阅读说明：本技术 用于能量储存的系统和方法 (System and method for energy storage ) 是由 亚历克斯·迪金斯 于 2018-02-20 设计创作，主要内容包括：本文提供了用于储存能量的系统和方法。光子电池组装件可以包括光源、磷光材料和光伏电池。磷光材料可以吸收来自光源的第一波长的光能,并在时间延迟后发射在时间延迟后的第二波长的光能。光伏电池可以吸收第二波长的光能并生成电功率。在一些情况下,放射性材料可以发射高能粒子,并且磷光材料可以从高能粒子吸收动能。(Systems and methods for storing energy are provided herein. The photonic cell assembly may include a light source, a phosphorescent material, and a photovoltaic cell. The phosphorescent material may absorb light energy of a first wavelength from the light source and emit light energy of a second wavelength after a time delay after the time delay. The photovoltaic cell may absorb light energy at the second wavelength and generate electrical power. In some cases, the radioactive material may emit energetic particles, and the phosphorescent material may absorb kinetic energy from the energetic particles.)

1. A system for storing energy, comprising:

a light source configured to emit light energy at a first wavelength from a surface of the light source;

a phosphorescent material adjacent to the surface of the light source, wherein the phosphorescent material is configured to (i) absorb the light energy at the first wavelength, and (ii) emit light energy at a second wavelength at a rate slower than the rate of absorption, wherein the second wavelength is greater than the first wavelength; and

a photovoltaic cell adjacent to the phosphorescent material, wherein the photovoltaic cell is configured to (i) absorb light energy of the second wavelength through a surface of the photovoltaic cell, and (ii) generate electrical power from the light energy.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the light source is a Light Emitting Diode (LED).

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the photovoltaic cell is electrically coupled to an electrical load and at least a portion of the electrical power generated by the photovoltaic cell powers the electrical load.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the photovoltaic cell is electrically coupled to the light source and at least a portion of the electrical power generated by the photovoltaic cell powers the light source.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein a rechargeable battery is electrically coupled to the light source and the photovoltaic cell, and wherein at least a portion of the electrical power generated by the photovoltaic cell charges the rechargeable battery, and wherein at least a portion of the electrical power released by the rechargeable battery powers the light source.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the phosphorescent material comprises strontium aluminate and europium.

7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a radioactive material that emits energetic particles, wherein the energetic particles are capable of traveling through the phosphorescent material, wherein the phosphorescent material is configured to (i) absorb kinetic energy from the energetic particles, and (ii) emit light energy of the second wavelength at a rate that is slower than a rate at which the kinetic energy is absorbed.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein the phosphorescent material comprises the radioactive material.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein the photovoltaic cell comprises a plurality of depressions between protrusions, and wherein the surface of the photovoltaic cell is a surface of a protrusion defining a depression.

10. A method for storing energy, comprising:

(a) emitting light energy at a first wavelength from a surface of a light source;

(b) absorbing the light energy of the first wavelength by a phosphorescent material adjacent the surface of the light source;

(c) emitting, by the phosphorescent material, light energy at a second wavelength at a rate slower than a rate of absorption, wherein the second wavelength is greater than the first wavelength;

(d) absorbing the light energy of the second wavelength by a surface of a photovoltaic cell, wherein the surface of the photovoltaic cell is adjacent to the phosphor; and

(e) generating electrical power from the light energy of the second wavelength.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the light source is a Light Emitting Diode (LED).

12. The method of claim 10, further comprising energizing an electrical load electrically coupled to the photovoltaic cell with the electrical power.

13. The method of claim 10, further comprising energizing the light source with at least a portion of the electrical power, wherein the light source is electrically coupled to the photovoltaic cell.

14. The method of claim 10, further comprising (i) charging a rechargeable battery with at least a portion of the electrical power, wherein the rechargeable battery is electrically coupled to the photovoltaic cell, and (ii) energizing the light source with at least a portion of the electrical power discharged from the rechargeable battery, wherein the rechargeable battery is electrically coupled to the light source.

15. The method of claim 10, wherein the photovoltaic cell comprises a plurality of depressions between protrusions, and wherein the surface of the photovoltaic cell is a surface of protrusions defining depressions.

16. A method for storing energy, comprising:

(a) emitting energetic particles from a radioactive material, wherein the energetic particles travel through a phosphorescent material;

(b) absorbing kinetic energy from the energetic particles by the phosphorescent material;

(c) emitting light energy by the phosphorescent material at a rate slower than a rate of absorption of the kinetic energy;

(d) absorbing the light energy by a surface of a photovoltaic cell, wherein the surface of the photovoltaic cell is adjacent to the phosphor; and

(e) electrical power is generated from the light energy.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the radioactive material is adjacent to the phosphorescent material.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein the phosphorescent material comprises the radioactive material.

19. The method of claim 16, further comprising energizing an electrical load electrically coupled to the photovoltaic cell with the electrical power.

20. The method of claim 16, wherein the photovoltaic cell comprises a plurality of depressions between protrusions, and wherein the surface of the photovoltaic cell is a surface of protrusions defining depressions.

Background

In such an age where a large number of activities and functions are dependent on a continuous supply of power, failure or interruption of the supply of power may in particular lead to extremely undesirable results. In recent years, the market for ready-to-use power such as batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells and other energy storage devices has grown rapidly. However, such energy storage devices tend to be limited in many respects. For example, under certain operating conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure), they may be prone to volatilization or instability, and become ineffective or constitute a safety hazard. In some cases, the energy storage device itself may be consumed for one or more energy conversion or storage cycles, and thus have a limited lifetime. In some cases, the charge rate may be too slow to effectively support or satisfy the rate of power consumption.

Disclosure of Invention

It is recognized herein that there is a need for reliable systems and methods for energy storage. The systems and methods for energy storage disclosed herein may provide a charge rate that is more efficient than conventional chemical batteries, e.g., about 100 times faster or more. The systems and methods disclosed herein may provide a more efficient life than conventional chemical batteries, e.g., about 10 times more recharge cycles or more. The systems and methods disclosed herein may be portable. The systems and methods disclosed herein can be stable and effective under relatively cold operating temperature conditions.

The systems and methods disclosed herein may use phosphorescent materials to store energy for a defined duration. For example, phosphorescent materials may store and/or convert energy with a significant time delay. The systems and methods disclosed herein may use a light source to provide an initial energy source in the form of light energy. The light source may be an artificial light source, such as a Light Emitting Diode (LED). The systems and methods disclosed herein may use photovoltaic cells to generate electrical power from light energy. In some embodiments, the systems and methods disclosed herein can use radioactive materials to excite (or otherwise stimulate) phosphorescent materials.

In one aspect, a system for storing energy is provided. The system may include: a light source configured to emit light energy at a first wavelength from a surface of the light source; a phosphorescent material adjacent the surface of the light source, wherein the phosphorescent material is configured to (i) absorb light energy at the first wavelength, and (ii) emit light energy at a second wavelength at a rate slower than an absorption rate, wherein the second wavelength is greater than the first wavelength; and a photovoltaic cell adjacent to the phosphorescent material, wherein the photovoltaic cell is configured to (i) absorb light energy of the second wavelength through a surface of the photovoltaic cell, and (ii) generate electrical power from the light energy.

In some embodiments, the light source is a Light Emitting Diode (LED).

In some embodiments, the photovoltaic cell is electrically coupled to an electrical load. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the electrical power generated by the photovoltaic cell powers the electrical load.

In some embodiments, the photovoltaic cell is electrically coupled to the light source. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the electrical power generated by the photovoltaic cell powers the light source.

In some embodiments, a rechargeable battery is electrically coupled to the light source and the photovoltaic cell. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the electrical power generated by the photovoltaic cell charges the rechargeable battery, and wherein at least a portion of the electrical power released by the rechargeable battery powers the light source.

In some embodiments, the first wavelength is an ultraviolet wavelength.

In some embodiments, the second wavelength is a visible wavelength.

In some embodiments, the phosphorescent material comprises strontium aluminate and europium.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises a radioactive material that emits energetic particles, wherein the energetic particles are capable of traveling through the phosphorescent material, wherein the phosphorescent material is configured to (i) absorb kinetic energy from the energetic particles, and (ii) emit light energy of the second wavelength at a rate slower than an absorption rate of the kinetic energy.

In some embodiments, the phosphorescent material is adjacent to the radioactive material. In some embodiments, the phosphorescent material comprises the radioactive material. In some embodiments, the radioactive material is strontium-90.

In some embodiments, the photovoltaic cell comprises a plurality of depressions between the protrusions, and wherein the surface of the photovoltaic cell is the surface of the protrusions that defines the depressions.

In another aspect, a method for storing energy is provided. The method may include: emitting light energy at a first wavelength from a surface of a light source; absorbing the light energy of the first wavelength by a phosphorescent material adjacent the surface of the light source; emitting, by the phosphorescent material, light energy at a second wavelength at a rate slower than an absorption rate, wherein the second wavelength is greater than the first wavelength; absorbing the light energy of the second wavelength by a surface of a photovoltaic cell, wherein the surface of the photovoltaic cell is adjacent to a phosphor; and generating electrical power from the light energy of the second wavelength.

In some embodiments, the light source is a Light Emitting Diode (LED).

