阅读说明：本技术 一种高动态性能钛合金及其制备方法 (High-dynamic-performance titanium alloy and preparation method thereof ) 是由 刘向宏 毛友川 郝芳 辛社伟 杜予晅 张慧杰 王宇 张胜 王凯旋 陈海生 冯勇 于 2020-11-19 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种高动态性能钛合金及其制备方法,包括：Al 6.0-9.0％、Mo 2.5-5.0％、Cr 2.0-4.5％、Fe 1.0-3.5％、O≤0.20％、C≤0.10％、N≤0.10％、H≤0.05％,余量为Ti,以上组分质量百分比之和为100％。将海绵钛、铝钼合金、铝铁合金、铝铬合金、铝豆进行混合,并压制成电极块,将电极块组焊成电极,将电极熔炼成合金铸锭,对合金铸锭进行锻造,得到棒材,对棒材进行热处理得到成品棒材。可以获得动态性能优异的钛合金材料(10～(-3)S～(-1)级别应变率条件下,动态流变应力≥1600MPa,动态塑性应变≥0.30)。(The invention discloses a high dynamic performance titanium alloy and a preparation method thereof, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps: 6.0 to 9.0 percent of Al, 2.5 to 5.0 percent of Mo, 2.0 to 4.5 percent of Cr, 1.0 to 3.5 percent of Fe, less than or equal to 0.20 percent of O, less than or equal to 0.10 percent of C, less than or equal to 0.10 percent of N, less than or equal to 0.05 percent of H, and the balance of Ti, wherein the sum of the mass percentages of the components is 100 percent. Mixing titanium sponge, aluminum-molybdenum alloy, aluminum-iron alloy, aluminum-chromium alloy and aluminum beans, pressing into electrode blocks, welding the electrode blocks into electrodes, smelting the electrodes into alloy ingots, and then smelting the alloy ingotsForging to obtain the bar, and carrying out heat treatment on the bar to obtain the finished bar. The titanium alloy material (10) having excellent dynamic properties can be obtained ‑3 S ‑1 Under the condition of level strain rate, the dynamic rheological stress is more than or equal to 1600MPa, and the dynamic plastic strain is more than or equal to 0.30).)

1. The titanium alloy with high dynamic performance is characterized by comprising the following elements in percentage by mass:

6.0 to 9.0 percent of Al, 2.5 to 5.0 percent of Mo, 2.0 to 4.5 percent of Cr, 1.0 to 3.5 percent of Fe, less than or equal to 0.20 percent of O, less than or equal to 0.10 percent of C, less than or equal to 0.10 percent of N, less than or equal to 0.05 percent of H, and the balance of Ti, wherein the sum of the mass percentages of the components is 100 percent.

2. The high dynamic titanium alloy of claim 1, wherein said Mo element is derived from an aluminum molybdenum alloy and said Cr element is derived from an aluminum chromium alloy.

3. The preparation method of the titanium alloy with high dynamic performance is characterized by comprising the following steps:

step 1, mixing titanium sponge, aluminum-molybdenum alloy, aluminum-iron alloy, aluminum-chromium alloy and aluminum beans, and pressing into an electrode block, wherein the electrode block comprises the following elements in percentage by mass: 6.0 to 9.0 percent of Al element, 2.5 to 5.0 percent of Mo element, 2.0 to 4.5 percent of Cr element, 1.0 to 3.5 percent of Fe element, less than or equal to 0.20 percent of O element, less than or equal to 0.10 percent of C element, less than or equal to 0.10 percent of N element, less than or equal to 0.05 percent of H element, and the balance of Ti element, wherein the sum of the mass percentages of the components is 100 percent;

step 2, welding the electrode blocks into electrodes;

step 3, melting the electrode into an alloy ingot;

step 4, forging the alloy ingot to obtain a bar;

and 5, carrying out heat treatment on the bar to obtain a finished bar.

4. The method for preparing the titanium alloy with high dynamic performance according to claim 3, wherein the specific process of the step 3 is as follows: and melting the electrode into an alloy ingot through vacuum consumable arc for 2-3 times, wherein the melting current is 5-20 KA, and the melting voltage is 10-45V.

