阅读说明：本技术 使用量子波坍缩、干涉和选择性吸收的非互易性量子装置 (Non-reciprocal quantum device using quantum wave collapse, interference and selective absorption ) 是由 约亨·曼哈特 丹尼尔·布拉克 于 2019-09-12 设计创作，主要内容包括：量子装置(10；15)包括传输结构(5、6、7；13、14),其中基于量子坍缩、干涉和选择性吸收,传输结构被设计成使由至少两个物体发射(例如通过热激发)的量子波优先传递给这些物体的子设备。(The quantum device (10; 15) comprises a transport structure (5, 6, 7; 13, 14), wherein the transport structure is designed to preferentially transfer quantum waves emitted (e.g. by thermal excitation) by at least two objects to the sub-devices of these objects on the basis of quantum collapse, interference and selective absorption.)

1. A quantum device, comprising:

-a transmission structure (33, 34, 35, 36) connected between at least a first port (31) and a second port (32), characterized in that,

the transmission structure is designed such that it effects collapse, interference and selective absorption of the quantum wave to effect non-reciprocal motion of the quantum wave between the ports.

2. The quantum device of claim 1, further comprising:

at least one first port (31) and at least one second port (32);

-said transmission structure (33, 34, 35, 36) comprises at least two first transmission paths extending between two ports;

the transmission structure is further designed such that a first wave originating from a port is split into first partial waves that propagate on each transmission path, and the first partial waves at least partially interfere such that the resulting superposition depends on whether they originate from the first port (31) or the second port (32).

3. The quantum device of claim 1, further comprising:

at least one first port (31) and at least one second port (32);

-said transmission structure (33, 34, 35, 36) comprises at least two first transmission paths extending between two ports;

the transmission structure is further designed such that the first wave is divided into first partial waves that propagate on the respective transmission paths;

a second wave originating at least partly from the transmitting structure (33, 34, 35, 36) is split by the transmitting structure into second partial waves propagating on the respective transmission paths, and the second partial waves at least partly interfere so that they preferably reach a port.

4. A quantum device according to any of the preceding claims,

the function of the transmission structure is changed by moving or rotating parts, by changing the transmission characteristics of the transmission path, or by changing their characteristics by mechanical, electrical, magnetic or optical means.

5. A quantum device according to any of the preceding claims,

at least part of the phase of the waves propagating between the ports is cancelled and replaced by random phases, using the effect of non-phase-conservative scattering events.

6. Use of one or more quantum devices according to any of the preceding claims in one or more of the following devices:

-a device in which the first wave comprises a quantum having energy obtained from a heat source or having energy E in the order of kT, such that 0< E <100kT, where T is the temperature of the environment;

-means for achieving a violation of one or more of the zeroth law of thermodynamics, the second law or the third law with coherent emission and at least partial collapse of the wave function;

-means for implementing violations of one or more of the zeroth, second or third law of thermodynamics using superposition of states of quantum mechanics and at least partial collapse of wave functions;

-means for generating or enhancing inhomogeneities in the energy distribution density of waves or particles in the system by means of coherent emission and at least partial quantum-physical collapse of wave functions or state superposition of quantum mechanics and at least partial collapse of wave functions;

-means for bringing the system out of the thermal equilibrium state by means of coherent emission and at least partial quantum-physical collapse or superposition of quantum mechanical states and at least partial collapse of wave functions;

-means for creating a temperature difference within an object or between objects using coherent emission and at least partial quantum-physical collapse or quantum mechanical state superposition of wave functions and at least partial collapse of wave functions;

-a device comprising an interferometer; and

-means to perform heating, cooling, mass transfer, energy transfer or power generation.

7. The use according to claim 6,

the device operates in a temperature range of 0K to 5000K.

8. The use according to claim 6,

at least part of the device receives a non-thermal energy input, in particular non-thermal radiation of electromagnetic waves, electrons, neutrals or ions.

9. The use according to claim 6,

in quantum systems the device is not coupled or entangled with the environment.

10. The use according to any one of claims 6 to 9,

the device utilizes coherent emission and at least partial quantum-physical collapse of wave functions or state superposition of quantum mechanics and at least partial collapse of wave functions to produce or enhance non-uniformities in energy, momentum, or angular momentum distribution densities of waves or particles in a system.

11. The use according to claim 10,

the energy distribution, momentum distribution or angular momentum distribution is at least partially generated by thermal energy.

12. The use according to any one of claims 6 to 11,

at least part of the quantum physics collapse of the wave function is achieved by using macroscopic objects, which may be, for example, solids, liquids, gases, or plasmas.

13. The use according to any one of claims 6 to 12,

following at least partial quantum physics collapse and at least partial absorption of the wave function at the object is a statistical reemission of the wave by the object.

14. The use according to any one of claims 6 to 13,

at least a portion of the quantum physics collapsed waves are statistically replaced with additional waves having random phases.

15. The use according to any one of claims 6 to 14,

the device produces useful work by converting the resulting radiation density non-uniformity or resulting temperature differential into electricity, radiation, light energy, or other forms of energy, or by using otherwise achieved ordering.

16. The use according to any one of claims 6 to 15,

the device transfers mass, particles, energy, heat, momentum, angular momentum, charge or magnetic moments within one object or between several objects.

17. The use according to any one of claims 6 to 16,

the device charges a storage system of energy, waves or matter, such as a capacitor or battery.

