Method for overcoming fruit tree replant diseases based on microbial fertilizer
阅读说明：本技术 一种基于微生物菌肥克服果树再植病害的方法 (Method for overcoming fruit tree replant diseases based on microbial fertilizer ) 是由 周林军 李丙智 李永焘 李高潮 张娟 韩丽蓉 于 2020-12-09 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种基于微生物菌肥克服果树再植病害的方法,通过制备微生物菌肥,然后对挖除的果园,在原栽植行中间,按0.8-1米宽、深开条沟,把表土与心土分开放置；回填时,给沟底层填表土,再在表土上撒入益恩木复合微生物肥料,剂量为每株4-5公斤,然后再填一半心土。剩余土等果树栽后再填进去。对微生物菌肥效果进行检测,发现改善土壤的理化、生物性状。尤其是土壤的生物活性显著提高,土壤中有益微生物、微型动物和蚯蚓、甲壳类有益昆虫明显增加,促进了土壤中养分的分解和转化,有利于作物的吸收和利用,增产作用明显。老果园改造使用后,新栽幼树生长情况与未建过果园的新地相比,幼苗成活率高,树体生长正常,早果、丰产、优质。(The invention discloses a method for overcoming replanting diseases of fruit trees based on microbial fertilizer, which comprises the steps of preparing the microbial fertilizer, then, digging furrows deeply with the width of 0.8-1 meter in the middle of an original planting row for an excavated orchard, and separately placing surface soil and core soil; during backfilling, surface soil is filled in the bottom layer of the ditch, then Yien wood composite microbial fertilizer is scattered on the surface soil, the dosage of each Yien wood composite microbial fertilizer is 4-5 kg, and then half core soil is filled. The residual soil and other fruit trees are filled after planting. The fertilizer effect of the microbial bacteria is detected, and the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil are improved. In particular, the biological activity of the soil is obviously improved, beneficial microorganisms, micro animals, earthworms and crustaceans in the soil are obviously increased, the decomposition and the transformation of nutrients in the soil are promoted, the absorption and the utilization of crops are facilitated, and the yield increasing effect is obvious. After the old orchard is transformed and used, compared with a new field without the orchard, the growth condition of newly planted saplings is high in survival rate of seedlings, normal in growth of tree bodies, early in fruit, high in yield and high in quality.)
1. A method for overcoming fruit tree replant diseases based on microbial fertilizer is characterized by comprising the following operations:
1) preparing materials: according to the mass parts, 900-950 parts of organic fertilizer and 50-100 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer or calcium superphosphate are crushed and mixed uniformly;
2) preparing bacterial liquid: dissolving brown sugar with water to obtain 1-2% brown sugar water; then, fully and uniformly mixing the microbial inoculum and the brown sugar liquid to prepare a bacterial liquid;
3) inoculation: uniformly spraying the bacterial liquid on the uniformly mixed material, and stirring while spraying to ensure that the material is fully contacted with the bacterial liquid;
4) fermentation: stacking the inoculated materials: the pile width is about 1.8-2.2 m, the pile height is 75-80 cm, and the length is not limited;
controlling the fermentation water content to be 45-55%, wherein well water, clean ditch water or river water is suitable for composting, and if tap water with a disinfectant is used, the compost is aerated for 24 hours and then used;
after the temperature of the stack body exceeds 45 ℃, maintaining fermentation for 15-20 days; when the temperature of the stack exceeds 60 ℃ in the fermentation process, the stack is turned over for heat dissipation once; generally continuously turning the pile for 3-5 times, and finishing fermentation 24 hours after the last pile turning to prepare the microbial fertilizer;
5) for the excavated orchard, a ditch is opened in the middle of the original planting row according to the width and the depth of 0.8-1 meter, and surface soil and core soil are separately placed;
during backfilling, surface soil is filled in the bottom layer of the ditch, microbial bacterial manure is scattered on the surface soil, the dosage of each plant is 4-5 kg, and then half of core soil is filled; the residual core soil is filled after the fruit trees are planted.
2. The method for overcoming the replant disease of fruit trees based on microbial fertilizer as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organic fertilizer is Eisenia foetida plus earthworm over-abdominal bacterial fertilizer, and the organic fertilizer containing earthworm protease is produced by culturing Eisenia foetida plus earthworm with a substrate containing 40-46% of humic acid and 40-60% of organic matter.
3. The method for overcoming the replant disease of fruit trees based on microbial fertilizer as claimed in claim 2, wherein the Eisenia foetida and red earthworm abdominal bacterial fertilizer contains 40-46% of humic acid, 40-42.2% of organic matter, and 20-2 million of beneficial microorganisms per gram of earthworm feces.