In some embodiments, the method may further include using the electrical power to power an electrical load electrically coupled to the photovoltaic cell. For example, the electrical load may be a mobile device. In another example, the electrical load may be an electric vehicle.

In some embodiments, the method may further comprise energizing the light source with at least a portion of the electrical power, wherein the light source is electrically coupled to the photovoltaic cell.

In some embodiments, the method may further comprise charging a rechargeable battery using at least a portion of the electrical power, wherein the rechargeable battery is electrically coupled to the photovoltaic cell. In some embodiments, the method may further comprise powering the light source using at least a portion of the electrical power discharged by the rechargeable battery, wherein the rechargeable battery is electrically coupled to the light source.

In some embodiments, the first wavelength is an ultraviolet wavelength.

In some embodiments, the second wavelength is a visible wavelength.

In some embodiments, the phosphorescent material comprises strontium aluminate and europium.

In some embodiments, the photovoltaic cell comprises a plurality of depressions between the protrusions, and wherein the surface of the photovoltaic cell is a surface of the protrusions defining the depressions.

In another aspect, a method for storing energy is provided. The method may include: emitting energetic particles from a radioactive material, wherein the energetic particles travel through a phosphorescent material; absorbing kinetic energy from the energetic particles by the phosphorescent material; emitting light energy by the phosphorescent material at a rate slower than an absorption rate of the kinetic energy; absorbing the light energy by a surface of a photovoltaic cell, wherein the surface of the photovoltaic cell is adjacent to the phosphor; and generating electrical power from the light energy.

In some embodiments, the phosphorescent material is adjacent to the radioactive material.

In some embodiments, the phosphorescent material comprises the radioactive material.

In some embodiments, the method may further include using the electrical power to power an electrical load electrically coupled to the photovoltaic cell.

In some embodiments, the light energy is at a visible wavelength.

In some embodiments, the photovoltaic cell comprises a plurality of depressions between the protrusions, and wherein the surface of the photovoltaic cell is a surface of the protrusions defining the depressions.

Other aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein only illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure are shown and described. As will be realized, the disclosure is capable of other and different embodiments and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.

Is incorporated by reference

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Drawings

The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

fig. 1 shows an exemplary photonic cell assembly.

Figure 2 shows a photonic cell in communication with an electrical load.

Figure 3 shows an exemplary photonic cell assembly in an application.

Figure 4 shows an exemplary photonic cell assembly that is partially self-contained.

Fig. 5 shows an exemplary photonic battery assembly in communication with a rechargeable battery.

Fig. 6 shows a stack of multiple photonic cell assemblies.

Fig. 7 shows a cross-sectional side view of an exemplary trench configuration of a photonic cell assembly.

Fig. 8 shows a cross-sectional top view of an exemplary trench configuration for a photonic cell assembly.

Figure 9 shows a photonic cell assembly containing a radioactive material.

Fig. 10 shows a photonic cell assembly comprising a radioactive material in a phosphorescent material.

Fig. 11 illustrates a method of storing energy in a photonic cell assembly.

Fig. 12 illustrates a method of storing energy in a photonic cell using a radioactive material.

Figure 13 shows a computer control system.

Detailed Description

While various embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be readily understood by those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed.

Systems and methods for energy storage are provided herein. The systems and methods disclosed herein can use phosphorescent materials to store energy over a significant duration of time, such as by using the time-delayed re-emission properties of the phosphorescent materials. For example, phosphorescent materials may store and/or convert energy with a significant time delay. The light source may provide an initial source of energy in the form of light energy to the phosphorescent material. For example, the phosphorescent material may absorb light energy at a first wavelength from a light source and emit light energy at a second wavelength after a time delay. The light source may be an artificial light source, such as a Light Emitting Diode (LED). The photovoltaic cell may generate electrical power from light energy, such as from light energy of a second wavelength emitted by the phosphorescent material.

Alternatively or additionally, the phosphorescent material may absorb kinetic energy and emit light energy converted from the kinetic energy after a time delay to be absorbed by the photovoltaic cell. For example, a radioactive material may excite a phosphorescent material with high energy particles (having high kinetic energy). In some cases, the phosphorescent material itself may comprise a radioactive material.

The systems and methods for energy storage disclosed herein may provide a charge rate that is superior to conventional chemical batteries, e.g., about 100 times faster or more. The systems and methods disclosed herein may provide a lifetime that is superior to conventional chemical batteries, e.g., about 10 times more recharge cycles or more. The systems and methods disclosed herein may be portable. The systems and methods disclosed herein can be stable and effective under relatively cold operating temperature conditions.

Reference will now be made to the drawings. It should be understood that the figures and features herein are not necessarily drawn to scale.

Fig. 1 shows an exemplary photonic cell assembly. The photonic cell assembly 100 may include a light source 101, a phosphorescent material 102, and a photovoltaic cell 103. The phosphorescent material may be adjacent to both the light source and the photovoltaic cell. For example, the phosphorescent material may be sandwiched between the light source and the photovoltaic cell. The phosphorescent material may be between the light source and the photovoltaic cell. Although fig. 1 shows the light source, the phosphorescent material, and the photovoltaic cell as vertically stacked, the configuration is not limited thereto. For example, the light source, the phosphorescent material, and the photovoltaic cell may be horizontally stacked or concentrically stacked. The light source and the photovoltaic cell may or may not be adjacent to each other. In some cases, the phosphorescent material may be adjacent to a light emitting surface of the light source. In some cases, the phosphorescent material may be adjacent to a light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell.

When adjacent, the phosphorescent material 102 may or may not contact the light source 101. The phosphorescent material may be contiguous with the light emitting surface of the light source if the phosphorescent material is in contact with the light source. The phosphorescent material and the light source may be coupled or fastened together at an interface, such as by a fastening mechanism. In some cases, the support carrying the light source and/or the support carrying the phosphor material may be coupled or fastened together at a junction. Examples of fastening mechanisms may include, but are not limited to, form-fitting pairs, shackles, latches, u-nails, clips, clamps, forks, loops, brads, rubber rings, rivets, protective washers, pins, ties, rivet dies, velcro, adhesives, tapes, combinations thereof, or any other type of fastening mechanism. In some cases, the phosphorescent material may have adhesive and/or cohesive properties and adhere to the light source without a separate fastening mechanism. For example, the phosphorescent material may be coated or clad on the light emitting surface of the light source. In some cases, the phosphorescent material may be coated on the primary, secondary, and/or tertiary optics of the light source. In some cases, the phosphorescent material may be coated on other optical elements of the light source. The phosphorescent material and the light source may be permanently or removably secured together. For example, the phosphorescent material and light source may be detached from the photonic cell assembly 100 and reassembled into the photonic cell assembly 100 without damage (or with only minor damage) to the phosphorescent material and/or light source. Alternatively, the phosphorescent material and the light source may not be secured together when in contact.

The phosphorescent material 102 may additionally be in optical communication with the light emitting surface of the light source if the phosphorescent material is not in contact with the light source 101. For example, the phosphorescent material may be positioned in the optical path of light emitted by the light emitting surface of the light source. In some cases, there may be an air gap between the phosphorescent material and the light source. In some cases, there may be additional intervening layers between the phosphorescent material and the light source. The intermediate layer may be air or other fluid. The intermediate layer may be a light guide or another optical element layer (e.g., a lens, a reflector, a diffuser, a beam splitter, etc.). In some cases, there may be multiple intervening layers between the phosphorescent material and the light source.

When adjacent, the phosphorescent material 102 may or may not contact the photovoltaic cell 103. If the phosphorescent material is in contact with the photovoltaic cell, the phosphorescent material may be in contact with the light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell. The phosphorescent material and the photovoltaic cell may be coupled or fastened together at an interface, such as by a fastening mechanism. In some cases, the support carrying the photovoltaic cell and/or the support carrying the phosphorescent material may be coupled or secured together at a junction. In some cases, the phosphorescent material may have adhesive properties and adhere to the photovoltaic cell without a separate fastening mechanism. For example, the phosphorescent material may be coated or clad on the light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell. In some cases, the phosphorescent material may be coated on the primary, secondary, and/or tertiary optics of the photovoltaic cell. In some cases, the phosphorescent material may be coated on other optical elements of the photovoltaic cell. The phosphorescent material and the photovoltaic cell may be permanently or removably secured together. For example, the phosphorescent material and the photovoltaic cell may be disassembled from the photonic cell assembly 100 and reassembled into the photonic cell assembly 100 without damage (or with only minor damage) to the phosphorescent material and/or the photovoltaic cell. Alternatively, the phosphorescent material and the photovoltaic cell may not be secured together when in contact.

The phosphorescent material 102 may otherwise be in optical communication with the light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell if it is not in contact with the photovoltaic cell 103. For example, the light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell may be positioned in the optical path of the light emitted by the phosphorescent material. In some cases, there may be an air gap between the phosphorescent material and the photovoltaic cell. In some cases, there may be additional intermediate layers between the phosphorescent material and the photovoltaic cell. The intermediate layer may be air or other fluid. The intermediate layer may be a light guide, a light concentrator, or another layer of optical elements (e.g., lenses, reflectors, diffusers, beam splitters, etc.). In some cases, there may be multiple intermediate layers between the phosphorescent material and the photovoltaic cell.

