Method for extracting fiber from straw
阅读说明：本技术 一种从秸秆中提取纤维的方法 (Method for extracting fiber from straw ) 是由 王胧庆 于 2021-02-04 设计创作，主要内容包括：本公开涉及一种从秸秆中提取纤维的方法,包括以下步骤：将秸秆原料进行破碎、脱尘、膨化；加入酶制剂进行厌氧分解；然后加入酶制剂并持续曝气进行水解；将所得产物进行压滤,即得产品纸浆原料；酶制剂包括按照质量份数计的如下组分：芽孢杆菌10-14份,乳酸杆菌22-25份,酵母菌20-25份,枯草杆菌18-20份,纳豆菌17-22份,光合菌14-17份,硝化菌13-17份,放线菌16-21份,丝状菌13-18份,果胶酶30-37份,淀粉酶35-43份,木质素酶25-30份,半纤维素酶31-39份。本公开能有效去除秸秆原料中除纤维素外的其他成分,能将秸秆直接转换为造纸可用的纸浆原料,能显著提高秸秆的再利用率,减少资源浪费,同时可有效降低造纸生产的木材需求量,减少木材消耗,更加环保。(The present disclosure relates to a method for extracting fiber from straw, comprising the steps of: crushing, dedusting and puffing the straw raw material; adding an enzyme preparation for anaerobic decomposition; then adding an enzyme preparation and continuously aerating for hydrolysis; carrying out filter pressing on the obtained product to obtain a product paper pulp raw material; the enzyme preparation comprises the following components in parts by weight: 10-14 parts of bacillus, 22-25 parts of lactobacillus, 20-25 parts of yeast, 18-20 parts of bacillus subtilis, 17-22 parts of bacillus natto, 14-17 parts of photosynthetic bacteria, 13-17 parts of nitrobacteria, 16-21 parts of actinomycetes, 13-18 parts of filamentous bacteria, 30-37 parts of pectinase, 35-43 parts of amylase, 25-30 parts of ligninase and 31-39 parts of hemicellulase. The paper pulp machine can effectively remove other components except cellulose in straw raw materials, can directly convert the straw into the paper pulp raw materials available for papermaking, can obviously improve the recycling rate of the straw, reduces resource waste, can effectively reduce the wood demand of papermaking production, reduces wood consumption and is more environment-friendly.)
1. A method for extracting fiber from straw is characterized by comprising the following steps:
a: crushing and dedusting straw raw materials;
b, performing puffing treatment on the product obtained in the step a;
c: b, conveying the product obtained in the step b into an anaerobic decomposition bin, adding an enzyme preparation into the anaerobic decomposition bin, fully mixing and standing for anaerobic decomposition;
d: c, conveying the product obtained in the step c into a hydrolysis tank, adding an enzyme preparation into the hydrolysis tank, fully mixing and continuously aerating for hydrolysis;
e: carrying out filter pressing on the product obtained in the step d to obtain a paper pulp raw material;
the same enzyme preparation is added in the step c and the step d, and the enzyme preparation comprises the following components in parts by mass:
10-14 parts of bacillus, 22-25 parts of lactobacillus, 20-25 parts of yeast, 18-20 parts of bacillus subtilis, 17-22 parts of bacillus natto, 14-17 parts of photosynthetic bacteria, 13-17 parts of nitrobacteria, 16-21 parts of actinomycetes, 13-18 parts of filamentous bacteria, 30-37 parts of pectinase, 35-43 parts of amylase, 25-30 parts of ligninase and 31-39 parts of hemicellulase.
2. The method for extracting fiber from straw as claimed in claim 1, wherein the anaerobic decomposition is performed by mixing and standing for 7-10 days in the step c.
3. The method for extracting fiber from straw as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step e comprises the following steps:
e 1: d, performing primary filter pressing on the product obtained in the step d;
e 2: introducing the product obtained in the step e1 into the hydrolysis tank again, adding an enzyme preparation, fully mixing and continuously aerating for secondary hydrolysis;
e 3: and e, carrying out secondary filter pressing on the product obtained in the step e2 to obtain the product paper pulp raw material.
4. The method for extracting fiber from straw as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the step d, the hydrolysis time is 4-12 hours; in the step e2, the secondary hydrolysis time is 5-10 hours.
