阅读说明：本技术 一种高结晶性掺杂纳米钒酸铋颗粒及其制备方法 (High-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles and preparation method thereof ) 是由 况永波 周扬 于 2019-08-29 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种高结晶性掺杂纳米钒酸铋颗粒及其制备方法。所述高结晶性掺杂纳米钒酸铋颗粒的制备方法包括：使含铋化合物、含钒化合物、作为反应介质的掺杂原子化合物均匀混合,反应形成掺杂钒酸铋前驱体；将所述掺杂钒酸铋前驱体与热稳定性盐混合进行研磨,之后于500～900℃进行退火处理1～2h,获得高结晶性掺杂纳米钒酸铋颗粒。所述高结晶性掺杂纳米钒酸铋颗粒的尺寸小于500nm。较之现有技术,本发明提供的高结晶性掺杂纳米钒酸铋颗粒的制备方法操作简便,晶粒尺寸范围可控,无需球磨即可得到高结晶性掺杂纳米钒酸铋颗粒。(The invention discloses a high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particle and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method of the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing a bismuth-containing compound, a vanadium-containing compound and an atom-doped compound serving as a reaction medium, and reacting to form a bismuth vanadate-doped precursor; and mixing the doped bismuth vanadate precursor with heat-stable salt, grinding, and then annealing at 500-900 ℃ for 1-2 h to obtain the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles. The size of the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles is less than 500 nm. Compared with the prior art, the preparation method of the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles provided by the invention is simple and convenient to operate, the size range of crystal grains is controllable, and the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles can be obtained without ball milling.)

1. A preparation method of high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles is characterized by comprising the following steps:

uniformly mixing a bismuth-containing compound, a vanadium-containing compound and an atom-doped compound serving as a reaction medium, and reacting to form a bismuth vanadate-doped precursor;

and mixing the doped bismuth vanadate precursor with heat-stable salt, grinding, and then annealing at 500-900 ℃ for 1-2 h to obtain the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles.

2. The production method according to claim 1, characterized by comprising:

uniformly mixing a bismuth-containing compound, a doping atom compound and a first solvent to form a mixed solution containing the bismuth-containing compound and the doping atom compound;

uniformly mixing the vanadium-containing compound with a second solvent to form a vanadium-containing compound solution;

and respectively adding the mixed solution and the vanadium-containing compound solution into a reaction medium, and uniformly mixing to obtain the doped bismuth vanadate precursor.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein: the bismuth-containing compound comprises any one or the combination of more than two of bismuth nitrate, bismuth oxide, bismuth chloride, bismuth sulfate and bismuth potassium iodide; and/or, the first solvent comprises an acidic substance, preferably nitric acid and/or hydrochloric acid in combination with water; and/or the concentration of the bismuth-containing compound in the mixed solution is 1-5 mmol/L; and/or the atom-doped compound comprises any one or the combination of more than two of tungstic acid, potassium tungstate, sodium tungstate, ammonium tungstate, molybdic acid, ammonium molybdate, sodium molybdate and molybdenum trioxide; preferably, the concentration of the doping atom compound in the mixed solution is 0.001-0.05 mmol/L.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein: the vanadium-containing compound comprises any one or the combination of more than two of ammonium metavanadate, vanadium pentoxide, sodium vanadate and vanadium chloride; and/or, the second solvent comprises an alkaline substance, preferably sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide in combination with water; and/or the concentration of the vanadium-containing compound solution is 1-5 mmol/L.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein: the reaction medium comprises a combination of an alkane component, an alcohol component, and a third component; preferably, the mass ratio of the alkane component, the alcohol component and the third component in the reaction medium is 4: 3: 1-5: 1: 1; preferably, the alkane component comprises any one or a combination of more than two of n-hexane, n-octane and cyclohexane; preferably, the alcohol component comprises any one or a combination of more than two of isoamyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol and cyclohexanol; preferably, the third component comprises any one or a combination of more than two of hexadecyl amine, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and lauryl sodium sulfate.

