阅读说明：本技术 处理在跳数不同的路径上接收到的信号 (Processing signals received over paths with different number of hops ) 是由 凯文·J·巴比奇 于 2018-10-03 设计创作，主要内容包括：一种无线通信系统包括第一无线通信节点,所述第一无线通信节点用于在至少两个不同数据传输路径上传输通过天波传播发送到第二无线通信节点的数据信号。所述第一数据传输路径包括所述数据信号被大气反射的至少一个反射点,且所述第二数据传输路径比所述第一数据传输路径包括更多反射点。在沿着所述第二数据传输路径的行进数据信号之前对沿着所述第一数据传输路径行进的数据信号进行解码。(A wireless communication system includes a first wireless communication node for transmitting data signals transmitted by sky-wave propagation to a second wireless communication node over at least two different data transmission paths. The first data transmission path includes at least one reflection point at which the data signal is reflected by the atmosphere, and the second data transmission path includes more reflection points than the first data transmission path. Decoding the data signal traveling along the first data transmission path prior to the traveling data signal along the second data transmission path.)

1. A system, comprising:

a first wireless communication node for transmitting a data signal as an electromagnetic wave, wherein the data signal is transmitted on a first data transmission path and a second data transmission path using sky-wave propagation;

a second wireless communication node configured to receive and decode a data signal transmitted from the first wireless communication node;

wherein the first data transmission path includes at least one reflection point at which the data signal is reflected by the atmosphere;

wherein the second data transmission path comprises more reflection points than the first data transmission path;

wherein the second wireless communication node is configured to decode the data signal received from the first data transmission path prior to decoding the data signal received from the second data transmission path.

2. The system of any preceding claim, wherein the data signal from the first data transmission path is decoded before the data signal from the second data transmission path.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the data signal transmitted on the second data transmission path is decoded only if the data signal transmitted on the first data transmission path is not decoded correctly.

4. The system of any preceding claim, wherein the first data transmission path comprises two reflection points.

5. The system of any preceding claim, wherein the second data transmission path comprises three reflection points.

6. The system of any preceding claim, wherein data signals from the first data transmission path are processed in parallel with data signals from the second data transmission path.

7. The system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein a reflection point is a location where electromagnetic waves are refracted by the ionosphere of the earth such that the electromagnetic waves begin traveling back to the earth's surface.

8. The system of any preceding claim, wherein the data signal comprises financial transaction data.

9. A method, comprising:

transmitting a data signal from a first wireless communication node, wherein the data signal is transmitted using sky-wave propagation on a first data transmission path and a second data transmission path, and wherein the first data transmission path includes at least one reflection point at which the data signal is reflected by the atmosphere, and the second data transmission path includes more reflection points than the first data transmission path;

receiving the data signal from the first data transmission path and the second data transmission path at a second wireless communication node;

decoding a data signal from the first data transmission path;

decoding a data signal from the second data transmission path;

wherein decoding of the data signal from the first data transmission path is commenced before decoding of the data signal from the second data transmission path.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein decoding of the data signal from the second data transmission path is commenced after completion of decoding of the data signal from the first data transmission path.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the data signal from the second data transmission is decoded only if the data signal from the first data transmission path is not decoded correctly.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein decoding the data signal from the first data transmission path is performed in parallel with decoding the data signal from the second data transmission path.

13. The method of any one of claims 9 to 12, further comprising:

processing the data signal from the first data transmission path if the data signal is decoded correctly.

14. The method of any one of claims 9 to 13, further comprising:

processing the data signal from the second data transmission path in the event that the data signal from the first data transmission path is not decoded correctly.

15. The method of any of claims 9 to 14, wherein the first data transmission path comprises two reflection points.

16. The method of any of claims 9 to 15, wherein the second data transmission path comprises three reflection points.

17. The method of any one of claims 9 to 16, wherein a reflection point is a location where electromagnetic waves are refracted by the ionosphere of the earth such that the electromagnetic waves begin traveling back to the earth's surface.

18. The method of any of claims 9 to 17, wherein the data signal comprises financial transaction data.

Background

In wireless communication, multipath propagation occurs in the case where a radio signal takes multiple paths between a transmitter and a receiver. Refraction and reflection from the ionosphere and from water and land on the earth's surface may cause multiple instances of the same signal to be received. Since the distance of each path taken by the signal may be different, the signal may be received at the receiver at different times. Typically, the path between the ionosphere and the ground with the least number of hops covers the shortest distance and is received before the data signal following the path with more hops. In some instances, it is desirable to use data signals that travel along paths that take the least number of hops and reduce reflection losses and distortion that occur when the signals bounce off the ionosphere or other objects.

Disclosure of Invention

Communication systems use sky-wave propagation (e.g., radio) communications to provide low-latency, low-bandwidth communication paths for data between remotely located transmitter and receiver stations, such as those located in north america and europe. A second reverse channel with high bandwidth but high latency (such as transoceanic fiber cable) is used to transmit data requiring higher bandwidth. Generally, for a sky-wave propagation communication path, multiple hops are required; that is, the radio signal bounces off the ionosphere and the ground many times before reaching the receiving station.

The data signal transmitted by the sky wave propagation is received by the receiver. Due to refraction from the ionosphere, several different transmissions of the same data signal may be received. Each different transmission may take a different path from the transmitter to the receiver, with the path being different, including the number of hops between the ionosphere and the ground. Typically, but not always, the data signal for the path that takes the least number of hops will be received faster at the receiver. Thus, the first attempt to decode the data signal uses a signal that takes the least number of hops to reach the receiver. If the attempt to decode the first received data signal fails, the receiver will decode a second data signal that takes a path that includes a greater number of hops than the path traveled by the original signal. The decoding of the signal that takes the least number of hops and the second data signal may be done sequentially or in parallel. In another variant, a hybrid approach is used that combines portions of the data signals from different paths together. For example, when a first or initial portion of a message from an earlier received two-hop path is scrambled or unreadable, the latter half of the two-hop path message can be combined with the first or initial portion of the message traveling along the three-hop path to create a hybrid complete message that can still be processed faster than a complete message received along the three-hop path, if applicable. In another variation, messages from two-hop and three-hop paths may be averaged together or combined in some other manner, such as by a weighting factor, to create a complete mixed message. Thresholds may be used to pick portions of the message that travel along different hop paths. This threshold may incorporate one or more factors. By way of non-limiting example, the thresholds used may include signal-to-noise ratio, power, signal strength, delay, error rate, distortion, reliability, and/or other factors.

Signals traveling along different skip paths may be filtered in a variety of ways or combinations of ways. For example, different hop paths may be filtered based on the time of reception. In this example, an earlier received signal is considered to travel with fewer hops than a later received signal. Doppler shift detection may also be used to filter between signals propagating along two or more hop paths. The angle of arrival may also be used to distinguish signals propagating along different hop paths. Depending on the angle of arrival (and/or the angle of transmission), the frequency may be switched to reduce errors and/or reduce latency. A larger angle of arrival indicates that the skywave propagation path of the signal lies on a relatively longer three-hop path, rather than the shorter two-hop path. With longer lengths, a three-hop path typically (but not always) experiences greater distortion and/or delay than a two-hop path. Again, combinations of these and other methods may be used to distinguish signals traveling along different hop paths. Depending on many factors, such as ionospheric conditions, the optimal or available frequency for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio of transmissions may vary. For example, the optimal transmission frequency may vary depending on whether the transmission is a two-hop path or a three-hop path. By measuring the angle of arrival of the signal and other measurements, such as signal strength and noise, the transmission frequency may be updated to reduce latency and/or errors. For example, the angle of arrival may be measured by two or more antennas oriented at different angles and/or by a movable/steerable antenna in order to detect signals in different angular ranges. Alternatively or additionally, angle of arrival (AOA) may be measured by an AOA system (e.g., TCI type 902 integrated HF signal search, collection, geolocation and analysis system) such as the AOA system supplied by TCI of fremont, california.

