阅读说明：本技术 热管理系统 (Thermal management system ) 是由 S.莱斯特 H.朱哈拉 于 2019-07-16 设计创作，主要内容包括：本公开描述了一种用于部件的热管理的系统,部件比如是用于电动车辆的电池。该系统包括电气部件和热联接到电气部件的一个或多个面板。每个面板包括用于围绕面板输送工作流体的多个通道。一个或多个面板布置成形成气密密封系统,使得工作流体配置成围绕密封系统传递热能。该系统还包括热交换器机构,其与多个面板中的至少一个热连通,以便经由多个面板将热能传递到电气部件和/或从电气部件传递热能。(The present disclosure describes a system for thermal management of a component, such as a battery for an electric vehicle. The system includes an electrical component and one or more panels thermally coupled to the electrical component. Each panel includes a plurality of channels for conveying a working fluid around the panel. The one or more panels are arranged to form a hermetically sealed system such that the working fluid is configured to transfer thermal energy around the sealed system. The system also includes a heat exchanger mechanism in thermal communication with at least one of the plurality of panels for transferring thermal energy to and/or from the electrical component via the plurality of panels.)

1. A system, comprising:

an electrical component;

one or more panels thermally coupled to the electrical component, each panel comprising a plurality of channels for transporting a working fluid around the panel, the one or more panels arranged to form a hermetically sealed system such that the working fluid is configured to transfer thermal energy around the sealed system; and

a heat exchanger mechanism in thermal communication with at least one of the plurality of panels for transferring thermal energy to and/or from the electrical component via the plurality of panels.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein, for each of the one or more panels, the plurality of channels comprises one or more primary channels and one or more secondary channels.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the one or more primary channels extend in a direction perpendicular to a direction in which the one or more secondary channels extend.

4. A system according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the system comprises a plurality of panels forming a hermetically sealed system, the plurality of panels being arranged around the electrical component.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein the plurality of panels are arranged to substantially enclose the electrical component.

6. The system of claim 4 or 5, wherein the plurality of panels are arranged to form a box defining a cavity in which the electrical component is located.

7. The system of any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein the plurality of panels are fluidly coupled to each other by the primary channel.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein the primary channels are fluidly coupled by respective connecting members, each connecting member having one or more channels with a cross-sectional area greater than a cross-sectional area of the primary channels.

9. The system of claim 8, wherein the connecting member is further arranged to mechanically couple the plurality of panels.

10. The system of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the system comprises two panels thermally coupled to the electrical component, each panel arranged to form a hermetically sealed system and arranged in thermal communication with the heat exchanger mechanism.

11. The system of any of the preceding claims, wherein the working fluid comprises a working fluid in a liquid phase and a gaseous phase, and wherein the working fluid is configured to transfer thermal energy around the sealed system by evaporation of liquid at one location of the sealed system and condensation of liquid at a different location of the sealed system.

12. The system of any preceding claim, wherein the working fluid is water.

13. The system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the electrical component is a battery, optionally a battery comprising a plurality of battery cells.

14. A system according to any preceding claim, further comprising one or more fluid pumps arranged to pump fluid through the heat exchanger.

15. The system of claim 14, further comprising:

a hot tank for providing a heating fluid, wherein, in the active heating mode of operation, the one or more fluid pumps are arranged to pump the heating fluid through the first inlet of the heat exchanger.

16. The system of claim 14 or 15, further comprising:

a cryogenic storage device for providing cooling fluid, wherein in an active cooling mode of operation the one or more fluid pumps are arranged to pump the cooling fluid through the second inlet of the heat exchanger.

17. The system of any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein the fluid is a refrigerant.

18. The system of any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the heat exchanger mechanism comprises a thermoelectric device.

19. A vehicle comprising a system according to any preceding claim, optionally wherein the vehicle is an electric vehicle.

Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to a system for thermal management of an electrical component, optionally an electrical component such as a battery or another electrical storage device. Optionally, the present disclosure relates to a system for thermal management of a battery of an electric vehicle.

Background

Batteries and other electrical components or devices have optimal operating temperatures, and functionality outside this range may affect the performance and safety of the components or devices. For example, when the battery is cold, the ability of the battery to output a consistent supply of power is impeded. Also, batteries may exhibit performance degradation when hot, and in some cases, fire may be caused, for example, by thermal runaway.

Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a thermal management system for controlling the temperature of a battery. Such a system has utility in other applications as well, where it is preferable to maintain electrical components at a constant temperature.

