Light tyre
阅读说明：本技术 轻质轮胎 (Light tyre ) 是由 E·茹兰 O·富尼耶 J－L·盖贝尔－朱贝尔 于 2018-06-20 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明涉及重型货车轮胎,其旨在安装在空心、15°凹槽轮辋上。根据本发明,在胎面的至少40％的宽度上仅两个工作胎冠层构成胎冠增强件,角度α2和α1的绝对值之差的绝对值大于4°,以绝对值而言α2大于α1,平均角度α满足关系式14+131*exp(-L/100)<α<20+164*exp(-L/100),并且,在所述轮胎的子午截面内,胎体增强件层的卷边和胎体增强件层的主要部分联接然后脱离联接,胎体增强件层的卷边和胎体增强件层的主要部分是存在于胎侧的仅有的断裂伸长小于6％的增强元件层。(According to the invention, only two working crown layers constitute the crown reinforcement over at least 40% of the width of the tread, the absolute value of the difference between the absolute values of the angles α 2 and α 1 is greater than 4 °, α 2 is greater than α 1 in absolute value, the average angle α satisfies the relation 14+131 x exp (-L/100) < α <20+164 x exp (-L/100), and, in a meridian section of said tire, the beads of the carcass reinforcement layer and the main part of the carcass reinforcement layer are coupled and then uncoupled, the beads of the carcass reinforcement layer and the main part of the carcass reinforcement layer being the only layer of reinforcing elements present at the sidewall having an elongation at break of less than 6%.)
1. Tyre (1) for heavy load vehicles intended to be mounted on a hollow, 15 ° drop well rim (J), said tyre (1) having a radial carcass reinforcement (2), said radial carcass reinforcement (2) being formed by a single carcass reinforcement layer formed by reinforcing elements interposed between two calendering layers of polymer compound, said tyre comprising a crown reinforcement (6), said crown reinforcement (6) comprising two working crown layers (61, 62) of reinforcing elements, crossed from one layer to the other, forming an angle (α 1, α 2) between 8 ° and 45 ° with the circumferential direction, said angles α 1 and α 2 being oriented on each side in the circumferential direction, said crown reinforcement (6) being surmounted radially by a tread (5) connected to two beads (3) via two sidewalls (5), the layers of reinforcing elements of the carcass reinforcement forming in each bead (3) a bead layer extending from one bead line (4) to the bead (7) by rolling up around the bead line (4) so as to form a bead layer of polymer reinforcement extending radially from the bead line (4) to the bead layer (7) and a bead layer of the bead reinforcement layer (14) forming a bead layer of polymer compound, the second layer of bead reinforcement layer (7) contacting the bead layer (7) radially outward, and at least the bead layer of the second bead reinforcement layer of polymer compound (14) forming a bead layer of bead reinforcement by rolling up from the second bead layer (14) of the bead compound, the second layer of the second layer (7) of anchoring compound, the bead reinforcement layer of the anchoring compound, the second layer of bead reinforcement layer (7) forming a bead layer of the bead reinforcement layer (7) and the bead reinforcement layer of anchoring compound, the bead reinforcement layer of the bead reinforcement layer (7) contacting the bead compound, the bead compound forming a bead layer (7) in the bead layer (7) and the second layer of the bead compound, the second layer of the bead layer (7) of the bead compound, the second bead compound forming a bead compound, the second layer (14) of the second layer of bead compound, the bead layer of the bead layer (:
-the two working crown layers (61, 62) being the only layers present over at least 40% of the axial width of the crown reinforcement (6) to form the crown reinforcement (6),
-the reinforcing elements of the radially outermost working layer (62) form an angle α 2 with the circumferential direction that is greater in absolute value than the angle α 1, said angle α 1 being formed by the reinforcing elements of the radially innermost working layer (61) and the circumferential direction,
the absolute value of the difference between the absolute values of the angles α 2 and α 1 is greater than 4,
the average angle α satisfies the following relation:
14+131*exp(-L/100)<α<20+164*exp(-L/100)，
α is represented by the relation Arctan ((tan (I α 1) tan (| α 2|))1/2) L is defined as the maximum width of the tire measured in the axial direction and is expressed in mm,
-in a meridian section of the tyre (1):
-the distance (d) between the end (8) of the turn-up (7) of the carcass reinforcement layer and the radially innermost point (a) of the circumscribed circle (T) on the bead wire (4)R) A distance (d) between an axially outermost point (E) of the main portion of the carcass reinforcement layer (2) and a radially innermost point (A) of a circumscribed circle (T) on the bead wire (4)E) Between 45% and 90%, the main part of the turn-up (7) of the carcass reinforcement layer and of the carcass reinforcement layer (2) being the only reinforcing element layer present with an elongation at break of less than 6%, in the sidewall region constituting at least 90% of the sidewall surface area radially between the end (8) of the turn-up (7) of the carcass reinforcement layer and the radially outermost point (B) of the bead wire (4),