In one example, the system is configured or biased to use signals received from a lower angle of arrival indicating a short number of hops (i.e., a short path) when a particular threshold is reached or exceeded. After this change, the frequency can be changed as needed to allow the system to use the best available frequency for a particular angle of arrival. The threshold may incorporate one or more factors. By way of non-limiting example, the thresholds used may likewise include signal-to-noise ratio, power, signal strength, delay, error rate, distortion, reliability, and/or other factors. When the signal falls below the threshold, the system may use the signal received from the lower angle of arrival in a variation to receive a signal with a greater number of hops. In one particular example, when the angle of arrival for a two-hop path reaches a signal strength threshold, the receiving station processes and uses signals from this lower angle of arrival in order to process it faster. However, once the signal strength falls below the threshold, the system is configured to use signals from three-hop paths (i.e., higher angles of arrival) or paths with more hops. Alternatively or additionally, the threshold may comprise a specified error count or error rate over a period of time. The transmission frequency and other characteristics may differ along two or more hopping paths. For example, the packet sizes may be different. As previously mentioned, the greater the number of hops a signal makes, the greater the amount of signal distortion that will typically occur. To address this problem, in one variation, the system uses a shorter packet length for signals traveling along a longer path (i.e., over a larger number of hops) than for signals transmitted over a shorter path (i.e., a smaller number of hops). In one form, the packet size typically varies inversely depending on the transmission angle and/or the angle of arrival. For example, the packet size of a three-hop path is shorter than the packet size of a two-hop path. In another variation, the opposite approach is used, where signals traveling along a longer path (i.e., over a greater number of hops) use a longer packet length than signals traveling along a shorter path (i.e., over a lesser number of hops). The larger packet size serves to incorporate more error correction/check features (e.g., checksum, parity bytes, etc.) for the higher hop path than the lower hop path signal, which may not include any error correction/check features.

Although the system will be described with reference to enforcing financial transaction policies, the system and techniques may be used in other situations or industries where time and bandwidth are a concern. For example, such a system may be used to perform telesurgery or medical diagnostics, scientific instruments or research (e.g., for astronomy or physics), control decentralized global computer networks, and/or military applications. The systems and techniques may be suitable, for example, for incorporation into an earthquake/tsunami warning system. Some remote deep water seismic sensors can provide signals to take a complex series of actions depending on the severity and type of earthquake to protect a designated population center and associated infrastructure. For example, upon detection of an earthquake (or tsunami resulting therefrom), the sensor or monitoring center may transmit a signal to cause the nuclear reactor to power up immediately and/or the grid to reroute power to emergency infrastructure to mitigate the situation. In another example, the techniques may be used to base maintenance or enhancements to the communication system itself. As a non-limiting example, since files are typically large, code for programming and/or reprogramming the modem, antenna, and/or other devices of a receiver station (or transmitter station) may be transmitted along a high bandwidth, high latency link, such as a fiber optic cable. Alternatively or additionally, some or all of the codes may be transmitted via sky wave propagation (e.g., radio) and/or via site transmission lines (such as via microwaves). The code may include one or more programs, libraries, data and/or subroutines for controlling the devices as appropriate. The transmitter station may send a trigger signal to the receiver via sky wave propagation to select all or part of the code to be executed to modify or reprogram the device at the receiver station. For example, the code may be used to tune the receiver station for particular characteristics, such as to reduce latency, power consumption, and/or errors (and/or increase bandwidth). These tuning characteristics may include compromises that may not perform well under certain operating conditions, time, and/or environmental characteristics. For example, one subroutine in the code may be optimized to reduce latency, another subroutine to reduce errors, and yet another subroutine may be optimized to save power consumption. In this example, the trigger signal may be used to select one of these subroutines for reprogramming the receiver as needed at a particular time. The resulting change may be a software change that changes the functionality of the device and/or a physical change of the device, such as a physical change of the height and/or angle of the antenna system. Thereafter, different subroutines, programs, data and/or code regions can be selected via the trigger signal depending on the needs at the time. Updates or changes to the code may be sent periodically, continuously, or on demand.

Other forms, objects, features, aspects, benefits, advantages, and embodiments of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description and drawings provided herewith.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system for transmitting data over separate communication links, one of which uses sky-wave propagation.

Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram further illustrating the skywave propagation of fig. 1.

Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating the use of a ground-based transponder in the sky-wave propagation of fig. 1.

Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating the use of an airborne transponder in the sky-wave propagation of fig. 1.

Figure 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating an additional layer of the atmosphere including the ionosphere shown in figure 1.

Figure 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating the various ionosphere layers of the atmosphere shown in figure 5.

Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating additional details of the skywave propagation generally illustrated in fig. 1-6.

Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating additional details of the communication node of fig. 1.

Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating additional details of the RF communication interface of fig. 8.

Fig. 10 is a diagram illustrating data transmission using data transmission paths having different numbers of reflection points.

Fig. 11 is a flow chart illustrating a method for processing data signals received from paths having different numbers of hops.

Detailed Description

For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. Any alterations and further modifications in the described embodiments, and any further applications of the principles of the invention as described herein are contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates. Although one embodiment of the present invention is shown in detail, it will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that some features that are not relevant to the present invention may not be shown for the sake of clarity.

Fig. 1 illustrates at 100 one example of a system configured to communicate data via a low-latency, low-bandwidth communication link 104 and separate the data via a high-latency, high-bandwidth communication link 108. Communication links 104 and 108 provide separate connections between first communication node 112 and second communication node 116. The low-latency connection 104 may be configured to transmit data using an electromagnetic wave 124 that propagates through free space via a sky wave. The electromagnetic wave 124 may be generated by a transmitter in the first communication node 112 and passed along a transmission line 136 to the antenna 128. Upon encountering the ionized portion of the atmosphere 120, the antenna 128 may radiate electromagnetic waves 124. This radiated electromagnetic energy may then be refracted by the ionized portions of the atmosphere 120, thereby redirecting the waves 124 to the earth. The wave 124 may be received by a receive antenna 132 coupled to the second communication node 116 by a transmission line 140. As illustrated in fig. 1, a transmitting communication node may use sky-wave propagation to transmit electromagnetic energy over long distances over the surface of the earth without requiring one or more transmission lines to carry the electromagnetic energy.

High latency communication link 108 may also be used to transfer data between communication nodes 112 and 116. As illustrated in fig. 1, the high latency communication link 108 may be implemented using a transmission line 144 through the earth, which may include passing beneath or through the ocean or other body of water. As shown in fig. 1, the high latency communication link 108 may include a repeater 152. Fig. 1 illustrates four repeaters 152 along the transmission line 144, although any suitable number of repeaters 152 may be used. The transmission line 144 may also have no repeater at all. Although fig. 1 illustrates the communication link 104 transmitting information from the first communication node 112 to the second communication node 116, the transmitted data may pass along the communication links 104, 108 in both directions.

The client 160 may have a connection 164 to the first communication node 112. The client 160 may send instructions to the first communication node 112 over connection 164. At the first communication node 112, the instructions are ready to be sent to the second communication node 116 over the low latency link 104 or the high latency link 108 or both. The second communication node 116 may be connected to the instruction processor 168 by a connection 172. Client 160 may be any business, group, individual, or entity that desires to send an indication across a distance. Instruction processor 168 may be any enterprise, group, individual, or entity intended to receive or execute those instructions. In some embodiments, connections 164 and 172 may not be necessary because the client may send data to be transmitted directly from communication node 112, or communication node 116 may be directly connected to instruction processor 168. The system 100 may be used for any kind of low latency data transmission desired. As one example, client 160 may be a teleworking doctor or surgeon and instruction processor 168 may be a robotic instrument for working on a patient.

In some embodiments, customer 160 may be a financial instrument trader and instruction processor 168 may be a stock exchange. A trader may wish to provide instructions to a stock exchange to trade certain securities or bonds at a particular time. The trader may transmit the instructions to the first communication node 112, which sends the instructions to the second communication node using the antennas 128, 132 or through the transmission line 144. The stock exchange may then process the actions required by the trader after receiving the instructions. Alternatively or additionally, the instructions may be in the form of news provided by the trader and/or one or more third parties (such as news interviews or other institutions).

The system 100 may be used for high frequency transactions where a transaction policy is executed on a computer to perform the transaction in fractions of a second. In high frequency transactions, delays of only a few milliseconds can cause a trader to lose millions of dollars; therefore, the speed of transmission of the transaction instructions is as important as the accuracy of the transmitted data. In some embodiments, the trader may use the high-latency, high-bandwidth communication link 108 to transmit preset trading instructions, conditions, and/or news for executing a trade to a communication node 116 located proximate to the stock exchange at a time before the trader wishes to execute the trade. These instructions, news, and/or conditions may require the transmission of large amounts of data, and may be more accurately communicated using a higher bandwidth communication link 108. Additionally, if the instruction or condition is sent at a time before the transaction is expected to be performed, then higher latency of the communication link 108 may be tolerated.

The final execution of the instruction may be accomplished by the trader transmitting trigger data to the system storing the instruction. Upon receipt of the trigger data, a trading instruction is sent to the stock exchange and a trade is executed. The transmitted trigger data is typically much smaller than the amount of instructions; thus, trigger data may be transmitted over low-latency, low-bandwidth communication link 104. When the trigger data is received at the communication node 116, instructions for a particular trade are sent to the stock exchange. Sending the trigger data over the low-latency communication link 104 instead of the high-latency communication link 108 allows the desired transaction to be performed as quickly as possible, thereby providing a time advantage to the trader over trading the same financial instruments.