18. The use according to any one of claims 6 to 17,

the device heats or cools an object, wave or collection of waves.

19. The use according to any one of claims 6 to 18,

one or more of the objects of the device operate at another base temperature than room temperature, for example by using an additionally provided heating or cooling function.

20. The use according to any one of claims 6 to 19,

at least one internally or externally generated signal is used to control the operation of the device.

Technical Field

The present invention relates to a non-reciprocal quantum device comprising a transport structure that utilizes the collapse of quantum waves, their interference, and their selective absorption to transfer two or more objects to a new equilibrium state. The invention also relates to a method of operating the quantum device, and to the use of one or more of the quantum devices in a variety of different devices.

Background

In the following description, reference will be made to the following documents:

j.mannhart, journal of superconduction and new magnetics (j.supercond. novel. magn)31, 1649 (2018).

Braak and j. mannhart, european patent application No. 18180759.5, "a non-reciprocal device containing asymmetric phase transmission of waves" (unpublished at the priority date of the present application).

J.mannhart, european patent application No. 18159767.5 "non-reciprocal filter for matter waves" (unpublished at the priority date of the present application).

M.Planck, German physical journal (Verhandlengen der Deutschen Physicischen Gesellschaft)2, 245 (1900).

Maxwell, thermal Theory (Theory of Heat), Langmuir-Green publishers 1871.

Capek and D.P.Sheehan, challenge to the Second Law of Thermodynamics (Challeges to the Second Law of Thermodynamics), Schpringer Press, 2005.

C. Cohen-Tannoudji, J.Dupont-Roc, G.Grynberg, atom-photon interactions, basic procedures and applications, WILEY-VCH publishing Co., Ltd. (2004).

Loudon, Quantum Theory of Light, Oxford scientific publication, third edition (2000).

Y.Imry, Introduction to mesophysics (Introduction to medical Physics), Oxford university Press (2002).

Th.m. nieuwenhuizen, a.e. allaverdyan, physical comment E (phys. rev.e), 036102 (2002).

L.E.Reichl, "modern course of statistical Physics, Edward, Arnold publishing Co., 1980.

Z.merali, nature 551, 20 (2017).

K.maruyama, f.nori, v.vedral, modern physical review (rev.mod.phys)81, 1 (2009).

J.johnson, physical review (phys.rev.)32, 97 (1928).

H.nyquist, physical review (phys.rev.)32, 110 (1928).

Fermi, thermodynamics, Du Buddha Press 1956.

A non-reciprocal quantum device that breaks the second law of thermodynamics by changing the wavelet using a coherent filter is disclosed in reference 2. The present invention discloses a method wherein an equivalent method of breaking the zero and second laws of thermodynamics and the third law of thermodynamics is provided by a simpler device that does not rely on the use of coherent filters, but instead only exploits the collapse of quantum waves, their interference and their selective absorption. Although the need for a coherent filter is eliminated, the apparatus disclosed in the present invention is similar in many features and in many parts of its function to the apparatus disclosed in reference 2.

Disclosure of Invention

According to a first aspect of the invention, a quantum device comprises a transmission structure connected between at least a first port and a second port, wherein the transmission structure is designed such that it effects collapse, interference and selective absorption of a quantum wave to effect non-reciprocal motion of the quantum wave between the ports.

According to one embodiment of a quantum device, the quantum device comprises or consists of a photonic device, the quantum being a photon. Some embodiments of quantum devices described below are with respect to quantum devices that are photonic devices, meaning that the elements of the device are comprised of optical elements. However, it should be understood that the quantum device may also be implemented with other types of similar quanta, such as electrons, which will be shown in further detail below.

The first port and the second port may emit a first quantum wave, and the transmission structure may include a demultiplexer for the first quantum wave. Further, the apparatus may further include a system for absorbing and re-emitting a portion of the first quantum wave as a second quantum wave. The apparatus may further include a system that generates interference between the second quantum waves by interaction with the demultiplexer such that the interfered second quantum waves are preferentially transmitted to a port.

According to an embodiment of the quantum device, the system may be formed by at least one-dimensional transport structure or at least one-dimensional transport structure. The transport structure comprises in its center an entity which may be a single atom, a plurality of single atoms or molecules, or a plurality of atoms, molecules or particles behaving as characteristic of the behaviour of a single atom, with no or with the presence of superradiation. The entity can be conveniently fixed to a large mass m so that during absorption or emission of a quantum wave, the change in velocity of the structure is negligible due to conservation of momentum and the large value of m. The body may be formed from a solid body containing one or more defects, such as color centers, that can absorb and emit waves like atoms. In general, the entity may be any object capable of absorbing and emitting waves like an atom. Thus, in the following, the term "atom" will also be used instead of or as a synonym for the term "system".

According to one embodiment of the quantum device, the above-mentioned wave splitter may be formed by a semi-transmissive mirror comprising a transparent plate, e.g. assembled from glass covered on one surface with a coating, e.g. a dielectric film. The characteristic mirror of the selected coating reflects half of the incoming radiation and transmits the other half, and the semi-transmissive mirror induces a phase change, as detailed in fig. 2 and the accompanying description below.