Disclosure of Invention

A system is provided according to independent claim 1 with optional features included in dependent claims dependent thereon.

In the following description, a system for thermal management of an electrical component is provided. The system comprises: an electrical component; a heat exchanger mechanism; and one or more panels thermally coupled to the electrical components. Each panel includes a plurality of channels for conveying a working fluid around the panel. The one or more panels are fluidly coupled to form a hermetically sealed system inside the one or more panels such that the working fluid is configured to transfer thermal energy around the sealed system. The heat exchanger is disposed in thermal communication with at least one of the plurality of panels to transfer thermal energy to and/or from the electrical component via the plurality of panels.

Optionally, the electrical component is a battery comprising a plurality of battery cells. In some arrangements, the battery is a battery for a vehicle, for example for an electric vehicle. In other arrangements, the battery may be a stationary battery for electrical storage, such as a battery or storage device for home or commercial energy storage. Optionally, the electrical component is for example a transformer, a capacitor, a resistor or an inductor. Alternatively, the electrical component may be a thermal generator or device or any other form of generator or processor.

Optionally, the working fluid comprises a liquid phase and a gaseous phase of the working fluid, wherein the working fluid is configured to transfer thermal energy around the sealing system by evaporation of the liquid at one location of the sealing system and condensation of the liquid at a different location of the sealing system. When a portion of the sealed system is heated, the liquid becomes a vapor upon absorbing the latent heat of vaporization. The hot vapor then enters the colder portion of the seal system where it condenses and releases latent heat to the seal system. The condensed liquid then flows back to the hotter portion of the seal system and the vaporization-condensation cycle is repeated. Since the latent heat of vaporization is typically very large, a large amount of heat can be transferred around the sealing system and a substantially uniform temperature distribution can be achieved across one or more panels. In other words, the panel may function as a heat pipe. The working fluid may be water, a refrigerant, an ammonia-based working fluid, or any other suitable working fluid for a heat pipe.

The systems described herein may facilitate in-situ cooling and/or heating of electrical components such as batteries (e.g., for cooling and/or heating automotive batteries within a vehicle). Each panel may function as a flat heat pipe, i.e. a heat absorbing panel. By assembling one or more (hermetically sealed) heat absorbing panels into one or more individual flat heat pipes around an electrical component, or into a box or other structure formed around the electrical component, the thermal environment around the electrical component can be effectively managed to effectively help maximize the performance of the component.

In particular, the one or more panels provide an isothermal surface that isothermally cools and/or heats the electrical component when thermally coupled thereto. For example, when the electrical component is a battery that includes multiple battery cells, the systems described herein may transfer heat to/from the battery such that each battery cell is maintained at substantially the same temperature, in other words, the temperature is (substantially) constant across the battery, which may help improve the performance of the battery, e.g., by causing the power output from each battery cell to be approximately equal. The system may also help isolate the battery or other electrical components from temperature variations in the battery environment, which may facilitate improved performance of the electrical components.

Optionally, the system includes a plurality of panels fluidly coupled to form a single hermetically sealed system and arranged around the electrical components. Such an arrangement may provide for a more efficient transfer of thermal energy to/from the electrical components than a single panel. Optionally, a plurality of panels are arranged to substantially surround the electrical component. In an alternative arrangement, the plurality of panels are arranged to form a box defining a cavity in which the electrical components are located. Such surrounding of the electrical component may provide for a more efficient transfer of thermal energy to/from the electrical component, thereby improving the performance of the electrical component.

Optionally, the system comprises two panels thermally coupled to the electrical component, each panel arranged to form a separate hermetically sealed system and arranged in thermal communication with the heat exchanger mechanism. For example, two panels may be provided on opposite sides of the electrical component, while the heat exchanger is arranged on one side extending between the two panels. Such an arrangement may provide efficient transfer of thermal energy while facilitating simpler and cheaper manufacturing and assembly of the system.

Optionally, each individual panel (independent of how the panels are arranged to form a hermetically sealed system) comprises one or more primary channels and one or more secondary channels. Alternatively, the cross-sectional area of the primary channel may be 50% to 200% of the cross-sectional area of the secondary channel. Optionally, the cross-sectional area of each primary channel is optionally larger than the cross-sectional area of any secondary channel, which may help to improve the flow of the working fluid around the gastight system, which may in turn improve the efficiency of the heat exchange process between the panel and the electrical component. Optionally, the plurality of panels are oriented such that the secondary channel extends (substantially) horizontally or (substantially) vertically when the system is in use.