5. The method for extracting fiber from straw as claimed in claim 1, wherein the amount of the enzyme preparation added in step c is 0.3% -0.5% of the amount of the straw raw material.
6. The method for extracting fiber from straw as claimed in claim 5, wherein the amount of enzyme preparation added in step d is 0.2% -0.4% of the amount of straw raw material.
7. The method for extracting fiber from straw as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step e, the product pulp raw material is obtained by pressure filtration, and simultaneously the waste water is obtained;
the method for extracting the fibers from the straws further comprises a step f after the step e, wherein the step f specifically comprises the following steps:
f 1: e, introducing the wastewater obtained in the step e into an aerobic tank, and continuously aerating;
f 2: and f1, introducing the product obtained in the step f1 into air floatation equipment for solid-liquid separation to obtain clear water and waste residues.
8. The method for extracting the fibers from the straws as claimed in claim 7, wherein the waste residue obtained in the step f2 is used for preparing organic fertilizer.
9. The method for extracting fibers from straws as claimed in claim 1, wherein the enzyme preparation comprises the following components in parts by mass:
10-14 parts of bacillus, 22-25 parts of lactobacillus, 20-25 parts of yeast, 18-20 parts of bacillus subtilis, 17-22 parts of bacillus natto, 14-17 parts of photosynthetic bacteria, 13-17 parts of nitrobacteria, 16-21 parts of actinomycetes, 13-18 parts of filamentous bacteria, 32 parts of pectinase, 36 parts of amylase, 30 parts of ligninase and 38 parts of hemicellulase.
10. The method for extracting fibers from straws as claimed in claim 1, wherein the enzyme preparation comprises the following components in parts by mass:
10-14 parts of bacillus, 22-25 parts of lactobacillus, 20-25 parts of yeast, 18-20 parts of bacillus subtilis, 17-22 parts of bacillus natto, 14-17 parts of photosynthetic bacteria, 13-17 parts of nitrobacteria, 16-21 parts of actinomycetes, 13-18 parts of filamentous bacteria, 36 parts of pectinase, 42 parts of amylase, 26 parts of ligninase and 32 parts of hemicellulase.
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of straw treatment, in particular to a method for extracting fibers from straws.
Background
The annual yield of the straws of crops in China is about 7 hundred million tons, and the straws contain rich natural cellulose fibers and are potential renewable fiber resources. The method is limited by the influence of various factors such as climate (the straws are returned to the field and are not easy to rot in arid regions in northwest of China, the conversion efficiency is low in methane fermentation in winter), price (the straws are generally low in purchase price, poor in enthusiasm for farmers to store and store, high in biomass power generation cost, loss of power plants), pollution (secondary pollution is generated during recycling), technology and the like, and great difficulty is brought to the recycling of the straws. In rural areas of China, the recycling rate of the straws is low, about 33%, most of the straws are recycled and returned to the field or burnt, the conversion rate is low, and the generated secondary pollution is relatively serious. Therefore, how to efficiently and reasonably treat the straws is an urgent problem to be solved.
On the other hand, paper is one of necessities, and a large amount of paper is consumed in every year of work and life. The paper pulp is rich in cellulose, is one of paper making raw materials, is mostly made of wood, wood resources in China are in short supply, and the large amount of felled wood for paper making does not conform to the policy of sustainable development in China, nor does it conform to the current production concept of energy conservation and environmental protection.
The straw recycling agent is combined with the characteristic that the straw contains rich natural cellulose fibers but has low utilization rate, if the natural cellulose fibers in the straw can be extracted and utilized, the natural cellulose fibers can be applied to papermaking, the straw recycling rate can be effectively improved, meanwhile, the wood consumption can be reduced, and the straw recycling agent is a measure for killing two birds with one stone. Therefore, how to efficiently and conveniently treat the straws to be used as raw materials for papermaking is a key problem for realizing the measures.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems of the prior art, the present disclosure is directed to a method for extracting fiber from straw. The paper pulp machine can effectively remove other components except cellulose in straw raw materials, can directly convert the straw into the paper pulp raw materials available for papermaking, can obviously improve the recycling rate of the straw, reduces resource waste, can effectively reduce the wood demand of papermaking production, reduces wood consumption and is more environment-friendly.