In an embodiment of the quantum device according to the first aspect, it is constituted by a photonic device and the quantum is a photon. The quantum device further includes first and second blackbody radiators each of which is disposed at one of the first and second ports, such that radiation emitted from the first and second blackbody radiators impinges on opposite sides of the half mirror and is then reflected and transmitted by the half mirror portion. The quantum device further includes first and second (highly reflective or conventional reflective) mirrors disposed in such a manner that the transmitted and reflected waves from the semi-transmissive mirror impinge on the first and second mirrors, and are reflected by the first and second mirrors in such a manner that the reflected beams interfere with each other within or near the system ("atoms").

According to an embodiment of the quantum device of the first aspect, the quantum device comprises or consists of an electronic device, the quantum being an electron. The wave splitter may be composed of an asymmetric tunnel junction, and the atom or system may be composed of a three-terminal structure. A first series connection and a second series connection of a resistance and a capacitance may be provided at the first and second ports, the series connections being configured to provide a first quantum wave. Further details of such embodiments are shown and described below.

According to a second aspect of the invention, a method of operating a quantum device according to the first aspect comprises providing a first quantum wave to the quantum device, wherein the first quantum wave comprises a quantum having energy obtained from a heat source or having energy E in the order of kT, such that 0< E <100kT, where T is the temperature of the environment.

According to an embodiment of the method of the second aspect, the quantum device comprises or consists of a photonic device, the quantum being a photon, and the means for providing the first quantum wave comprises providing first and second blackbody radiators at the first and second ports, respectively.

According to an embodiment of the method according to the second aspect, the quantum device comprises or consists of an electronic device, the quantum being an electron, and the means for providing the first quantum wave comprises providing a first and a second series connection of a resistance and a capacitance at the first and the second port, respectively.

According to a third aspect of the invention, one or more quantum devices according to the first aspect are implemented or used in one or more of the following devices:

an apparatus wherein a first wave comprises a quantum having energy obtained from a heat source or having energy E in the order of kT such that 0< E <100kT, where T is the temperature of the environment.

Means for violating one or more of the zeroth law of thermodynamics, the second law, or the third law is implemented with coherent emissions and at least partial collapse of the wave function.

A device that violates one or more of the zeroth law of thermodynamics, the second law, or the third law is implemented using state stacking of quantum mechanics and at least partial collapse of wave functions.

Means for generating or enhancing non-uniformities in the energy distribution density of waves or particles in the system by coherent emission and at least partial collapse of wave functions or superposition of states of quantum mechanics and at least partial collapse of wave functions;

means for bringing the system out of thermal equilibrium using coherent emission and at least partial quantum-physical collapse of wave functions or superposition of quantum mechanical states and at least partial collapse of wave functions;

means for creating a temperature difference within an object or between objects using coherent emission and at least partial quantum-physical collapse or quantum mechanical state superposition of wave functions and at least partial collapse of the wave functions.

Means for utilizing coherent emission and at least partial quantum-physical collapse or superposition of quantum mechanical states and at least partial collapse of wave functions to produce other parameter differences within an object or between objects than temperature, such as pressure, momentum, angular momentum, electrical properties, magnetic properties, etc.; and

a device that performs heating, cooling, mass transfer, energy transfer, or power conversion.

According to an embodiment of the above third aspect, the quantum device of the first aspect may be coupled to a device configured to generate electrical energy from a temperature difference established in the quantum device. Such means may comprise, for example, a thermocouple that may be connected, i.e. thermally coupled, to two ports, in particular to two blackbody radiators located at the two ports, to convert the temperature difference thereof into electrical energy.

Those skilled in the art will recognize additional features and advantages upon reading the following detailed description, and upon consideration of the accompanying drawings. It will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art that further optical components such as apertures (aperturas), lenses (lenses) and mirrors (mirrors) may be added to the device without affecting its function or altering the spirit of the invention.

Drawings

The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the embodiments, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate embodiments and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the embodiments. Other embodiments and many of the intended advantages of embodiments will be better understood by reference to the detailed description that follows.

Fig. 1 shows a symbolic representation of an emitter of a quantum wave, which may be, for example, a photon or phonon, embedded in a one-dimensional transmission structure (waveguide or fiber). Fig. 1 also shows that the quantum wave emitted by the emitter propagates simultaneously as a quantum-mechanical superposition of two sub-waves to the left and right side of the transport structure.

Fig. 2, which includes fig. 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D, shows an asymmetric semi-transmissive mirror with a dielectric coating on the right side surface. The figure shows the transmission and reflection of quantum waves arriving at the mirror from different directions and with different phase shifts.

Fig. 3 shows an embodiment of a quantum device according to the first aspect of the invention. The device comprises two ports a and B provided by two black body radiators, a transmission structure of quantum waves comprising an asymmetric, semi-transmissive mirror HTM according to fig. 2, two standard mirrors SM1, SM2, and a device of particles M arranged at position R as emitter as shown in fig. 1.

Fig. 4 comprises fig. 4A to 4C and relates to a device for realising an electronic wave according to the present invention. Fig. 4A shows an example of a non-reciprocal tunnel junction as an asymmetric beam splitter in this example apparatus. FIG. 4B shows as an atomAnd figure 4C shows a possible implementation of the complete device.

Fig. 5 comprises fig. 5A-D and shows the calculated time-varying characteristics of the device according to fig. 3. Fig. 5A shows the photon density of ports a and B, fig. 5B shows the number of excited states in the particle device m (r), fig. 5C shows the corresponding temperatures of ports a and B, and fig. 5D shows the entropy of the complete system.