The primary channel is in fluid communication with the secondary channel. Optionally, the one or more primary channels extend in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the one or more secondary channels extend. This arrangement may facilitate improved flow of fluid around the system. Optionally, the one or more secondary channels comprise one or more protruding features on one side of the secondary channel; the protruding feature may comprise one or more ribs extending longitudinally in the channel. Here, at least some of the one or more ribs may be generally triangular and/or at least some of the one or more ribs may be generally square.

When more than one panel is used to form the hermetically sealed system, each of the plurality of panels may be fluidly coupled to each other by the main channel of the respective panel. In some arrangements, the panels may be fluidly and mechanically coupled directly. In other arrangements, connecting members may be provided that mechanically couple the panels, wherein the primary channels are fluidly coupled by respective connecting members, each connecting member having one or more channels with a cross-sectional area greater than the cross-sectional area of the primary channels. This arrangement may provide for simpler manufacturing and assembly of the panels, as well as facilitate improved flow of fluid around the sealing system. More efficient heat transfer between the panels may be provided.

Optionally, the body of each panel is formed from extruded material, i.e. manufactured by extruding the panel, such that the one or more secondary channels form a cavity inside the panel. Such panels may be easily and inexpensively manufactured, and the extrusion process may allow for the cross-section of each panel to be easily manufactured. The process may also help to provide complex cross-sectional geometries for the secondary channels in the panel, such as the protrusions described above. Optionally, each panel is formed from extruded aluminium or an aluminium alloy. Optionally, each panel further comprises one or more manifolds defining or contributing to defining the main channel of each panel. A manifold may be coupled to an edge of the body of each panel to allow the primary channels to be fluidly coupled via the secondary channels.

Optionally, the system further comprises one or more fluid pumps arranged to pump fluid through the heat exchanger. The fluid may be water or another fluid, such as a refrigerant. Optionally, the system further comprises a hot tank for providing a heating fluid (wherein in the active heating mode of operation the one or more fluid pumps are arranged to pump the heating fluid through a first inlet of the at least one inlet of the heat exchanger) and/or a cryogenic storage device for a cooling fluid (wherein in the active cooling mode of operation the one or more fluid pumps are arranged to pump the cooling fluid through a second inlet of the at least one inlet of the heat exchanger). Any suitable heating and/or cooling fluid may be provided. Such an arrangement may help to heat the electrical components in cold weather and cool the electrical components in hot weather, which may provide a more stable operating temperature for the electrical components. Thus, the performance of the component can be improved. Such heating and/or cooling may be facilitated, for example, by existing systems already provided in the context of the systems described herein when the systems are deployed in a vehicle. This may improve efficiency.

Optionally, the heat exchanger mechanism comprises a thermoelectric device. The use of a solid state heat exchanger without moving parts of the fluid channel may provide a more robust heat exchanger, which may be advantageous in certain applications, for example for retrofitting into a vehicle.

Drawings

The following description refers to the accompanying drawings:

FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of an example of a system as described herein;

FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of a plurality of panels of the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3A shows a perspective view of an example of two panels as described herein;

FIG. 3B shows a portion of the panel of FIG. 3A;

FIG. 3C shows a portion of the cross-section of FIG. 3B;

FIG. 3D shows a cross-section of the panel of FIG. 3A;

FIG. 4 schematically illustrates the components that make up the panel;

FIG. 5 illustrates a perspective view of an example heat exchanger of the system of FIG. 1; and

fig. 6 schematically illustrates an example embodiment of the system of fig. 1.

Detailed Description

Referring to FIG. 1, a system 100 for thermal management of an electrical component 102 is depicted. Optionally, the system 100 may be disposed within a vehicle 140 (see fig. 6). The vehicle 140 may be an electric vehicle. Alternatively, the system 100 may be a static or fixed arrangement, such as a system for thermal management of batteries or other energy storage devices in home or commercial applications.

The system 100 includes one or more panels 106. Each panel 106 includes a plurality of channels for conveying working fluid around the panel. These channels are internal to the panel, i.e., formed within a cavity within the panel 106. The one or more panels are arranged to form a hermetically sealed system such that the working fluid is configured to transfer thermal energy around the sealed system formed by the channels of each panel 106.