The configuration shown in fig. 1 is further illustrated in fig. 2, where the first communication node 112 and the second communication node 116 are geographically remote from each other, separated by a large portion of the surface of the earth (156). This portion of the earth's surface may include one or more continents, oceans, mountains, or other geographic regions. For example, the distance spanned in fig. 1-7 may cover a single continent, multiple continents, the ocean, etc. In one example, the first communication node 112 is chicago, illinois, usa and the second communication node 116 is london, england, uk. In another example, the first communication node 112 is in New York City, New York, and the second communication node 116 is in los Angeles, Calif., with both cities in North America. Any suitable combination of distance, communication nodes and communication links is envisaged that may provide satisfactory latency and bandwidth.

Figure 2 illustrates that sky wave propagation allows electromagnetic traversal over long distances. Using sky-wave propagation, the low-latency communication link 104 transmits the electromagnetic wave 124 into a portion of the atmosphere 120 that is sufficiently ionized to refract the electromagnetic wave 124 toward the earth. These waves may then be reflected by the earth's surface and return to the ionized portion of the upper atmosphere 120, where they may again be refracted toward the earth. Thus, the electromagnetic energy may repeatedly "jump" such that the low-latency, low-bandwidth signal 124 covers a distance substantially greater than the distance that non-sky wave propagation may cover.

Another example of the system illustrated in fig. 1 appears in fig. 3, where repeaters 302 and 306 may be used to enhance the skywave propagation discussed with respect to fig. 1 and 2. In this example, the first transponder 302 may receive a low-latency communication signal transmitted from the antenna 128. The signals may be refracted by ionization region 120 and returned to earth, where they may be received by repeater 302 and retransmitted via sky wave propagation. The refracted signal may be received by the repeater 306 and retransmitted to the second communication node 116 via the antenna 132 using sky-wave propagation. Although two repeater stations are illustrated in fig. 3, any suitable number, configuration, or location of terrestrial repeater stations 302 is contemplated. Increasing the number of repeaters 302, 306 may provide the opportunity to transmit low latency signals over greater distances in a wider array of atmospheric tasks, however, the physical limitations of the repeater circuitry receiving and retransmitting signals may add additional latency to the low latency communication link 104.

Fig. 4 illustrates another example of the system illustrated in fig. 1, where one or more transponders along the first communication link are airborne, such as in an aircraft, airship, balloon, or other device 410 configured to hold transponders in the atmosphere. In this example, signals transmitted from the first communication node 112 via the antenna 128 may be received by the line-of-sight communication 402 or by the airborne repeater 414 through sky wave propagation as described elsewhere herein. The signal may be received by the on-board repeater 414 and retransmitted as line-of-sight communication 406 or retransmitted by skywave along the low latency link 104 to the second communication node 116.

Further details regarding sky-wave propagation are illustrated in fig. 5-7. The relationship of the disclosed system to the various layers of the high-level atmosphere is illustrated in fig. 5. The various layers of the upper atmosphere may be divided into a number of successive upper layers, such as the troposphere 504, the stratosphere 508 and the ionosphere 512, for the purposes of radio transmission.

The ionosphere is so named because it contains a high concentration of ionized particles. The density of these particles is very low in the ionosphere furthest from the earth and progressively higher in the regions of the ionosphere closer to the earth. The upper region of the ionosphere is powered by powerful electromagnetic radiation from the sun, including high-energy ultraviolet radiation. This solar radiation causes the air to ionize into free electrons, positive ions and negative ions. Even though the density of air molecules in the upper ionosphere is low, the radiation particles from space have high energy, so that they cause extensive ionization of relatively few air molecules present. The ionosphere extends down through the ionosphere with an intensity that increases with the concentration of air, and therefore the highest degree of ionization occurs at the upper end of the ionosphere, while the lowest degree of ionization occurs at the lower portion of the ionosphere.

The difference in ionization between the upper and lower ends of the ionized layer 512 is further illustrated in fig. 6. The ionosphere is illustrated in fig. 6, with three layers from the lowest layer to the highest layer designated as D-layer 608, E-layer 612, and F-layer 604, respectively. The F layer 604 may be further divided into two layers designated as F1 (upper layer) at 616 and F2 (lower layer) at 620. The presence or absence of layers 616 and 620 in the ionosphere and their elevation above the earth vary with the position of the sun. During midday, the radiation from the sun 624 into the ionosphere is greatest, gradually decreasing during sunset, and least during the evening. When the radiation is removed, many of the ions recombine, causing the D layer 608 and the E layer 612 to disappear and further recombining the F1 layer 616 with the F2 layer 620 into a single F layer 604 at night. The exact nature of the layers 608, 612, 616, and 620 of the ionosphere 512 may be very difficult to predict, but may be determined experimentally, as the position of the sun changes relative to a given point on the earth.

The ability of radio waves to reach a remote location using sky-wave propagation depends on various factors, such as ion density in layers 608-620 (if present), the frequency of the transmitted electromagnetic energy, and the angle of transmission. For example, if the frequency of the radio wave is gradually increased, then a point will be reached where the D layer 608, which does not minimize ionization of the ionosphere 512, refracts the wave. The wave may continue through the D layer 608 and into the E layer 612 where the frequency of the wave may still be too large to refract the single yarn passing through this layer. The wave 124 may continue to reach the F2 layer 620 and possibly enter the F1 layer 616 before bending toward the earth. In some cases, the frequency may be above the critical frequency, such that no refraction is possible, resulting in electromagnetic energy being radiated from the earth's atmosphere (708).

Thus, above a certain frequency, the vertically transmitted electromagnetic energy continues into space and is not refracted by the ionosphere 512. However, if the propagation angle 704 decreases from vertical, some waves below the critical frequency may be refracted. Decreasing the propagation angle 704 also allows the electromagnetic wave 124 transmitted by antenna 128 to refract toward the earth's surface within hop region 720, thereby allowing hop distance 724 to be traversed and reach remote antenna 132. Thus, the chance of successful sky-wave propagation over a certain hop distance 724 also depends on the transmission angle as well as the frequency, and thus the maximum available frequency varies with the ionospheric conditions, the expected hop distance 724 and the propagation angle 704. Fig. 7 also illustrates that non-sky wave propagation, such as sky wave signals and/or line of sight signals 716, is less likely to traverse hop distance 724.

Fig. 8 illustrates one example of additional aspects of a communication node 800 that is similar to communication nodes 112 and 116. The communication node 800 may include a processor 804 for controlling various aspects of the communication node 800. The processor may be coupled to a memory 816 for storing rules, command data 820, or historical transmission data 822. Means for accepting user input and providing output (I/O) to a user 824 may also be included. These means may include a keyboard or keypad, a mouse, a display such as a flat panel display, a printer, a plotter or 3D printer, a camera or a microphone. Any suitable means for user I/O may be included. The node 800 may also include a network interface 832 responsive to the processor 804 and coupled to a communication network 836. A security module 828 may also be included and may be used to reduce or eliminate the chance of third parties intercepting, blocking or altering data as it passes between the communication nodes 800. In one example, communications node 800 is implemented as a computer executing software to control the interaction of various aspects of node 800.

The network interface 836 may be configured to send and receive data, such as command data 820 or trigger data that may be communicated from the trigger system 840. The communication network 836 may be coupled to a network such as the internet and configured to transmit and receive data without using sky wave propagation. For example, communication network 836 may transmit and receive data over optical fiber or other transmission line extending along the earth similar to transmission line 144 shown in the previous figures.

The node 800 may include a second network interface 808 responsive to the processor 804 and coupled to the radio frequency communication interface 812. This second network interface 808 may be used to transmit data, such as command data 820 or trigger data communicated from the trigger system 840. Network interface 808 may be coupled to an antenna, such as antenna 128, which may include multiple antennas or antenna elements. The radio frequency communication interface 808 may be configured to transmit and receive data, such as trigger data, using electromagnetic waves transmitted and/or received via the antenna 128. As described above, the antenna 128 may be configured to transmit and receive electromagnetic waves via sky wave propagation.

The communication node 800 may include additional aspects illustrated in fig. 9. The radio frequency communication interface 812 may include a transmitter 904 configured to transmit electromagnetic energy using the antenna 128. A receiver 908 is also optionally included and is configured to receive electromagnetic waves from the antenna 128. Transmitter 904 and receiver 908 may also be coupled to a modem 912 configured to modulate signals received by interface 812 to encode information or data from the digital stream for transmission by transmitter 904. The modem 912 can also be configured to demodulate signals received by the receiver 908 from the antenna 128, to decode the transmitted signals into a digital data stream that can be used by the processor 804, or can be stored in the memory 816.

In some cases, a data signal transmitted by electromagnetic radiation may be transmitted between a transmitter and a receiver along more than one path, in a phenomenon known as multipath propagation. This may be caused by a number of factors, including the reflection of electromagnetic signals from the ionosphere or earth at different angles. Multipath waves can cause interference, fading, and/or phase shifts and can degrade signal quality.