In some cases, the photonic cell assembly 100 can be assembled or disassembled, for example, into individual light sources 101, phosphor materials 102, and photovoltaic cells 103, or into sub-combinations thereof. In some cases, the photonic cell assembly may be assembled or disassembled without damage to different components, or with only minor damage to different components.

In some cases, the photonic cell assembly 100 may be enclosed in a shell, casing, or other housing. The photonic battery assembly 100 and/or its case may be portable. For example, the photonic cell assembly may have a maximum dimension of at most about 1 meter (m), 90 centimeters (cm), 80cm, 70cm, 60cm, 50cm, 45cm, 40cm, 35cm, 30cm, 25cm, 20cm, 15cm, 10cm, 9cm, 8cm, 7cm, 6cm, 5cm, or less. The largest dimension of the photonic cell assembly may be a dimension (e.g., length, width, height, depth, diameter, etc.) of the photonic cell assembly that is larger than other dimensions of the photonic cell assembly. Alternatively, the photonic cell assembly may have a larger maximum size. For example, a photonic cell assembly with a higher energy storage capacity may have a larger size and may not be portable.

The light source 101 may be an artificial light source such as a Light Emitting Diode (LED) or other light emitting device. For example, the light source may be a laser or a lamp. The light source may be a plurality of light emitting devices (e.g., a plurality of LEDs). In some cases, the light source may be arranged as one LED. In some cases, the light sources may be arranged as rows or columns of multiple LEDs. The light sources may be arranged as an array or grid of multiple columns, rows or other axes of LEDs. The light source may be a combination of different light emitting devices. The light emitting surface of the light source may be planar or non-planar. The light emitting surface of the light source may be substantially flat, substantially curved or formed into another shape. The light source may be supported by a rigid support and/or a flexible support. For example, the support may direct light emitted by the light source to be directional or non-directional. In some cases, the light source may include primary and/or secondary optical elements. In some cases, the light source may include a tertiary optical element. In some cases, the light source may include other optical elements (e.g., lenses, reflectors, diffusers, beam splitters, etc.) at other levels or layers. The light source may be configured to convert electrical energy into light energy. For example, the light source may be powered by an electrical power source, which may be internal or external to the photonic battery assembly 100. The light source may be configured to emit light energy (e.g., as photons), such as in the form of electromagnetic waves. In some cases, the light source may be configured to emit light energy at a wavelength or range of wavelengths that can be absorbed by the phosphorescent material 102. For example, the light source may emit light having a wavelength in the ultraviolet range (e.g., 10 nanometers (nm) to 400 nm). In some cases, the light source can emit light at other wavelengths or wavelength ranges in the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, etc.).

In some cases, the light source 101 may be a natural light source (e.g., sunlight), in which case the phosphorescent material 102 in the photonic cell assembly 100 may be exposed to the natural light source to absorb such natural light.

The phosphorescent material 102 may absorb light energy at a first wavelength (or first wavelength range) and emit light energy at a second wavelength (or second wavelength range) after a significant time delay. The second wavelength may be a different wavelength than the first wavelength. The phosphorescent material may absorb light energy of the first wavelength at a higher energy level than light energy of the second wavelength emitted by the phosphorescent material. The second wavelength may be greater than the first wavelength. In an example, the phosphorescent material may absorb energy in the ultraviolet range of wavelengths (e.g., 10nm to 400nm) and emit energy in the visible range of wavelengths (e.g., 400nm to 700 nm). For example, the phosphorescent material may absorb blue photons and emit green photons after a time delay. The phosphorescent material may absorb light energy (e.g., photons) at other wavelengths (or wavelength ranges) and emit light energy at other wavelengths (or wavelength ranges) such as the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, etc.), where the emitted energy is at an energy level lower than the absorbed energy. The rate of light energy emitted by the phosphorescent material may be slower than the rate of light energy absorbed by the phosphorescent material. An advantage of such a rate difference is the ability of the phosphorescent material to release such energy at a slower rate than it absorbs energy, thereby storing energy during such a time delay.

The phosphorescent material may be crystalline, solid, liquid, ceramic, in powder form, liquid form, or in any other shape, state, or form. The phosphorescent material may be a persistent phosphor. In an example, the phosphorescent material may comprise europium doped strontium aluminate (e.g., SrAl₂O₄Eu). Some other examples of phosphorescent materials may include, but are not limited to, zinc gallium germanate (e.g., Zn)₃Ga₂Ge₂O₁₀:0.5％Cr³⁺) Zinc sulfide doped with copper and/or cobalt (e.g., ZnS: Cu, ZnS: Co), strontium aluminate doped with other dopants such as europium, dysprosium, and/or boron (e.g., SrAl)₂O₄:Eu²⁺、SrAl₂O₄:Dy³⁺、SrAl₂O₄:B³⁺) Calcium aluminate doped with europium, dysprosium, and/or neodymium (e.g., CaAl)₂O₄:Eu²⁺、CaAl₂O₄:Dy³⁺、CaAl₂O₄:Nd³⁺) Yttrium oxysulfide doped with europium, magnesium and/or titanium (e.g., Y)₂O₂S:Eu³⁺、Y₂O₂S:Mg²⁺、Y₂O₂S:Ti⁴⁺) And zinc gallium germanate (e.g., Zn)₃Ga₂Ge₂O₁₀:0.5％Cr³⁺). In some cases, the afterglow emitted by the phosphorescent material (e.g., the emitted light energy) may last for at least about 1 hour (hr), 2hr, 3hr, 4hr, 5hr, 6hr, 7hr, 8hr, 9hr, 10hr, 11hr, 12hr, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, or more. At one endIn some cases, the phosphorescent material may store and/or release energy for at least about 1hr, 2hr, 3hr, 4hr, 5hr, 6hr, 7hr, 8hr, 9hr, 10hr, 11hr, 12hr, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, or more. Alternatively, the afterglow emitted by the phosphorescent material (or the energy stored by the phosphorescent material) may last for a shorter duration.

Assembly 100 may include one or more photovoltaic cells (e.g., photovoltaic cell 103) electrically connected in series and/or parallel. The photovoltaic cells 103 may be panels, cells, modules, and/or other units. For example, the panel may include one or more batteries that are all oriented in the plane of the panel and electrically connected in various configurations. For example, a module may include one or more batteries that are electrically connected in various configurations. The photovoltaic cell 103 or solar cell may be configured to absorb light energy and generate electrical power from the absorbed light energy. In some cases, the photovoltaic cell may be configured to absorb light energy of a wavelength or range of wavelengths capable of being emitted by the phosphorescent material 102. The photovoltaic cell may have a single bandgap tailored to the wavelength (or range of wavelengths) of light energy emitted by the phosphorescent material. Beneficially, this may improve the efficiency of the energy storage system of the photonic cell assembly 100. For example, for europium-doped strontium aluminates as phosphorescent materials, photovoltaic cells can have bandgaps tailored to green light wavelengths (e.g., 500-520 nm). Similarly, light source 101 may be tailored to emit wavelengths in the ultraviolet range (e.g., 20nm to 400 nm). Alternatively, the photovoltaic cell can be configured to absorb light energy at other wavelengths (or wavelength ranges) in the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, etc.).

In some embodiments, an Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) may replace the phosphorescent material 102 in the photonic cell assembly 100. In some embodiments, OLEDs may replace both the light source 101 and the phosphorescent material. OLEDs may be capable of electrophosphorescence, where quasi-particles in a diode lattice store potential energy from a power source and release such energy over time in the form of light energy at visible wavelengths (e.g., 400nm to 700 nm). For example, the OLEDs may be powered by an electrical power source, which may be external or internal to photonic cell assembly 100. The light emitting surface of the OLED may interface with the light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell 103 to complete the photonic cell assembly. For example, with OLEDs, photovoltaic cells can have a bandgap tailored to the visible wavelength range (e.g., 400-700 nm).

Figure 2 shows a photonic cell in communication with an electrical load. The photonic cell 201 may power an electrical load 202. The photonic cell and the electrical load may be in electrical communication, such as through an electrical circuit. Although fig. 2 shows a circuit, the circuit configuration is not limited to the circuit configuration shown in fig. 2. The electrical load may be an electrical power consuming device. The electrical load may be an electronic device, such as a personal computer (e.g., a laptop PC), a tablet or tablet PC (e.g.,

iPad、

galaxy Tab), telephone, smartphone (e.g.,

iPhone, Android-enabled device,

) Or a personal digital assistant. Electronic devices may be mobile or non-mobile. The electrical load may be a vehicle, such as an automobile, electric vehicle, train, boat or airplane. The electrical load may be an electrical grid. In some cases, the electrical load may be another battery or other energy storage system charged by the photonic battery. In some cases, the photonic cell may be integrated in an electrical load. In some cases, the photonic cell may be permanently or removably coupled to an electrical load. For example, the photonic cell may be removable from the electrical load.

In some cases, the photonic cell 201 may power multiple electrical loads in series or parallel. In some cases, the photonic cell may simultaneously power multiple electrical loads. For example, a photonic cell may simultaneously power 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more electrical loads. In some cases, a plurality of photonic cells electrically connected in series or parallel may power an electrical load. In some cases, a combination of one or more photonic cells and one or more other types of energy storage systems (e.g., lithium ion batteries, fuel cells, etc.) may power one or more electrical loads.