In some arrangements, one panel may be provided. Alternatively, two or more panels may be provided, arranged independently of the other panels to form a separate hermetically sealed system, or fluidly coupled to each other in any suitable configuration to form one or more hermetically sealed systems through which the working fluid may be conveyed. For example, two panels may be arranged independently on the long sides of the electrical component 102, or four panels may be arranged in a ring to surround the electrical component (i.e. provided on two long sides and two short sides of the component). The four panels may include separate sealing systems, or may be combined to form one or more sealing systems within which the working fluid is circulated.

One or more panels 106 are thermally coupled to the electrical components 102 to transfer thermal energy to or from the electrical components 102. In the following description, the electrical component 102 is a battery 102 that includes a plurality of battery cells 104, but the system 100 may be used for thermal management of any other suitable electrical component that requires in-situ cooling (or heating), such as cooling of a processor or other electrical system component. For example, the system 100 may be used for in-situ cooling (or heating) of a generator or processor or electrical components such as transformers, capacitors, resistors, or inductors.

The system 100 also includes a heat exchanger mechanism 108 in thermal communication with the at least one panel 106 for transferring thermal energy to and/or from the electrical component 102, such as a battery, via the panel 106. One or more panels 106 may be thermally coupled to the heat exchanger mechanism 108 using a thermally conductive paste or gel. The heat exchanger may then be mechanically clamped to one of the panels 106. For permanent attachment, thermal adhesives may alternatively be used.

In the following description, the working fluid includes a liquid phase and a gaseous phase of the working fluid, wherein the working fluid is configured to transfer thermal energy around the sealing system by evaporation of the liquid at one location of the sealing system and condensation of the liquid at a different location of the sealing system. In other words, the working fluid passively circulates around the sealing system. Thus, the panel acts as a heat pipe to transfer thermal energy around the sealing system. For example, the working fluid used in the systems described herein may be water or ammonia. However, a variety of working fluids may be used, including water, ammonia, acetone, ethanol, and mixtures thereof; these effects are determined by the conditions under which the panel is used. The skilled artisan will be able to determine the appropriate fluid for any given set of operating conditions and temperature operating ranges.

It is also envisaged that in other arrangements the working fluid is arranged only to transfer thermal energy around the sealing system without evaporation and/or condensation mechanisms. For example, the working fluid may be water or a refrigerant, and the heat exchanger mechanism may be arranged to actively circulate said working fluid around the sealing system, e.g. by means of a pump or a compressor.

As further described with reference to fig. 2, it can be seen that in some examples, the panel 106 can be arranged to substantially surround the cells 104 of the battery 102. In particular, the panels 106 are arranged to form a box defining one or more cavities 107 in which the batteries 102 or any other suitable electrical components may be located. It will be appreciated that the box formed by the panels 106 may take any suitable form or shape. In some arrangements, the cavity 107 may be completely enclosed by the panel 106, while in other arrangements, the box shown in fig. 2 may be open on more than one side. Fewer panels may allow the electrical components 102 to be more easily installed within the cavity 107 and may also reduce the cost and complexity of manufacturing the system. For example, as described above, two separate panels may be used, or a four panel ring may be used.

Referring to fig. 3A-3D, the structure of the panel is described in more detail. Two panels 106a, 106b are described herein as being mechanically and fluidly coupled to one another by a connecting member 110, but it should be understood that more than two panels may be provided, or the connecting member 110 may be omitted, and the panels 106a, 106b may be directly mechanically and fluidly coupled to one another.

Referring to fig. 3B and 3C, a cross-section N-N of the panel 106a, the details of which are further shown in section R, and the connecting member 110 are depicted. As can be seen, the panel 106a includes two primary channels 112 and a plurality of secondary channels 114; the primary and secondary channels are in fluid communication. In some arrangements, the secondary channels extend in a direction that is generally perpendicular to the direction in which the primary channels 112 extend. In some arrangements, the cross-sectional area of each of the one or more primary channels may be greater than the cross-sectional area of each of the one or more secondary channels, but it will be appreciated that in some arrangements, the cross-sectional area of the secondary channels 114 may be greater than the cross-sectional area of the primary channels, as the increase in area may be provided by including a protrusion or other feature within the secondary channels.