As an example, when using skywave propagation, the data signal may reflect off the ionosphere and the ground multiple times before reaching the receiver, as shown in fig. 10. In some cases, the data signal may take several different propagation paths 1004, 1008 when propagating from antenna 128 to antenna 132. The first propagation path 1004 may take two hops and leaves the ionosphere 120 twice at the reflection point 1012 to travel from the antenna 128 to the antenna 132. In contrast, the second propagation path 1008 may take three hops and reflects three times from the ionosphere 120 at the reflection point 1016 before reaching the antenna 132. In general, it is preferable to transmit the data signal with a smaller number of hops, because this reduces the possibility of reflection loss and distortion occurring when the data signal is reflected from the ionosphere or the ground. Also, in general, as the distance traveled between the transmitter and the receiver generally increases with increasing number of hops, data signals that take fewer hops will be received faster than data signals that take more hops.

Signals traveling along the different skip paths 1004, 1008 may be filtered in a variety of ways or combinations of ways. For example, the different propagation paths 1004, 1008 may be filtered based on the time of reception. In this example, an earlier received signal is considered to travel with fewer hops than a later received signal. Doppler shift detection may also be used to filter between signals propagating along two or more hop paths. The angle of arrival may also be used to distinguish signals propagating along different hop paths. Depending on the angle of arrival (and/or the angle of transmission), the frequency may be switched to reduce errors and/or reduce latency. A larger angle of arrival indicates that the skywave propagation path of the signal lies on a relatively longer three-hop path, rather than the shorter two-hop path. With longer lengths, a three-hop path typically (but not always) experiences greater distortion and/or delay than a two-hop path. Again, combinations of these and other methods may be used to distinguish signals traveling along different hop paths. Depending on many factors, such as ionospheric conditions, the optimal or available frequency for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio of transmissions may vary. For example, the optimal transmission frequency may vary depending on whether the transmission is a two-hop path or a three-hop path. By measuring the angle of arrival of the signal and other measurements, such as signal strength and noise, the transmission frequency may be updated to reduce latency and/or errors. For example, the angle of arrival may be measured by two or more antennas oriented at different angles and/or by a movable/steerable antenna in order to detect signals in different angular ranges. Alternatively or additionally, angle of arrival may be measured by an AOA system (e.g., TCI type 902 integrated HF signal search, collection, geolocation and analysis system) such as the AOA system supplied by TCI of fremont, california.

A method for processing data signals received from paths having different hop counts is shown in a flow diagram 1100 illustrated in fig. 11. First, the data signal that has propagated on the propagation path with the fewest number of hops is decoded 1105, since this is the data signal with the lowest delay. It is then determined whether this data signal was successfully decoded 1110. If the data signal from the propagation path with the smallest number of hops is decoded correctly, then information from this data signal is processed 1115 and transmitted to the instruction processor, the subscriber, or any other party for which the data is intended. If the data signal from the propagation path with the least number of hops is not decoded correctly, the data signal propagating on the propagation path with the greater number of hops is decoded 1120. If this data signal can be decoded correctly, then information from this data signal is processed 1125 and transmitted to the instruction processor, the subscriber, or any other party for which the data is intended.

Although the flow chart in fig. 11 shows steps for decoding a data signal traveling with more hops along the propagation path after attempting to decode a data signal that takes fewer hops, in some embodiments, these steps may be performed in parallel. In those embodiments, both data signals are decoded upon receipt. If a data signal that takes a small number of hops is successfully decoded, then information from that signal is used. If the data signal that takes fewer hops is not successfully decoded, then the information in the data signal that takes more hops is used.

As a specific example using FIG. 10, a data signal comprising instructions to trade a financial instrument is transmitted by the trader from antenna 128 to a receiver at antenna 132 that will execute the instructions at the stock exchange. The instructions sent by the trader and/or the news from the third party are transmitted along two different propagation paths. One of the data signals is transmitted by propagation path 1004 and takes two hops before reaching antenna 132. A second data signal comprising the same information is transmitted by propagation path 1008 and takes three hops to reach antenna 132.

The antenna 132 receives data signals from the two propagation paths 1004, 1008. Because the propagation paths 1004, 1008 cover different distances, the first and second data signals arrive at the antenna 132 at different times. Typically, the data signal from propagation path 1004 will be received before the data signal from propagation path 1008 because propagation path 1004 includes only two hops and the data signal travels a small distance along this propagation path. After being received at antenna 132, an attempt is made to decode the data signal from propagation path 1004. If the first data signal from the propagation path 1004 is successfully decoded, then the trading instructions from this data signal are processed and sent to the security trade for execution.

In the event that the first data signal transmitted over propagation path 1004 cannot be decoded correctly, the second data signal from propagation path 1008 is also decoded. In some embodiments, the second data signal may be decoded in parallel with the first data signal, using the first error-free copy. This may occur immediately upon receipt of the second data signal at the antenna 132, or may be delayed for a desired period of time. In other embodiments, the second data signal may be decoded only after a failure to decode the first data signal. Once the second data signal is successfully decoded, a trading instruction from the second data signal is sent to the security trade for execution. Again, the trigger for the transaction may include instructions from the transactor, news from a third party, and/or reports from a government agency, to name a few. For example, crop yield reports and/or weather reports may be used as triggers for specific commodity trades (e.g., florida freeze warnings affect frozen orange juice futures).

In the above example, the decoding of the signal that takes the least number of hops and the second data signal may be done sequentially or in parallel. Alternatively or additionally, a hybrid approach is used that combines portions of the data signals from different paths together. For example, when a first or initial portion of a message of an earlier received first data signal from first propagation path 1004 is scrambled or unreadable, the second half of the first data signal may be combined with a first or initial portion of a second portion of the data signal traveling along second propagation path 1008 to create a hybrid complete message that may still be processed faster than a complete message received along the second propagation path. In another variation, the first and second data signals may be averaged together or combined in some other manner, such as by a weighting factor, to create a complete hybrid message.

Vocabulary definitions and alternatives

The language used in the claims and specification has its plain and ordinary meaning only, except as explicitly defined below. The words in these definitions have their plain and ordinary meaning only. Such plain and ordinary meaning includes all consistent dictionary definitions in the newly published webster dictionary and the landlord house dictionary. As used in the specification and claims, the following definitions apply to the following terms or common variants thereof (e.g., singular/plural, past/present, etc.):

an "antenna" or "antenna system" generally refers to an electrical device or a series of devices that convert electrical power into electromagnetic radiation in any suitable configuration. This radiation may be vertically, horizontally or circularly polarized at any frequency along the electromagnetic spectrum. Antennas for circular polarization transmission may have right-or left-hand polarization.

In the case of radio waves, an antenna may transmit along a frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum ranging from very low frequencies (E L F) to very high frequencies (EHF). an antenna or antenna system designed to transmit radio waves may include an arrangement of metallic conductors (elements) that are electrically connected (typically by transmission lines) to a receiver or transmitter.

The antennas may be designed to transmit and receive radio waves substantially equally in all horizontal directions (omni-directional antennas) or preferentially in a particular direction (directional or high gain antennas). In the latter case, the antenna may also include additional elements or surfaces, which may or may not have any physical electrical connection to the transmitter or receiver. For example, parasitic elements, parabolic reflectors or horns, and other such non-excited elements are used to direct radio waves into a beam or other desired radiation pattern. Thus, the antenna may be configured to exhibit increased or decreased directivity or "gain" through placement of these various surfaces or elements. The high gain antenna may be configured to direct a substantial majority of radiated electromagnetic energy in a given direction, which may be a vertical, horizontal direction, or any combination thereof.

The antenna may also be configured to radiate electromagnetic energy over a particular range of vertical angles (i.e., "lift-off angles") relative to the earth so as to concentrate the electromagnetic energy toward an upper layer of the atmosphere, such as the ionosphere. By directing electromagnetic energy at a particular angle to the upper atmosphere, a particular hop distance may be achieved at a particular time of day by transmitting electromagnetic energy at a particular frequency.

Other examples of antennas include transmitters and sensors that convert electrical energy into pulses of electromagnetic energy in the visible or invisible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Examples include light emitting diodes, lasers, and the like, configured to generate electromagnetic energy in a frequency range along the electromagnetic spectrum from far infrared to extreme ultraviolet.

A "command" or "command data" generally refers to one or more instructions, algorithms, or rules that control a machine to take one or more actions, alone or in combination. The commands may be stored, transmitted, or otherwise processed in any suitable manner. For example, commands may be stored in memory in the form of electromagnetic radiation or transmitted over any suitable medium at any suitable frequency over a communication network.

"computer" generally refers to any computing device configured to compute a result from any number of input values or variables. A computer may include a processor for performing computations to process inputs or outputs. The computer may comprise a memory for storing values to be processed by the processor or for storing results of previous processing.