Detailed Description

In the following description, the terms "coupled" and "connected," along with their derivatives, may be used. It will be understood that these terms are intended to indicate that two elements co-operate or interact with each other, whether or not they are in direct physical or electrical contact, or not in direct physical or electrical contact with each other, which means that there may be one or more intermediate elements between the two elements.

Hereinafter, the terms "absorber", "emitter" or "absorber/emitter" may be used. It is to be understood that these terms are to be understood as any kind of element that can absorb or emit any kind of waves, particles and quasi-particles as well as any kind of radiation. These terms refer in particular to blackbody radiators (see below), but also, for example, to resistors which can absorb or emit electrons.

In this disclosure, the terms "black body" and "black body radiator" and derivatives thereof may be used. It should be understood that the term is used to refer to a broad object (body) and also to include a solid, liquid, gas or plasma that can emit or absorb thermal radiation, but is not necessarily black in the textbook sense. In particular, these objects do not have to be in thermal equilibrium, nor do they necessarily follow kirchhoff's law. These bodies may not be 100% black bodies (which do not exist at all), and may or may not be embodied as black body radiators in the sense of textbooks consisting of a hollow body with a small opening.

The term "wave" is used to describe any wave associated with a quantum object, such as a wave that is a photon or a de broglie wave of a particle or quasi-particle. The waves considered are generated/changed in fundamental interaction processes which must be described from a quantum mechanical point of view and which may be subject to quantum mechanical collapse under conditions such as those detailed in reference 7. In addition to this, the term "wave" also includes wave packets, for example, having a gaussian envelope function.

The term "collapsing" is used to describe any process that results in at least partial phase-breaking decoherence of a quantum mechanical state.

When describing quantum devices and claiming quantum devices in the following, it should be noted that the term "quantum device" should be understood in a broad manner. With respect to the function of the devices disclosed herein, such devices are essentially devices that are matter waves or electromagnetic waves, such as photonic, particle waves, or quasi-particle waves. With regard to its structure, an artificial or man-made structure is understood, in which, for example, optical transmission paths, electromagnetic waveguides, electrical lines or wires are manufactured by different technical methods, including integrated circuit technology. However, it is also understood to consist of or include chemical components, such as molecules, molecular compounds, molecular rings such as benzene rings with pendant groups, and the like. It may also refer to a solid compound, for example having a crystalline structure that functions as a device, or to a structure made in or from such a crystalline structure.

Furthermore, the term "transmission path" may, but need not necessarily, be understood to mean a physical body, which in some arrangements may comprise a transmission path, for example a length of wire or a waveguide. In other devices, such a body of material may include two transmission paths, i.e. two opposite directions of propagation of the particles in the body of material. In other devices, the term should not be construed as referring to a physical body or a mass made of a particular material. But rather as a virtual path of particles or waves in space, and may even be placed in a gas atmosphere, for example.

Likewise, the term "atom" may refer to a single atom or molecule, or may refer to a plurality of atoms, molecules or particles having a characteristic behavior characterized by the behavior of a single atom, with or without the presence of superradiation. The term also includes defects in solids, such as color centers, which can absorb and emit waves in the same manner as atoms. Atoms may also be fixed to a mass m much greater than the mass of a single atom.

In addition, the term "random" is used herein to describe not only a process of complete randomness. The term is also used to describe, for example, that the distribution of the phases is so irregular that interference events between waves having such phases are significantly suppressed.

Furthermore, the term "phase coherent" does not necessarily mean that inelastic, phase-breaking scattering does not occur in the device. In fact, as shown in reference 9, some inelastic scattering, for example for phonons, is compatible with the coherence of the wave of the part not affected by the scattering and may be beneficial or even required for the device to function in some cases. Thus, the term "phase coherent" is to be understood as including the absence of inelastic, phase-disrupted scattering of particle transmission in the device, or also the presence of such events, provided that a portion of the wave is retained in phase unaffected by the phase-disrupted scattering events.

Furthermore, the term "semi-transmissive" does not necessarily mean that the transmission of the device is exactly 50%. Rather, the term is also intended to describe any partially transmissive object having a degree of transmission between 0% and 100%.

Furthermore, any features, comments or descriptions relating to one or more quantum devices or the use of one or more quantum devices should be understood as also disclosing respective method features or method steps for operating a quantum device or for implementing a quantum device in any kind of larger device or system and driving the quantum device to cause the larger device or system to implement its desired function.

Fig. 1 shows a representation of atoms 10 in the above sense embedded in a one-dimensional transport structure 11, which one-dimensional transport structure 11 is configured such that the atoms 10 can only emit waves in two opposite directions. As shown by the two partial waves 12 and 13 drawn in the figure, the photons emitted by the atom M located at position R propagate simultaneously to the left and to the right of the transmission structure. These partial waves may be formed, for example, from plane waves or wave packets, which may be gaussian waves. Waves 12 and 13 in phase respectivelyAndis characterized in that r is a spatial coordinate and t is time. Difference between two phasesIs a measurable quantity.

Fig. 2 shows an asymmetric half mirror HTM (20). In the case shown in fig. 2, the half-mirror consists of a transmission plate 20.1, for example made of a glass plate covered on its surface facing the right with, for example, a dielectric coating 20.2. As shown in fig. 2A-D, the properties of the coating are chosen such that the mirror reflects half of the incoming radiation and lets the other half pass. Such mirrors are commonly used in the optical field and are described in, for example, reference 8 or reference 7. FIG. 2A illustrates the phase impinging on the beam splitter HTM from port A asIs divided into two waves having the same phaseThe partial wave of (3). FIG. 2B shows the phase impinging on the beam splitter from the B-port asIs split into two sub-waves with a phase difference phi pi by a beam splitter.