The method for extracting the fiber from the straw comprises the following steps:
a: crushing and dedusting straw raw materials;
b, performing puffing treatment on the product obtained in the step a;
c: b, conveying the product obtained in the step b into an anaerobic decomposition bin, adding an enzyme preparation into the anaerobic decomposition bin, fully mixing and standing for anaerobic decomposition;
d: c, conveying the product obtained in the step c into a hydrolysis tank, adding an enzyme preparation into the hydrolysis tank, fully mixing and continuously aerating for hydrolysis;
e: carrying out filter pressing on the product obtained in the step d to obtain a paper pulp raw material;
the same enzyme preparation is added in the step c and the step d, and the enzyme preparation comprises the following components in parts by mass:
10-14 parts of bacillus, 22-25 parts of lactobacillus, 20-25 parts of yeast, 18-20 parts of bacillus subtilis, 17-22 parts of bacillus natto, 14-17 parts of photosynthetic bacteria, 13-17 parts of nitrobacteria, 16-21 parts of actinomycetes, 13-18 parts of filamentous bacteria, 30-37 parts of pectinase, 35-43 parts of amylase, 25-30 parts of ligninase and 31-39 parts of hemicellulase.
Preferably, in the step c, the mixture is kept still for 7 to 10 days for anaerobic decomposition.
Preferably, the step e specifically includes the following steps:
e 1: d, performing primary filter pressing on the product obtained in the step d;
e 2: introducing the product obtained in the step e1 into the hydrolysis tank again, adding an enzyme preparation, fully mixing and continuously aerating for secondary hydrolysis;
e 3: and e, carrying out secondary filter pressing on the product obtained in the step e2 to obtain the product paper pulp raw material.
Preferably, in the step d, the hydrolysis time is 4 to 12 hours; in the step e2, the secondary hydrolysis time is 5-10 hours.
Preferably, the amount of the enzyme preparation added in the step c is 0.3-0.5% of the amount of the straw raw material.
Preferably, the amount of the enzyme preparation added in the step d is 0.2-0.4% of the amount of the straw raw material.
Preferably, in the step e, a product pulp raw material is obtained through pressure filtration, and simultaneously, waste water is obtained;
the method for extracting the fibers from the straws further comprises a step f after the step e, wherein the step f specifically comprises the following steps:
f 1: e, introducing the wastewater obtained in the step e into an aerobic tank, and continuously aerating;
f 2: and f1, introducing the product obtained in the step f1 into air floatation equipment for solid-liquid separation to obtain clear water and waste residues.
Preferably, the waste residue obtained in the step f2 is used for preparing organic fertilizer.
Preferably, the enzyme preparation comprises the following components in parts by mass:
10-14 parts of bacillus, 22-25 parts of lactobacillus, 20-25 parts of yeast, 18-20 parts of bacillus subtilis, 17-22 parts of bacillus natto, 14-17 parts of photosynthetic bacteria, 13-17 parts of nitrobacteria, 16-21 parts of actinomycetes, 13-18 parts of filamentous bacteria, 32 parts of pectinase, 36 parts of amylase, 30 parts of ligninase and 38 parts of hemicellulase.
Preferably, the enzyme preparation comprises the following components in parts by mass:
10-14 parts of bacillus, 22-25 parts of lactobacillus, 20-25 parts of yeast, 18-20 parts of bacillus subtilis, 17-22 parts of bacillus natto, 14-17 parts of photosynthetic bacteria, 13-17 parts of nitrobacteria, 16-21 parts of actinomycetes, 13-18 parts of filamentous bacteria, 36 parts of pectinase, 42 parts of amylase, 26 parts of ligninase and 32 parts of hemicellulase.
The method for extracting the fibers from the straws has the advantages that the corresponding enzyme preparation is prepared according to the components in the straws, and the enzyme preparation contains pectinase, amylase, ligninase and hemicellulase and contains various strains. When the enzyme preparation is added into straws, various enzymes can catalyze the hydrolysis of pectin, starch, lignin and hemicellulose, and can also catalyze various strains to degrade the pectin, starch, lignin and hemicellulose, so that the pectin, starch, lignin, hemicellulose and other components in the straws are finally removed, cellulose required by papermaking is reserved, and a paper pulp raw material which can be directly used for papermaking is formed.