The computer may also be configured to accept input and output from various input and output devices to receive or transmit values. Such devices include other computers, keyboards, mice, visual displays, printers, industrial equipment, and systems or machines of all types and sizes. For example, a computer may control a network interface to perform various network communications upon request. The network interface may be part of the computer or a feature separate and remote from the computer.

A computer may be a single physical computing device (e.g., desktop, laptop), or may be composed of multiple devices of the same type, such as a group of servers operating as one device in a network cluster, or a heterogeneous combination of different computing devices operating as one computer and linked together through a communication network. The communication network to the computers may also be connected to a wider network, such as the internet. Thus, a computer may include one or more physical processors or other computing devices or circuits, and may also include any suitable type of memory.

The computer may also be a virtual computing platform with an unknown or fluctuating number of physical processors and memory or storage devices. Thus, a computer may be physically located in one geographic location or physically distributed across several widely scattered locations, with multiple processors linked together by a communications network to operate as a single computer.

The concept of "computer" and "processor" within a computer or computing device also encompasses any such processor or computing device that performs calculations or comparisons as part of the disclosed system. The processing operations related to threshold comparisons, rule comparisons, calculations, etc. occurring in the computer may occur, for example, in a separate server, on the same server with separate processors, or on a virtual computing environment as described above with an unknown number of physical processors.

The computer may optionally be coupled to one or more visual displays and/or may include an integrated visual display. Also, the displays may be of the same type or of a heterogeneous combination of different visual devices. The computer may also include one or more operator input devices, such as a keyboard, mouse, touch screen, laser or infrared pointer device, or gyroscopic pointer device, to name a few representative examples. In addition, one or more other output devices may be included in addition to the display, such as printers, plotters, industrial manufacturing machines, 3D printers, and so forth. Thus, various display, input and output device arrangements are possible.

The communication may also be communicated through the communication network as a wireless data transmission carried by electromagnetic waves through transmission lines or free space, such communication includes the use of WiFi or other wireless local area networks (W L AN) or cellular transmitters/receivers to transmit data.

A "communication link" generally refers to a connection between two or more communicating entities and may or may not include a communication channel between the communicating entities. Communication between the communicating entities may occur in any suitable manner. For example, the connections may be implemented as actual physical links, electrical links, electromagnetic links, logical links, or any other suitable links that facilitate communication.

In the case of an actual physical link, communication may occur through multiple components in the communication link that are said to be responsive to each other through physical movement of one element relative to another. In the case of an electrical link, the communication link may be made up of a plurality of electrical conductors electrically connected to form a communication connection.

In the case of an electromagnetic link, the connection may be made by transmitting or receiving electromagnetic energy at any suitable frequency, thus allowing communication to pass as electromagnetic waves. These electromagnetic waves may or may not pass through a physical medium (such as an optical fiber), free space, or any combination thereof. The electromagnetic waves may be transmitted at any suitable frequency, including any frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum.

In the case of a logical link, the communication link may be a conceptual link between a sender and a receiver (such as a transmission station in a receiving station). Logical links can include any combination of physical, electrical, electromagnetic, or other types of communications links.

A "communication node" generally refers to a physical or logical connection point, redistribution point, or endpoint along a communication link. A physical network node is generally referred to as an active electronic device that is physically, logically, or electromagnetically attached or coupled to a communication link. Physical nodes can send, receive, or forward information over communication links. A communication node may or may not include a computer, processor, transmitter, receiver, repeater, and/or transmission line, or any combination thereof.

"critical angle" generally refers to the maximum angle relative to a vertical line extending to the center of the earth, at which electromagnetic waves of a particular frequency can be returned to the earth using sky wave propagation.

"critical frequency" generally refers to the highest frequency that returns to earth when transmitted vertically using sky wave propagation under given ionospheric conditions.

"data bandwidth" generally refers to the maximum throughput of a logical or physical communication path in a communication system. The data bandwidth is a transfer rate that can be expressed in units of data transferred per second. In digital communication networks, the units of data transmitted are bits, and the maximum throughput of a digital communication network is therefore usually expressed in "bits per second" or "bits/second". By extension, the terms "kilobit/second" or "kilobit/second," "megabit/second" or "megabit/second," "gigabit/second," or "gigabit/second" may also be used to represent the data bandwidth of a given digital communication network. Depending on certain metrics such as "peak bit rate", "average bit rate", "maximum sustained bit rate", "information rate", or "physical layer useful bit rate", the data network may be rated according to its data bandwidth performance characteristics. For example, bandwidth testing measures the maximum throughput of a computer network. The reason for this is that the maximum data rate of a physical communication link is proportional to its frequency bandwidth in hertz, according to hartley's law.

The data bandwidth may also be characterized in terms of the maximum transfer rate of a particular communication network. For example:

"Low data bandwidth" generally refers to a communication network having a maximum data transfer rate of less than or equal to about 1,000,000 data units per second. For example, in a digital communication network, the unit of data is a bit. Thus, a low data bandwidth digital communication network is one in which the maximum transmission rate is less than or equal to about 1,000,000 bits per second (1 Mbits/s).

"high data bandwidth" generally refers to communication networks having a maximum data transfer rate greater than about 1,000,000 units of data per second. For example, a digital communication network with a high data bandwidth is one with a maximum transmission rate greater than about 1,000,000 bits per second (1 Mbits/s).

"distortion" generally refers to a change in the original shape or other characteristic of something, and more specifically to a change in the waveform of an information-bearing signal. The distortion may include, but is not limited to, amplitude, harmonic, frequency, phase, polarization, and group delay type distortion. The distortion may include linear, non-linear, systematic, and/or random changes to the information-bearing signal. The distortion may include changes to analog and/or digital signals.

"electromagnetic radiation" generally refers to energy radiated by electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic radiation is generated by other types of energy and is converted to other types when destroyed. Electromagnetic radiation carries this energy as it travels away from its source at the speed of light (in a vacuum). Electromagnetic radiation also carries momentum and angular momentum. These characteristics may impart a substance with which the electromagnetic radiation interacts as it moves outwardly away from its source.

Electromagnetic radiation changes speed as it passes from one medium to another. When transitioning from one medium to another, the physical properties of the new medium may cause some or all of the radiant energy to be reflected, while the remaining energy enters the new medium. This occurs at each junction between the media encountered as the electromagnetic wave propagates.

Photons are quanta of electromagnetic interactions and are an essential component of all forms of electromagnetic radiation. The quantum nature of light becomes more pronounced at high frequencies because the higher the frequency of electromagnetic radiation, the more particle-like it behaves and the less wave-like it behaves.

The "electromagnetic spectrum" generally refers to the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic spectrum is generally classified in order of increasing frequency and energy and decreasing wavelength as follows:

"very low frequency" (E L F) generally refers to a band of about 3 to about 30Hz, with wavelengths between about 100,000 to 10,000km long.

"ultra low frequency" (S L F) generally means a frequency band typically ranging between about 30Hz to about 300Hz, with wavelengths between about 10,000 to about 1000km long.

The "voice frequency" or "voice band" generally represents the electromagnetic energy that the human ear can hear. Adult males typically speak in the range of about 85 to about 180Hz, while adult females typically talk in the range of about 165 to about 255 Hz.

"very low frequency" (V L F) generally refers to a frequency band of about 3kHz to about 30kHz, with corresponding wavelengths between about 10km to about 100km long.

"Low frequency" (L F) generally refers to a wavelength range in the range of about 30kHz to about 300kHz, with the wavelength range between about 1 to about 10 km.

"intermediate frequency" (MF) generally refers to a frequency band of about 300kHz to about 3MHz, with wavelengths between about 1000 to about 100m long.

"high frequency" (HF) generally refers to a band of frequencies from about 3MHz to about 30MHz, with wavelengths between about 100m to about 10m long.

"very high frequency" (VHF) generally refers to a frequency band from about 30Hz to about 300MHz, with wavelengths between about 10m to about 1m long.

"ultra high frequency" (UHF) generally refers to a frequency band of about 300MHz to about 3GHz with a weighted wavelength range of about 1m to about 10cm long.

"ultra high frequency" (SHF) generally refers to a frequency band of about 3GHz to about 30GHz, with wavelengths ranging from about 10cm to about 1cm long.

"extremely high frequency" (EHF) generally refers to a frequency band of about 30GHz to about 300GHz, with wavelengths ranging from about 1cm to about 1mm long.

"far infrared" (FIR) generally refers to a frequency band of about 300GHz to about 20THz, with wavelengths ranging from about 1mm to about 15 μm long.

"Long wavelength Infrared" (L WIR) generally refers to a frequency band of about 20THz to about 37THz, with wavelengths ranging from about 15 μm to about 8 μm long.

"mid-infrared" (MIR) generally refers to a band of about 37THz to about 100THz, with wavelengths between about 8 μm to about 3 μm long.