-towards the radially outer side, starting from the point C of the turn-up (7) of the carcass reinforcement layer, the turn-up (7) of the carcass reinforcement layer and the distance (d) of the main part of the carcass reinforcement layer (2) between the end (8) of the turn-up (7) of the carcass reinforcement layer and the radially innermost point (a) of the circumscribed circle (T) on the bead wire (4)R) And then by a first layer of polymer compound (9) between the end (8) of the turn-up (7) of the carcass reinforcement layer and the radially innermost point (a) of the circumscribed circle (T) on the bead wire (4)R) Until the end (8) of the turn-up (7) of the carcass reinforcement layer, said point C being at a distance (d) from the radially innermost point (A) of the circumscribed circle (T) on the bead wire (4)C) A distance (d) between the end (8) of the turn-up (7) of the carcass reinforcement layer and the radially innermost point (A) of the circumscribed circle (T) on the bead wire (4)R) Between 30% and 55%.
2. Tyre (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the fracture potential index F2/FR2 of the radially outermost working layer is less than 1/6, wherein:
FR2 is the breaking force under uniaxial extension of the cords of the radially outermost working layer,
F2＝p2*Tc*[(tan(|α1|)/((tan(|α1|)+tan(|α2|)))/cos2(|α2|)+CF]wherein
Tc＝0.092*P*Rs*(1-(Rs2-RL 2)/(2*Rt*Rs))，
P is the inflation pressure of the tire,
CF＝0.00035*(min((L-80)/sin(|α1|),(L-80)/sin(|α2|),480)-480)，
p2the pitch at which the reinforcing elements of the radially outermost working crown layer are laid, measured perpendicular to the reinforcing elements at the circumferential mid-plane,
Rs＝Re–Es，
re is the outer radius of the tire, measured at the radially outermost point on the tread surface of the tire, said surface being extrapolated to fill any voids that may be present,
es is the radial distance between the radially outermost point of the tyre and its orthogonal projection on the radially outer surface of the reinforcing element of the radially innermost working crown layer,
RL is the average of the radii of the axially outermost points on each side of the tire,
rt is the radius of a circle passing through three points located on the outer surface of the tread outside the void and defined at axial distances from the shoulder ends equal to 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4, respectively, of the tread width.
3. Tyre (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the reinforcing elements of said two working crown layers (61, 62) are made of metal.
4. Tyre (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the absolute value of the difference between the absolute values of the angles α 2 and α 1 is greater than or equal to 10 °, preferably greater than 14 °.
5. Tyre (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the fracture potential index F2/FR2 of the radially outermost working layer (62) is less than 1/8.
6. Tyre (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the fracture potential index F1/FR1 of the radially innermost working layer (61) is less than 1/3, wherein:
F1＝p1*Tc*[(tan(|α2|)/((tan(|α1|)+tan(|α2|)))/cos2(|α1|)+CF]wherein
p1The pitch of laying of the reinforcing elements for the radially innermost working crown layer is measured perpendicular to the reinforcing elements at the circumferential mid-plane.
7. Tyre (1) according to claim 6, characterized in that the fracture potential index F1/FR1 of the radially innermost working layer (61) is at least 30% higher than the fracture potential index F2/FR2 of the radially outermost working layer (62).
8. Tyre (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the two working crown layers (61, 62) are the only layers present over the entire axial width of the crown reinforcement (6) to form the crown reinforcement.
9. Tyre (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the radially outer end (10) of the first layer of polymer compound (9) is radially outside the end (8) of the turn-up (7) of the carcass reinforcement layer.
10. Tyre (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the radially outer end (12) of the second layer of polymeric compound (11) is radially outside the radially outer end (15) of the third layer of polymeric compound (14).
