Method and system for extracting pure helium
阅读说明：本技术 用于提取纯氦的方法和系统 (Method and system for extracting pure helium ) 是由 托比亚斯·凯勒 马丁·鲍尔 帕特里克·希夫曼 于 2019-01-10 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明涉及一种用于使用第一膜分离级(1)、第二膜分离级(2)和第三膜分离级(3)提取纯氦的方法(200-400),其中将第一含氦进料混合物供应到第一膜分离级(1),将第二含氦进料混合物供应到第二膜分离级(2),并且将第三含氦进料混合物供应到第三膜分离级(3),并且其中在第一膜分离级(1)中形成第一渗透物和第一渗余物,在第二膜分离级(2)中形成第二渗透物和第二渗余物,并且在第三膜分离级(3)中形成第三渗透物和第三渗余物。根据本发明,第一进料混合物是使用含氦起始混合物的至少一部分形成的,第二进料混合物是使用所述第一渗透物的至少一部分形成的,第三进料混合物是使用所述第二渗余物的至少一部分形成的,第二渗透物至少部分通过变压吸附处理以便获得纯氦和剩余混合物,并且第三渗透物的至少一部分和/或第三渗余物的至少一部分被引导返回到方法(200)中。本发明还涉及一种相应的系统。(The invention relates to a method (200-400) for extracting pure helium using a first membrane separation stage (1), a second membrane separation stage (2) and a third membrane separation stage (3), wherein a first helium-containing feed mixture is supplied to the first membrane separation stage (1), a second helium-containing feed mixture is supplied to the second membrane separation stage (2) and a third helium-containing feed mixture is supplied to the third membrane separation stage (3), and wherein a first permeate and a first retentate are formed in the first membrane separation stage (1), a second permeate and a second retentate are formed in the second membrane separation stage (2) and a third permeate and a third retentate are formed in the third membrane separation stage (3). According to the invention, a first feed mixture is formed using at least a part of a helium-containing starting mixture, a second feed mixture is formed using at least a part of said first permeate, a third feed mixture is formed using at least a part of said second retentate, the second permeate is at least partly treated by pressure swing adsorption in order to obtain pure helium and a remaining mixture, and at least a part of the third permeate and/or at least a part of the third retentate is led back into the process (200). The invention also relates to a corresponding system.)
1. A process (100) for extracting pure helium using a first membrane separation stage (1), a second membrane separation stage (2) and a third membrane separation stage (3), wherein a first helium-containing feed mixture is supplied to the first membrane separation stage (1), a second helium-containing feed mixture is supplied to the second membrane separation stage (2) and a third helium-containing feed mixture is supplied to the third membrane separation stage (3), and wherein a first permeate and a first retentate are formed in the first membrane separation stage (1), a second permeate and a second retentate are formed in the second membrane separation stage (2) and a third permeate and a third retentate are formed in the third membrane separation stage (3), wherein the first feed mixture is formed using at least part of the helium-containing starting mixture, the second feed mixture is formed using at least part of the first permeate, forming the third feed mixture using at least a portion of the second retentate, at least partially treating the second permeate by pressure swing adsorption to obtain the pure helium and a residual mixture, and directing at least a portion of the third permeate and/or at least a portion of the third retentate back into the process, wherein at least a portion of the residual mixture is used to form the second feed mixture and at least a portion of the third permeate is used to form the second feed mixture,
-wherein the remaining mixture or part thereof for forming the second feed mixture, the first permeate or part thereof for forming the second feed mixture and the third permeate or part thereof for forming the second feed mixture are combined and co-compressed and carbon dioxide removal is performed after they are combined and co-compressed,
or
-wherein the remaining mixture or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture and the third permeate or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture are combined and co-compressed separately from the first permeate or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture, and carbon dioxide removal is performed after they are combined and co-compressed,
or
-wherein the third permeate or a part thereof for forming the second feed mixture and the first permeate or a part thereof for forming the second feed mixture are combined and co-compressed separately from the remaining mixture or part thereof for forming the second feed mixture, and carbon dioxide removal is performed after they are combined and co-compressed,
characterized in that the carbon dioxide removal is performed using an adsorption process wherein at least one flush replacement gas is used and at least a portion of the second retentate or at least a portion of the third retentate is used as one of the flush replacement gas or the flush replacement gas.