"short wavelength infrared" (SWIR) generally designates a band of about 100THz to about 214THz, the wavelength being between about 3 μm to about 1.4 μm long.

"near infrared" (NIR) generally refers to a frequency band of about 214THz to about 400THz, with wavelengths between about 1.4 μm to about 750nm long.

"visible light" generally refers to a frequency band of about 400THz to about 750THz, with wavelengths between about 750nm to about 400nm long.

"near ultraviolet" (NUV) generally refers to a frequency band of about 750THz to about 1PHz, with wavelengths between about 400nm to about 300nm long.

"mid ultraviolet" (MUV) generally refers to a frequency band from about 1PHz to about 1.5PHz, with wavelengths between about 300nm and about 200nm long.

"extreme ultraviolet" (FUV) generally refers to a frequency band of about 1.5PHz to about 2.48PHz, with wavelengths between about 200nm and about 122nm long.

"extreme ultraviolet" (EUV) generally refers to a frequency band of about 2.48PHz to about 30PHz, with wavelengths between about 121nm to about 10nm long.

"Soft X-ray" (SX) generally refers to a frequency band of about 30PHz to about 3EHz with wavelengths between about 10nm and about 100pm long.

"hard X-ray" (HX) generally refers to a frequency band of about 3EHz to about 30EHz, with wavelengths between about 100pm to about 10pm long.

"Gamma rays" generally represent a band of frequencies above about 30EHz, with wavelengths less than about 10pm long.

An "electromagnetic wave" generally refers to a wave having separate electrical and magnetic components. The electrical component of the electromagnetic wave oscillates in phase with the magnetic component and is always separated by an angle of 90 degrees. Electromagnetic waves may be radiated from a source to produce electromagnetic radiation capable of passing through a medium or vacuum. Electromagnetic waves include waves that oscillate at any frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum, including but not limited to radio waves, visible and invisible light, X-rays, and gamma rays.

"frequency bandwidth" or "frequency band" generally refers to a continuous range of frequencies defined by upper and lower frequencies. Thus, the frequency bandwidth is typically expressed in hertz (cycles per second), represents the difference between the higher and lower frequencies of the frequency band, and may or may not include the higher and lower frequencies themselves. Thus, a "frequency band" may be defined by a given frequency bandwidth of a given area and specified in a manner that is generally agreed upon in terms. For example, in the United states, the "20 meter band" is allocated a frequency range of 14MHz to 14.35MHz, thus defining a frequency bandwidth of 0.35MHz or 350 KHz. In another example, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has specified the frequency range of 300MHz to 3GHz as the "UHF band".

"fiber optic communication" generally refers to a method of transmitting data from one place to another by sending pulses of electromagnetic energy through optical fibers. The transmitted energy may form an electromagnetic carrier wave, which may be modulated to carry data. Fiber optic communication lines that use fiber optic cables to transmit data may be configured to have high data bandwidth. For example, fiber optic communication lines may have high data bandwidths of up to about 15Tbit/s, about 25Tbit/s, about 100Tbit/s, about 1Pbit/s, or more. An optoelectronic repeater may be used along a fiber optic communication line to convert electromagnetic energy from a portion of a fiber optic cable to an electrical signal. The transponder may be retransmitted as an electrical signal of electromagnetic energy along another section of the fiber optic cable at a higher signal strength than it receives.

"financial instrument" generally refers to any kind of tradable asset. General examples include, but are not limited to, cash, entity ownership credentials, or contract rights to receive or deliver cash or other financial instruments. Specific examples include bonds, instruments (e.g., commercial instruments and national library bonds), stocks, loans, deposits, savings cards, bond futures or bond futures, short term interest futures, stock options, stock futures, currency futures, interest rate swap, interest rate caps and caps, interest rate options, forward interest rate agreements, stock options, foreign exchange swap, currency swap, or any kind of derivative product.

"converged data stream" generally refers to a combination of at least two or more separate data transmissions. The data transmission may come from any desired source. For example, the data transmission may be in-band data, out-of-band data, public data, or private data. The fused data stream may be any desired combination of these different data transmissions.

"ground" is used more in the electrical/electromagnetic sense and generally refers to the surface of the earth, including land and water bodies such as oceans, lakes, and rivers.

"ground wave propagation" generally refers to a transmission method in which one or more electromagnetic waves are conducted through the boundary of the ground and the atmosphere to propagate along the ground. Electromagnetic waves propagate by interacting with the semiconductor surface of the earth. In essence, the waves cling to the surface so as to follow the curvature of the earth. Typically, but not always, the electromagnetic waves are in the form of ground or surface waves formed by low frequency radio waves.

An "identifier" generally refers to a name that identifies (i.e., labels the identity of) a unique thing or class of things, where an "object" or class can be a concept, a physical object (or class thereof), or a physical substance (or class thereof). The abbreviation "ID" generally refers to an identity, an identification (a process of identification), or an identifier (i.e., an example of identification). The identifier may or may not include words, numbers, letters, symbols, shapes, colors, sounds, or any combination thereof.

The words, numbers, letters or symbols may follow a coding system (where the letters, numbers, words or symbols represent ideas or longer identifiers), or they may simply be arbitrary. When the identifier follows the encoding system, it is often referred to as a code or ID code. Identifiers that do not follow any coding scheme are generally referred to as arbitrary IDs because they are arbitrarily assigned and make no sense in any other context than identifying things.

"in-band data" generally refers to data collected from a main data transport stream between two communication nodes. Generally, in-band data is the primary data transmission sent by the transmitter. This data may be collected and analyzed to determine the feasibility of transmitting data at a particular frequency under ionospheric conditions during transmission.

The "ionosphere" generally refers to the earth's atmosphere, in which high concentrations of ions and free electrons are contained and which is capable of reflecting radio waves. The ionosphere comprises the thermal layer and a portion of the middle and outer layers. The ionosphere extends about 25 to about 600 miles (about 40 to 1,000km) above the earth's surface. The ionosphere comprises a number of layers that vary considerably in height, density and thickness, depending on a number of factors, including solar activity, such as black seeds. The various layers of the ionosphere are identified as follows.

The "D layer" of the ionosphere is the innermost layer, which is located between about 25 miles (40km) to about 55 miles (90km) above the earth's surface. The layer has the ability to refract low frequency signals, but it allows high frequency radio signals to pass with some attenuation. Typically, but not in all cases, the D layer will disappear rapidly after sunset due to rapid recombination of its ions.

The "E layer" of the ionosphere is the middle layer, which is located about 55 miles (90km) to about 90 miles (145km) above the earth's surface. The E layer typically has the ability to refract signals at higher frequencies than the D layer. Depending on the conditions, the E layer can typically refract frequencies up to 20 MHz. The ion recombination rate in layer E is so fast that it completely disappears almost before midnight after sunset. The E layer may further comprise a so-called "Es" layer "or" sporadic E layer "formed by a small, thin, strong ionized cloud. The sporadic E layer may reflect radio waves even at frequencies up to 225MHz, although this is rarely the case. The sporadic E layer is typically formed in summer and has a hop length of about 1,020 miles (1,640 km). With a sporadic E layer, one-hop propagation can be about 560 miles (900km) to as high as 1,600 miles (2,500km), while two-hop propagation can exceed 2,200 miles (3,500 km).

The "F layer" of the ionosphere is the top layer, which is located between about 90(145km) and 310 miles (500km) or more above the earth's surface. Ionization in the F-layer is typically high and varies greatly during the day, with the highest ionization typically occurring around noon. In the daytime, the F layer is divided into two layers of F1 layer and F2 layer. The F2 layer is the outermost layer and thus is located higher than the F1 layer. Given the sparseness of the atmosphere at these altitudes, recombination of ions occurs slowly, so that the F layer maintains a constant ionization state during the day or night, so that most (but not all) of the sky wave propagation of radio waves occurs in the F layer, thereby facilitating High Frequency (HF) or long-distance short-wave communication. For example, the F layer can refract high frequency long distance transmissions up to 30MHz frequencies.

"latency" generally refers to the time interval between a cause and an effect in a system. Latency is a result of physically limited speed, with which any physical interaction can propagate throughout the system. Latency is a result of the limited propagation speed of any physical interaction physically. The result is that the speed at which it can propagate through the system is always lower than or equal to the speed of light. Therefore, each physical system that includes a distance between the cause and the result experiences some delay. For example, in a communication link or communication network, latency generally refers to the shortest time it takes for data to pass from one point to another. Latency with respect to a communication network can also be characterized as the time it takes for energy to move from one point along the network to another. With respect to the delay caused by electromagnetic energy propagating along a particular propagation path, the delay can be classified as follows:

"Low latency" generally refers to a period of time less than or about equal to the propagation time, which is 10% longer than the time required for light to travel a given propagation path in a vacuum. Expressed by formula, low latency is defined as follows

Wherein:

distance (mile)

c is the speed of light in vacuum (186,000 miles per second)

Scalar constant with k equal to 1.1

For example, light may propagate 25,000 miles across a vacuum in about 0.1344 seconds. Thus, a "low latency" communication link carrying data over this 25,000 mile propagation path will be able to communicate at least a portion of the data over the link in at least 0.14784 seconds or less.