As shown in fig. 3C and 3D, in this arrangement, the connecting member 110 includes a channel 116 extending in a direction parallel to the secondary channel 114 (in fig. 3D, both the secondary channel 114 and the channel 116 extend out of the page). The secondary passage 112 is fluidly coupled to the passage 116 by a passage portion 117. The connecting member 110 also includes a channel 118 (here extending out of the page, as shown in fig. 3C) that fluidly couples the secondary channels 112 of the panel 106a to the corresponding secondary channels 106 b. In other words, the panels 106a and 106b may be fluidly coupled to each other by the secondary channel 112 via the channels 116, 117, and 118 of the connecting member 110.

The cross-sectional area of the channels 116, 117, 188 of each connecting member 110 is greater than the cross-sectional area of the main channel. This arrangement may provide for simpler manufacturing and assembly of the panels, as well as facilitate improved flow of fluid around the sealing system. In particular, when the diameter of the channel of the connecting member is greater than the diameter of the main channel 112, the fluid can flow more effectively around the portion R and the corner shown in fig. 3D; thus, fluid may flow more efficiently between the two panels 106a, 106. Thus, more efficient heat transfer between the panels may be provided.

Fig. 3D also illustrates an example cross-section of the secondary channel 114, which features may provide increased surface area between the material of the body of the panels 106a, 106 and the cavity within the body defining the secondary channel 114. The geometry of these secondary channels is described in more detail with reference to figure 4 of the earlier filed UK patent application GB1410924.3(GB2527338-a), of which figure 4 and its accompanying description are incorporated herein by reference, as regards the geometry of these channels.

The panel 106 may be positioned horizontally or vertically with the secondary channel 114 arranged horizontally (or substantially horizontally) or vertically (or substantially vertically). In the example described with reference to fig. 3A-3D, the secondary channel 114 is arranged to lie substantially horizontally such that condensation and evaporation of the working fluid occurs across the panel within the cross-section of the secondary channel (rather than the secondary channel being oriented vertically such that the condensed working fluid falls to the bottom of the panel 106). Variations in internal pressure and temperature gradients may facilitate movement of the working fluid around the sealing system, as will be described in more detail below. The skilled person will appreciate that any suitable orientation of the secondary channels 114 may be provided.

Referring to fig. 4, it will be understood that each panel 106 may be manufactured by extrusion or by any other suitable manufacturing process. For example, the body 132 of each panel 106 may be formed from extruded aluminum or an aluminum alloy. The extrusion may enable the formation of complex geometries of the secondary channels 114, which may help to improve the phase change of the working fluid and thus improve heat transfer. Aluminum is also relatively inexpensive, has good corrosion resistance, and is easy to work with in the manufacturing process. Due to the structural strength within the aluminum extrusion, the panel may be used to provide a guarantee (right) to the vehicle when the system 100 including the panel 106 is incorporated into the vehicle (optionally an electric vehicle). Alternatively, an aluminum alloy or another metal such as steel may be used.

Optionally, each panel also includes one or more manifolds 134 that define or help define the main channel 112 of each panel. The manifold 134 is substantially straight. Manifold 134 is formed of the same material as panel body 132 and may be coupled to an edge of body 132 of each panel to allow the primary channels to be fluidly coupled via the secondary channels; in particular, the secondary channels 114 typically terminate at a manifold 134 at each end of the panel body 132, thereby sealing the channels, which in turn form fluid-tight and air-tight chambers. The manifold may be embedded onto the panel body 132 using an interference fit, welding, or gluing in forming the sealed chamber within the panel 106. Forming the secondary channels 114 within the panel body 132 and using the manifold 134 may facilitate relatively direct sealing of the multiple channels, as only a single seal is required at either end of the panel body 132. Advantageously, the mechanical mounting of the manifold 134 on the panel body 132 also forms a seal.

Referring to FIG. 5, a heat exchanger mechanism 108 is depicted that is coupled, directly or indirectly, to a fluid to remove or transfer thermal energy to the electrical component 102 as required by the system 100. The heat exchanger mechanism 108 described herein is a thermoelectric assembly (i.e., peltier device) that includes a cold side plate 120, which may be formed of aluminum, a hot side plate 124, and foam insulation 124 separating the hot and cold sides and contains thermoelectric modules. Hot plate side 124 includes channels for receiving fluid. The fluid may be in fluid communication with a heat sink, for example, to absorb excess heat from the electrical components 102 to which the heat exchanger mechanism 108 is thermally coupled via the panel 106.