Fig. 2C and 2D show that the two sub-waves arriving at the beam splitter from ports C and D are combined by the beam splitter. As shown in fig. C and D, the combined wave exits the beam splitter towards port a or port B, respectively, depending on whether the phase difference Φ of the incoming split waves is equal to Φ -0 or Φ -pi.

For other values of Φ, the waves are distributed to port a and port B, respectively, with a transmission probability related to Φ. The probability is given by equation 8.

Fig. 3 illustrates the principle of the working device. Two identical blackbody radiators a (31) and B (32) are shown connected by a transmission structure to the asymmetric half-transmissive mirror HTM (33) described in fig. 2. The quantum wave reflected by the semi-transmissive mirror 33, or the quantum wave passing through it, is guided by two standard mirrors 34 and 35 onto the atom M located in the one-dimensional transmission channel as shown in fig. 1. The atoms are placed with far better precision than the wavelength of the radiation at a position R, which is located, for example, in the left/right symmetry plane of the device. The position R is determined such that the lengths of the two beam paths from the HTM (33) to the position R are equal (or differ by nxλ, n 1, 2.; λ is the wavelength) until the accuracy thereof is much less than the wavelength λ of the radiation, e.g., 1/10 λ or less, 1/20 λ or less, 1/50 λ or less. This will ensure that the first wave, which is emitted at the HTM (33) and reflected by the mirror 34, and the second wave, which is emitted at the HTM (33) and reflected by the mirror 35, interfere in an optimal way at the position R.

The device function is now described in paragraphs [0041] - [0043 ]. The subsequent paragraphs [0044] - [0057] provide a direct overview of plant operation.

A) Overview of the operation of the apparatus

The first quantum wave emitted by the thermal radiation of the black-body radiator a (31) passes through the half-transmissive mirror HTM (33) and converges on the atom m (r) (36) with a phase difference Φ of 0 as explained in fig. 2A. Part of the wave is absorbed by M (R). In this process, the atom m (r) emits a second quantum wave (photon, phonon, etc.) by means of stimulated and spontaneous emission. The undisturbed wave packet, the wave packet generated by stimulated emission, and the partially spontaneous wave packet passing through m (r) (36) have a phase difference of Φ 0, and these waves reach the black body a after passing through the semi-transmissive mirror HTM (33). However, some of the second wave packet pairs (second wave packet pairs) generated by m (r) (36) spontaneous emission have a phase difference of Φ ≠ 0. Therefore, a part of these waves reaches port B (32). M (R) (36) shows a quantum mechanical collapse process for the absorption and re-emission of wave packets, and the superposition of the wave packets through the semi-transparent mirror is the behavior of quantum mechanical state superposition.

The quantum waves emitted by the thermal radiation of the blackbody radiator B (31) pass through the mirror and converge on the atoms 36 with a phase difference Φ ═ pi as explained in fig. 2A. Due to this phase difference Φ ═ pi, quantum waves destructively interfere at the position of the atom. Thus, the wave cannot interact with atoms and pass through them unchanged. Since their phase difference is still Φ ═ pi, they are all guided by the semi-transmissive mirror 33 to the black body B, where they are absorbed.

The waves emitted by a and B, i.e. ports 31 and 32, are added, it is clear that part of the wave emitted by a (31) is directed to B (32). However, all waves transmitted by B (32) are reflected back to B (32). No quantum wave emitted from B reaches a. Since a and B emit equal numbers of quantum waves, the device provides a net transfer of quantum waves from a to B, so that the motion of the quantum waves between the two ports 31 and 32 is non-reciprocal. Due to the different fluxes of quantum waves entering 31 and 32, they receive different energies, momentums, and angular momenta under non-central impacts. Due to these changes, further characteristics of these black bodies, such as their temperature, pressure, electrical, optical or magnetic characteristics, may change.

B) Description of the operation of the apparatus

The frequencies emitted by blackbodies A and B (31 and 32) are omega_kAre converted into 1-photon states by the asymmetric spectroscopic HTM (33), so that at R they are given by:

since the polarization of the quantum wave has no effect on the device operation, the polarization index is suppressed.

The function of the spectroscopic HTM (33) is described by a 2 × 2 unitary matrix (unity 2 × 2-matrix):

with (| B)₀＞，|A₀＞)^TRepresenting the input mode of the splitter from reservoir (reservoir) A, B (31, 32). By interference, the HTM maps them to the output pattern (| 1)_k，0>，|0，1_-k>)^TSuch as M_HTM[ reference 8, page 212]As described.

Hamiltonian reading of the interaction of the quantum wave mode with a two-level system M (R) [ reference 8, page 168 ],

here, the first and second liquid crystal display panels are,represents the excitation (destruction) operator of the two-level system 36 including the atom j 1.. M,an annihilation (creation) operator representing mode k, the excited (ground) state of an atom being | e > (| g >), the energy difference between | e > and (| g >) being equal to h ω₀Frequency of the optical mode is ω_k. Shortcut h.c. hermitian conjugate was designed.