"high latency" generally refers to a period of time greater than the propagation time of light in a vacuum

Wherein:

distance (mile)

c is the speed of light in vacuum (186,000 miles per second)

Scalar constant with k equal to 1.1

For example, light may propagate 8,000 miles across a vacuum in about 0.04301 seconds. Thus, a "high latency" communication link carrying data over this transmission path will be able to communicate at least a portion of the data over the link in about 0.04731 seconds or more.

The "high" and "low" latency of the network may be independent of the data bandwidth. Some "high" latency networks may have higher transfer rates than "low" latency networks, but this is not always the case. The data bandwidth of some "low" latency networks may exceed the bandwidth of "high" latency networks.

"maximum available frequency (MUF)" generally refers to the highest frequency that returns to earth using sky wave propagation.

As non-limiting examples, each memory may include solid-state electronic Random Access Memory (RAM), Sequentially Accessible Memory (SAM) (such as a first-in-first-out (FIFO) variety or a first-in-first-out (L IFO) variety), programmable read-only memory (PROM), electrically programmable read-only memory (EPROM) or electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), optical disk storage (such as DVD or CDROM), magnetically encoded hard disk, floppy disk, tape, or cassette media, or any combination of these memory types.

"noise" generally refers to one or more disturbances that interfere with and/or prevent the reception of a signal and/or information.

"non-sky wave propagation" generally refers to all forms of wired and/or wireless transmission in which information is not transmitted by reflecting electromagnetic waves from the ionosphere.

"optimal operating frequency" generally refers to the frequency that provides the most consistent communication path via sky wave propagation. It may vary over time depending on several factors, such as ionospheric conditions and time of day. For transmissions using the F2 layer of the ionosphere, the operating frequency is typically about 85% of the MUF, and for the E layer, the optimum operating frequency is typically close to the MUF.

"fiber optic" generally refers to an electromagnetic waveguide having an elongated catheter that includes a substantially transparent medium through which electromagnetic energy propagates as it traverses the long axis of the catheter. As the electromagnetic radiation traverses the catheter, the electromagnetic radiation may be retained within the catheter by total internal reflection of the electromagnetic radiation. Total internal reflection is typically achieved using an optical fiber comprising a substantially transparent core surrounded by a second substantially transparent cladding material having a lower refractive index than the core.

Optical fibers are typically constructed of dielectric materials that are non-conductive but substantially transparent. Such materials may or may not include any combination of extruded glass (such as silica), fluoride glass, phosphate glass, chalcogenide glass, or polymeric materials (such as various types of plastics), or other suitable materials, and may be configured to have any suitable cross-sectional shape, length, or size. Although electromagnetic energy having any suitable frequency may be used, examples of electromagnetic energy that may successfully pass through an optical fiber include electromagnetic waves in the near infrared, mid infrared, and visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

"out-of-band data" generally refers to data collected from a channel that is independent of the channel through which the primary data stream is transmitted. The out-of-band data may be a data stream transmitted by a third party through sky wave propagation, or may be a data stream transmitted by a transmitting party along a channel different from the main data transmission stream. The collected data may include ionospheric data, such as data from ionospheric probes, or may be generic data that is collected and analyzed to determine the feasibility of transmitting data at a particular frequency under current ionospheric conditions.

"polarization" generally refers to the orientation of the electric field ("E-plane") of a radiated electromagnetic energy wave relative to the earth's surface, and is determined by the physical structure and orientation of the radiating antenna. Polarization may be considered separately from the directivity of the antenna. Thus, a simple linear antenna may have one polarization when mounted substantially vertically and a different polarization when mounted substantially horizontally. As transverse waves, the magnetic field of a radio wave is at right angles to the magnetic field of an electric field, but by convention, the discussion of "polarization" of an antenna should be understood to refer to the direction of an electric field.

Reflection typically affects polarization. For radio waves, the ionosphere is an important reflector that can change the polarization of the radio waves. Therefore, a uniform polarization cannot be expected for signals received via ionospheric reflections (sky waves). For line-of-sight communications or ground wave propagation, horizontally or vertically polarized transmissions typically maintain about the same polarization state at the receiving location. Matching the polarization of the receive antenna to the polarization of the transmitter may be particularly important in ground wave or line-of-sight propagation, but may be less important in sky wave propagation.

When the linear polarization of the antenna can be defined, it is generally along the direction of the antenna current (from the receiving location). For example, a vertically oriented vertical whip antenna or Wi-Fi antenna would transmit and receive with vertical polarization. Antennas with horizontal elements, such as most rooftop television antennas, are typically horizontally polarized (since broadcast television typically uses horizontal polarization). Even when the antenna system has a vertical orientation (such as a horizontal dipole array), the polarization is still in the horizontal direction corresponding to the current flow.

Polarization is the sum over time of the E-plane orientations projected onto an imaginary plane perpendicular to the direction of radio wave motion. In the most general case, the polarization is elliptical, which means that the polarization of the radio wave changes over time. As mentioned above, there are two special cases: linear polarization (ellipse collapsed into a line) and circular polarization (both axes of ellipse equal). In linear polarization, the electric field of the radio wave oscillates back and forth in one direction, which may be affected by the antenna installation, but generally the desired direction is horizontal or vertical polarization. In circular polarization, the electric (and magnetic) field of the radio wave rotates cyclically about the propagation axis, centered at radio frequency.

"private data" generally refers to ionization layer data collected from sources not available to the public. The private data may be historical or current ionospheric data collected by the party performing the data transfer, or ionospheric data purchased by the party performing the data transfer from a third party. The private data may also be high frequency data transmissions sent by sky wave propagation, and transmission characteristics of these data, such as distortion, that may indicate the feasibility of a certain transmission frequency may be collected and analyzed.

In one example, each processor is a conventional integrated circuit microprocessor arrangement, such as one or more Pentium, i3, i5, or i7 processors provided by Intel (INTE L) corporation of Santa Clara, Calif. 2200 Missian Collegey Boulevad, Calif. USA.

Another example of a processor is an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). An ASIC is an Integrated Circuit (IC) that is customized to perform a specific series of logical operations that control the computer to perform a specific task or function. An ASIC is an example of a processor of a special purpose computer, rather than an example of a processor configured for general purpose. Application specific integrated circuits are typically not reprogrammable to perform other functions and may be programmed once at the time of manufacture.

In another example, a processor may be of the "field programmable" type, such a processor may be "field" programmed multiple times after manufacture to perform various special or general functions.

Just as the concept of a computer is not limited to a single physical device in a single location, the concept of a "processor" is not limited to a single physical logic circuit or package of circuits, but includes one or more such circuits or packages of circuits that may be included within or between computers in multiple physical locations. In a virtualized computing environment, an unknown number of physical processors may be actively processing data, and the unknown number may change automatically over time.

The concept of "processor" includes such means: configured or programmed to perform threshold comparisons, rule comparisons, calculations, or perform logical operations that apply rules to data that produces a logical result (e.g., "true" or "false"). The processing activities may occur in multiple single processors on separate servers, multiple processors in a single server with separate processors, or multiple processors physically remote from each other in separate computing devices.

"public data" generally refers to ionizing layer data that is freely available to the public or any interested party. The utility data may be ionospheric probe data collected and provided by government agencies such as NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) or any other public entity that collects and distributes ionosphere data. The common data may be historical data or real-time data. The common data may also be high frequency data transmissions sent by skywave propagation, and transmission characteristics of these data, such as distortion, that may indicate the feasibility of a certain transmission frequency may be collected and analyzed.

"radio" generally refers to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency in the range of 3kHz to 300 GHz.

"radio horizon" generally refers to the locus of points at which the direct rays of an antenna are tangent to the ground. The radio horizon may be estimated by:

wherein:

radio horizontal line (mile)

htt ═ transmission antenna height (foot)

hr-the receive antenna height (feet).

"remote" generally refers to any physical, logical, or other separation between two things. The spacing may be relatively large, such as thousands or millions of miles or kilometers, or relatively small, such as nanometers or millionths of an inch. Two things that are "remote" from each other may also be logically or physically coupled or connected together.

"receive" generally refers to accepting content for transmission, communication, delivery, relaying, scheduling, or forwarding. The concept may or may not include an action of listening or waiting for something from a transmitting entity. For example, a transmission may be received without knowledge of the transmitting party. Likewise, the transmission may be sent with or without knowledge of the recipient. "receiving" may include, but is not limited to, the act of capturing or obtaining electromagnetic energy at any suitable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum. The receiving may occur by inducing electromagnetic radiation. Sensing electromagnetic radiation may involve detecting energy waves passing through or from a medium such as a wire or fiber. Receiving includes receiving a digital signal, which may define various types of analog or binary data, such as signals, datagrams, packets, and the like.