2. The process (100) according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the third retentate is used to form the first feed mixture.
3. The method (200) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the second permeate or a part thereof treated by pressure swing adsorption is subjected to hydrogen removal.
4. The process (200-400) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first membrane separation stage (1) is operated at a pressure level of 10 to 120 bar, the second membrane separation stage (2) is operated at a pressure level of 10 to 120 bar and the third membrane separation stage (3) is operated at a pressure level of 10 to 120 bar, or wherein the first membrane separation stage (1) is operated at a pressure level of 30 to 100 bar, the second membrane separation stage (2) is operated at a pressure level of 30 to 100 bar and the third membrane separation stage (3) is operated at a pressure level of 30 to 100 bar.
5. A system (200-400) for extracting pure helium having a first membrane separation stage (1), a second membrane separation stage (2) and a third membrane separation stage (3), wherein means are provided which are configured to supply a first helium-containing feed mixture to the first membrane separation stage (1), a second helium-containing feed mixture to the second membrane separation stage (2) and a third helium-containing feed mixture to the third membrane separation stage (3), wherein the first membrane separation stage (1) is configured to form a first permeate and a first retentate, wherein the second membrane separation stage (2) is configured to form a second permeate and a second retentate, and wherein the third membrane separation stage (3) is configured to form a third permeate and a third retentate, wherein means are provided which are configured to form the first feed mixture, the second feed mixture, the third feed mixture and the third retentate using at least a portion of a helium-containing starting mixture, Forming the second feed mixture using at least a part of the first permeate, forming the third feed mixture using at least a part of the second retentate, at least partially treating the second permeate by pressure swing adsorption in order to obtain the pure helium and a residual mixture, and directing at least a part of the third permeate and/or at least a part of the third retentate back into the process (200), wherein at least a part of the residual mixture and at least a part of the third permeate are directed back into the first permeate, and wherein the residual mixture, the third permeate and the first permeate are combined and after their combination are subjected to carbon dioxide removal, characterized in that the carbon dioxide removal is an adsorption process in which at least one flushing displacement gas is introduced, and wherein at least a portion of the second retentate or at least a portion of the third retentate is introduced during the adsorption process as one of the purge replacement gas or the purge replacement gas.
Prior Art
Methods and systems for extracting helium, in particular from natural gas, are described, for example, in the article Ullmann's encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, online edition, 3/15/2001, DOI: 10.1002/14356007.
The respective membrane process may particularly comprise the use of several membrane separation stages, wherein in each membrane separation stage a helium-rich permeate and a helium-lean retentate is formed. Such membrane separation stages may be interconnected in different ways.
For example, in fig. 23, the mentioned article discloses a process wherein a helium-containing feed mixture is supplied to a first membrane separation stage. The permeate of the first membrane separation stage is compressed and supplied to the second membrane separation stage. The permeate of the second membrane separation stage represents the product of the process. The retentate of the first membrane separation stage is removed from the process. The retentate of the second membrane separation stage is directed back to before the first membrane separation stage and combined with the feed mixture.
US 2014/0243574 a1 discloses a three-stage membrane process in which a helium-containing feed mixture is supplied to a first membrane separation stage. The permeate of the first membrane separation stage is compressed and supplied to the second membrane separation stage. The permeate of the second membrane separation stage contains about 30 mole percent helium. The permeate may be further purified to form a helium product or used to form a feed mixture that is supplied to the first membrane separation stage. For this purpose, it is fed, for example, to the tank together with fresh natural gas. The retentate of the second membrane separation stage is supplied to a third membrane separation stage. The permeate of the third membrane separation stage is compressed together with the permeate of the first membrane separation stage and supplied together with it to the second membrane separation stage. The retentate of the first and third membrane separation stages is combined and provided as natural gas product.
In all processes for extracting helium, a distillation or pressure swing adsorption step may be used to produce pure helium downstream of the cryogenic or membrane-based enrichment. In this way, a high purity helium product can be provided.
Although the invention has been described primarily with reference to the extraction of helium from natural gas, in principle the invention is equally applicable to other fields of application, for example for the recovery of helium from helium-containing gas mixtures formed, for example, when evaporating helium in cryogenic applications. The corresponding gas mixture is referred to below as "starting mixture".