5. The method for preparing the titanium alloy with high dynamic performance according to claim 3, wherein the specific process of the step 4 is as follows:

step 4.1, heating the alloy ingot at the temperature of 80-200 ℃ above the phase transformation point, and then performing upsetting and drawing for 2-3 times of fire, wherein the deformation of each time of fire is 45-70%;

step 4.2, heating the alloy ingot at the temperature of 20-60 ℃ below the phase transition point, and then carrying out 3-4 times of heating upsetting and drawing out, wherein the deformation amount of each heating time is controlled to be 45-70%;

and 4.3, heating the alloy ingot at 40-80 ℃ below the phase transformation point, forging the finished product for 2-4 times of heating, controlling the deformation amount to be 45-70% per time of heating, and preparing the bar.

6. The method for preparing the titanium alloy with high dynamic performance according to claim 3, wherein the specific process of the step 5 is as follows: and carrying out heat treatment on the bar for 1-2 hours at the temperature of 700-850 ℃, and carrying out air cooling to obtain the finished bar.

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of alloys, relates to a high-dynamic-performance titanium alloy, and further relates to a preparation method of the titanium alloy.

Background

Compared with most ferrous metals, the titanium alloy has great advantages in density, and compared with aluminum and magnesium alloys, the titanium alloy has much higher room temperature strength and high temperature strength, and has excellent heat resistance, corrosion resistance and welding performance, so that the titanium alloy is more and more widely applied to the fields of aerospace, weapon industry, ships, chemical engineering, medical treatment, automobiles, energy sources and the like. In foreign countries, military strong countries such as America and Russia and the like carry out a great deal of research on the application of titanium alloy materials on the warhead of the missile, for example, Russian 'X-31A' and 'Masky' supersonic speed anti-ship missiles all adopt the titanium alloy warhead, so that the filling coefficient of the warhead reaches 0.4, and American 'Lam' missiles and axe type cruise missiles also adopt the titanium alloy warhead. The actual combat and target range tests show that the titanium alloy warhead greatly improves the hitting capability of the anti-ship missile on the surface naval vessel, and the large and medium surface naval vessels can be seriously created or lose fighting power after one hit, so that the titanium alloy material is practically applied to the foreign supersonic speed semi-penetration missile warhead.

The traditional 30CrMnSiNi2A steel is firstly adopted as the material for the half-penetration armor warhead of the missile in China, and the material has high density (7.8 g/cm)³) Directly influencing the technical performance of the missile. The TA15 titanium alloy has good dynamic property matching and strong high-speed impact load resistance, and the adiabatic shear sensitivity is lower than that of the TC4 titanium alloy under the condition of the same strength grade. Through component optimization, the maximum plastic strain energy of the TA15 titanium alloy reaches 0.25, the rheological stress reaches 1500MPa, and the impact absorption energy reaches 360J/cm³The dynamic performance is superior to that of the traditional TC4 alloy, such as a high-dynamic-performance near-alpha titanium alloy with the patent number of ZL 201510421029.1 and a preparation method thereof.

With the continuous improvement of the tactical index requirements of the latest generation missile on the high-speed penetration of various targets, the matched warhead is required to have higher penetration speed and larger filling coefficient, and the warhead shell material is required to have higher dynamic rheological stress (more than or equal to 1600MPa) and dynamic plastic strain (more than or equal to 0.30) under the condition of high strain rate deformation. The index greatly breaks through the performance level of the existing shell, and the existing titanium alloy cannot meet the requirement.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a titanium alloy with high dynamic performance, which solves the problem of low dynamic rheological stress and dynamic plastic strain performance of the titanium alloy in the prior art.

The technical scheme adopted by the invention is that the titanium alloy with high dynamic performance comprises the following elements in percentage by mass:

6.0 to 9.0 percent of Al, 2.5 to 5.0 percent of Mo, 2.0 to 4.5 percent of Cr, 1.0 to 3.5 percent of Fe, less than or equal to 0.20 percent of O, less than or equal to 0.10 percent of C, less than or equal to 0.10 percent of N, less than or equal to 0.05 percent of H, and the balance of Ti, wherein the sum of the mass percentages of the components is 100 percent.

The invention is also characterized in that:

mo element comes from aluminum-molybdenum alloy, and Cr element comes from aluminum-chromium alloy.

The invention also aims to provide a preparation method of the titanium alloy with high dynamic performance.