11. Tyre (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the uncoupling length is between 15% and 35% of the distance between the end (8) of the turn-up (7) of the carcass reinforcement and the radially innermost point (A) of the circumscribed circle (T) on the bead wire (4).
12. Tyre (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the turn-up (7) of the carcass reinforcement and the distance (d) of the carcass reinforcement (2) between the end (8) of the turn-up (7) of the carcass reinforcement and the radially innermost point (A) of the circumscribed circle (T) on the bead wire (4)R) Between 25% and 40% of the length.
13. Tyre (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the radially inner end (13) of the second layer of polymeric compound (11) is radially interposed between the radially outermost point (B) of the circumscribed circle (T) on the bead wire (4) and the radially innermost point (A) of the circumscribed circle (T) on the bead wire (4).
14. Tyre (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the tensile modulus of elasticity at 10% elongation of the calendered layer of the carcass reinforcement layer (2) is comprised between 4 and 16MPa, preferably between 8 and 12 MPa.
15. Tyre (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the modulus of elasticity in tension at 10% elongation of the first layer of polymer compound (9) is less than or equal to the modulus of elasticity in tension at 10% elongation of the calendering of the carcass reinforcement layer (2).
16. Tyre (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the modulus of elasticity in tension at 10% elongation of the first layer of polymer compound (9) is greater than 50% of the modulus of elasticity in tension at 10% elongation of the calendering of the carcass reinforcement layer (2), and preferably greater than 70% of the modulus of elasticity in tension at 10% elongation of the calendering of the carcass reinforcement layer (2).
17. Tyre (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the modulus of elasticity in tension at 10% of the second layer of polymer compound (11) is less than 150%, preferably strictly less than 25MPa, of the modulus of elasticity in tension at 10% of the calendering of the carcass reinforcement layer, and preferably also greater than the modulus of elasticity in tension at 10% of the first layer of polymer compound (9).
18. Tyre (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein, in each meridian plane, each point of the turn-up (7) of the carcass reinforcement layer is at a distance from the outer surface of the tyre less than 10mm over the length of the turn-up (7) of the carcass reinforcement layer defined radially between the end (8) of said turn-up (7) of the carcass reinforcement layer and a point located at a distance from the radially innermost point (A) of the circumscribed circle (T) on the bead wire (4), said distance being equal to the distance (d) between the end (8) of the turn-up (7) of the carcass reinforcement layer and the radially innermost point (A) of the circumscribed circle (T) on the bead wire (4)R) 65% of the total.
19. Tyre (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in each meridian plane, in each bead (3), it has a retention reinforcement around the bead wire (4) and a volume of rubber compound in direct contact with the bead wire (4).
20. Tyre (1) according to any one of the previous claims, characterized in that said bead wire (4) is a bead wire bundle, preferably hexagonal.
Technical Field
The present invention relates to tires having a radial carcass reinforcement and more particularly to tires intended to equip vehicles carrying heavy loads and running at sustained speeds (for example lorries, tractors, trailers, or buses).
Background
In tires of the heavy load type, the carcass reinforcement is usually anchored on both sides in the bead region and is surmounted radially by a crown reinforcement consisting of at least two layers that are superimposed and formed of threads or cords that are parallel in each layer and crossed from one layer to the next, forming an angle of between 10 ° and 45 ° with the circumferential direction. The working layer forming the working reinforcement may also be covered with at least one layer called protective layer formed by reinforcing elements, advantageously metallic and stretchable and called elastic reinforcing elements. It may also comprise a layer of metal wires or cords forming an angle of between 45 ° and 90 ° with the circumferential direction, this ply, called the triangular ply, being radially between the carcass reinforcement and the first crown ply, called the working ply, formed by parallel wires or cords laid at an angle not exceeding 45 ° in absolute value. The V-ply forms, with at least said working ply, a V-reinforcement which exhibits little deformation under the different stresses to which it is subjected, the V-ply being intended mainly to absorb the transverse compressive forces to which all the reinforcing elements in the crown region of the tire are subjected.
Cords are said to be inextensible when they exhibit a relative elongation at most equal to 0.2% under a tensile force equal to 10% of the breaking force.
A cord is said to be elastic when it exhibits a relative elongation at least equal to 3% and a maximum tangent modulus of less than 150GPa, under a tensile force equal to the breaking load.