The object of the present invention is to improve and more efficiently design the extraction of pure helium from the corresponding starting mixture using a membrane separation stage.
Disclosure of Invention
The object of the invention is achieved by a method for extracting pure helium and a corresponding system having the features of the independent claims. Embodiments of the invention are subject matter of the dependent claims and the following description.
Before explaining the advantages of the present invention, some terms used in describing the present invention are defined in more detail below.
By "permeate" is herein understood a gas or gas mixture having predominantly or exclusively components which are not or hardly retained by the membrane used in the membrane separation stage, i.e. which passes unhindered (substantially or at least preferably) through the membrane. Thus, a "retentate" is a gas or gas mixture having predominantly or exclusively the components that are completely or at least predominantly retained by the membrane used in the membrane separation stage.
As used herein, the gas mixture may be enriched or depleted in one or more components, wherein the term "enriched" may denote a content of at least 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.9% or 99.99% by mole, weight or volume, and the term "depleted" may denote a content of at most 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.01% or 0.01% by mole, weight or volume. As used herein, a gas mixture may also be enriched or depleted in one or more components, where such terms refer to the respective content in another gas mixture with which the gas mixture under consideration is formed. A gas mixture considered herein is "enriched" if it has a specified component content of at least 2 times, 5 times, 10 times, 100 times, or 1,000 times, and "lean" if it has a specified component content of at most 0.5 times, 0.1 times, 0.01 times, or 0.001 times.
In particular, "pure helium" is understood here to mean helium with a purity of at least 99.5 mol% (so-called helium 2.5), 99.9 mol% helium (helium 2.9), 99.95 mol% helium (helium 3.5), 99.99 mol% helium (helium 4.0), 99.995 mol% helium (helium 4.5), 99.999 mol% helium (helium 5.0), 99.9995 mol% helium (helium 5.5), 99.9999 mol% helium (helium 6.0) or 99.99999 mol% helium (helium 7.0).
Herein, when referring to a gas mixture as being "formed" using another gas mixture, it is to be understood that the gas mixture under consideration has at least some of the components contained in or forming the other gas mixture. Forming a gas mixture from another gas mixture may include, for example: branching off a portion of the gas mixture; adding one or more additional components or gas mixtures; chemically or physically reacting at least some of the components; and heating, cooling, evaporating, condensing, etc. However, "forming" a gas mixture from another gas mixture may also include providing the other gas mixture or a portion thereof only in a suitable form (e.g., in a container or conduit).
The terms "pressure level" and "temperature level" are used herein to characterize pressure and temperature and are intended to mean that the respective pressure and temperature in the respective system need not be used in the form of precise pressure or temperature values. However, such pressures and temperatures typically fall within specific ranges, for example within ± 1%, 5%, 10%, 20% or 25% around the mean. The respective pressure levels and temperature levels may be in discrete ranges or in ranges that overlap each other. The same pressure level may also be present, for example, if unavoidable pressure losses occur. The same applies to the temperature level. The pressure level here in bar is the absolute pressure.
The present invention proposes a multistage membrane separation process in which a first membrane separation stage, a second membrane separation stage and a third membrane separation stage are used, with a permeate and a retentate being formed in each stage. The permeate of the first membrane separation stage is hereinafter referred to as the "first" permeate, the permeate of the second membrane separation stage is referred to as the "second" permeate, and the permeate of the third membrane separation stage is referred to as the "third" permeate. Thus, the retentate of the first membrane separation stage is referred to as the "first" retentate, the retentate of the second membrane separation stage is referred to as the "second" retentate, and the retentate of the third membrane separation stage is referred to as the "third" retentate. The gas mixture is supplied to each membrane separation stage. The gas mixture supplied to the first membrane separation stage is referred to herein as the "first" feed mixture, the gas mixture supplied to the second membrane separation stage is referred to as the "second" feed mixture, and the gas mixture supplied to the third membrane separation stage is referred to as the "third" feed mixture.