4. The method for overcoming fruit tree replant diseases based on microbial fertilizer as claimed in claim 1, wherein the microbial agent is Yien wood microbial agent; the preservation temperature is 5-40 ℃, and the product is sealed and protected from direct sunlight; shaking up and using.
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of biological prevention and control of fruit tree diseases, and relates to a method for overcoming fruit tree replant diseases based on a microbial fertilizer.
Background
Woody fruit trees are perennial plants, such as apples, pears, peaches, apricots, oranges, persimmons, plums and the like, and can cause serious replant diseases, also called replant obstacles. After old trees in old orchards are dug out, fallow or crop rotation is needed for millet, corn, rape, soybean, vegetables and the like, new seedlings can be planted again in 5-6 years, otherwise, the survival rate of the immediately planted trees is low, the growth of the trees is slow, the orchard diseases are serious, and the economic benefit is extremely poor. According to statistics, by 2015 years, the area of fruit trees in China is about 110 hectares, the fruit trees account for 20% of the area of the fruit trees in the world, the yield is about 5300 ten thousand tons, and the total yield of the fruit trees in the world is 15%. At least 5% of orchards need to be newly built due to old trees, serious diseases and poor benefits every year, namely, the orchards need to be updated by 5.5 million hectares every year. However, after the orchards are dug, the orchards cannot be built in time due to the influence of replanting diseases, and the orchards can be built only after 5-6 years of crop rotation, so that the economic loss is great for fruit growers.
The problem of overcoming fruit tree replanting diseases is a worldwide problem, an effective solution is not available at present, and the main reason is that the replanting diseases of fruit trees are much more serious compared with herb crops. The disease of fruit tree replanting is mainly caused by the accumulation of fungus and harmful substance. At present, the main method for solving the replanting disease of fruit trees abroad adopts a method of fumigating soil by 100-degree hot water, potassium permanganate, bactericide and the like to overcome the replanting disease, and the method has huge cost and brings serious environmental pollution; with increasing emphasis on protecting the environment, the method has begun to be banned from use in many countries. Another method is to dig out a new seedling in a land where the fruit tree is not planted after 20-30 years of planting in the orchard, and the method is completely feasible in countries with few people and many land, such as the United states, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Russia, but is not feasible in China with many people and few land. More than 95% of orchards in China are subjected to family contract management, and meanwhile, the land is stable and unchanged for 30 years, so that it is very difficult to find a new land for building the orchards in the fruit tree eugenic zone. In Shanxi plain county, the area of apples is more than 85% of the total cultivated land area, and new land search is impossible.
Chinese also has scholars trying to solve the replanting disease problem with a new method. If the composite microbial fertilizer for preventing and treating diseases of continuous cropping and planting is provided, the main components of the fertilizer are the composite microbial agent, the inorganic fertilizer and the turf which are mixed, and the fertilizer contains a large amount of inorganic fertilizer, so the fertilizer is not suitable for the production of organic and green fruits at present, and has high cost and low popularization value. Also, Chinese patent (patent No. ZL200610003939.9) proposes a fertilizer for preventing and treating crop replant obstacle, which contains Maifanitum as main ingredient and is directly used as fertilizer by grinding and pulverizing, wherein SiO is used as active ingredient2、Al2O3、Fe2O3The content of MgO and the like is up to more than 42 percent, and researches show that the elements can be absorbed and utilized only at the temperature of more than 300 ℃, namely, the utilization rate of a large amount of the elements is low, and the environment is polluted by long-term accumulation of the elements.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for overcoming fruit tree replant diseases based on microbial fertilizer, which is suitable for the updating and reforming process of old orchards in various fruit tree cultivation areas in China, and overcomes replant diseases and newly-built previous-stubble trees.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for overcoming fruit tree replant diseases based on microbial fertilizer comprises the following operations:
1) preparing materials: according to the mass parts, 900-950 parts of organic fertilizer and 50-100 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer or calcium superphosphate are crushed and mixed uniformly;
2) preparing bacterial liquid: dissolving brown sugar with water to obtain 1-2% brown sugar water; then, fully and uniformly mixing the microbial inoculum and the brown sugar liquid to prepare a bacterial liquid;
3) inoculation: uniformly spraying the bacterial liquid on the uniformly mixed material, and stirring while spraying to ensure that the material is fully contacted with the bacterial liquid;
4) fermentation: stacking the inoculated materials: the pile width is about 1.8-2.2 m, the pile height is 75-80 cm, and the length is not limited;
controlling the fermentation water content to be 45-55%, wherein well water, clean ditch water or river water is suitable for composting, and if tap water with a disinfectant is used, the compost is aerated for 24 hours and then used;
after the temperature of the stack body exceeds 45 ℃, maintaining fermentation for 15-20 days; when the temperature of the stack exceeds 60 ℃ in the fermentation process, the stack is turned over for heat dissipation once; generally continuously turning the pile for 3-5 times, and finishing fermentation 24 hours after the last pile turning to prepare the microbial fertilizer;
5) for the excavated orchard, a ditch is opened in the middle of the original planting row according to the width and the depth of 0.8-1 meter, and surface soil and core soil are separately placed;
during backfilling, surface soil is filled in the bottom layer of the ditch, microbial bacterial manure is scattered on the surface soil, the dosage of each plant is 4-5 kg, and then half of core soil is filled; the residual core soil is filled after the fruit trees are planted.