Figure 3 shows an exemplary photonic cell assembly in an application. Any and all of the circuits shown in fig. 3 are not limited to such a circuitry configuration. The photonic battery assembly 300 may be charged by the power source 304 and discharge power to the electrical load 306. The photonic battery assembly may comprise a light source 301, such as an LED or a set of LEDs. The light source may be in electrical communication with the power supply 304 through a port 305 of the light source. For example, the power source and port 305 may be electrically connected by circuitry. The power source 304 may be external or internal to the photonic cell assembly 300. The power source may be a power supply device, such as another energy storage system (e.g., another photonic battery, a lithium ion battery, a super capacitor, a fuel cell, etc.). The power source may be a power grid.

The light source 301 may receive electrical energy and emit light energy at a first wavelength, such as through a light emitting surface of the light source. The light emission surface may be adjacent to the phosphorescent material 302. The light source may be in optical communication with the phosphorescent material. The phosphorescent material may be configured to absorb light energy at a first wavelength and emit light energy at a second wavelength after a time delay. In some cases, the emission rate of the second wavelength of light energy may be slower than the absorption rate of the first wavelength of light energy. An advantage of such a rate difference is the ability of the phosphorescent material to release such energy at a slower rate than it absorbs energy, thereby storing energy during such a time delay. In some cases, the phosphorescent material may store and/or release energy for at least about 1hr, 2hr, 3hr, 4hr, 5hr, 6hr, 7hr, 8hr, 9hr, 10hr, 11hr, 12hr, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, or more.

The photonic cell assembly may comprise a photovoltaic cell 303. The photovoltaic cell can be configured to absorb light energy of the second wavelength, such as through a light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell. The photovoltaic cell may be in optical communication with the phosphorescent material 302. The light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell may be adjacent to the phosphorescent material. Photovoltaic cells can generate electrical power from absorbed light energy. The electrical power generated by the photovoltaic cells may be used to power an electrical load 306. The photovoltaic cell may be in electrical communication with an electrical load through a port 307 of the photovoltaic cell. For example, the electrical load and the port 307 may be electrically connected by an electrical circuit.

The stored energy of the photonic battery assembly 300 may be charged and/or recharged multiple times. The power generated by the photonic battery assembly may be consumed multiple times. The photonic battery assembly may be charged and/or recharged by supplying electrical energy (or power) to the light source 301, such as via port 305. The photonic cell assembly 300 may discharge power by directing electrical power generated by the photovoltaic cell to an electrical load 306, such as via a port 307. For example, the photonic cell assembly 300 may last (e.g., operate) at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 100, 500, 1000, 10⁴、10⁵、10⁶One or more recharge (or drain) cycles.

The photonic battery assembly 300 may provide a charge rate that is more efficient than conventional chemical batteries, e.g., about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 times faster or more. For example, the photonic cell assembly may be charged at a rate of at least about 800 Watts per cubic centimeter (W/cc), 850W/cc, 900W/cc, 1000W/cc, 1050W/cc, 1100W/cc, 1150W/cc, 1200W/cc, 1250W/cc, 1300W/cc, 1350W/cc, 1400W/cc, 1450W/cc, 1500W/cc, or faster. Alternatively, the photonic cell assembly may be charged at a rate of less than about 800W/cc. The photonic cell assembly may provide a lifetime that is superior to conventional chemical cells, e.g., about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more times more than a recharge cycle.

The photonic cell assembly 300 can be stable and efficient to operate under relatively cold operating temperature conditions. For example, the photonic cell assembly can stably operate at operating temperatures as low as about-55 degrees celsius (° c) and as high as about 65 ℃. The photonic cell assembly can stably operate at operating temperatures below about-55 ℃ and above about 65 ℃. In some cases, the photonic cell assembly may operate stably at any operating temperature at which the light source (e.g., LED) operates stably. The photonic cell assembly may not generate excessive operating heat.

Figure 4 shows an exemplary photonic cell assembly that is partially self-contained. Any and all of the circuits shown in fig. 4 are not limited to such a circuitry configuration. The photonic battery assembly 400 may be charged by a power source 404 (e.g., an electrical grid, a different energy storage system such as a battery, etc.) and discharge power to an electrical load 408. However, the electrical load 408 or other electrical load that may draw power from the photonic cell assembly may not always be connected with the photonic cell assembly. In some cases, the photonic cell assembly may discharge more power than is consumed by an electrical load connected to the photonic cell assembly. In such a case, at least some of the energy generated by the photovoltaic cells 403 may be wasted or lost from the energy storage system (e.g., the photonic cell assembly 400). In some cases, when no electrical load is connected with the photonic cell assembly, power generated by the photonic cell assembly may be directed back to the photonic cell assembly. Alternatively or additionally, when the electrical load consumes a smaller amount of power than the energy generated by the photonic assembly, some power may be directed to the photonic battery assembly. For example, at least some of the power generated by the photovoltaic cell may be directed to energize the light source 401.

In some cases, the photonic cell assembly 400 and its corresponding components in fig. 4 may be similar to the photonic cell assembly 300 and its corresponding components in fig. 3.

The photonic battery assembly 400 may include a light source 401 powered primarily by a power source 404, such as through a first port 405 of the light source; a phosphorescent material 402 adjacent to a light emitting surface of the light source; and a photovoltaic cell 403, wherein the light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell is adjacent to the phosphorescent material. When the electrical load is in electrical communication with the photovoltaic cell, the photovoltaic cell may discharge power to the electrical load 408. The photovoltaic cell may discharge power to the light source when the electrical load is not in electrical communication with the photovoltaic cell.

For example, the circuitry of the photonic cell assembly 400 may include a switch 409 that closes either the first electrical path 410 or the second electrical path 411. In some cases, the switch may not close any electrical path (e.g., as shown in fig. 4), and when neither electrical path is closed, power generated by the photonic battery assembly may be wasted or lost from the energy storage system. When an electrical load (e.g., electrical load 408) is connected to photonic cell assembly 400, first electrical path 410 may be closed. In some cases, closing first electrical path 410 may be a default state of switch 409. When no electrical load is connected, the first electrical path may be closed, directing power generated by photovoltaic cell 403 (such as through port 406 of the photovoltaic cell) to light source 401 (such as through port 407 of the light source). In some cases, the first port 405 and the second port 407 of the light source may be the same port.

When at least one electrical load (e.g., electrical load 408) is connected to photonic cell assembly 400, second electrical path 411 may be closed. In some cases, connecting an electrical load to the photonic cell assembly may trigger the switch 409 to switch from the default path (or from closing a different electrical path) to close the second electrical path 411. When the electrical load 408 is connected, the second electrical path may be closed, thereby directing power generated by the photovoltaic cell 403 to the electrical load 408, such as through the port 406.

In some cases, first electrical path 410 and second electrical path 411 may be mutually exclusive. In some cases, the circuit may connect the port 406 of the photovoltaic cell 403, the second port 407 of the light source 401, and the electrical load 408 in series or in parallel, and simultaneously or separately direct at least some power to the light source and at least some power to the electrical load, such as when the photovoltaic cell discharges more power than the electrical load consumes.

In some cases, the circuitry may be controlled manually (e.g., manually connecting the electrical load with the photonic cell assembly, such as pushing in a cable, jogging a switch assembly into a circuit position). Alternatively or additionally, the circuitry may be controlled by a controller (not shown in fig. 4). The controller may be capable of sensing connection of one or more electrical loads to the photonic cell assembly. The controller may be capable of closing different circuit paths (e.g., first electrical path 410, second electrical path 411, etc.), such as by controlling one or more switching components (e.g., switch 409) or other electrical components.

The controller may include one or more processors and a non-transitory computer-readable medium communicatively coupled to the one or more processors. The controller, through one or more processors and computer readable instructions stored in memory, may be capable of adjusting different charging and/or discharging mechanisms of the photonic battery assembly 400. The controller may open an electrical connection between the light source 401 and the power supply 404 to begin charging the photonic cell assembly. The controller may close an electrical connection between the light source and the power supply to stop charging the photonic cell assembly. The controller may open or close an electrical connection between the photovoltaic cell 403 and the electrical load 408. In some cases, the controller may be capable of detecting a charge level (or percentage) of the photonic battery assembly. The controller may be capable of determining when the assembly is fully charged (or nearly fully charged) or discharged (or nearly fully discharged). For example, the photonic battery assembly may also include a temperature sensor, thermal sensor, optical sensor, or other type of sensor operatively coupled with the controller, wherein the sensor provides data indicative of the charge level (or percentage). In some cases, the controller may be capable of maintaining a range of charge levels (e.g., 5% -95%, 10% -90%, etc.) of the photonic cell assembly, such as to maintain and/or increase the lifetime of the photonic cell assembly that may be detrimentally shortened by a full charge or full discharge. The controller may be capable of determining a rate of power consumption by the electrical load and/or the light source. Based on such determination of the rate of power consumption, the controller may be configured to manipulate one or more circuitry in the photonic cell assembly to direct power to the electrical load, the light source, both, and/or none. Fig. 5 shows an exemplary photonic battery assembly in communication with a rechargeable battery. Any and all of the circuits shown in fig. 5 are not limited to such a circuitry configuration. The photonic cell assembly 500 may be charged by a power source 504 and discharge power to an electrical load 509. However, the electrical load 509 or other electrical loads that may draw power from the photonic cell assembly may not always be connected with the photonic cell assembly. In such a case, the power generated by photovoltaic cell 503 may be wasted or lost from the energy storage system (e.g., photonic cell assembly 500). In some cases, when an electrical load is not connected to the photonic cell assembly, the power generated by the photonic cell assembly may be directed to charge the rechargeable battery 508. For example, at least some of the power generated by the photovoltaic cell may be directed to charge the rechargeable battery 508. The rechargeable battery 508 may be electrically coupled to the photonic cell assembly 500 such that the rechargeable battery may supply power to the light source 501 in some cases, and in some cases, be charged by the photovoltaic cells 503 of the photonic cell assembly 500. The rechargeable battery may be a lithium ion battery.