The circumferential reinforcing elements are reinforcing elements forming an angle in the range +2.5 ° to-2.5 ° (relative to 0 °) with the circumferential direction.
The circumferential direction or longitudinal direction of the tire is the direction corresponding to the outer circumference of the tire and defined by the tire running direction.
The transverse or axial direction of the tire is parallel to the axis of rotation of the tire.
The radial direction is a direction intersecting with and perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tire.
The axis of rotation of a tire is the axis about which the tire rotates in normal use.
A radial or meridian plane is a plane containing the axis of rotation of the tire.
The circumferential mid-plane or equatorial plane is a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tire and dividing the tire in half.
For metal wires or cords, the force at break (maximum load in N), the strength at break (in MPa), the elongation at break (total elongation in%) and the modulus (in GPa) were measured under tension according to standard ISO 6892 of 1984.
For the rubber compositions, the measurement of the modulus is carried out under tension according to standard AFNOR-NFT-46002, 9 months 1988: the nominal secant modulus (or apparent stress, in MPa) at 10% elongation is measured at the second elongation (i.e. after one adaptation cycle) (standard temperature and relative humidity conditions according to standard AFNOR-NFT-40101,
In the manufacturing process of such tyres, the final step consists in curing the tyre so as to crosslink and/or vulcanize the different polymeric compounds of which the tyre is made. This step of curing the tyre is a step of fixing the tyre for a few minutes and is considered in this respect to be a relevant step in terms of productivity in connection with the manufacture of the tyre. Furthermore, this step, which is carried out at high temperatures, is highly energy-intensive. These curing times may also require an increase in the number of tools to avoid the need to build up a temporary inventory of products waiting to be cured, which inventory only increases in size if the number of tools is not large enough. The increase in the number of curing tools necessarily results in additional costs due to the machinery, energy consumption and space requirements.
The curing time is set in particular by the time required to obtain a constituent material with the desired properties, since it is known that for compounds visible radially or axially, crosslinking and/or vulcanization do not take place in the same way as for internal compounds. Similarly, crosslinking and/or vulcanization varies depending on the nature and thickness of the compound.
The part of the tire having the greatest thickness is on the one hand the crown, more particularly the shoulders of the tire, and on the other hand the bead region of the tire.
The thickness of the tire crown is defined, in particular, by the number of layers of reinforcing elements forming the tire crown reinforcement, adapted to the thickness of the different layers of the surrounding polymer compound.
The thickness of the bead region is defined by all the constituents of said region, being a layer of reinforcing elements and a layer of polymer compound, an increase in the number of layers of reinforcing elements generally resulting in an increase in the number of layers of polymer compound. The size of the bead wire, and more particularly its cross-section, is more typically defined by the size and use of the tire, and for a given tire, varies little regardless of the direction chosen for designing these bead regions.
The thickest of these areas of the tire is known to be made of a polymer compound, some of which have the longest cure time due to its distance from the heat source. These thickest areas of the tire thus set a minimum cure time for the entire tire to cure.
Furthermore, due to the improvement of road networks, the development of highway networks worldwide and the emergence of more and more autonomous vehicles, some of the tires, which are nowadays called "road tires", are intended to travel at higher average speeds and longer distances. Since the wear of the tire is low, the combination of conditions requiring such tire running certainly makes it possible to increase the running distance. This increase in life, in terms of distance covered, combined with the fact that such service conditions may lead to relatively high crown temperatures under heavy loads, illustrates the need to increase, at least proportionally, the endurance of the crown reinforcement of the tire.
This is because of the stresses present in the crown reinforcement; more particularly, there are shear stresses between the crown layers, which, in the event of excessive increases in the operating temperature at the ends of these crown layers, cause cracks to appear and propagate in the rubber at said ends.
In order to improve the endurance of the crown reinforcement of a tire, french application FR 2728510 proposes, on the one hand, to provide between the carcass reinforcement and the crown reinforcement working ply radially closest to the axis of rotation, an axially continuous ply formed of inextensible metal cords forming an angle at least equal to 60 ° with the circumferential direction and having an axial width at least equal to the axial width of the shortest working crown ply, and, on the other hand, to provide between the two working crown plies an additional ply formed of metal elements oriented substantially parallel to the circumferential direction.