6. The method according to claim 2, comprising:

dropwise adding the mixed solution containing the bismuth-containing compound and the doped atom compound into the reaction medium, and performing ultrasonic treatment for 10-40 min;

dropwise adding the vanadium-containing compound solution into the reaction medium, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 10-40 min;

and then mixing the mixed solution obtained by the ultrasonic treatment, and stirring for 10-120 min to obtain the doped bismuth vanadate precursor solution.

7. The method according to claim 1, comprising:

mixing the components in a mass ratio of 1: uniformly mixing 100-800 parts of doped bismuth vanadate precursor with heat-stable salt, grinding for 20-120 min, and tabletting at room temperature, wherein the pressure for tabletting is 5-25 Mpa; and the number of the first and second groups,

annealing the pressed solid at 500-850 ℃ for 1-2 h in the air atmosphere to obtain high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles; preferably, the heat stable salt comprises a sulfate salt.

8. The method of claim 6, further comprising: and centrifuging the doped bismuth vanadate precursor solution, separating to obtain a doped bismuth vanadate precursor, cleaning and drying.

9. Highly crystalline doped nano bismuth vanadate particles prepared by the method of any one of claims 1 to 8, having a size of less than 500 nm.

10. The highly-crystallized doped nano bismuth vanadate particle according to claim 9, wherein: the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles are of monoclinic phase structures.

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of material synthesis, in particular to high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles and a preparation method thereof.

Background

Due to the increasing energy crisis, people pay more and more attention to the problem of energy shortage, and hydrogen energy is receiving more and more attention as a clean and cheap energy source. In the method of hydrogen energy production, photo-electrolyzed water is noted because of its higher hydrogen production efficiency and lower material investment. The bismuth vanadate is taken as a representative of high-performance materials in the photoelectrolysis water, and the photoelectric performance of the bismuth vanadate is further improved by doping a small amount of tungsten atoms or molybdenum atoms. The doped bismuth vanadate is prepared by a method and conditions which are relatively loose and are generally obtained by hydrothermal and solid-phase reactions. The doped bismuth vanadate obtained by a general hydrothermal process has poor crystallinity and micron-sized crystal size. In the solid-phase sintering process, bismuth vanadate particles have high crystallinity but are easy to agglomerate. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain highly crystalline bismuth vanadate particles having a small size by hydrothermal and solid phase methods. Generally, the bismuth vanadate material for obtaining nano particles is ball-milled by sintered bismuth vanadate. However, auxiliary materials are often added in the ball milling process, and then the sample is cleaned, dried and sintered at a low temperature to obtain the high-crystallinity nano bismuth vanadate particles, the process has more steps, and the size of the obtained sample is more than 500 nm.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention mainly aims to provide high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles and a preparation method thereof, thereby overcoming the defects in the prior art.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:

the embodiment of the invention provides a preparation method of high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles, which comprises the following steps:

uniformly mixing a bismuth-containing compound, a vanadium-containing compound and an atom-doped compound serving as a reaction medium, and reacting to form a bismuth vanadate-doped precursor;

and mixing the doped bismuth vanadate precursor with heat-stable salt, grinding, and then annealing at 500-900 ℃ for 1-2 h to obtain the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles.

In some embodiments, the method of making comprises:

uniformly mixing a bismuth-containing compound, a doping atom compound and a first solvent to form a mixed solution containing the bismuth-containing compound and the doping atom compound;

uniformly mixing the vanadium-containing compound with a second solvent to form a vanadium-containing compound solution;

and respectively adding the mixed solution and the vanadium-containing compound solution into a reaction medium, and uniformly mixing to obtain the doped bismuth vanadate precursor.

Further, the bismuth-containing compound includes any one or a combination of two or more of bismuth nitrate, bismuth oxide, bismuth chloride, bismuth sulfate, bismuth potassium iodide, and the like, but is not limited thereto.

Further, the atom-doped compound includes any one or a combination of two or more of tungstic acid, potassium tungstate, sodium tungstate, ammonium tungstate, molybdic acid, ammonium molybdate, sodium molybdate, molybdenum trioxide, and the like, but is not limited thereto.