If atom j of M is illuminated by waves from A, B, respectively, then the probability of absorption is provided by the matrix elements

Therefore, the temperature of the molten metal is controlled,andcorresponding to stimulated emission, equal to | A in the initial state_R；e_j> or | B_R；e_jIn case > similar results were obtained. The absorption of the quantum wave exhibits a collapsing process.

Radiation from a (the first wave) interacts with atom m (r), while light from B passes through m (r) (36) without interference. State | B_RRe-reach the beam splitter where it is converted to a state(with opposite momentum) because

This finding reveals that all the radiation emitted by B is eventually returned to B, unaffected by the presence of m (r) (36). On the contrary, if ω_k＝ω₀The radiation from a interacts with m (r).

State |0, 0; e.g. of the type_j>By spontaneous emission decay to frequency omega₀1-photon state, i.e. the state that forms the second wave

Wherein alpha is more than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1, and phi is more than or equal to 0 and less than 2 pi.

The probability of this process is proportional to

These considerations reveal that there is no transmission entering mode | B_R>(Φ ═ pi). This behavior is consistent with the fact that m (r) also does not absorb such wavelets, corresponding to the carefully balanced conditions of this unique superposition.

Accordingly, it can be found

However, while a fine balance is satisfied separately for each coherent superposition, the beam splitter 33 distributes the state | α, Φ > between A and B as follows:

therefore, 19/30 of the m (r) spontaneously emitted quantum wave reaches black body a, 11/30 reaches black body B.

These considerations reveal that energy is preferentially transferred from a to B by the a-excited two-level system m (r).

The corresponding rate equation for the system is:

using the Einstein coefficient A₁₂、B₁₂And B₂₁。M_eDenotes the number of excitation atoms of M (R) (36) and c denotes the speed of light. Both black bodies 31 and 32 are coupled to a waveguide and emit a portion of frequency omega per unit time₀Gamma n of (2)_A，BA quantum wave.

It is readily understood that the only steady state solution for these equations is n_A(t)＝M_e(t) ═ 0, which means that in the final state, reservoir a (31) is completely empty, all atoms in m (r) occupy their ground state, and all radiant and excitation energy has flowed to reservoir B (32). Accordingly, the temperatures of a and m (r) (36) are zero, while the temperature of reservoir B is greater than zero.

Since the basic principle of the proposed device relies on interference, collapse and bulk absorption of quantum waves, a device utilizing matter waves rather than electromagnetic waves can be realized. With respect to fig. 4, we now present, in an exemplary manner, one possible embodiment of an electronic device that operates in a manner similar to the device of fig. 3. Non-reciprocal devices for matter waves have been introduced in references 1 and 3. In fig. 3 as electron source 31, 32, each consisting of a resistor and a capacitor in series. The resistance generates voltage noise and current noise according to the johnson-nyquist equation (reference 14, reference 15). To facilitate conservation of the photon count similar to that of the device shown in fig. 3, the capacitor ensures that the number of electrons in the circuit is constant, a requirement which may not even be strict in some cases.

The function of the asymmetric spectroscopic HTM (33) is realized by an asymmetric tunnel junction (tunnel junction) as shown in fig. 4A. The tunnel barrier (tunnel barrier) is chosen such that the transport of electrons in both directions is equal to 50%. Fig. 4A shows, as an example, that the electron wave 41.1 reaches the barrier (barrier) from the left, being split into two partial waves. The partial wave 41.2 passes through the potential barrier 42 and the partial wave 41.3 is reflected by the potential barrier. The tunnel barrier 42 formed by the two different materials 42.1 and 42.2 (in this example) has a non-reciprocal transport property for the substance wave, and the resulting properties of the interface 43 ensure that the phase shift Φ between the exiting electron waves 41.2 and 41.3 depends on whether the quantum wave 41.1 strikes the barrier from the left (as viewed in the figure) or from the right, much like in the case of the HTM (33).

The function of the atom M (R) results from the three-terminal junction 45 shown in FIG. 4B. The interference of quantum waves 44.1 and 44.2 at junction 45 is a function of their phase difference Φ. For the case where phi pi, 44.1 and 44.2 destructively interfere at 45, allowing them to continue to flow without interruption. For Φ ≠ n pi, n.. the partial waves reach the resistance R, collapsing there. The number of collapse events increases as the constructive nature of the interference increases. Under the control of thermal noise, the electrons are also ejected by R to reach junction 45, which junction 45 splits each of them into two sub-waves, occupying the continuous state given by conductor 45.1. According to the Fermi gold law, the probability that the phase difference of the two partial waves is phi is 1+ cos phi. Thus, the device shown in FIG. 4C is an example of an electronic device that operates in a similar manner to the photonic device shown in FIG. 3.

The number of photons in A and B for the criterion parameter (t ═ 0: 5X 10 is shown by FIGS. 5A-D⁵(ii) a Number of atoms in M (R): 100, respectively; excitation atom number in m (r) when t is 0: 1; gamma 10^-4；A₂₁＝B₁₂＝B₂₁＝10^-3) The solution of the numerically calculated rate equation (equations 9-11) is performed.

FIG. 5A shows the number of photons n in the blackbodies A and B_AAnd n_BAs a function of time. As shown, the initial state of the standard thermal equilibrium corresponding to an equal number of quantum waves in A and B is not maintained by the system. Specifically, all photons of a move into B.