The organic fertilizer is an earthworm over-abdominal bacterial fertilizer containing alexandrium rubrum, and is produced by culturing the alexandrium rubrum by using a matrix containing 40-46% of humic acid and 40-60% of organic matter.
The Eisenia foetida and red earthworm abdominal bacterial manure contains 40-46% of humic acid, 40-42.2% of organic matter and 20-2 million beneficial microorganisms per gram of earthworm cast.
The microbial agent is Yien wood microbial agent; the preservation temperature is 5-40 ℃, and the product is sealed and protected from direct sunlight; shaking up and using.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
the method for overcoming the fruit tree replant disease based on the microbial fertilizer provided by the invention detects the effect of the biological organic fertilizer prepared by using the Yien wood microbial agent, and finds that the physicochemical and biological properties of soil are improved. Especially, the biological activity of the soil is obviously improved, beneficial microorganisms, micro animals, earthworms and crustaceans in the soil are obviously increased, the decomposition and the transformation of nutrients in the soil are promoted, the absorption and the utilization of crops are facilitated, and the yield increasing effect is obvious; the mass propagation of beneficial microorganisms effectively inhibits the growth of harmful microorganisms and pathogenic bacteria, creates an excellent growth environment for crops, improves the disease resistance of the crops, and particularly has obvious prevention and control effects on soil-borne diseases, crop continuous cropping obstacles and the like; the soil volume weight can be reduced by 00.045-0.046g/cm3 and the void degree can be increased by 11.67-1.71% after the soil is continuously used for 2 years; the organic matter is improved by 1.7 to 1.8 percent compared with the organic matter using common organic fertilizer and improved by 91.9 to 104.8 percent compared with the organic matter applying fertilizer; n, P, K the nutrient content and effective amount are also increased obviously.
The fruit tree area of China is 110 ten thousand hectares, at least 5% of orchards need to be built with new gardens due to old tree age, serious diseases and poor benefits every year, namely, the orchards need to be updated by 5.5 ten thousand hectares every year. After the method is tried out in old orchards such as apples, pears, oranges, kiwi fruits and the like in Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan and Hebei, the growth condition of newly planted saplings is high, the survival rate of seedlings is high, the growth of tree bodies is normal, early fruits are high in yield and high in quality compared with the new land where the orchards are not built. The invention can create enterprises with production value of 15000-.
Detailed Description
The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the following examples, which are intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the invention.
A method for overcoming fruit tree replant diseases based on microbial fertilizer comprises the following operations:
1) preparing materials: according to the mass parts, 900-950 parts of organic fertilizer and 50-100 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer or calcium superphosphate are crushed and mixed uniformly;
2) preparing bacterial liquid: dissolving brown sugar with water to obtain 1-2% brown sugar water; then, fully and uniformly mixing the microbial inoculum and the brown sugar liquid to prepare a bacterial liquid;
3) inoculation: uniformly spraying the bacterial liquid on the uniformly mixed material, and stirring while spraying to ensure that the material is fully contacted with the bacterial liquid;
4) fermentation: stacking the inoculated materials: the pile width is about 1.8-2.2 m, the pile height is 75-80 cm, and the length is not limited;
controlling the fermentation water content to be 45-55%, wherein well water, clean ditch water or river water is suitable for composting, and if tap water with a disinfectant is used, the compost is aerated for 24 hours and then used;
after the temperature of the stack body exceeds 45 ℃, maintaining fermentation for 15-20 days; when the temperature of the stack exceeds 60 ℃ in the fermentation process, the stack is turned over for heat dissipation once; generally continuously turning the pile for 3-5 times, and finishing fermentation 24 hours after the last pile turning to prepare the microbial fertilizer;
5) for the excavated orchard, a ditch is opened in the middle of the original planting row according to the width and the depth of 0.8-1 meter, and surface soil and core soil are separately placed;
during backfilling, surface soil is filled in the bottom layer of the ditch, microbial bacterial manure is scattered on the surface soil, the dosage of each plant is 4-5 kg, and then half of core soil is filled; the residual core soil is filled after the fruit trees are planted.