In some cases, the photonic cell assembly 500 and its corresponding components in fig. 5 may be in parallel with the photonic cell assembly 300 and its corresponding components in fig. 3. In some cases, the photonic cell assembly 500 and its corresponding components in fig. 5 may be in parallel with the photonic cell assembly 400 and its corresponding components in fig. 4.

The photonic battery assembly 500 may include a light source 501 powered primarily by a power source 504, such as through a first port 505 of the light source; a phosphorescent material 502 adjacent to the light emitting surface of the light source; and a photovoltaic cell 503, wherein the light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell is adjacent to the phosphorescent material. When the electrical load is in electrical communication with the photovoltaic cell, the photovoltaic cell may discharge power to the electrical load 509. When the electrical load is not in electrical communication with the photovoltaic cell, the photovoltaic cell may discharge power to the rechargeable battery 508.

For example, circuitry of photonic cell assembly 500 may include a switch 510 that closes either of first electrical path 512 or second electrical path 513. In some cases, the switch may not close any electrical path (e.g., as shown in fig. 5), and when neither electrical path is closed, power generated by the photonic battery assembly may be wasted or lost from the energy storage system. When an electrical load (e.g., electrical load 509) is connected to photonic cell assembly 500, first electrical path 512 may be closed. In some cases, closing first electrical path 512 may be a default state of switch 510. When no electrical load is connected, the first electrical path may be closed, directing power generated by photovoltaic cell 503 to rechargeable battery 508, such as through port 506 of the photovoltaic cell. The rechargeable battery may store energy received from the photovoltaic cell. The rechargeable battery may release its own electrical power to, for example, another electrical load and/or back to the photonic cell assembly 500, such as through the second port 507 of the light source 501. In some cases, the second port 507 and the first port 505 of the light source may be the same port.

When at least one electrical load (e.g., electrical load 509) is connected to photonic cell assembly 500, second electrical path 513 may be closed. In some cases, connecting the electrical load with the photonic cell assembly may trigger the switch 510 to switch from the default path (or from closing a different electrical path) to closing the second electrical path 513. When the electrical load 509 is connected, the second electrical path may be closed, thereby directing power generated by the photovoltaic cell 503 to the electrical load 509, such as through the port 506.

In some cases, the first electrical path 512 and the second electrical path 513 may be mutually exclusive. In some cases, the circuit may connect the port 506 of the photovoltaic cell 503, the rechargeable battery 508, and the electrical load 509 in series or in parallel, and simultaneously or separately direct at least some power to the rechargeable battery and at least some power to the electrical load.

Alternatively or additionally, the circuitry of photonic cell assembly 500 may include a switch 511 that closes either of third electrical path 514 or fourth electrical path 515. In some cases, the switch may not close any electrical path (e.g., as shown in fig. 5), and when neither electrical path is closed, power generated by the photonic battery assembly may be wasted or lost from the energy storage system. In some cases, closing the third electrical path 514 may be a default state of the switch 511. When the third electrical path is closed, power generated by the rechargeable battery 508 may be directed to the photonic battery assembly 500, such as through the second port 507 of the light source 501. In some cases, the second port 507 and the first port 505 of the light source may be the same port. When the fourth electrical path 515 is closed, the power generated by the photovoltaic cell 503 (such as through port 506) can be directed back to the photovoltaic cell assembly 500 (such as through the second port 507 of the light source 501).

In some cases, first electrical path 512, second electrical path 513, third electrical path 514, and second electrical path 515 may be mutually exclusive. In some cases, the circuit may connect the port 506 of the photovoltaic cell 503, the rechargeable battery 508, the electrical load 509, the port 507 of the light source 501, or any combination thereof, in series or in parallel, and simultaneously or separately direct at least some power to or from different components.

In some cases, the circuitry may be controlled manually (e.g., manually connecting the electrical load with the photonic cell assembly, such as pushing in a cable, jogging a switch assembly into a circuit position). Alternatively or additionally, the circuitry may be controlled by a controller (not shown in fig. 5). The controller may be capable of sensing connection of one or more electrical loads to the photonic cell assembly. The controller may be capable of sensing connection of the one or more rechargeable batteries to the photonic battery assembly and/or one or more electrical loads. The controller may be capable of closing different circuit paths (e.g., first electrical path 512, second electrical path 513, third electrical path 514, fourth electrical path 515, etc.), such as by controlling one or more switching components (e.g., switch 510, switch 511, etc.) or other electrical components.

Fig. 6 shows a stack of multiple photonic cell assemblies. The photonic cell assemblies may be connected to achieve different desired voltages, energy storage capacities, power densities, and/or other cell properties. For example, energy storage system 600 includes a stack of a first photonic cell assembly 601, a second photonic cell assembly 602, a third photonic cell assembly 601, and a fourth photonic cell assembly 601. The first photonic cell assembly may include its own light source 601A, phosphor material 601B and photovoltaic cell 601C. Likewise, the second photonic cell assembly may include its own light source 602A, phosphorescent material 602B, and photovoltaic cell 602C. Likewise, the third photonic cell assembly may include its own light source 603A, phosphor material 603B, and photovoltaic cell 603C. Likewise, a fourth photonic cell assembly may include its own light source 604A, phosphorescent material 604B, and photovoltaic cell 604C. Although fig. 6 shows four photonic cell assemblies stacked together, any number of photonic cell assemblies may be stacked together. For example, at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 100, 200, or more photonic cell assemblies can be stacked together.

Each photonic cell assembly may be configured as described in fig. 1-5. Alternatively, different components of the photonic cell assembly (e.g., light source, phosphorescent material, photovoltaic cell) may be stacked in different configurations (e.g., sequences) such that any layer of phosphorescent material is adjacent to both the light source layer and the photovoltaic cell layer. For example, a first photovoltaic cell layer may be adjacent to a first phosphor layer that is also adjacent to a light source layer that is also adjacent to a second phosphor layer that is also adjacent to a second photovoltaic cell layer. In the above examples, the layer of phosphorescent material may act as an interlayer between alternating layers of photovoltaic cells and light sources. For example, the light source may have at least two light emitting surfaces that are each in optical communication with a different phosphorescent material (e.g., a different volume of phosphorescent material). For example, a photovoltaic cell may have at least two light absorbing surfaces that are each in optical communication with a different phosphorescent material (e.g., a different volume of phosphorescent material).

The plurality of photonic cell assemblies may be electrically connected in series, in parallel, or a combination thereof. Although fig. 6 shows a vertical stack, the assembly can be stacked in different configurations, such as in a horizontal stack or in a concentric (or circular) stack. In some cases, there may be interconnects and/or other electrical components between each photonic cell assembly. In some cases, a controller may be electrically coupled to one or more photonic cell assemblies (e.g., 601, 602, 603, 604, etc.) and may be capable of managing the flow of power in and/or out of each or a combination of the cell assemblies.

As described elsewhere herein, the photovoltaic cells in the photonic cell assembly generate electrical power by absorbing light energy from the phosphorescent material. However, if the depth of the phosphorescent material is too thick, the light energy emitted by the phosphorescent material may not be efficiently absorbed by the photovoltaic cell, in part because other phosphorescent materials obstruct the light path toward one or more light absorbing surfaces of the photovoltaic cell. For example, photons emitted by the outermost material of the phosphorescent material (closest to the junction between the light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell and the phosphorescent material) may be absorbed with less obstruction than photons emitted by the inner material (furthest from the junction between the phosphorescent material and the photovoltaic cell). Thus, in some cases, it may be beneficial to interface a relatively thin layer of phosphorescent material with a relatively large surface area of the light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell. Provided herein are trench-like configurations of photonic cell assemblies that can increase the interfacing surface area between the phosphorescent material and the photovoltaic cell, allowing for more efficient absorption of light energy by the photovoltaic cell.

Fig. 7 shows a cross-sectional side view and fig. 8 shows a cross-sectional top view of an exemplary trench configuration of a photonic cell assembly. Fig. 7 and 8 may or may not be different views of the same trench configuration of a photonic cell.

Referring to fig. 7, a photonic cell assembly 700 includes a light source 701 (e.g., an LED), a phosphorescent material 702, and a photovoltaic cell 703. As described elsewhere herein, the light emitting surface of the light source may be adjacent the phosphorescent material, and the light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell may be adjacent the phosphorescent material.