Further, the vanadium-containing compound includes any one or a combination of two or more of ammonium metavanadate, vanadium pentoxide, sodium vanadate, vanadium chloride, and the like, but is not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, the preparation method specifically comprises:

mixing the components in a mass ratio of 1: uniformly mixing 100-800 parts of a doped bismuth vanadate precursor with sulfate, grinding for 20-120 min, and tabletting at room temperature, wherein the pressure for tabletting is 5-25 Mpa; and the number of the first and second groups,

and annealing the pressed solid at 500-850 ℃ for 1-2 h in the air atmosphere to obtain the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles.

The embodiment of the invention also provides the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles prepared by the method, and the size of the particles is less than 500 nm.

Compared with the prior art, the preparation method of the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles provided by the invention is simple and convenient to operate, and the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles can be obtained without ball milling.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments described in the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.

FIG. 1 is an SEM image of the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles obtained in example 1 of the invention.

FIG. 2 is an SEM image of the high-crystallinity doped nano-bismuth vanadate particles obtained in example 2 of the invention.

FIG. 3 is an SEM image of the high-crystallinity doped nano-bismuth vanadate particles obtained in example 3 of the invention.

FIG. 4 is an SEM image of the doped nano-bismuth vanadate particles with high crystallinity obtained in example 4 of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a statistical distribution diagram of the high-crystallinity doped nano-bismuth vanadate particles obtained in example 1 of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is an XRD pattern of the highly-crystallized doped nano bismuth vanadate particles obtained in example 3 of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is an XRD pattern of the highly-crystallized doped nano bismuth vanadate particles obtained in example 6 of the present invention.

Detailed Description

In view of the deficiencies in the prior art, the inventors of the present invention have made extensive studies and extensive practices to provide technical solutions of the present invention. The technical solution, its implementation and principles, etc. will be further explained as follows.

As one aspect of the technical solution of the present invention, a method for preparing high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles includes:

uniformly mixing a bismuth-containing compound, a vanadium-containing compound and an atom-doped compound serving as a reaction medium, and reacting to form a bismuth vanadate-doped precursor;

and mixing the doped bismuth vanadate precursor with heat-stable salt, grinding, and then annealing at 500-900 ℃ for 1-2 h to obtain the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles.

In some embodiments, the method of making comprises:

uniformly mixing a bismuth-containing compound, a doping atom compound and a first solvent to form a mixed solution containing the bismuth-containing compound and the doping atom compound;

uniformly mixing the vanadium-containing compound with a second solvent to form a vanadium-containing compound solution;

and respectively adding the mixed solution and the vanadium-containing compound solution into a reaction medium, and uniformly mixing to obtain the doped bismuth vanadate precursor.

Further, the bismuth-containing compound includes any one or a combination of two or more of bismuth nitrate, bismuth oxide, bismuth chloride, bismuth sulfate, bismuth potassium iodide, and the like, but is not limited thereto.

Further, the first solvent includes an acidic substance, preferably a combination of nitric acid and/or hydrochloric acid and water, but is not limited thereto.

Further, the concentration of the bismuth-containing compound in the mixed solution is 1-5 mmol/L.

Further, the atom-doped compound includes any one or a combination of two or more of tungstic acid, potassium tungstate, sodium tungstate, ammonium tungstate, molybdic acid, ammonium molybdate, sodium molybdate, molybdenum trioxide, and the like, but is not limited thereto.

Furthermore, the concentration of the doping atom compound in the mixed solution is 0.001-0.05 mmol/L.

Further, the vanadium-containing compound includes any one or a combination of two or more of ammonium metavanadate, vanadium pentoxide, sodium vanadate, vanadium chloride, and the like, but is not limited thereto.

Further, the second solvent includes an alkaline substance, preferably a combination of sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide and water, but is not limited thereto.

Further, the concentration of the vanadium-containing compound solution is 1-5 mmol/L.