According to the method, the straws are fermented and degraded by the strains and the enzymes in the enzyme preparation, components such as pectin and the like are removed, cellulose is reserved, the straws can be well recycled, the recycling rate of the straws is improved, and resource waste is reduced. Meanwhile, the wood pulp making material can replace part of wood as a pulp making material, so that the wood demand of papermaking production can be effectively reduced, the wood consumption is reduced, and the wood pulp making material more conforms to the policy of sustainable development and the production concept of energy conservation and environmental protection.
The strains and the enzyme have good effect of removing impurities such as pectin and the like, and the removal rate is high, so that the purity of cellulose in the obtained paper pulp raw material is high, and the finally prepared paper product has high whiteness and less impurities.
The straw is subjected to biodegradation treatment by using strains and enzymes, secondary pollution is almost avoided in the treatment process, and compared with simple returning and burning, the conversion rate is greatly improved, the secondary pollution is greatly reduced, and the environment is more friendly.
In addition, the method for extracting the fibers from the straws is convenient to implement, low in technical difficulty, less in equipment investment, easy to popularize and apply and good in popularization value and economic benefit.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the steps of a method of extracting fiber from straw according to the present disclosure.
Detailed Description
As shown in fig. 1, the method for extracting fiber from straw according to the present disclosure includes the following steps:
a: crushing and dedusting straw raw materials; specifically, the collected and transported straw raw materials are crushed by a crusher to be crushed into wood chips, and then the crushed wood chips are dedusted by a six-roller dedusting machine to remove impurities such as dust in the straw chips and improve the purity of the straw;
b, performing puffing treatment on the product obtained in the step a; specifically, the product obtained in the step a (namely the crushed and dedusted straw fragments) is sent into a bulking machine for bulking, and then the pressure is reduced after the proper heating and pressurization, so that the starch substances in the straw are bulked, the bulking is to increase the volume of the straw fragments, so that the preparation is provided for the subsequent fermentation and degradation process, the rate of fermentation and degradation can be increased when the bulked straw fragments react with the enzyme preparation, and the fermentation and degradation of the straw are more sufficient.
c: b, conveying the product obtained in the step b into an anaerobic decomposition bin, adding an enzyme preparation into the anaerobic decomposition bin, fully mixing and standing for anaerobic decomposition; specifically, the product obtained in the step b (i.e., the puffed straw fragments) is sent into an anaerobic decomposition bin, an enzyme preparation and clean water are mixed according to the proportion of 1:100 to prepare an enzyme preparation solution, the enzyme preparation solution is uniformly sprayed on the straw fragments in a spraying mode and is stirred by a stirrer to fully mix the enzyme preparation and the straw fragments, and the anaerobic decomposition bin is kept in an anaerobic environment in a closed mode. Under the catalytic action of pectinase, amylase, ligninase and hemicellulase, the hydrolysis rate of pectin, starch, lignin and hemicellulose in the straw is greatly improved, and meanwhile, the enzymes can also catalyze various anaerobic bacteria in an enzyme preparation to degrade substances such as pectin and the like, so that the aims of removing the pectin, the starch, the lignin and the hemicellulose in the straw and retaining the cellulose in the straw are fulfilled.
d: c, conveying the product obtained in the step c into a hydrolysis tank, adding an enzyme preparation into the hydrolysis tank, fully mixing and continuously aerating for hydrolysis; specifically, the product obtained after anaerobic fermentation is sent into a hydrolysis tank, an enzyme preparation is added into the hydrolysis tank, the mixture is fully mixed, the hydrolysis tank is aerated through an aerator, various enzymes in the enzyme preparation play a role in catalyzing hydrolysis of components such as pectin and the like, and meanwhile, under the aeration environment, degradation of the components such as pectin and the like by aerobic strains can be catalyzed, the components such as residual pectin and the like in the anaerobic decomposition process can be further removed, and the purity of cellulose is improved.
e: carrying out filter pressing on the product obtained in the step d to obtain a paper pulp raw material; specifically, the product obtained after hydrolysis is introduced into a filter press for filter pressing, and the paper pulp raw material containing high-purity cellulose is obtained after excessive moisture is removed.
