (4%), distearyldimethylammonium chloride, water
-humectant B: structured emulsions comprising petrolatum (40%), glycerin (12%), distearyldimethylammonium chloride, water
Protocol
1-Adaptation for 5 minutes in a temperature/humidity controlled Room
2-application of topical substance to forearm for 30 min
3-application of caffeine Patch on forearm (same position) for 30 minutes
4-measurement in fingerprint region
Results
1-Experimental data on adult skin
Data from skin treated with moisturizer a (squares) were compared to data from skin treated with moisturizer B (triangles) and reference untreated skin (circles) (i.e., no topical was applied in step 2 of the protocol).
The penetration data was extracted from the experimental results and transferred to a computational model of adult human skin.
2-modeling adult human skin. See fig. 12。
The next step is to define the skin penetration parameters on a computational model of adult human skin so that it can accurately simulate the experimental data provided above.
These parameters were calculated from the slope of the caffeine penetration distribution.
The results of the adult model are shown below.
Skin treated with moisturizer a (squares) was compared to skin treated with moisturizer B (triangles) and to reference untreated skin (circles).
The permeability parameters were extracted from the calculated adult model.
3-prediction of results on infant skin
The last step consists in transferring the caffeine penetration parameters to the infant skin calculation model with a suitable transformation to simulate the predicted caffeine penetration in the infant skin.
The results of the prediction of caffeine penetration on skin treated with moisturizer a (squares), skin treated with moisturizer B (triangles), and reference untreated skin (circles) are shown in fig. 13.
Finally, from the ratio of the area under the curve (AUC) relating to untreated skin to the AUC of skin treated with moisturizers shown below, we can calculate the predicted percent protection of moisturizers:
for humectant A
Protection%: not applicable to
The area under the curve of humectant a was superior to the area under the curve of the untreated reference. The simulation predicts no protective effect on the skin of the infant.
For humectant B
Protection% ═ 100 × (AUC (untreated) -AUC (product))/AUC (untreated) ═ 17.72%.
Skin acute inflammation model
A substance permeation model was used to achieve a reliable model of acute inflammation of the skin.
The model can be used to assess the skin's response to topically applied external stimuli. The expected model behavior is that the application and penetration of the stimulus in the skin will induce the production of inflammatory molecules. The system will then return to steady state when the keratinocytes are no longer in contact with the irritant.
Inflammatory molecules are produced and degraded only by keratinocytes. The inflammatory response begins when the stimulus crosses the barrier formed by the SC. Then, when the apparent concentration of the stimulus in the cells reaches a certain value, called the stimulation threshold, the keratinocytes start to produce inflammatory molecules [ IM ] according to the following equation:
wherein pIM and dIM are the production and degradation rates of inflammatory molecules in keratinocytes.
When the apparent concentration of the substance is below the stimulation threshold, inflammatory molecules are no longer produced (pIM ═ 0), but continue to degrade. At each step, the cell diffuses its inflammatory molecules to neighboring cells according to the following equation:
where the subscript n refers to the neighboring cells and DIM is the diffusion coefficient of the inflammatory molecule.
Finally, inflammatory cells disappear at basal level in the dermis as follows:
wherein Pdermis; IM corresponds to the dermal permeability of the stimulus.
The data in the literature are used to evaluate different parts of the model according to the following criteria.
The stimulating substance is administered topically;
the study was performed in vivo for humans;
quantitative measurement of inflammation (erythema size or redness, blood flow.);
several concentrations of stimulus were tested;
the irritants did not interfere with normal skin barrier function (only observed transepidermal water loss, small changes in TEWL).
Andersen et al studied skin irritation using reflectance spectroscopy [14 ]. They studied the skin response of eight volunteers to four compounds: sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS), hydrochloric acid (HCl), nonanoic acid (NON), and imipramine (IMI). Oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin levels were measured with a reflectance spectrometer, blood flow was measured with a laser doppler hemometer, and TEWL was measured with a vaporizer. For each compound, four concentrations were tested with the patch over a 24 hour period. Two compounds that focus on increasing minimum TEWL: mipramine and pelargonic acid. Oxyhemoglobin appears to be a good indicator of inflammation and produces a dose-response curve. The data for these molecules did not validate our model.
We decided to study the more lipophilic compounds because both pelargonic acid and mipramine are lipophilic. There is finishing data for pure oil penetration in SC from the study published in 2008 [18 ]. Paraffin and petrolatum concentrations at several depths in the SC were measured by raman spectroscopy. Kp values for paraffin and petrolatum [19] were found in the literature:
kp (paraffin wax) 13:3(cm h)
Kp (Vaseline) ═ 2: 02103 (cm ═ h)
For these compounds, a good _ fit to the clinical data can be obtained using our model simulations.
The inflammation produced by the model is dose-dependent. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this model produces different intensities of inflammation depending on the values of parameters derived from molecular physical properties (PSC (stratum corneum permeability) and PVE (viable epidermal permeability)). Finally, we show that the inflammation model is fully functional in both adult and infant skin model settings, and even gain insight into the role that skin structures can play in inflammation dynamics.