FIG. 5B shows the number n of excited atoms in M (R)_MAs a function of time. As shown, this number rises from 1 to a saturation value of 50. During this time, M (R) preferably moves photons from A to B, with the number of excited atoms in M (R) decreasing to zero as A depletes the photons.

FIG. 5C shows the temperature T of photon distribution in blackbodies A and B_AAnd T_BAs a function of time. As shown, the initial state of standard thermal equilibrium corresponding to equal a and B temperatures is not maintained by the system. Instead, A cools to 0K and B heats up accordingly.

As described above, a cools and B heats up, so that a temperature difference is produced between a and B, which temperature difference can be used, for example, for generating electrical energy. This can be achieved, for example, by using a thermocouple device, in particular by using an electrical device comprising two different electrical conductors which form an electrical junction (electrical junction) at different temperatures. Such a thermocouple device can thus generate a temperature-dependent voltage due to the thermoelectric effect.

Finally, fig. 5D shows the entropy of the complete system. The system is thermally isolated from its environment, starting with a uniform temperature throughout the system. Nevertheless, the entropy decreases with time, clearly violating the second law of thermodynamics.

It should be noted at this time that the quantum device may have many other structures than the structure shown in fig. 3 according to the gist of the present invention. The semi-transmissive mirror, black body or atoms may be implemented in other ways. For example, the black body may be provided by a reservoir of other thermally excited quantum waves, such as an object that provides thermally excited phonons. The half-mirror may be replaced by other means, for example, a means for splitting and recombining quantum waves using a junction in the transmission path, or by a metamaterial acting on, for example, phonons. The atoms M may also be provided by, for example, other systems that provide for the collapse and re-emission of quantum waves, such as noise reservoir (noise reservoir) that emits particles into a conductor with adjacent cross junctions or bifurcations (split). It seems realistic to implement the complete device in, for example, molecules or crystalline solids or solids with complex structures.

It should also be mentioned that the geometry of the transmission path shown in fig. 3 also represents only a simple embodiment. The path may be more complex and include, for example, multiple loops, and a third dimension of space may also be used. In addition, other components may be included, such as additional scatterers, non-reciprocal filters, or more blackbodies.

According to a second aspect of the invention, a method for operating a quantum device according to the first aspect comprises supplying a first wave to the quantum device, wherein the first wave comprises a quantum having energy obtained from a heat source or having energy E (energies E of order kT) in the order of kT, such that 0< E <100kT, where T is the temperature of the environment.

The method of operation of a quantum device according to the first aspect may alternatively or additionally be defined as comprising a first wave source, wherein at least one first wave source is in thermal contact with the environment. The environment may be a natural environment, such as a room at room temperature, or anywhere in nature. It may also be an artificial environment, such as a cavity containing the device, or a thermal environment, such as provided by a water bath or furnace.

The method of operating a quantum device according to the first aspect may alternatively or additionally be defined as comprising providing a first wave source, wherein the first wave source is not actively excited, in particular not excited by non-thermal energy, and thus the source will be actively heated or cooled.

It is to be noted that the behavior of the device according to the invention does not comply with the zero, second and third laws of thermodynamics in the way they are commonly understood today and presented in textbooks (for example reference 11). Since the two black bodies 31 and 32, in which they are brought into thermal contact by means of the device, do not establish an equal temperature but form a temperature difference, this violates the zeroth law. The uniform temperature distribution, i.e. the state of maximum entropy, is unstable, so that the system enters a lower energy state, which conflicts with the second law. This device also conflicts with the third law, since the black body 31 can reach a temperature of 0K, which one has considered impossible for a black body to reach due to the third law. Note that this device does not conflict with the statements of the third law (i.e., the entropy of a non-degenerated system equals zero at 0K). Some experts, such as the well-known physicist enrik fermi foresee a divergence from the second law, see for example reference 16. In reference 10, a hypothetical system is discussed that is believed to exhibit some divergence between the second laws of quantum physics and thermodynamics. However, as these authors indicate, this inconsistency is limited to quantum mechanical entangled states that exist only at very low temperatures, as these states are destroyed by the de-coherence process. Furthermore, the entanglement must be of the multiparticulate type. These requirements make the proposed system impractical in practical implementations. In contrast, the present invention does not rely on entanglement, but rather on single event coherence, collapsing processes and interference.

In fact, for decades, one has imagined a device that is at the time, or what is assumed, that is capable of violating the second law of thermodynamics, which then brings about what advantages, ref 6.

Nevertheless, as the expert and the average person knows, for example, see reference 5, reference 13, reference 6 or reference 11, a practical device that breaks the second law of thermodynamics, commonly known as a second perpetual motion machine, has been surmised only. As summarized in reference 12, the present discussion focuses primarily on devices that utilize quantum effects (particularly quantum entanglement) that occur at temperatures near absolute zero. These studies have never transitioned from speculation to operational equipment due to a lack of thought as to how the utility works. In fact, most members of the scientific community are confident that, in principle, such devices may never be manufactured.

It should further be mentioned that the quantum device and its applications described above may require some coupling to a thermal environment (hot bath). In a simple case, the thermal environment may be provided by black bodies 31 and 32. The medium of such a thermal environment may be a solid, liquid or gas. The device may extract energy from one or more thermal environments and transfer the thermal energy to, for example, one or more other thermal environments.