In some embodiments, the reaction medium comprises a combination of an alkane component, an alcohol component, and a third component.

Further, the mass ratio of the alkane component, the alcohol component and the third component in the reaction medium is 4: 3: 1-5: 1: 1.

further, the alkane component includes any one or a combination of two or more of n-hexane, n-octane, cyclohexane, and the like, but is not limited thereto.

Further, the alcohol component includes any one or a combination of two or more of isoamyl alcohol, n-butanol, cyclohexanol and the like, but is not limited thereto.

Further, the third component includes any one or a combination of two or more of hexadecyl amine, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, sodium dodecyl sulfate, etc., but is not limited thereto.

In some preferred embodiments, the preparation method specifically comprises:

dropwise adding the mixed solution containing the bismuth-containing compound and the doped atom compound into the reaction medium, and performing ultrasonic treatment for 10-40 min;

dropwise adding the vanadium-containing compound solution into the reaction medium, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 10-40 min;

and then mixing the mixed solution obtained by the ultrasonic treatment, and stirring for 10-120 min to obtain the doped bismuth vanadate precursor solution.

Further, the preparation method further comprises the following steps: and centrifuging the doped bismuth vanadate precursor solution, separating to obtain a doped bismuth vanadate precursor, cleaning and drying.

In some preferred embodiments, the preparation method specifically comprises:

mixing the components in a mass ratio of 1: uniformly mixing 100-800 parts of doped bismuth vanadate precursor with heat-stable salt, grinding for 20-120 min, and tabletting at room temperature, wherein the pressure for tabletting is 5-25 Mpa; and the number of the first and second groups,

and annealing the pressed solid at 500-850 ℃ for 1-2 h in the air atmosphere to obtain the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles.

Further, the heat stable salt includes a sulfate salt, but is not limited thereto.

Further, the preparation method further comprises the following steps: and (3) after annealing treatment, washing with water for 3-8 times to obtain the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles.

In some more specific embodiments, the preparation method of the highly-crystallized doped nano bismuth vanadate particles comprises the following specific steps:

1. n-hexane, n-butanol and hexadecylamine in a mass ratio of 4: 3: 1-5: 1: 1 mixing into a solution;

2.5 mmol of bismuth nitrate and 0.005mmol of ammonium molybdate are dissolved in 10ml of 4mol/L nitric acid;

3.5 mmol of ammonium metavanadate is dissolved in 10ml of 2mol/L sodium hydroxide;

4. dropwise adding the mixed solution of bismuth nitrate and sodium molybdate into the solution of n-hexane, n-butanol and hexadecylamine, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 10-40 min;

5. dropwise adding an ammonium metavanadate solution into a normal hexane solution, a normal butanol solution and a hexadecylamine solution, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 10-40 min;

6. mixing and stirring the two solutions for 10-120 min;

7. separating the obtained precursor from the solution in a centrifugal mode, washing the solution for 5-10 times by using ethanol and water, and drying the solution at the temperature of 60 ℃ for 4-8 hours;

8. grinding the obtained powder and heat-stable salt with the mass multiple of 100-800 times for 20-120 min, and tabletting at room temperature under the pressure of 5-25 Mpa.

9. Treating for 1-2 h at 500-850 ℃ in air atmosphere.

10. And (3) after annealing, washing with water for 3-8 times to obtain the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles.

In one aspect, the invention relates to a high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particle prepared by the method, and the size of the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particle is less than 500 nm.

Further, the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles are of a monoclinic phase structure.

In conclusion, the preparation method of the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles provided by the invention is simple and convenient to operate, and the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles can be obtained without ball milling.

The technical solutions of the present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to several preferred embodiments and accompanying drawings, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention. The test methods in the following examples, which are not specified under specific conditions, are generally carried out under conventional conditions.