It is proposed within the scope of the present invention to use at least a portion of the helium-containing starting mixture (i.e. for example natural gas) to form the first feed mixture, wherein further process steps and gas mixtures, which will be explained below, may also be included in the formation of the first feed mixture. In addition, the present invention provides for using at least a portion of the first permeate to form a second feed mixture, and using at least a portion of the second retentate to form a third feed mixture. The invention includes treating the second permeate at least in part by pressure swing adsorption to obtain pure helium and a residual mixture. The corresponding remaining mixture is also referred to as "tail gas". Specifically, the tail gas contains components that are adsorbed during the pressure swing adsorption during the adsorption stroke and a portion of the components that are located in the non-adsorbed adsorbent voids at the end of the adsorption stroke. Which also includes unadsorbed helium.
An important aspect of the present invention is that at least a portion of the third permeate and/or at least a portion of the third retentate is directed back into the process. In this way, an optimization of the respective material composition of the feed mixture to the individual membrane separation stages can be achieved in comparison with the process described in the initially mentioned Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial chemistry, in which the entire retentate is recirculated back to the second membrane separation stage, and in this way the separation in such membrane separation stages can be influenced particularly advantageously. Details and specific advantages will be explained below with reference to preferred embodiments of the present invention.
According to the present invention, at least a portion of the remaining mixture is used to form the second feed mixture and at least a portion of the third permeate is used to form the second feed mixture.
The remaining mixture or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture, the first permeate or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture, and the third permeate or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture are combined and co-compressed, and carbon dioxide removal is performed after combining and co-compressing. Or separately from the first permeate or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture, combining and co-compressing the remaining mixture or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture and the third permeate or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture, and performing carbon dioxide removal after the combining and co-compressing. Or separately from the remaining mixture or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture, combining and co-compressing the third permeate or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture and the first permeate or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture; in all three cases, the carbon dioxide removal is performed using an adsorption process in which at least one flush replacement gas is used and at least a portion of the second retentate or the third retentate is used as the flush replacement gas or one of the flush replacement gases.
The adsorption process is carried out by using at least one flushing displacement gas. The corresponding flushing replacement gas can be used in particular for regenerating the adsorption unit or for venting gas therefrom. It is particularly advantageous if the purge replacement gas or one of the purge replacement gases comprises at least a portion of the second retentate or the third retentate. In this way, a particularly good helium yield can be achieved.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, at least a portion of the third retentate is used to form the first feed mixture, i.e. is fed to or is part of the starting mixture used to form the first feed mixture. In this way, in embodiments of the invention, the helium content in the first feed mixture may be influenced, or at least the amount of first feed mixture used in the first membrane separation stage may be increased as a whole. In the former case, in particular, the helium concentration in the first feed mixture can be influenced, so that the driving force in the first membrane separation stage can also be influenced.
In particular, since the helium molecules contained in the substream of the third retentate are again guided through the respective membrane stage, the membrane surface installed in the third membrane stage can be reduced by a respective recirculation, since a lower helium yield at this membrane surface is sufficient, while at the same time the concentration in the first feed mixture and thus the driving force are thereby increased.
An increase in the yield can occur in particular when the first membrane separation stage is operated as a so-called output stage. Such a membrane separation stage is called a production stage when it is optimized by selecting the membrane surface to be used in such a way that the largest possible proportion of helium contained in the respective feed mixture enters the permeate, while the smallest possible proportion of helium remains in the retentate. The purpose of the output stage is therefore to convey the largest possible proportion of helium from the respective feed mixture into the respective permeate and to minimize the loss of helium on the retentate. However, in this case, it is generally not possible to prevent other components contained in the feed mixture from also entering the permeate, and the helium concentration in the permeate of such a production stage is not prevented from being relatively low, since it is acceptable for the most complete possible transport of helium into the permeate that other components also enter the permeate to a considerable extent.
Even in the latter case, where the third retentate has, for example, the same or substantially the same helium concentration as the starting mixture or a proportion thereof used to form the first feed mixture, the overall production of helium may be increased in the process as a whole. The reason will be explained below.