It should be understood that while various aspects of the present disclosure have been shown and described by way of example, the invention as claimed herein is not limited thereto but may be otherwise variously embodied in accordance with the scope of the claims set forth in this patent application and/or any derivative patent application.
[1] "registering segmented radial distances through changes on the skin a tracking guide for front-line Health workers," World Health Organization, Geneva, Tech. Rep.,2018.[ online ]. Are available from: http:// www.who.int/negected distances/en.
[2]“US Food and Drug Administration,Advancing Regulatory Science,”Regulatory Science Strategic Plan,2011。
[3]L.B.Edelman,J.A.Eddy,and N.D.Price,“In silico models of cancer,”2010。
[4]Y.Yamamoto,P.A.Valitalo,D.R.Huntjens,J.H.Proost,A.Vermeulen,W.Krauwinkel,M.W.Beukers,D.J.Van Den Berg,R.Hartman,Y.C.Wong,M.Danhof,J.G.Van Hasselt,and E.C.De Lange,“Predicting drug concentration-time profiles in multiple CNS compartments using a comprehensive physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model,”CPT:Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology,2017。
[5]E.Passini,O.J.Britton,H.R.Lu,J.Rohrbacher,A.N.Hermans,D.J.Gallacher,R.J.Greig,A.Bueno-Orovio,and B.Rodriguez,“Human in silico drug trials demonstrate higher accuracy than animal models in predicting clinical pro-arrhythmic cardiotoxicity,”Frontiers in Physiology,2017。
[6]T.Suterlin,S.Huber,H.Dickhaus,and N.Grabe,“Modeling multi-cellular behavior in epidermal tissue homeostasis via_finite state machines in multi-agent systems,”Bioinformatics,2009。
[7]T.Sutterlin,E.Tsingos,J.Bensaci,G.N.Stamatas,and N.Grabe,“A3D self-organizing multicellular epidermis model of barrier formation and hydration with realistic cell morphology based on EPISIM,”Scientific Reports,2017。
[8]G.N.Stamatas,“The Structural and Functional Development of Skin During the First Year of Life:Investigations Using Noninvasive Methods,”in Textbook of Aging Skin,2017,ch.88,pp.1141{1153。
[9]G.Stamatas,J.Nikolovski,M.Luedtke,N.Kollias,and B.Wiegand,“Infant Skin Microstructure Assessed In Vivo Differs from Adult Skin in Organization and at the Cellular Level,”Pediatr Dermatol,2010。
[10]J.Nikolovski,G.N.Stamatas,N.Kollias,and B.C.Wiegand,“Barrier function and water-holding and transport properties of infant stratum corneum are different from adult and continue to develop through the_first year of life,”Journal of Investigative Dermatology,2008。
[11]T.Sutterlin,C.Kolb,H.Dickhaus,D.Jager,and N.Grabe,“Bridging the scales:Semantic integration of quantitative SBML in graphical multi-cellular models and simulations with EPISIM and COPASI,”Bioinformatics,2013。
[12] Liu, Y.Zhang, S.G.Danby, M.J.Cork, and G.N.Stamatas, "input Skin Barrier, Structure, and Enzymatic Activity Differ from the third of Adult in an East Ashan corporation," BioMed Research International,2018. Are available from: https:// doi.org/10.1155/2018/1302465.
[13]G.N.Stamatas and E.Boireau-Adamezyk,“Development of a Non-Invasive Optical Method for Assessment of Skin Barrier to External Penetration,”Biomedical Optics and 3D Imaging,2012。
[14]P.H.Andersen and H.I.Maibach,“Skin irritation in man:a comparative bioengineering study using improved reflectance spectroscopy,”Contact Dermatitis,vol.33,pp.315{322,1995。
[15]H.Rothe,C.Obringer,J.Manwaring,C.Avci,W.Wargniez,J.Eilstein,N.Hewitt,R.Cubberley,H.Duplan,D.Lange,C.Jacques-Jamin,M.Klaric,A.Schepky,and S.Gregoire,“Comparison of protocols measuring diffusion and partition coefficients in the stratum corneum,”Journal of Applied Toxicology,2017。
[16]P.D.A.Pudney,M.Melot,P.J.Caspers,A.Van Der Pol,and G.J.Puppels,“An In Vivo Confocal Raman Study of the Delivery of Trans-Retinol to the Skin,”Applied Spectroscopy,vol.61,2007。
[17]S.Geinoz,R.H.Guy,B.Testa,and P.A.Carrupt,“Quantitative Structure-Permeation Relationships(QSPeRs)to Predict Skin Permeation:A Critical Evaluation,”Pharmaceutical Research,2004。
[18]G.N.Stamatas,J.de Sterke,M.Hauser,O.von Stetten,and A.van der Pol,“Lipid uptake and skin occlusion following topical application of oils on adult and infant skin,”Journal of Dermatological Science,2008。
[19]T.Petry,D.Bury,R.Fautz,M.Hauser,B.Huber,A.Markowetz,S.Mishra,K.Rettinger,W.Schuh,and T.Teichert,“Review of data on the dermal penetration of mineral oils and waxes used in cosmetic applications,”2017。