The invention adopts another technical scheme that the preparation method of the titanium alloy with high dynamic performance comprises the following steps:

step 1, mixing titanium sponge, aluminum-molybdenum alloy, aluminum-iron alloy, aluminum-chromium alloy and aluminum beans, and pressing into an electrode block, wherein the electrode block comprises the following elements in percentage by mass: 6.0 to 9.0 percent of Al element, 2.5 to 5.0 percent of Mo element, 2.0 to 4.5 percent of Cr element, 1.0 to 3.5 percent of Fe element, less than or equal to 0.20 percent of O element, less than or equal to 0.10 percent of C element, less than or equal to 0.10 percent of N element, less than or equal to 0.05 percent of H element, and the balance of Ti element, wherein the sum of the mass percent of the components is 100 percent;

step 2, welding the electrode blocks into electrodes;

step 3, smelting the electrode into an alloy ingot;

step 4, forging the alloy ingot to obtain a bar;

and 5, carrying out heat treatment on the bar to obtain a finished bar.

The specific process of the step 3 is as follows: and melting the electrode into an alloy ingot through vacuum consumable arc for 2-3 times, wherein the melting current is 5-20 KA, and the melting voltage is 10-45V.

The specific process of the step 4 is as follows:

step 4.1, heating the alloy ingot above the phase transformation point by 80-200 ℃, and then carrying out upsetting and drawing out for 2-3 times of fire, wherein the deformation amount of each fire is 45-70%;

step 4.2, heating the alloy ingot at the temperature of 20-60 ℃ below the phase transition point, and then performing upsetting and drawing for 3-4 times of fire, wherein the deformation amount of each fire is controlled to be 45-70%;

and 4.3, heating the alloy ingot below the phase transformation point at 40-80 ℃, forging the finished product for 2-4 times of heating, controlling the deformation amount to be 45-70% per time of heating, and preparing the bar.

The specific process of the step 5 is as follows: and (3) carrying out heat treatment on the bar for 1-2 hours at the temperature of 700-850 ℃, and carrying out air cooling to obtain the finished bar.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

the titanium alloy with high dynamic performance contains a large amount of Al element and can improveThe material has thermal strength at a high strain rate, and the adiabatic shearing tendency is reduced; the strengthening effect is further improved by containing a proper amount of Cr and Fe elements; contains a proper amount of Mo element for stabilizing beta phase, inhibiting high temperature eutectoid reaction and improving high temperature performance; and the content of O, C, N and other gap elements is strictly controlled, so that the plasticity of the material is improved. The preparation method of the titanium alloy with high dynamic performance adopts optimized smelting and forging processes and heat treatment processes to obtain the titanium alloy material (10) with excellent dynamic performance^-3S^-1Under the condition of level strain rate, the dynamic rheological stress is more than or equal to 1600MPa, and the dynamic plastic strain is more than or equal to 0.30).

Detailed Description

The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following embodiments.

A high dynamic performance titanium alloy comprises the following elements in percentage by mass:

6.0 to 9.0 percent of Al, 2.5 to 5.0 percent of Mo, 2.0 to 4.5 percent of Cr, 1.0 to 3.5 percent of Fe, less than or equal to 0.20 percent of O, less than or equal to 0.10 percent of C, less than or equal to 0.10 percent of N, less than or equal to 0.05 percent of H, and the balance of Ti, wherein the sum of the mass percentages of the components is 100 percent.

Mo element comes from aluminum-molybdenum alloy, and Cr element comes from aluminum-chromium alloy.

A preparation method of a high dynamic performance titanium alloy comprises the following steps:

step 1, mixing titanium sponge, aluminum-molybdenum alloy, aluminum-iron alloy, aluminum-chromium alloy and aluminum beans, and pressing the mixture into a strip-shaped electrode block by using a press machine and a die, wherein the electrode block comprises the following elements in percentage by mass: 6.0 to 9.0 percent of Al element, 2.5 to 5.0 percent of Mo element, 2.0 to 4.5 percent of Cr element, 1.0 to 3.5 percent of Fe element, less than or equal to 0.20 percent of O element, less than or equal to 0.10 percent of C element, less than or equal to 0.10 percent of N element, less than or equal to 0.05 percent of H element, and the balance of Ti element, wherein the sum of the mass percentages of the components is 100 percent;