It will also be apparent that the above-described devices may be connected together in any useful manner. They may be implemented to operate in parallel to enhance their output. Likewise, the devices may also be operated in series. For example, for black body B1 of the first device being cooled by the first device, the second device may be thermally connected such that black body B2 of the second device is heated to a higher temperature than black body B1.

Another valuable aspect of the invention is the ease of establishing control over the process driven by quantum collapse. These processes may be controlled, for example, by blocking a portion of the transmission path or by moving or rotating one or more optical elements. Thus, the system may be provided with one or more inputs for process control.

The present disclosure also relates to the following further aspects. These aspects refer to devices in which the quantum device according to the first aspect may be implemented, such that each device implements specific functions as will be outlined below.

The invention also relates to a device for achieving violation of one or more of the zeroth law of thermodynamics, the second law or the third law, using coherent emission and at least partial collapse of the wave function.

The invention also relates to a device for achieving violation of one or more of the zeroth, second or third law of thermodynamics using superposition of states of quantum mechanics and at least partial collapse of wave functions.

The apparatus according to any of the above aspects may be operated at a temperature in the range of 0K to 5000K.

The device according to any of the above aspects may or may not be coupled or entangled with a thermal environment in a quantum system.

The invention also relates to a device for producing or enhancing inhomogeneities in the energy distribution density of waves or particles in a system by means of coherent emission and at least partial collapse of wave functions or at least partial collapse of quantum-mechanical state superposition and wave functions. The energy distribution may be an energy distribution generated at least in part by thermal energy.

The invention also relates to a device for bringing a system out of a thermal equilibrium state by means of coherent emission and at least partial quantum-physical collapse or quantum mechanical state superposition of wave functions and at least partial collapse of the wave functions.

The invention also relates to a device for generating a temperature difference within an object or between objects by means of coherent emission and at least partial quantum-physical collapse or quantum-mechanical state superposition of wave functions and at least partial collapse of the wave functions.

In the apparatus according to any of the above aspects, the phase shift may be caused by at least one non-reciprocal component of the apparatus.

In the device according to any of the above aspects, at least part of the quantum physics collapse of the wave function may be achieved by using macroscopic bodies, which may be, for example, solids, liquids, gases or plasmas.

In the apparatus according to any of the above aspects, the at least partial quantum physics collapse and the at least partial absorption of the wave function at the object is followed by a statistical re-emission (statistical reemission) of the wave by the object.

In the apparatus according to any of the above aspects, at least part of the quantum physics collapsing wave is statistically replaced (statically relocated) by another wave having a random phase, or the phase of the wave is changed to a random value.

In the apparatus according to any of the above aspects, the apparatus produces useful work by converting the resulting radiation density inhomogeneities or resulting temperature differences into electrical, radiation, optical or other forms of energy, or by using otherwise achieved ordering (order).

In the device according to any of the above aspects, the device transports mass, particles, energy, heat, momentum, angular momentum, charge or magnetic moments within one object or between several objects.

In the device according to any of the above aspects, the device charges a storage system for energy, waves or matter, such as a capacitor or a battery.

In the apparatus according to any of the above aspects, wherein the apparatus heats or cools the object.

In a device according to any of the above aspects, wherein one or more objects of the device are operated at a further base temperature than room temperature, for example by using an additionally provided heating or cooling function.

In the apparatus according to any of the above aspects, wherein the process is controlled using one or more internally or externally generated signals.

The key elements that lead to significant violations of the second law are the generation of particle states that are split into multiple wave packets, quantum mechanical collapse of at least some of the multiple wave packet states, and ordering (sorting) of single and multiple wave packet states by interference, with the latter step transferring the coherent energy of the wave packets into a useful output signal. These robust single particle processes are scalable, operate over a wide temperature range, including high temperatures, are compatible with standard room-like environments, and can be implemented in a variety of devices that act on many types of quantum waves, including electromagnetic waves, particle waves, and quasi-particle waves.

It is noted that in the literature description of photonic devices, confusing, superficial similarities to the devices of the present invention can be found. None of these devices uses the principle mechanism described in the present invention and therefore also cannot achieve violation of the second law. As an illustrative example we mention the device proposed in fig. 3 of Soellner et al in its publication (i.e. Soellner et al: "Deterministic photo-emitter coupling in a chiral photonic circuit", natural TECHNOLOGY (natural TECHNOLOGY), volume 10, No.9, 2015, 9/1/775-778), where quantum dots that play a positive role in its device are shown, as atom M (36) plays a positive role in the device of the present invention. However, these effects are fundamentally different, and accordingly, the functions of the devices are also greatly different. The quantum dots of Soellner et al introduce only a direction dependent phase shift, and do not have a statistical process, collapse, absorption or emission. The state of the quantum dots does not change over time and the whole device therefore operates in a deterministic manner, as already disclosed in the title of this publication. The quadripolar device is described by a unitary scattering matrix (unity scattering matrix), as is the device proposed by Ballestro et al, however, the device of the present invention can only act on two ports, and the non-reciprocity is achieved by breaking unitary (unity) through a statistical collapsing process.

Although the invention has been illustrated and described with respect to one or more implementations, alterations and/or modifications may be made to the illustrated examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims. In particular regard to the various functions performed by the above described components or structures (components, devices, circuits, systems, etc.), the terms (including a reference to a "means") used to describe such components are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any component or structure which performs the specified function of the described component (e.g., that is functionally equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the herein illustrated exemplary implementations of the invention.