In addition, application WO 99/24269 proposes, in particular, that on each side of the equatorial plane and in the direct axial extension of an additional ply of reinforcing elements substantially parallel to the circumferential direction, two working crown plies formed by reinforcing elements crossed from one ply to the next are coupled over a certain axial distance and then decoupled at least over the remaining width common to said two working plies by means of shaping elements of rubber compound.
Furthermore, certain uses of the tires on heavy load vehicles, for example of the "jobsite supply" type, mean that the tires are subjected to impact loads when they are driven on rocky ground. These impact loads are of course detrimental in terms of performance in terms of durability.
It is well known to those skilled in the art to increase the number of plies making up the crown reinforcement in order to improve the endurance of the tire with respect to such impact loads.
Such tires also usually have one or more layers of reinforcing elements, called reinforcements, at the beads. These layers are generally composed of reinforcing elements oriented at an angle of less than 45 ° and generally less than 25 ° with respect to the circumferential direction. The role of these layers of reinforcing elements is in particular to limit the longitudinal displacement of the bead-constituting material with respect to the wheel rim, so as to limit the premature wear of said beads. These layers of reinforcing elements can also limit the permanent deformation of the bead on the rim flange due to the dynamic flow phenomena of the elastomeric material. When such deformation of the bead is excessive, retreading of the tire may be prevented. These layers of reinforcing elements also help to protect the lower region of the tire from the stresses encountered when the tire is mounted on or removed from the rim.
Furthermore, in the case of anchoring the carcass reinforcement around the bead wires, which comprises winding the carcass reinforcement at least partially around the bead wires in each bead, so as to form a bead extending to a greater or lesser height in the sidewall, the layer of reinforcing elements or reinforcements also makes it possible to prevent or delay the unwinding of the carcass reinforcement in the event of accidental and excessive temperature increases of the rim.
These layers of reinforcing elements or reinforcements are generally axially outside the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement and extend in the sidewalls to a height greater than the height of the turn-up, in particular to cover the free end of the reinforcing elements of said turn-up.
Such designs of tyres are described, for example, in documents FR 2779387 and US 2006/0000199.
The presence of these layers of reinforcing elements or reinforcements makes the design of these bead regions of the tire more complex. The presence of the additional layer on the one hand and its arrangement in particular with respect to the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement and with respect to the bead wire on the other hand result in the design requiring an additional rubber compound to separate the layers of the ends and ensure the desired position of the different ends.
In all the solutions proposed above, the presence of additional layers of one or more reinforcing elements leads to a greater mass of the tyre and to a higher tyre manufacturing cost, due to the additional layers and to a longer curing time.
Furthermore, it is known to those skilled in the art that it may be particularly desirable to modify the design of a tire to improve performance in terms of rolling resistance, thereby lightening the tire.
This mitigation may be at the crown, but still must maintain an acceptable level of performance of the tire in terms of durability.
Application WO2013053879 describes, for example, a tire in which the crown reinforcement has layers of reinforcing elements, the presence of which makes it possible to reduce the number of layers of reinforcing elements, thus reducing the volume of the polymer compound or the size of the reinforcing elements, in particular the diameter thereof, in certain layers of reinforcing elements, and therefore the thickness of the polymer complex forming these layers.
Lightening of the tire is also possible in the bead region, but here too an acceptable performance level of the tire must be maintained in terms of durability.
For example, patent application WO 10/055118 discloses the use of a large number of carcass reinforcing cords impregnated with a polymer compound advantageously located within the cords during the manufacture of the cords, in order to reduce the volume of certain polymer compounds of which the tyre is made or to remove the layer of polymer compound normally used to protect the reinforcing elements of the carcass reinforcement during use of the tyre. Such an embodiment makes it possible to lighten the tire.
Such tire designs can reduce the cure time of the tire to achieve proper curing of the polymer compound to ensure the desired properties of the tire. This reduction in curing time also results in a potential reduction in the energy costs of producing the tire, or even an increase in productivity, due to the reduced footprint of the curing mold.
When the reduction in thickness is both in the crown region and in the bead region of the tire, it must be ensured that the desired curing time is observed in each region.
Therefore, a complex tire curing mold structure for allowing different heat transfer according to the region of the tire is known, for example, from document US 4568259. Such a mould is complicated to prepare and also leads to a more expensive tyre manufacturing process.