Example 1

Weighing 20g of n-hexane, 10g of n-butanol and 4g of hexadecylamine, mixing and stirring to obtain a mixed solution, dividing the mixed solution into two parts, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 10 min. 5mmol of bismuth nitrate and 0.005mmol of ammonium molybdate are weighed and dissolved in 4mol/L nitric acid, and 5mmol of ammonium metavanadate is dissolved in 2mol/L sodium hydroxide. And respectively dripping the bismuth nitrate solution and the ammonium metavanadate solution into the mixed solution and stirring for 10 min. After centrifugation, the mixture was washed with ethanol and water 5 times, and then dried at 60 ℃ for 4 hours. Weighing the obtained powder, mixing with 200 times of sodium sulfate, grinding for 30min, tabletting at room temperature under 5Mpa, and annealing in a muffle furnace at 500 ℃ for 2h to obtain high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles, wherein an SEM picture can refer to fig. 1, and the size of the bismuth vanadate particles is 100 nm-500 nm.

Example 2

Weighing 30g of n-hexane, 10g of n-butanol and 6g of hexadecylamine, mixing and stirring to obtain a mixed solution, dividing the mixed solution into two parts, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 15 min. 5mmol of bismuth nitrate and 0.025mmol of ammonium molybdate are weighed and dissolved in 4mol/L nitric acid, and 5mmol of ammonium metavanadate is dissolved in 2mol/L sodium hydroxide. And respectively dropwise adding the bismuth nitrate solution and the ammonium metavanadate solution into the mixed solution and stirring for 30 min. After centrifugation, the mixture was washed with ethanol and water 10 times and then dried at 60 ℃ for 6 hours. Weighing the obtained powder, mixing with 500 times of potassium sulfate, grinding for 50min, tabletting at room temperature under 10Mpa, and annealing in a muffle furnace at 850 deg.C for 1h to obtain nano bismuth vanadate particles, wherein the SEM picture can be seen in FIG. 2, and the size of the bismuth vanadate particles is 100 nm-500 nm.

Example 3

Weighing 10g of n-hexane, 2g of n-butanol and 2g of hexadecylamine, mixing and stirring to obtain a mixed solution, dividing the mixed solution into two parts, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 30 min. 5mmol of bismuth nitrate and 0.005mmol of sodium tungstate are weighed and dissolved in 4mol/L of nitric acid, and 5mmol of ammonium metavanadate is dissolved in 2mol/L of sodium hydroxide. And respectively dropwise adding a bismuth nitrate solution and an ammonium metavanadate solution into the mixed solution and stirring for 80 min. After centrifugation, the mixture was washed with ethanol and water for 5 times, and then dried at 60 ℃ for 5 hours. Weighing the obtained powder, mixing with 700 times of potassium sulfate, grinding for 110min, tabletting at room temperature under 20Mpa, and annealing in a muffle furnace at 800 deg.C for 2h to obtain nano bismuth vanadate particles, wherein the SEM picture can be shown in FIG. 3, and the size of the bismuth vanadate particles is 100 nm-500 nm.

Example 4

Weighing 20g of cyclohexane, 10g of cyclohexanol and 5g of sodium dodecyl sulfate, mixing and stirring to obtain a mixed solution, dividing the mixed solution into two parts, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 40 min. 5mmol of bismuth nitrate and 0.025mmol of sodium tungstate are weighed and dissolved in 4mol/L of nitric acid, and 5mmol of ammonium metavanadate is dissolved in 5mol/L of sodium hydroxide. And respectively dropwise adding the bismuth nitrate solution and the ammonium metavanadate solution into the mixed solution and stirring for 120 min. After centrifugation, the mixture is washed 10 times by ethanol and water and then dried for 8h at 60 ℃. Weighing the obtained powder, mixing with 800 times of copper sulfate, grinding for 120min, tabletting at room temperature under 20Mpa, and annealing at 900 deg.C in muffle furnace for 2h to obtain nanometer bismuth vanadate particles, wherein SEM picture can refer to FIG. 4, and most of the bismuth vanadate particles have a size of 200-500 nm.