By recycling at least a portion of the third retentate and using it for forming the first feed mixture, advantages may be achieved even if a low (lower) or at least no increased helium concentration is thereby caused in the first separation insert of the first membrane separation stage operating as a production stage. This is due in particular to the large membrane surface that is advantageously used in this production stage and the relative reduction of the amount of permeate in relation to the membrane surface. This reduces the pressure loss on the permeate side of the production stage. The corresponding pressure loss results in an increase in permeate pressure on the low pressure side over the length of the corresponding membrane stage. Therefore, the pressure gradient is reduced, and therefore the driving force is also reduced. If this pressure loss is reduced, the helium permeation pressure can be kept constantly low over the entire membrane length, and in this way, the helium driving force between the high and low pressure sides of the membrane can then be increased.
According to the present invention, at least a portion of the remaining mixture is used to form the second feed mixture. This procedure allows a particularly efficient operation of the second membrane separation stage which additionally impacts the remaining mixture, since in this way an increase in helium concentration can be achieved. This improves the separation in the second membrane separation stage, which preferably does not operate as a production stage, but where the highest possible content of helium in the permeate will be achieved, and thus is an enrichment stage or a purification stage.
In pressure swing adsorption, which can be carried out within the scope of the present invention using one or more pressure swing adsorption steps, pure helium as product on the one hand and a residual mixture which is completely free of helium on the other hand cannot in principle be formed simultaneously. In contrast, the remaining mixture still contains a considerable amount of helium. The helium concentration in the remaining mixture is typically higher than the helium concentration of the first permeate, which would otherwise be used at least in part to form the second separation insert.
The above-mentioned output stage is preferably operated in such a way that at least 80% of the helium contained in the respective feed mixture enters the permeate. In each case, a greater proportion (e.g., at least 90%, 95%, or 99%) of the helium contained in the feed mixture may also be delivered to the permeate. In this way, the retentate formed in each case is devoid of or substantially free of helium and therefore does not need to be supplied to further processing to recover the helium contained therein. The volume of additional cycles increases the desired throughput of the overall system, thus increasing the throughput of the production stages. In addition, as the proportion of the circulation volume increases, the energy demand will also increase.
Advantageously, the second permeate, which is at least partially treated by pressure swing adsorption to obtain pure helium and the remaining mixture, has a helium content of 20 to 80 mol%, in particular of 35 to 65 mol%. In this way, pressure swing adsorption can be performed particularly efficiently and produces helium product of particularly high purity.
In order to achieve the particular advantages of the present invention, the remaining mixture from the pressure swing adsorption advantageously has a helium content of from 10 to 70 mol%, in particular from 20 to 50 mol%.
According to the present invention, the remaining mixture or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture, the first permeate or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture, and the third permeate or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture are combined and co-compressed. And then supplied to the second membrane separation stage as or as part of the second feed mixture. In this way, the gas mixture can be brought to the pressure required for feeding to the second membrane separation stage using only one compressor.
In such cases, the compression of the second permeate and the removal of hydrogen are advantageously carried out upstream of the pressure swing adsorption process. In principle, however, it is also possible to first remove the hydrogen, then to carry out the pressure swing adsorption and then to carry out the compression, as likewise explained with particular reference to the embodiments shown in the drawing.
Within the scope of the present invention, the remaining mixture or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture, the first permeate or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture, and the third permeate or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture are advantageously carbon dioxide removed after they are combined and co-compressed. The corresponding gas mixture contains carbon dioxide, especially when the first membrane separation stage is operated as said production stage. In particular, in this case, in addition to helium, a significant amount of carbon dioxide may also enter the permeate. The carbon dioxide removal within the scope of the present invention can be designed in particular as a pressure swing adsorption, temperature swing adsorption or as a membrane process, as they are known in principle from the prior art.
In accordance with the present invention, the remaining mixture or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture and the third permeate or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture may be combined and compressed together with the first permeate or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture. In this way, a specific pressure adaptation is possible, wherein in each case a different pressure increase can be achieved.