In some cases, photovoltaic cell 703 may include one or more depressions defined by corresponding protrusions. The depressions and/or the corresponding protrusions may be defined by a light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell. For example, the photovoltaic cell may comprise one or more valleys and/or peaks. Alternatively or additionally, the photovoltaic cell may contain other characteristics of grooves, cuts, grooves, pits, and/or depressions. The depressions may be formed by etching, cutting, engraving, digging, shaping, pressing, and/or other mechanical methods. Alternatively or additionally, the depression may be formed by constructing, building and/or assembling the photovoltaic cell to include the depression.

In some cases, the depth 705 of the depression 704 may be 100 times longer than the maximum width 705 (or diameter) of the depression 704. In some cases, the depth of the depression can be at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 times or more longer than the maximum width of the depression. In some cases, the maximum width of the depression can be at least about 50 nanometers (nm), 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 90nm, 100nm, 110nm, 120nm, 130nm, 140nm, 150nm, 200nm, 300nm, 400nm, 500nm, 600nm, 700nm, 800nm, 900nm, 1 millimeter (mm), 1.1mm, 1.2mm, 1.3mm, 1.4mm, 1.5mm, 1.6mm, 1.7mm, 1.8mm, 1.9mm, 2.0mm, or more. Alternatively, the maximum width of the depression may be less than about 50 nm. In some cases, the depth of the depression can be at least about 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 7mm, 8mm, 9mm, 1 centimeter (cm), or greater. Alternatively, the depth of the depression may be less than about 1 mm. In some cases, the maximum width of the depression can be substantially the same as the maximum width of the protrusion. Alternatively, the maximum width of the depression may be at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 1000%, 2000%, 3000%, 4000%, 5000%, or more greater than the maximum width of the protrusion. Alternatively, the maximum width of the depression may be less than the maximum width of the protrusion. In some cases, the photovoltaic cell 703 can include at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10,000, 20,0000 or more depressions per centimeter of length of the photovoltaic cell. Alternatively, the photovoltaic cell may comprise less than 1 depression per cm of length of the photovoltaic cell.

Although fig. 7 shows some number of depressions in the photovoltaic cell structure, the number of depressions in the photovoltaic cell is not limited thereto. The phosphorescent material 702 may interface with a significantly larger surface area of the light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell 703 that defines depressions and/or corresponding protrusions, at least when compared to the surface area of the planar light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell (such as in fig. 1).

In some embodiments, photovoltaic cell 703 may contact light source 701 (not shown in fig. 7). For example, one or more light emitting surfaces of light source 701 may cover or cover the depressions (or pits) of photovoltaic cell 703 by contacting the tops (or peaks) of one or more protrusions defining the depressions. The light source may be in any configuration in which the phosphorescent material 702 is in optical communication with the light source. In some cases, if the phosphorescent material is capable of absorbing natural light, no light source may be needed in the assembly, and the photonic cell assembly 700 may be in any configuration in which the phosphorescent material is in optical communication with a natural light source (e.g., sunlight).

As described elsewhere herein, the phosphorescent material 702 in the photonic cell assembly 700 stores energy for a defined duration by absorbing light energy of a first wavelength from the light source 701 and emitting light energy of a second wavelength after a time delay, such as to the photovoltaic cell 703. However, if the depth of the phosphorescent material is too thick, the light energy emitted by the light source may not be efficiently absorbed by the phosphorescent material, in part because other phosphorescent materials obstruct the light path from one or more light emitting surfaces of the light source. For example, photons emitted by a light source may be absorbed by the outermost material of the phosphorescent material (closest to the junction between the light emitting surface of the light source and the phosphorescent material) with less obstruction than the inner material (furthest from the junction between the phosphorescent material and the light source). Thus, in some cases it may be beneficial to have a relatively thin layer of phosphorescent material interfacing with a relatively large surface area of the light emitting surface of the light source.

In some embodiments (not shown in fig. 7), light source 701 may include one or more recesses defined by corresponding protrusions. The recess and/or the corresponding protrusion may be defined by a light emission surface of the light source. For example, the light source may comprise one or more valleys and/or peaks. In some cases, the depth of the depression may be 100 times longer than the maximum width (or diameter) of the depression. The phosphorescent material 702 may interface with a significantly larger surface area of the light emitting surface of the light source 701 defining the depressions and/or corresponding projections, allowing for more efficient absorption of light energy by the phosphorescent material, at least when compared to the surface area of the planar light emitting surface of the light source, such as fig. 1 and 7.

In some embodiments (not shown in fig. 7), both light source 701 and photovoltaic cell 703 may comprise one or more depressions defined by corresponding protrusions. In some cases, the recesses and/or corresponding protrusions defined by the light source can be complementary to the recesses and/or corresponding protrusions defined by the photovoltaic cell. For example, the protrusions of the light source may fit within the recesses of the photovoltaic cells, leaving at least some space in which the phosphorescent material is located between the light source and the photovoltaic cells. Alternatively or additionally, the protrusions of the photovoltaic cell may fit within the recesses of the light source, leaving at least some space in which the phosphorescent material is located between the light source and the photovoltaic cell. Beneficially, such a configuration may increase the interfacing surface area between the phosphorescent material and the light source and between the phosphorescent material and the photovoltaic cell, allowing for more efficient absorption and emission of light energy by the phosphorescent material and more efficient absorption of light energy by the photovoltaic cell.

Referring to fig. 8, a cross-sectional top view of a trench configuration of a photonic cell assembly is shown. The photonic cell assembly 800 includes a light source (not shown in fig. 8), a phosphorescent material 802, and a photovoltaic cell 803. As described elsewhere herein, the light emitting surface of the light source may be adjacent the phosphorescent material, and the light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell may be adjacent the phosphorescent material. The photovoltaic cell may comprise one or more depressions into the plane of fig. 8 and one or more corresponding protrusions protruding from the plane of fig. 8. In some cases, the depressions may be elongated in at least one dimension (not depth) and aligned in a horizontal or vertical array, such as shown in fig. 8. The recess may not be elongated. In some cases, the depressions may be aligned in a grid having at least two axes (e.g., horizontal and vertical axes, x and y axes), which may or may not be at right angles to each other.

Alternatively or additionally, the phosphorescent material may be interfaced with a light absorbing surface of a photovoltaic cell having any other shape, form or structure, such as a planar structure (e.g., in photovoltaic cell 103 as shown in fig. 1). This other shape, form or structure may increase the interfacing surface area between the phosphorescent material and the photovoltaic cell compared to a planar structure within the same reference volume. Alternatively or additionally, the phosphorescent material may interface with the light emission surface of a light source having any other shape, form or structure, such as a planar structure (e.g., in light source 101 as shown in fig. 1). This other shape, form or structure may increase the interfacing surface area between the phosphorescent material and the light source compared to a planar structure within the same reference volume.

In some embodiments, the phosphorescent material may absorb kinetic energy instead of or in addition to light energy and emit the light energy converted from kinetic energy after a time delay for absorption by the photovoltaic cell. For example, a radioactive material may excite a phosphorescent material with high energy particles (having high kinetic energy).

Figure 9 shows a photonic cell assembly containing a radioactive material. The photonic cell assembly 900 may include a radioactive material 901, a phosphorescent material 902, and a photovoltaic cell 903. In some cases, the radioactive material 901 may replace the light source in previous embodiments of the photonic cell assembly (e.g., the light source in fig. 1-8). In some cases, the radioactive material 901 may be in addition to the light source in previous embodiments (the light source is not shown in fig. 9).

As described elsewhere herein, the phosphorescent material 902 may be adjacent to a light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell 903. In some cases, the phosphorescent material can interface with a light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell 903 defining one or more depressions and/or corresponding protrusions, as described elsewhere herein (and shown in fig. 9). In other cases, the phosphorescent material may be interfaced with a light absorbing surface having any other shape, form, or structure, such as a planar structure (e.g., in photovoltaic cell 103 as shown in fig. 1). The phosphorescent material may also be adjacent to the radioactive material 901. For example, the phosphorescent material may be adjacent to the energetic particle emitting surface of the radioactive material. In some cases, the radioactive material may be shielded from the remainder of the photonic cell assembly (e.g., phosphorescent material, photovoltaic cell, etc.) in the shell, housing, film, or other compartment 904. The compartments 904 may allow high energy particles (or other forms of kinetic energy) to penetrate or pass through the compartments to contact the phosphorescent material. In some cases, relatively heavy elements such as lead may be used to reflect radioactive emissions (e.g., energetic particles) toward the phosphorescent material.

Although fig. 9 shows the emissive material 901 positioned over both the phosphorescent material 902 and the photovoltaic cell 903, the configuration of the photonic cell assembly 900 is not so limited. For example, the radioactive material may be positioned at locations in the middle, bottom, and/or between trench-like configurations of the photovoltaic cells. In another example, the emissive material may be positioned between at least a portion of the photovoltaic cell and the phosphorescent material. In another example, the radioactive material may be in one or more different compartments and placed in different locations relative to the photovoltaic cells and/or the phosphorescent material. The radioactive material may be positioned where energetic particles emitted by the radioactive material are able to reach and/or travel through the phosphorescent material.

The radioactive material 901 may emit energetic particles, such as products of radioactive decay, which may include α decay, β decay, gamma decay, and/or spontaneous fission the energetic particles may be α particles (e.g., nuclei), β decay products (e.g., electrons, positrons, neutrinos, etc.), gamma rays, and/or combinations thereof the energetic particles may have high kinetic energy after emission from the radioactive material the energetic particles may travel through the phosphorescent material 902 and excite the phosphorescent material (e.g., absorb kinetic energy of the energetic particles), the phosphorescent material may subsequently emit optical energy after a time delay, such as visible light (e.g., 400-.