step 2, welding the electrode blocks into a strip-shaped electrode by adopting a vacuum plasma welding box;

step 3, melting the electrode into an alloy ingot through vacuum consumable arc for 2-3 times, wherein the melting current is 5-20 KA, and the melting voltage is 10-45V;

step 4, forging the alloy ingot to obtain a bar;

step 4.1, upsetting and drawing the alloy ingot for 2-3 times of heating, wherein the heating temperature is 80-200 ℃ above the phase transition point, and the deformation per heating is 45-70%;

step 4.2, upsetting and drawing the alloy ingot for 3-4 times of heating, wherein after heating at the temperature of 20-60 ℃ below the phase transition point, the deformation amount of each heating time is controlled to be 45-70%;

4.3, forging the finished product of the alloy ingot for 2-4 times of heating, wherein after heating at the temperature of 40-80 ℃ below the phase transition point, the deformation of each time of heating is controlled to be 45-70 percent, and preparing the bar;

and 5, carrying out annealing heat treatment on the bar for 1-2 hours at the temperature of 700-850 ℃ to eliminate internal stress, promoting crystal grain equiaxial, and carrying out air cooling to obtain a finished bar.

Through the way, the titanium alloy with high dynamic performance contains a large amount of Al element, the Al element content of the alloy is 6.0-9.0%, and compared with the Al element content of the conventional alpha + beta titanium alloy which is 5.0-6.0%, the alpha phase interval is enlarged, the heat strength of the material at a high strain rate can be improved, and the adiabatic shearing tendency is reduced; the alloy contains proper amount of Cr and Fe elements, so that the hardenability of the alloy is enhanced, and the strengthening effect is further improved; contains a proper amount of Mo element for stabilizing beta phase, inhibiting high temperature eutectoid reaction and improving high temperature performance; and the content of O, C, N and other gap elements is strictly controlled, so that the toughness and plasticity of the material are improved.

The preparation method of the titanium alloy with high dynamic performance adopts optimized smelting and forging processes and heat treatment processes to obtain the titanium alloy material (10) with excellent dynamic performance^-3S^-1Under the condition of level strain rate, the dynamic rheological stress is more than or equal to 1600MPa, and the dynamic plastic strain is more than or equal to 0.30).

The dynamic performance data obtained in 5 examples of the invention are compared with the example data in table 2 of "a high dynamic performance near-alpha titanium alloy and its preparation method" in table 1. As can be seen from Table 1, the dynamic performance of the material obtained by the components and the preparation method thereof is superior to the dynamic performance level disclosed in the patent, and the material can be used for preparing a new generation of warhead shell material.

TABLE 1 comparison of the dynamic properties of the examples of the invention and of patent ZL 201510421029.1

Example 1

Preparing Ti-6.2Al-4.8Mo-4.30Cr-1.20Fe titanium alloy bar

Step 1, mixing titanium sponge, aluminum-molybdenum alloy, aluminum-iron alloy, aluminum-chromium alloy and aluminum beans, and pressing into a strip-shaped electrode block by using a press machine and a die;

step 2, welding the electrode blocks into a strip-shaped electrode by adopting a vacuum plasma welding box;

step 3, melting the electrode into an alloy ingot through 3 times of vacuum consumable arc melting, wherein the melting current is 9-17 KA, and the melting voltage is 21-41V;

step 4, peeling the alloy ingot, detecting the flaw, sawing a dead head, sampling and detecting the chemical components, which is shown in table 2;

TABLE 2 chemical composition test results (wt%)

Position of	Al	Mo	Cr	Fe	O	C	N	H	Ti
										On the upper part	6.15	4.74	4.28	1.12	0.17	0.05	0.04	0.01	Balance of
In	6.18	4.83	4.39	1.18	0.14	0.03	0.05	0.01	Balance of
										Lower part	6.23	4.81	4.31	1.23	0.15	0.05	0.04	0.01	Balance of

Step 5, upsetting and drawing the alloy ingot for 2-3 times of heating, wherein the heating temperature is 180-100 ℃ above the phase transition point, and the deformation per time of heating is 50-65%; upsetting and drawing the alloy ingot for 3 times, wherein the heating temperature is 30-60 ℃ below the phase change point, and the deformation amount of each time is controlled to be 45-60%; carrying out 3-time finished product forging on the alloy cast ingot, wherein the heating temperature is 40-70 ℃ below the phase change point, the deformation per heating time is controlled to be 30-50%, and preparing a bar;

and 6, carrying out heat treatment on the bar for 2 hours at the temperature of 730 ℃, and carrying out air cooling to obtain the finished bar.