Adding the same enzyme preparation into the steps c and d, wherein the enzyme preparation comprises the following components in parts by weight:
10-14 parts of bacillus, 22-25 parts of lactobacillus, 20-25 parts of yeast, 18-20 parts of bacillus subtilis, 17-22 parts of bacillus natto, 14-17 parts of photosynthetic bacteria, 13-17 parts of nitrobacteria, 16-21 parts of actinomycetes, 13-18 parts of filamentous bacteria, 30-37 parts of pectinase, 35-43 parts of amylase, 25-30 parts of ligninase and 31-39 parts of hemicellulase.
In order to convert straws into paper pulp raw materials, pectin, starch, lignin and hemicellulose in the straws need to be removed, the applicant determines the pectinase, the amylase, the ligninase and the hemicellulase with the mass fractions through detecting the content of each component in the straws, and the various resolvase with the mass fractions can effectively catalyze the hydrolysis degradation reaction of the corresponding component and has moderate dosage. On the other hand, strains for fermentation degradation also need to be strictly screened, the selected strains need to be capable of effectively degrading pectin and other components, and cellulose needs not to be degraded as much as possible, the applicant selects the strains and corresponding mass parts through multiple tests and screening, the pectin and other components can be effectively degraded, the amount of the degraded cellulose is very small, and the method can be suitable for the treatment process of straws.
1 kg of straw raw material is treated according to the method for extracting fiber from straw disclosed by the disclosure, the contents of pectin, starch, hemicellulose and cellulose in the straw raw material and the product are detected respectively before treatment, after anaerobic decomposition and after hydrolysis, and the detection results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 detection of the content of each component at each stage of the method for extracting fiber from straw according to the present disclosure
Experimental results show that by adopting the method for extracting the fibers from the straws, pectin, starch, lignin and hemicellulose in the straws can be effectively removed, most of cellulose in the straws is reserved, and the generated paper pulp raw material can meet the material requirements of papermaking.
The method prepares corresponding enzyme preparations according to the components in the straws, wherein the enzyme preparations contain pectinase, amylase, ligninase and hemicellulase and contain various strains. When the enzyme preparation is added into straws, various enzymes can catalyze the hydrolysis of pectin, starch, lignin and hemicellulose, and can also catalyze various strains to degrade the pectin, starch, lignin and hemicellulose, so that the pectin, starch, lignin, hemicellulose and other components in the straws are finally removed, cellulose required by papermaking is reserved, and a paper pulp raw material which can be directly used for papermaking is formed.
According to the method, the straws are fermented and degraded by the strains and the enzymes in the enzyme preparation, components such as pectin and the like are removed, cellulose is reserved, the straws can be well recycled, the recycling rate of the straws is improved, and resource waste is reduced. Meanwhile, the wood pulp making material can replace part of wood as a pulp making material, so that the wood demand of papermaking production can be effectively reduced, the wood consumption is reduced, and the wood pulp making material more conforms to the policy of sustainable development and the production concept of energy conservation and environmental protection.
The strains and the enzyme have good effect of removing impurities such as pectin and the like, and the removal rate is high, so that the purity of cellulose in the obtained paper pulp raw material is high, and the finally prepared paper product has high whiteness and less impurities.
The straw is subjected to biodegradation treatment by using strains and enzymes, secondary pollution is almost avoided in the treatment process, and compared with simple returning and burning, the conversion rate is greatly improved, the secondary pollution is greatly reduced, and the environment is more friendly.
In addition, the method for extracting the fibers from the straws is convenient to implement, low in technical difficulty, less in equipment investment, easy to popularize and apply and good in popularization value and economic benefit.
Further, in this example, in step c, the mixture was left to stand for 7 to 10 days to perform anaerobic decomposition, so that the anaerobic decomposition reaction was sufficiently performed.
Further, in this embodiment, step e specifically includes the following steps:
e 1: d, performing primary filter pressing on the product obtained in the step d;
e 2: introducing the product obtained in the step e1 into the hydrolysis tank again, adding an enzyme preparation, fully mixing and continuously aerating for secondary hydrolysis;
e 3: and e, carrying out secondary filter pressing on the product obtained in the step e2 to obtain the product paper pulp raw material.