For example, the radioactive material 901 may be strontium-90. Other examples of radioactive materials may include, but are not limited to, tritium, beryllium-10, carbon-14, fluorine-18, aluminum-26, chlorine-36, potassium-40, calcium-41, cobalt-60, technetium-99 m, iodine-129, iodine-131, xenon-135, cesium-137, gadolinium-153, bismuth-209, polonium-210, radon-222, thorium-232, uranium-235, plutonium-238, plutonium-239, americium-241, and californium-252.

Fig. 10 shows a photonic cell assembly comprising a radioactive material in a phosphorescent material. In some cases, the photonic cell assembly 1000 may include a phosphorescent material 1001 including a radioactive material 1002. For example, instead of inserting a separate radioactive sample into the photonic cell assembly (as in fig. 9), the radioactive material may be integrated into the phosphorescent material. For example, a phosphorescent material comprising europium-doped strontium aluminate can be fabricated such that the strontium-90 is dispersed throughout the phosphorescent material.

The radioactive material 1002 may emit energetic particles, such as products of radioactive decay, from within the phosphorescent material 1001. The energetic particles, after being emitted from the radioactive material, may travel through the phosphorescent material and excite the phosphorescent material (e.g., absorb the kinetic energy of the energetic particles). The phosphorescent material may then emit light energy after a time delay. In some cases, the rate of kinetic energy absorption by the phosphorescent material may be faster than the rate of light energy emission by the phosphorescent material. As described elsewhere herein, photovoltaic cell 1003 can absorb light energy emitted by such phosphorescent materials and generate electrical power. The electrical power generated by the photovoltaic cell may be discharged to an electrical load 1006, such as through a port 1005 of the photovoltaic cell. In some cases, the photonic cell assembly 1000 may include an enclosure, shell, or compartment 1004 for enclosing a phosphorescent material 1001 containing a radioactive material 1002 and a photovoltaic cell 1003 to contain any radiation that may escape the energy storage system during normal use. The compartment 1004 may be configured to contain any radiation emitted by the radioactive material 1002 within the phosphorescent material 1001 that escapes from the compartment 1004. For example, the port 1005 of the photovoltaic cell may be the only connection from outside the compartment 1004 to inside the compartment 1004.

In some cases, a photonic cell assembly including a radioactive material may provide a higher energy storage capacity (e.g., energy density, power density, etc.) than a photonic cell including a light source after a single charge of the same volume. In some cases, the energy storage capacity of the radioactive material comprising the photonic cell assembly may depend on the half-life of the radioactive material in the photonic cell assembly. For example, the radioactive material may provide sustained kinetic energy to the photonic cell assembly as it undergoes radioactive conversion. In some cases, the photonic cell assembly containing the radioactive material can be disposed of after the radioactive material is almost completely consumed (e.g., the kinetic energy of the emission is ignored). In some cases, the radioactive material may be replaced after almost complete consumption. In some cases, the phosphorescent material and/or photovoltaic cell can be recycled after almost complete consumption of the radioactive material (e.g., in other photonic cell assemblies). In some cases, the photonic cell assembly may include both radioactive materials and light sources, and may be recharged (e.g., provide electrical power to the light sources) by the methods described elsewhere herein. For example, a photonic battery assembly may be used by recharging with electrical energy even after almost complete consumption of radioactive material.

Fig. 11 illustrates a method of storing energy in a photonic cell assembly. The method may include, at a first step 1301, emitting a first wavelength (e.g., λ) from a light source₁) Of the light energy of (1). Light energy of the first wavelength may be emitted from a light emitting surface of the light source. The light source may be an artificial light source such as an LED, laser or lamp. The light source may be a natural light source. The light source may be powered by a power source such as another energy storage device (e.g., a battery, a supercapacitor, electricityA tank, a fuel cell, etc.) or another power supply (e.g., a power grid).

At a second step 1102, a phosphorescent material adjacent to a light source may absorb light energy at a first wavelength. For example, the phosphorescent material may be adjacent to a light emitting surface of the light source. In some cases, the first wavelength may be an ultraviolet wavelength (e.g., 20-400 nm).

At a next step 1103, after a time delay, the phosphorescent material may emit a second wavelength (e.g., λ @)₂) Of the light energy of (1). In some cases, the first wavelength may be a visible wavelength (e.g., 400-700 nm). The second wavelength may be greater than the first wavelength. That is, the optical energy of the first wavelength may be at a higher energy level than the optical energy of the second wavelength. In some cases, the rate of absorption of light energy at the first wavelength of the phosphorescent material may be faster than the rate of emission of light energy at the second wavelength of the phosphorescent material.

At a next step 1104, photovoltaic cells adjacent to the phosphorescent material may absorb light energy of the second wavelength emitted by the phosphorescent material. For example, the light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell may absorb light energy at the second wavelength. In some cases, the photovoltaic cell can be tailored to absorb the wavelength or range of wavelengths emitted by the phosphorescent material. In some cases, the light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell may include one or more depressions defined by corresponding protrusions to allow for increased interfacial surface area between the phosphorescent material and the photovoltaic cell.

At a next step 1105, the photovoltaic cell may convert the absorbed light energy of the second wavelength and generate electrical power. In some cases, the electrical power generated by the photovoltaic cell may be used to power an electrical load electrically coupled to the photovoltaic cell. The electrical load may be an electronic device, such as a mobile phone, a tablet computer or a computer. The electrical load may be a vehicle, such as a vehicle, a boat, an airplane or a train. The electrical load may be an electrical grid. In some cases, at least some of the electrical power generated by the photovoltaic cell may be used to power the light source, such as when an electrical load is connected to the photovoltaic cell. In some cases, at least some of the electrical power generated by the photovoltaic cell may be used to charge a rechargeable battery (e.g., a lithium-ion battery), such as when an electrical load is connected to the photovoltaic cell. The rechargeable battery may in turn be used to power the light source. Beneficially, the photonic cell assembly used in the method may be at least partially self-sustaining and prevent energy loss from the system (e.g., other than from inefficient energy conversion).

Fig. 12 illustrates a method of storing energy in a photonic cell using a radioactive material. The method may include, at a first step 1201, emitting energetic particles from a radioactive material. In some cases, the radioactive material may be adjacent to the phosphorescent material, in which case the energetic particles are emitted or reflected into the phosphorescent material. In some cases, the phosphorescent material may comprise a radioactive material, in which case the energetic particles are emitted from within the phosphorescent material. In some cases, radioactive materials may be substituted for the light sources in other embodiments discussed herein (e.g., the method shown in fig. 11). In some cases, the radioactive material may be in addition to the light source. Radioactive materials can emit energetic particles, such as products of radioactive decay. The high energy particles may have high kinetic energy. The energetic particles may travel through the phosphorescent material.

At a second step 1202, the phosphorescent material may absorb kinetic energy from the energetic particles. For example, phosphorescent materials may be excited by energetic particles. At next step 1203, the phosphorescent material may emit a first wavelength (e.g., λ) after a time delay₁) Of the light energy of (1). In some cases, the first wavelength may be a visible wavelength (e.g., 400-700 nm). In some cases, the rate of kinetic energy absorption by the phosphorescent material may be faster than the rate of light energy emission by the phosphorescent material.

At a next step 1204, a photovoltaic cell adjacent to the phosphorescent material may absorb light energy of the first wavelength emitted by the phosphorescent material. For example, a light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell may absorb light energy at a first wavelength. In some cases, the photovoltaic cell can be tailored to absorb the wavelength or range of wavelengths emitted by the phosphorescent material. In some cases, the light absorbing surface of the photovoltaic cell may include one or more depressions defined by corresponding protrusions to allow for increased interfacial surface area between the phosphorescent material and the photovoltaic cell.