Example 5

Weighing 40g of n-octane, 15g of isoamyl alcohol and 10g of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, mixing and stirring to obtain a mixed solution, dividing the mixed solution into two parts, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 40 min. 5mmol of bismuth oxide and 0.01mmol of ammonium molybdate are weighed and dissolved in 4mol/L nitric acid, and 5mmol of ammonium metavanadate is dissolved in 2mol/L sodium hydroxide. And respectively dropwise adding the bismuth nitrate solution and the ammonium metavanadate solution into the mixed solution and stirring for 100 min. After centrifugation, the mixture was washed with ethanol and water 6 times and then dried at 60 ℃ for 7 hours. And weighing the obtained powder, mixing with 400 times of ferric sulfate, grinding for 80min, tabletting at room temperature under 25Mpa, and annealing in a muffle furnace at 700 ℃ for 1.5h to obtain the nano bismuth vanadate particles.

Example 6

Weighing 25g of n-hexane, 10g of n-butanol and 5g of hexadecylamine, mixing and stirring to obtain a mixed solution, dividing the mixed solution into two parts, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 30 min. 5mmol of bismuth chloride and 0.005mmol of sodium tungstate are weighed and dissolved in 5mol/L hydrochloric acid, and 5mmol of sodium vanadate is dissolved in 2mol/L sodium hydroxide. And respectively dropwise adding a bismuth nitrate solution and an ammonium metavanadate solution into the mixed solution and stirring for 20 min. After centrifugation, the mixture was washed with ethanol and water 6 times, and then dried at 60 ℃ for 6 hours. The obtained powder is weighed, mixed with magnesium sulfate 300 times, ground for 40min, tabletted at room temperature under 18Mpa, and then annealed at 500 ℃ for 1h in a muffle furnace to obtain nano bismuth vanadate particles.

Example 7

Weighing 40g of n-hexane, 30g of n-butanol and 10g of hexadecylamine, mixing and stirring to obtain a mixed solution, dividing the mixed solution into two parts, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment for 40 min. 5mmol of bismuth nitrate and 0.05mmol of ammonium molybdate are weighed and dissolved in 1mol/L of nitric acid, and 5mmol of vanadium chloride is dissolved in 1mol/L of potassium hydroxide. And respectively dropwise adding the bismuth nitrate solution and the ammonium metavanadate solution into the mixed solution and stirring for 120 min. After centrifugation, the mixture was washed with ethanol and water for 8 times, and then dried at 60 ℃ for 6 hours. And weighing the obtained powder, mixing the powder with 100 times of ferric sulfate, grinding for 20min, tabletting at room temperature under 22Mpa, and annealing in a muffle furnace at 900 ℃ for 1h to obtain the nano bismuth vanadate particles.

In conclusion, according to the technical scheme of the invention, the preparation method of the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles is simple and convenient to operate, and the high-crystallinity doped nano bismuth vanadate particles can be obtained without ball milling.

The aspects, embodiments, features and examples of the present invention should be considered as illustrative in all respects and not intended to be limiting of the invention, the scope of which is defined only by the claims. Other embodiments, modifications, and uses will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed invention.

The use of headings and chapters in this disclosure is not meant to limit the disclosure; each section may apply to any aspect, embodiment, or feature of the disclosure.

Throughout this specification, where a composition is described as having, containing, or comprising specific components or where a process is described as having, containing, or comprising specific process steps, it is contemplated that the composition of the present teachings also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components, and the process of the present teachings also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited process steps.

Unless specifically stated otherwise, use of the terms "comprising", "including", "having" or "having" is generally to be understood as open-ended and not limiting.

It should be understood that the order of steps or the order in which particular actions are performed is not critical, so long as the teachings of the invention remain operable. Further, two or more steps or actions may be performed simultaneously.

In addition, the inventors of the present invention have also made experiments with other materials, process operations, and process conditions described in the present specification with reference to the above examples, and have obtained preferable results.

While the invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various other changes, omissions and/or additions may be made and substantial equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from its scope. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, unless specifically stated any use of the terms first, second, etc. do not denote any order or importance, but rather the terms first, second, etc. are used to distinguish one element from another.