And after the primary hydrolysis and pressure filtration, introducing the obtained product into the hydrolysis tank again, adding the same enzyme preparation for secondary hydrolysis, and then performing pressure filtration again. The secondary hydrolysis can further remove pectin and other components in the straw, so that the cellulose purity of the finally prepared paper pulp raw material is higher.
Further, in this embodiment, in the step d, the hydrolysis time is 4 to 12 hours; in the step e2, the secondary hydrolysis time is 5-10 hours, so that the two hydrolysis reactions can be fully carried out, and the hydrolysis process is fully carried out.
Furthermore, in the embodiment, the amount of the enzyme preparation added in the step c is 0.3-0.5% of the raw material amount of the straws, so that the amount of the enzyme preparation added in the anaerobic decomposition is moderate, the straws can be sufficiently fermented and decomposed, and the waste caused by excessive use is avoided.
Furthermore, in the embodiment, the amount of the enzyme preparation added in the step d is 0.2-0.4% of the raw material amount of the straws, so that the amount of the enzyme preparation added in the hydrolysis is moderate, the straws can be hydrolyzed fully, and the waste caused by excessive use is avoided.
Further, in the embodiment, in the step e, a product pulp raw material is obtained by pressure filtration, and simultaneously, wastewater is obtained;
the method for extracting the fibers from the straws further comprises a step f after the step e, wherein the step f specifically comprises the following steps:
f 1: e, introducing the wastewater obtained in the step e into an aerobic tank, and continuously aerating; aerobic aeration is a common process for wastewater treatment, and can ensure that organic matters and microorganisms in wastewater are fully contacted with dissolved oxygen, so that the microorganisms can fully decompose the organic matters in the wastewater, and the effect of purifying water quality is achieved.
f 2: and f1, introducing the product obtained in the step f1 into an air floatation device for solid-liquid separation to obtain clear water and waste residues, wherein the air floatation device is a common solid-liquid separation device, and detecting various indexes such as COD (chemical oxygen demand) of the clear water obtained by separation, and if the clear water meets the standard, the clear water can be directly discharged. The waste residue can be stored for standby. The wastewater generated in the production process can be treated to reach the standard and discharged, and the secondary pollution generated by the method for extracting the fiber from the straw is further reduced.
Furthermore, in this embodiment, the waste residue obtained in step f2 may be used to produce organic fertilizer, so as to reuse organic matters and trace elements in the waste residue and improve the utilization rate of resources.
Further, in this embodiment, the enzyme preparation includes the following components in parts by mass:
10-14 parts of bacillus, 22-25 parts of lactobacillus, 20-25 parts of yeast, 18-20 parts of bacillus subtilis, 17-22 parts of bacillus natto, 14-17 parts of photosynthetic bacteria, 13-17 parts of nitrobacteria, 16-21 parts of actinomycetes, 13-18 parts of filamentous bacteria, 32 parts of pectinase, 36 parts of amylase, 30 parts of ligninase and 38 parts of hemicellulase. The enzyme preparation is suitable for the straw treatment process with relatively low pectin and starch contents and relatively high lignin and hemicellulose contents.
Further, in this embodiment, the enzyme preparation includes the following components in parts by mass:
10-14 parts of bacillus, 22-25 parts of lactobacillus, 20-25 parts of yeast, 18-20 parts of bacillus subtilis, 17-22 parts of bacillus natto, 14-17 parts of photosynthetic bacteria, 13-17 parts of nitrobacteria, 16-21 parts of actinomycetes, 13-18 parts of filamentous bacteria, 36 parts of pectinase, 42 parts of amylase, 26 parts of ligninase and 32 parts of hemicellulase. The enzyme preparation is suitable for the straw treatment process with relatively high pectin and starch contents and relatively low lignin and hemicellulose contents.
In the description of the present disclosure, it is to be understood that the orientation or positional relationship indicated by the directional terms such as "front, rear, upper, lower, left, right", "lateral, vertical, horizontal" and "top, bottom", etc., are generally based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and are used for convenience in describing and simplifying the present disclosure, and in the absence of a contrary explanation, these directional terms are not intended to indicate and imply that the device or element being referred to must have a specific orientation or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore, should not be considered as limiting the scope of the present disclosure.
Various other modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art based on the above-described technical solutions and concepts, and all such modifications and changes should fall within the scope of the claims of the present disclosure.