The dynamic performance of the finished bar obtained in this example was tested and is shown in table 3.

TABLE 3 bar dynamic Performance test results

Example 2

Preparing a titanium alloy bar with the component content of Ti-8.7Al-4.5Mo-2.30Cr-3.30Fe

Step 1, mixing titanium sponge, aluminum-molybdenum alloy, aluminum-iron alloy, aluminum-chromium alloy and aluminum beans, and pressing into a strip-shaped electrode block by using a press machine and a die;

step 2, welding the electrode blocks into a strip-shaped electrode by adopting a vacuum plasma welding box;

step 3, melting the electrode into an alloy ingot through vacuum consumable arc for 2 times, wherein the melting current is 6-18 KA, and the melting voltage is 18-38V;

step 4, peeling the alloy ingot, detecting the flaw, sawing a dead head, sampling and detecting the chemical components, which is shown in table 4;

TABLE 4 chemical composition test results (wt%) of ingot casting

Position of	Al	Mo	Cr	Fe	O	C	N	H	Ti
										On the upper part	8.41	4.42	2.31	3.38	0.11	0.05	0.02	0.01	Balance of
In	8.52	4.49	2.35	3.31	0.09	0.02	0.02	0.01	Balance of
										Lower part	8.49	4.50	2.27	3.29	0.12	0.03	0.01	0.01	Balance of

Step 5, upsetting and drawing the alloy ingot for 2 times, wherein the heating temperature is 160-80 ℃ above the phase change point, and the deformation per time is 50% -65%; upsetting and drawing the alloy ingot for 3 times, wherein the heating temperature is 20-50 ℃ below the phase change point, and the deformation amount of each time is controlled to be 45-65%; carrying out 3-time finished product forging on the alloy cast ingot, wherein the heating temperature is 50-80 ℃ below the phase change point, the deformation per heating time is controlled to be 30-50%, and preparing a bar material;

and 6, carrying out heat treatment on the bar for 2 hours at the temperature of 820 ℃, and carrying out air cooling to obtain the finished bar.

The dynamic performance of the finished bar obtained in this example was tested and is shown in table 5.

TABLE 5 bar dynamic Performance test results

Example 3

Preparing a titanium alloy bar with the component content of Ti-7.30Al-3.9Mo-3.00Cr-2.80Fe

Step 1, mixing titanium sponge, aluminum-molybdenum alloy, aluminum-iron alloy, aluminum-chromium alloy and aluminum beans, and pressing into a strip-shaped electrode block by using a press machine and a die;

step 2, welding the electrode blocks into a strip-shaped electrode by adopting a vacuum plasma welding box;

step 3, melting the electrode into an alloy ingot through 3 times of vacuum consumable arc melting, wherein the melting current is 8-18 KA, and the melting voltage is 13-33V;

step 4, peeling the alloy ingot, detecting the flaw, sawing a dead head, sampling, and detecting chemical components, which is shown in table 6;

TABLE 6 chemical composition test results (wt%)

Position of	Al	Mo	Cr	Fe	O	C	N	H	Ti
										On the upper part	7.25	3.80	3.04	2.71	0.13	0.01	0.01	0.01	Balance of
In	7.29	3.87	3.01	2.78	0.12	0.02	0.01	0.01	Balance of
										Lower part	7.21	3.83	3.03	2.75	0.11	0.02	0.02	0.01	Balance of

Step 5, upsetting and drawing the alloy ingot for 3 times, wherein the heating temperature is 170-90 ℃ above the phase change point, and the deformation per time is 45-60%; upsetting and drawing the alloy ingot for 4 times, wherein the heating temperature is 30-60 ℃ below the phase change point, and the deformation amount of each time is controlled to be 50-70%; carrying out finished product forging on the alloy cast ingot for 2 times, wherein the heating temperature is 40-70 ℃ below the phase change point, the deformation amount of each time of heating is controlled to be 45-65%, and preparing the alloy cast ingot into a bar;

and 6, carrying out heat treatment on the bar for 2 hours at the temperature of 770 ℃, and air-cooling to obtain the finished bar.