In the embodiment of the invention just set forth, the remaining mixture or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture and the third permeate or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture are advantageously subjected to carbon dioxide removal after they are combined and co-compressed. In other words, the carbon dioxide removal here takes place upstream of the second membrane separation stage in a recycle ratio. The carbon dioxide removal at this point greatly limits the enrichment in the circuit formed. In this way, before the second membrane separation stage, only carbon dioxide from the starting mixture is present, which mixture passes into the first permeate and is supplied to the second separation insert of the second membrane separation stage. Although the carbon dioxide content is enriched by the first membrane separation stage, the carbon dioxide content is not increased by additional carbon dioxide from the remaining mixture or the third permeate or recycle of the respective portion. The streams to be treated during carbon dioxide removal in the recycle are also smaller and more rich in carbon dioxide, which can potentially facilitate carbon dioxide removal. It is also possible to optionally operate these at more favourable intermediate pressure levels. In this case, advantages and disadvantages have to be weighed against one another compared to the embodiments set forth below.
The present invention advantageously includes combining and co-compressing the third permeate or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture and the first permeate or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture separately from the remaining mixture or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture. Within the scope of the invention, in particular, between the second membrane stage and the third membrane stage, a compression from low to medium pressure and then to high pressure is possible, as will be explained below. In doing so, in particular, the retentate of the third membrane separation stage is advantageously directed back before the first membrane separation stage. In this case, the retentate of the third membrane separation stage has a helium concentration very similar to the first separation insert or the proportion of the starting mixture used to form the first separation insert.
In the present invention, the third permeate or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture and the first permeate or portion thereof used to form the second feed mixture are advantageously carbon dioxide removed after they are combined and co-compressed. In this way, all carbon dioxide, i.e. also carbon dioxide from the feed mixture or the first permeate, can be removed.
As noted above, the second permeate, or portion thereof, treated by pressure swing adsorption may undergo at least partial hydrogen removal. In this way, it is possible to prevent excess hydrogen from entering pure helium and/or to prevent excess hydrogen from accumulating in the circuit formed in the process. The corresponding hydrogen removal can be carried out in particular catalytically, wherein hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water. The water formed can be easily removed from the process.
As already stated, the process according to the invention can in principle be carried out using different pressure levels. Thus, the first membrane separation stage may be performed at a pressure level of 10 to 120 bar, the second membrane separation stage at a pressure level of 10 to 120 bar, and the third membrane separation stage at a pressure level of 10 to 120 bar. In an alternative embodiment, the first membrane separation stage may be operated at a pressure level of 30 to 100 bar, the second membrane separation stage at a pressure level of 30 to 100 bar, and the third membrane separation stage at a pressure level of 30 to 100 bar. The first alternative will be described below with particular reference to fig. 1 to 3, and the second alternative will be described with reference to fig. 4.
The pressure levels of the first to third membrane separation stages may in particular be the same. However, different pressure levels may alternatively be used. In particular, the first membrane separation stage and the third membrane separation stage may advantageously be operated at the same pressure level. The reason for this is that the third retentate is recycled to the first membrane separation stage. Although it is possible to operate the third membrane separation stage at a lower or higher pressure level than the first pressure level, in the first case the same large mass flow will be compressed without thereby leaving space for at least the membrane surface in the third membrane separation stage, while in the second case the previously applied compression energy will be at least partly lost again during the return to the feed pressure level. The second membrane separation stage may be operated at an offset pressure level. At the same pressure level, the method according to the invention can be performed using only one compressor in the high-pressure path.
The invention also extends to a system for extracting pure helium having a first membrane separation stage, a second membrane separation stage and a third membrane separation stage, wherein there is provided a device configured to supply a first helium-containing feed mixture to the first membrane separation stage, a second helium-containing feed mixture to the second membrane separation stage and a third helium-containing feed mixture to the third membrane separation stage. The first membrane separation stage is configured to form a first permeate and a first retentate. The second membrane separation stage is configured to form a second permeate and a second retentate. The third membrane separation stage is configured to form a third permeate and a third retentate. The system according to the invention is characterized by means configured to: forming a first feed mixture using at least a portion of a helium-containing starting mixture; forming a second feed mixture using at least a portion of the first permeate; forming a third feed mixture using at least a portion of the second retentate; at least partially treating the second permeate by pressure swing adsorption to obtain pure helium and a remaining mixture; and directing at least a portion of the third permeate and/or at least a portion of the third retentate back into the process.
With specific reference to the above explanations, the features and advantages of a corresponding system advantageously have means enabling it to carry out the method in the above-described embodiments.
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.