"receiving station" generally refers to a receiving device or a location facility having a plurality of devices configured to receive electromagnetic energy. A receiving station may be configured to receive from a particular transmitting entity or from any transmitting entity regardless of whether the transmitting entity is identifiable prior to receiving a transmission.

"reflection points" generally refer to locations where the electric wave layers in the ionosphere refract radio waves so that they begin to travel back to the earth's surface rather than further into the atmosphere.

"sensor" generally refers to any device that detects or measures a physical characteristic. The physical property measured may be atmospheric conditions, but this is not required. For example, the sensor may measure atmospheric conditions, such as ionosphere height. The sensors may also collect data relating to temperature, wind speed, lightning, or any of several other weather-related parameters. The sensor may be limited to the measurement of a single physical property, or may be capable of measuring several different physical properties.

"hop distance" generally refers to the minimum distance from a transmitter to a location where a skywave propagating wave may return to the earth. In other words, the hop distance is the minimum distance that occurs at a critical angle for sky wave propagation.

A "jump zone" or "quiet zone" generally refers to the area between a location that completely dissipates ground waves from the ground wave propagation and a location that returns using the first sky wave of the sky wave propagation. In a hop-by-hop region, the signal for a given transmission cannot be received.

"satellite communications" or "satellite propagation" generally refers to the transmission of one or more electromagnetic signals to a satellite, which in turn reflects and/or retransmits the signal to another satellite or station.

"size" generally refers to a range of something; the overall size or magnitude of the thing; how big something is. For physical objects, size may be used to describe relative terms such as large or larger, high or higher, low or lower, small or smaller, and the like. The size of the physical object may also be given in fixed units, such as a particular width, length, height, distance, volume, etc., expressed in any suitable unit.

For data transfer, size may be used to indicate a relative or fixed amount of data that is operated on, addressed, transmitted, received or processed as a logical or physical unit. Size may be used in conjunction with the amount of data in a data collection, data set, data file, or other such logical unit. For example, a data collection or data file may be characterized as having a "size" of 35 megabytes, or a communication link may be characterized as having a data bandwidth of "size" of 1000 bits per second.

"sky-wave propagation" generally refers to a transmission method in which one or more electromagnetic waves radiated from an antenna are refracted from the ionosphere back to the ground. Sky wave propagation also includes tropospheric scatter transmission. In one form, a skipping approach may be used in which waves refracted from the ionosphere are reflected back to the ionosphere by the ground. Such skipping may occur multiple times.

"spatial wave propagation" or sometimes referred to as "direct wave propagation" or "line-of-sight propagation" generally refers to a transmission method in which one or more electromagnetic waves are transmitted between antennas that are generally visible to each other. Transmission may occur via direct and/or ground reflected spatial waves. In general, the height of the antenna and the curvature of the earth are limiting factors for the transmission distance over which the spatial wave propagates. Due to diffraction effects, the actual radio line of sight range of the direct line of sight is larger than the visible or geometric line of sight; that is, the radio horizon is 4/5 greater than the geometric line of sight.

"spread spectrum" generally refers to a transmission method that includes transmitting a portion of a transmission signal over multiple frequencies. By transmitting portions of the signal on various frequencies, transmissions on multiple frequencies can occur simultaneously. In this example, the receiver must listen to all frequencies simultaneously in order to recombine the transmitted signal. Transmissions may also be distributed over multiple frequencies by "hopping" signals. The signal transition scenario includes: transmitting a signal on a first frequency for a time period; switching to transmitting signals in a second frequency over a second time period; then a switch to a third frequency for a third time period, and so on. The receiver and transmitter must be synchronized to switch frequencies together. This process of "hopping" frequencies can be accomplished in a frequency hopping pattern that can change over time (e.g., hourly, every 24 hours, etc.).

"stratosphere" generally refers to the earth's atmosphere, which extends from the troposphere to about 25 to 35 miles above the earth's surface.

"transfer rate" generally refers to the rate at which something moves from one physical or logical location to another. In the case of a communication link or a communication network, the transfer rate may be characterized as the data transfer rate over the link or network. This transfer rate may be expressed in "bits per second" and may be limited by the maximum data bandwidth of a given network or communication link used to perform the data transfer.

"transmission frequency model" generally refers to a method of determining suitable frequencies for data transmission along a consistent communication path via sky-wave propagation. The transmission frequency model may be used to determine the frequencies suitable for real-time transmission and/or may be used to predict the appropriate frequencies in the future and when to switch data transmissions. The transmission frequency model may accept as input various types of data, such as transmission data streams, environmental data, historical data, and any other desired type of data for determining transmission frequencies. In some cases, the transmission frequency model may be a computer program and may be stored in a computer memory and may be operated using a computer processor.

"transmission line" generally refers to a specialized physical structure or series of structures designed to carry electromagnetic energy from one location to another, generally without radiating electromagnetic energy through free space. The transmission line serves to retain and transfer electromagnetic energy from one location to another while minimizing delays and power losses that are incurred as the electromagnetic energy passes through structures in the transmission line.

Examples of transmission lines that may be used to convey radio waves include twin-core wires, coaxial cables, microstrip lines, striplines, twisted pair lines, star-quadrupole rods, luxel lines, various types of waveguides, or simple single-wire cables. Other types of transmission lines, such as optical fibers, may be used to carry higher frequency electromagnetic radiation, such as visible or invisible light.

"transmission path" or "propagation path" generally refers to the path taken by electromagnetic energy through space or a medium. This may include transmission through a transmission line. In this case, the transmission path is defined by, follows, is included in, passes through or generally includes a transmission line. The transmission or propagation path need not be defined by a transmission line. The propagation or transmission path may be defined by electromagnetic energy (such as sky waves, earth waves, altitude lines, or other forms of propagation) moving in free space or the atmosphere. In that case, the transmission path may be characterized as any path through which electromagnetic energy travels as it moves from the transmitter to the receiver, including any jumps, bounces, scatters, or other changes in the direction of the transmitted energy.

A "transmission station" generally refers to a transmission device or a location facility having a plurality of devices configured to transmit electromagnetic energy. A transmitting station may be configured to transmit to a particular receiving entity, to any entity configured to receive a transmission, or any combination thereof.

"transmitting" generally refers to having something transmitted, communicated, conveyed, relayed, scheduled, or forwarded. The concept may or may not include an act of conveying something from a transmitting entity to a receiving entity. For example, a transmission may be received without knowledge of the transmitting party. Likewise, the transmission may be sent with or without knowledge of the recipient. "transmitting" may include, but is not limited to, the act of transmitting or broadcasting electromagnetic energy at any suitable frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum. The transmission may include digital signals that may define various types of binary data, such as signals, datagrams, packets, and the like. The transmission may also include analog signals.

"trigger data" generally refers to data that includes trigger information that identifies one or more commands to be executed. The trigger data and command data may appear together in a single transmission or may be transmitted separately along a single or multiple communication links.

The "troposphere" generally refers to the lowest portion of the earth's atmosphere. In mid-latitude areas, the troposphere extends about 11 miles above the earth's surface, up to 12 miles in tropical areas, and about 4.3 miles in the two-extreme winter season.

"tropospheric scatter transmission" generally refers to a form of sky-wave propagation in which one or more electromagnetic waves (such as radio waves) are directed at the troposphere. Although the cause thereof is not determined, a small amount of energy of the wave is scattered forward to the receiving antenna. Due to severe fading problems, diversity reception techniques (e.g., spatial, frequency, and/or angle diversity) are often used.

"waveguide" generally refers to a transmission line configured to guide waves, such as electromagnetic waves, occurring at any frequency along the electromagnetic spectrum. Examples include any arrangement of conductive or insulating materials configured to transmit low frequency electromagnetic radiation along a range of the electromagnetic spectrum from a very low frequency wave to a very high frequency wave. Other specific examples include optical fibers for guiding high frequency light or hollow conductive metal tubes for carrying high frequency radio waves, especially microwaves.

It should be noted that, as used in the specification and/or claims, the singular forms "a," "an," "the," and the like include the plural forms unless expressly specified otherwise. For example, if the specification and/or claims refer to "a device" or "the device," they include one or more of such devices.

It should be noted that directional terms such as "upper," "lower," "top," "bottom," "front," "back," "transverse," "longitudinal," "radial," "circumferential," and the like are used herein merely for convenience of the reader to aid the reader in understanding the illustrated embodiments, and are not intended to limit the described, illustrated, and/or claimed features to a particular direction and/or orientation in any way using such directional terms.

While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only the preferred embodiment has been shown and described and that all changes, equivalents, and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention as defined by the following claims are desired to be protected. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.