At a next step 1205, the photovoltaic cell may convert the absorbed light energy of the first wavelength and generate electrical power. In some cases, the electrical power generated by the photovoltaic cell may be used to power an electrical load electrically coupled to the photovoltaic cell. The electrical load may be an electronic device, such as a mobile phone, a tablet computer or a computer. The electrical load may be a vehicle, such as a vehicle, a boat, an airplane or a train. The electrical load may be an electrical grid. In some cases, at least some of the electrical power generated by the photovoltaic cell may be used to charge a rechargeable battery (e.g., a lithium-ion battery), such as when an electrical load is connected to the photovoltaic cell. Beneficially, the photonic cell assembly used in the method can prevent energy loss from the system (e.g., other than from inefficient energy conversion losses)

Figure 13 shows a computer control system. The present disclosure provides a computer control system programmed to implement the methods of the present disclosure. Computer system 1301 is programmed or otherwise configured to condition one or more circuitry in a photonic battery assembly according to some embodiments discussed herein. For example, computer system 1301 may be a controller, microcontroller, or microprocessor. In some cases, computer system 1301 may be a user's electronic device or a computer system remotely located from the electronic device. The electronic device may be a mobile electronic device. The computer system 1301 may be capable of sensing the connection of one or more electrical loads to the photonic cell assembly, the connection of one or more rechargeable batteries to the photonic cell assembly, and/or the connection of a photovoltaic cell to a light source within the photonic cell assembly. The computer system 1301 may be capable of closing different circuit paths (e.g., the first electrical path 410 in fig. 4, etc.) or otherwise manipulating different circuitry within or related to the photonic cell assembly, such as by controlling one or more switching components (e.g., the switch 409 in fig. 4, etc.) or other electrical components. The computer system 1301 may be capable of managing the ingress and/or egress of power from each or a combination of photonic cell assemblies electrically connected in series or parallel, and in some cases in electrical communication, individually or collectively, with a power source and/or an electrical load. The computer system 1301 may be capable of calculating a power release rate of the photonic battery and/or a power consumption rate of the electrical load. For example, the computer system may decide whether and how to direct the power discharged by the photovoltaic cell to the light source, an external battery (e.g., a lithium ion battery), and/or an electrical load based on such calculations. The computer system may be capable of adjusting or regulating the voltage or current of the power input and/or power output of the photonic cell. Computer system 1301 may be capable of adjusting and/or tuning different component settings. For example, the computer system may be capable of adjusting or regulating the brightness, intensity, color (e.g., wavelength, frequency, etc.), pulsing period, or other optical characteristics of light emitted by a light source in the photonic battery assembly. For example, the computer system may be configured to adjust the light emission settings of the light source according to the type of phosphorescent material used in the photonic cell.

For example, computer system 1301 may be capable of regulating different charging and/or discharging mechanisms of a photonic battery assembly. The computer system may open an electrical connection between the light source and the power supply to begin charging the photonic cell assembly. The computer system may close the electrical connection between the light source and the power supply to stop charging the photonic cell assembly. The computer system may open or close an electrical connection between the photovoltaic cell and the electrical load. In some cases, the computer system may be capable of detecting a charge level (or percentage) of the photonic battery assembly. The computer system may be able to determine when the assembly is fully charged (or nearly fully charged) or discharged (or nearly fully discharged). In some cases, the computer system may be capable of maintaining a range of charge levels (e.g., 5% -95%, 10% -90%, etc.) of the photonic battery assembly, such as to maintain and/or increase the lifetime of the photonic battery assembly that may be detrimentally shortened by a full charge or full discharge.

Computer system 1301 includes a central processing unit (CPU, also referred to herein as "processor" and "computer processor") 1305, which may be a single or multi-core processor, or multiple processors for parallel processing. Computer system 1301 also includes a memory or storage location 1310 (e.g., random access memory, read only memory, flash memory), an electronic storage unit 1315 (e.g., hard disk), a communication interface 1320 (e.g., a network adapter) for communicating with one or more other systems, and a peripheral device 1325, such as a cache, other memory, data storage, and/or an electronic display adapter. The memory 1310, storage unit 1315, interface 1320, and peripherals 1325 communicate with the CPU1305 through a communication bus (solid lines), such as a motherboard. The storage unit 1315 may be a data storage unit (or data repository) for storing data. Computer system 1301 may be operatively coupled to a computer network ("network") 1330 by way of a communication interface 1320. Network 1330 can be the internet, an internet and/or an extranet, or an intranet and/or extranet in communication with the internet. In some cases, network 1330 is a telecommunications and/or data network. Network 1330 may include one or more computer servers that may implement distributed computing, such as cloud computing. In some cases, network 1330 may implement a peer-to-peer network with the aid of computer system 1301, which may enable devices coupled with computer system 1301 to act as clients or servers.

CPU1305 may execute a series of machine-readable instructions, which may be embodied in a program or software. The instructions may be stored in a memory location such as memory 1310. Instructions may be directed to the CPU1305 which may then program or otherwise configure the CPU1305 to implement the methods of the present disclosure. Examples of operations performed by the CPU1305 may include fetch, decode, execute, and write back.

CPU1305 may be part of a circuit such as an integrated circuit. The circuitry may include one or more other components of system 1301. In some cases, the circuit is an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC).

The storage unit 1315 may store files such as drivers, libraries, and saved programs. The storage unit 1315 may store user data such as user preferences and user programs. In some cases, computer system 1301 may include one or more additional data storage units located external to computer system 1301, such as on a remote server in communication with computer system 1301 over an intranet or the internet.

Computer system 1301 can communicate with one or more local and/or remote computer systems over a network 1330. For example, computer system 1301 may communicate with all local energy storage systems in network 1330. In another example, computer system 1301 may communicate with all energy storage systems within a single assembly, within a single enclosure, and/or within a single stack of assemblies. In other instances, computer system 1301 may communicate with a remote computer system of a user. Examples of remote computer systems include a personal computer (e.g., a laptop PC), a tablet or tablet PC (e.g.,iPad、

galaxy Tab), telephone, smartphone (e.g.,

iPhone, Android-enabled device,

) Or a personal digital assistant. A user may access computer system 1301 through network 1330.

The methods described herein may be implemented by way of machine (e.g., computer processor) executable code stored on an electronic storage location of computer system 1301, such as memory 1310 or electronic storage unit 1315. The machine executable code or machine readable code may be provided in the form of software. During use, the code may be executed by the processor 1305. In some cases, the code may be retrieved from the storage unit 1315 and stored on the memory 1310 for ready access by the processor 1305. In some cases, electronic storage 1315 may be eliminated, and machine-executable instructions stored on memory 1310.

The code may be precompiled and configured for use by a machine having a processor adapted to execute the code, or may be compiled during runtime. The code may be provided in a programming language that may be selected to enable the code to be executed in a pre-compiled or just-in-time (as-compiled) manner.

Various aspects of the systems and methods provided herein, such as computer system 1301, may be embodied in programming. Various aspects of the technology may be considered as an "article of manufacture" or "article of manufacture" typically embodied in machine (or processor) executable code and/or related data, typically in the form of machine (or processor) executable code and/or associated data carried or embodied on a type of machine-readable medium. The machine executable code may be stored on an electronic storage unit such as a memory (e.g., read only memory, random access memory, flash memory) or a hard disk. A "storage" type medium may include any and all tangible memory of a computer, processor, etc., or associated modules thereof, such as various semiconductor memories, tape drives, disk drives, etc., that may provide non-transitory storage for software programming at any time. All or portions of the software may sometimes communicate over the internet or various other telecommunications networks. For example, such communication may enable software to be loaded from one computer or processor into another computer or processor, such as from a management server or host into the computer platform of an application server. Thus, another type of media that can carry software elements includes optical, electrical, and electromagnetic waves, such as those used across physical interfaces between local devices, through wired and optical land-line networks, and through various air links. The physical element carrying such waves, such as a wired or wireless link, an optical link, etc., can also be considered to be the medium carrying the software. As used herein, unless limited to a non-transitory tangible "storage" medium, terms such as a computer or machine "readable medium" refer to any medium that participates in providing instructions to a processor for execution.

Thus, a machine-readable medium, such as computer executable code, may take many forms, including but not limited to tangible storage media, carrier wave media, or physical transmission media. Non-volatile storage media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, any storage device in any computer, etc., such as may be used to implement the databases shown in the figures. Volatile storage media includes dynamic memory, such as the main memory of such a computer platform. Tangible transmission media include coaxial cables; copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a bus within a computer system. Carrier-wave transmission media can take the form of electrical or electromagnetic signals, or acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during Radio Frequency (RF) and Infrared (IR) data communications. Thus, common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD or DVD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch card paper tape, any other physical storage medium with holes, a RAM, a ROM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave transporting data or instructions, a cable or link transporting such a carrier wave, or any other medium from which a computer can read programming code and/or data. Many of these forms of computer readable media include those involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to a processor for execution.

Computer system 1301 may include or be in communication with an electronic display 1335, electronic display 1335 including a User Interface (UI)1340 for providing, for example, user control options (e.g., starting or terminating charging, starting or stopping power to an electrical load, turning power back to self-charging, etc.). Examples of UIs include, but are not limited to, Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) and web-based user interfaces.

The methods and systems of the present disclosure may be implemented by one or more algorithms. The algorithms may be implemented in software when executed by the central processing unit 1305. For example, an algorithm may alter the circuitry of the photonic cell assembly or the stack of the photonic cell assembly based on, for example, sensing the connection of one or more electrical loads to the photonic cell assembly, the connection of one or more rechargeable batteries to the photonic cell assembly, and/or the connection of a photovoltaic cell to a light source within the photonic cell assembly. The algorithm may be capable of closing different circuit paths (e.g., first electrical path 410 in fig. 4, etc.) within or involving the photonic cell assembly, such as by controlling or directing one or more switching components (e.g., switch 409 in fig. 4, etc.) or other electrical components. The algorithm may be capable of managing the flow of power in and/or out from each or a combination of the photonic cell assemblies electrically connected in series or parallel, and in some cases in electrical communication, individually or collectively, with a power source and/or an electrical load.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. The specific examples provided in the specification are not intended to limit the invention. While the invention has been described with reference to the foregoing specification, the descriptions and illustrations of the embodiments herein are not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Further, it is to be understood that all aspects of the present invention are not limited to the specific depictions, configurations or relative proportions set forth herein which depend upon a variety of conditions and variables. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. Accordingly, the present invention is also intended to cover any such alternatives, modifications, variations, or equivalents. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.