The organic fertilizer is an earthworm over-abdominal bacterial fertilizer containing alexandrium rubrum, and is produced by culturing the alexandrium rubrum by using a matrix containing 40-46% of humic acid and 40-60% of organic matter.
Furthermore, the Eisenia foetida and red earthworm abdominal bacterial manure contains 40-46% of humic acid, 40-42.2% of organic matters, and 20-2 million of beneficial microorganisms per gram of earthworm cast.
Specific examples are given below.
1. Main formula and dosage of 1 ton of microbial fertilizer produced
900-950 kg of aleppo rubescens plus red earthworm abdominal bacterial fertilizer, wherein the aleppo rubescens plus red earthworm abdominal bacterial fertilizer contains 46 percent of humic acid, 42.2 percent of organic matters, 23 amino acids and rich earthworm protease. Each gram of wormcast contains 20 ten thousand to 2 hundred million beneficial microorganisms;
50-100 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate (superphosphate);
1-2 kg of Yien wood microbial agent; preservation of the microbial agent: the storage temperature is 5-40 deg.C, preferably 15-20 deg.C. Sealing and keeping out the sunlight; if a small amount of white floating materials (mycoderm) exist on the liquid surface or a small amount of yellow-white precipitates exist at the bottom, the liquid surface is normal and used after being shaken up;
1-2 kg of brown sugar.
2. Composting fermentation of biological organic fertilizer
(1) Preparing materials: pulverizing the above materials (cutting), and mixing;
(2) preparing bacterial liquid: dissolving brown sugar (2 Kg per ton) with water uniformly, and mixing the compound microbial inoculum (2 Kg per ton) with brown sugar solution uniformly for later use;
(3) inoculation: uniformly spraying the bacteria liquid on the uniformly mixed material while stirring to make the material and the bacteria liquid fully contact;
(4) fermentation: the inoculated materials are stacked in a factory area with a cement floor, the stack width is about 2 meters, the stack height is about 80 centimeters (which is convenient for mechanical operation), and the length is not limited;
fermentation time: controlling the water content to be 45-55%, starting timing when the temperature of the stack body exceeds 45 ℃, and maintaining for 15-20 days at this stage;
when the material temperature exceeds 60 ℃, turning and radiating once; generally, continuously turning the pile for 3-5 times, and completing fermentation 24 hours after the last pile turning;
(2) well water, clean ditches or river water is needed during composting, and if tap water with a disinfectant is used, the compost is aerated for 24 hours and then used;
3. use of orchard bacterial manure:
for the excavated orchard, a ditch is opened in the middle of the original planting row according to the width and the depth of 0.8-1 meter, and surface soil and core soil are separately placed. During backfilling, surface soil is filled in the bottom layer of the ditch, then Yien wood composite microbial fertilizer is scattered on the surface soil, the dosage of each Yien wood composite microbial fertilizer is 4-5 kg, and then half core soil is filled. The residual soil and other fruit trees are filled after planting.
4. Effects of use
After the old orchards such as apples, pears, oranges, Chinese watercourses, Hebei and the like are transformed and used in Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan and Hebei orchards, the growth condition of newly planted saplings is high in survival rate of seedlings, normal in growth of tree bodies, early in fruit, high in yield and high in quality compared with the new land where the orchards are not built.
The effect of using the Yien wood biological organic fertilizer is detected, and the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil are found to be improved. In particular, the biological activity of the soil is obviously improved, beneficial microorganisms, micro animals, earthworms and crustaceans in the soil are obviously increased, the decomposition and the transformation of nutrients in the soil are promoted, the absorption and the utilization of crops are facilitated, and the yield increasing effect is obvious.
The soil volume weight can be reduced by 00.045-0.046g/cm3 and the void degree can be increased by 11.67-1.71% after the soil is continuously used for 2 years; the organic matter is improved by 1.7 to 1.8 percent compared with the organic matter using common organic fertilizer and improved by 91.9 to 104.8 percent compared with the organic matter applying fertilizer; n, P, K the nutrient content and effective amount are also increased obviously.
The method effectively inhibits the growth of harmful microorganisms and pathogenic bacteria, creates an excellent growth environment for crops, improves the disease resistance of the crops, and particularly has obvious prevention and control effects on soil-borne diseases, crop continuous cropping obstacles and the like.
The compound microbial fertilizer and the biological organic fertilizer are generally not mixed with antibiotics and chemical bactericides for use, and the medicaments are required to be used in a large amount, so that the time is staggered for 7-10 days.
The embodiments given above are preferable examples for implementing the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments. Any non-essential addition and replacement made by the technical characteristics of the technical scheme of the invention by a person skilled in the art belong to the protection scope of the invention.