The dynamic performance of the finished bar obtained in this example was tested and is shown in table 7.

TABLE 7 bar dynamic Performance test results

Example 4

Preparing a titanium alloy bar with the component content of Ti-7.90Al-3.3Mo-3.50Cr-2.30Fe

Step 1, mixing titanium sponge, aluminum-molybdenum alloy, aluminum-iron alloy, aluminum-chromium alloy and aluminum beans, and pressing into a strip-shaped electrode block by using a press machine and a die;

step 2, welding the electrode blocks into a strip-shaped electrode by adopting a vacuum plasma welding box;

step 3, melting the electrode into an alloy ingot through 3 times of vacuum consumable arc melting, wherein the melting current is 9-15 KA, and the melting voltage is 19-39V;

step 4, peeling the alloy ingot, detecting the flaw, sawing a dead head, sampling, and detecting chemical components, which is shown in a table 8;

TABLE 8 chemical composition test results (wt%)

Position of	Al	Mo	Cr	Fe	O	C	N	H	Ti
										On the upper part	7.92	3.30	3.54	2.33	0.11	0.02	0.01	0.01	Balance of
In	7.89	3.27	3.51	3.35	0.12	0.02	0.01	0.01	Balance of
										Lower part	7.87	3.29	3.51	2.32	0.12	0.02	0.01	0.01	Balance of

Step 5, upsetting and drawing the alloy ingot for 2 times, wherein the heating temperature is 180-100 ℃ above the phase change point, and the deformation per time is 50-65%; upsetting and drawing the alloy ingot for 3 times, wherein the heating temperature is 30-60 ℃ below the phase change point, and the deformation amount of each time is controlled to be 45-60%; forging the alloy cast ingot by 4 times of heating to obtain a finished product, wherein the heating temperature is 40-70 ℃ below the phase change point, the deformation per time of heating is controlled to be 30-50%, and preparing the finished product into a bar;

and 6, carrying out heat treatment on the bar for 2 hours at the temperature of 740 ℃, and carrying out air cooling to obtain the finished bar.

The dynamic performance of the finished bar obtained in this example was tested and is shown in table 9:

TABLE 9 bar dynamic Performance test results

Example 5

Preparing titanium alloy bar with Ti-8.4Al-2.7Mo-3.90Cr-1.80Fe

Step 1, mixing titanium sponge, aluminum-molybdenum alloy, aluminum-iron alloy, aluminum-chromium alloy and aluminum beans, and pressing into a strip-shaped electrode block by using a press machine and a die;

step 2, welding the electrode blocks into a strip-shaped electrode by adopting a vacuum plasma welding box;

step 3, melting the electrode into an alloy ingot through 3 times of vacuum consumable arc melting, wherein the melting current is 10-19 KA, and the melting voltage is 21-44V;

step 4, peeling the alloy ingot, detecting the flaw, sawing a dead head, sampling, and detecting chemical components, which is shown in a table 10;

TABLE 10 chemical composition test results (wt%)

Position of	Al	Mo	Cr	Fe	O	C	N	H	Ti
										On the upper part	8.45	2.73	3.84	1.80	0.13	0.03	0.02	0.01	Balance of
In	8.42	2.71	3.88	1.77	0.13	0.02	0.02	0.01	Balance of
										Lower part	8.38	2.74	3.87	1.79	0.12	0.02	0.01	0.01	Balance of

Step 5, upsetting and drawing the alloy ingot for 3 times, wherein the heating temperature is 160-80 ℃ above the phase change point, and the deformation per time is 50% -65%; upsetting and drawing the alloy ingot for 3 times, wherein the heating temperature is 20-50 ℃ below the phase change point, and the deformation amount of each time is controlled to be 45-60%; carrying out 3-time finished product forging on the alloy cast ingot, wherein the heating temperature is 50-80 ℃ below the phase change point, the deformation per heating time is controlled to be 30-50%, and preparing a bar material;

and 6, carrying out heat treatment on the bar for 2 hours at the temperature of 790 ℃, and carrying out air cooling to obtain the finished bar.

The dynamic performance of the finished bar obtained in this example was tested and is shown in table 11:

table 11 example five bar dynamic performance test results