In other arrangements, the heat exchanger mechanism may not be a thermoelectric assembly. Rather, the heat exchanger 108 may be any other suitable form of heat exchanger mechanism. For example, the heat exchanger mechanism may include passing cold/hot air through the panel, or a hot fluid flowing through the heat exchanger mechanism. Those skilled in the art will understand how to select an appropriate heat exchanger for a particular application of the system 100. For example, when the system 100 is incorporated into a vehicle, passive cooling of the panel may be provided by arranging channels that force air through the panel as the vehicle travels. Furthermore, as mentioned above, when the working fluid is a refrigerant or water or the like, the heat exchange means may be arranged to actively circulate said fluid within the sealed system, in addition to exchanging heat between the system and the environment.

As described with reference to fig. 6, the heat exchanger mechanism 108 may be in fluid communication with one or more fluid pumps 126 of the system 100, the fluid pumps 126 arranged to pump fluid through the heat exchanger 108 to transfer thermal energy to and/or from the electrical component 102 via the plurality of panels 106. Optionally, the fluid provided to the heat exchanger is a refrigerant.

In some arrangements, the system 100 may further include a hot tank 128 and/or a cold tank or other cryogenic storage device 130 for storing cooling fluid. The hot tank 128 is used to provide heating fluid to the heat exchanger 108, wherein in the active heating mode of operation one or more fluid pumps 126 are arranged to pump the heating fluid through the first inlet 128a of the heat exchanger. The cryogenic storage device 130 is used to provide cooling fluid to the heat exchanger 108, wherein in the active cooling mode of operation, the one or more fluid pumps 126 are arranged to pump the cooling fluid through the second inlet 130a of the heat exchanger 108.

To cool the electrical components using the panel 106, i.e., transfer heat from the electrical components 102 to the environment through the heat exchanger 108, a cooling fluid (e.g., liquid or vapor) is provided to the heat exchanger mechanism 108 from the low temperature storage device 130 at a temperature at least a few kelvin below the panel. The thermal energy is then transferred from the panels 106 thermally coupled to the heat exchanger. In response to this thermal energy flow, a portion of the sealed system through which the working fluid circulates is cooled, causing the vapor phase of the working fluid to condense within the secondary channels 114 of the panels 106. Upon condensation, the vapor releases the stored latent heat onto the material of the panel 106 adjacent the channels in which the working fluid condenses; this latent heat can then be removed from the system by heat exchanger 108.

The condensation of the working fluid also results in the formation of a low pressure region. Vapor from other portions of the sealing system will then move toward the cooler, lower pressure regions of the sealing system, causing condensate to also move around the sealing system from the cooler portions and to the hotter portions of the sealing system, by the action of gravity and the internal pressure within the sealing system (e.g., the air pressure generated by the evaporation-condensation cycle within the panel). The thermal energy in the hotter portion of the sealed system vaporizes the working fluid, converting it from a liquid to a vapor by absorbing the latent heat of vaporization. Thus, this evaporation consumes more heat than heating without phase change. The heated vapor flows around the seal system along passages 112, 114 to a cooler low pressure region and again condenses in the cooler portion of the seal system adjacent heat exchanger 108. The evaporation-condensation cycle may then be repeated again. Those skilled in the art will understand how to reverse the process by providing heating fluid from the heating tank 128 to the heat exchanger mechanism 108 to cause the panel 106 to heat the electrical component 102.

The above-described effect causes the thermal energy to be substantially evenly distributed across the panel 106 in thermal communication with the electrical component 102, and thus may cause the thermal energy to be evenly distributed across the electrical component as well. In this way, temperature differences between different locations around the system are minimized. Moreover, the amount of thermal energy transferred is significantly greater than that achieved by conduction to the panel 106 from inexpensive metal of considerable weight and size using the working fluid described herein. This is achieved without the use of any wicking structure or material. Thus, a more energy efficient cooling of the electrical components may be provided.

As shown in fig. 6, any of the embodiments of the system 100 described above may be implemented within a vehicle 140. Alternatively, the vehicle 140 is an electric vehicle or a hybrid vehicle that uses two or more different types of power; for example, a hybrid vehicle may use an internal combustion engine to drive an electric generator that powers an electric motor. The vehicle 140 may be a car, bus, train, truck, or any other suitable vehicle. Alternatively, any of the above-described embodiments of the system 100 may be implemented as a static or fixed system arrangement, for example as a system for thermal management of a battery or other energy storage device in a home or commercial application, or for in-situ thermal management of a generator or processor or other electrical component or device.

It is noted herein that while various examples of systems are described above, these descriptions should not be viewed in a limiting sense. Rather, various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.