It is also known to those skilled in the art of tires that the time required to polymerize the compound can be varied by adding vulcanization accelerators or retarders. Examples of this are described, for example, in the article by Techniques de l' ing nieeur ("materials: plastics and composites"), from "Mate ria plastics et composites", published by Yves Z audioort on 10.1.2015 under the reference
Disclosure of Invention
Therefore, the inventors set themselves the tasks of: lightweight tires are designed which maintain performance, particularly in terms of durability, and which reduce manufacturing costs.
According to the invention, this object is achieved by a tire for heavy load vehicles intended to be mounted on a hollow rim (15 ° groove), having a radial carcass reinforcement formed by a single carcass reinforcement layer formed by reinforcing elements interposed between two calendering layers of a polymeric compound, said tire comprising a crown reinforcement comprising two working crown layers of reinforcing elements crossed from one ply to the other and forming with the circumferential direction an angle (α 1, α 2) between 8 ° and 45 °, said angles α 1 and α 2 being oriented on each side of the circumferential direction, said crown reinforcement being surmounted radially by a tread connected to the two beads via two sidewalls, the layers of reinforcing elements of the carcass reinforcement being anchored in each bead by rolling up around a bead line so as to form a bead of the carcass reinforcement, said bead of the carcass reinforcement being separated from the carcass reinforcement by a first layer of polymeric compound extending radially from the bead line to the outside and the bead reinforcement forming with the bead of a second layer of polymeric compound, at least the bead layer being in contact with the outer surface of the second layer of polymeric compound, the bead layer of polymeric compound forming, in particular the third layer of polymeric compound in contact with the outer surface of the second layer of the carcass compound, the second layer of polymeric compound, the bead layer being in contact with the outer surface of polymeric compound, the third layer of the first layer of polymeric compound, the bead, the second layer, the bead, the polymer compound, the bead layer being in contact with the outer surface of the outer layer of the bead, and the bead, the second layer, the polymer compound, the bead layer, the bead:
the two working crown layers being the only layers present over at least 40% of the axial width of the crown reinforcement to form the crown reinforcement,
the reinforcing elements of the radially outermost working layer form an
the average angle α satisfies the following relation:
14+131*exp(-L/100)<α<20+164*exp(-L/100)，
α is represented by the relation Arctan ((tan (I α 1) tan (|
-the distance between the end of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement and the radially innermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead line, in a meridian section of said tyre, is between 45% and 90% of the distance between the axially outermost point of the main portion of the carcass reinforcement layer and the radially innermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead line,
in a meridian section of the tyre, in a sidewall region constituting at least 90% of the sidewall surface area radially between the turn-up end and the radially outermost point of the bead wire, the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement and the carcass reinforcement are the only layers of reinforcing elements present with an elongation at break of less than 6%,
-in a meridian section of said tyre, radially towards the outside, starting from a point C of the turn-up, at which the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement and the carcass reinforcement are coupled over a length of between 15% and 65% of the distance between the end of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement and the radially innermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead line, and then decoupled by the first layer of polymer compound over a length of between 5% and 40% of the distance between the end of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement and the radially innermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead line up to the end of the turn-up, said point C being at a distance from the radially innermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead line of between 30% and 55% of the distance between the end of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement layer and the radially innermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead line.
Within the meaning of the invention, a hollow rim (15 ° groove) or drop center rim is a one-piece rim as defined by ETRTO, the seat of which is intended to receive the tyre bead and has a frustoconical shape forming an angle with the axial direction substantially equal to 15 °. These seats extend through a rim flange of reduced height, compared to a rim flange with a flat base, the rim seats of which have a substantially cylindrical shape.
The width L and various radii are measured in millimeters on a tire mounted on its nominal rim and inflated to its nominal pressure.
The angles α 1 and
The position of the axially outermost point of the main portion of the carcass reinforcement layer is determined on the assembled tyre inflated in nominal conditions. The measurement may be performed, for example, using a tomography technique.
The positions of the radially innermost and outermost points of the circumscribed circle on the bead line are determined on the cross-section of the tire, the spacing of the beads being the same as the spacing when the tire is mounted on the ETRTO recommended mounting rim, whereby the tire is neither mounted nor inflated.
Similarly, different distances are measured across the cross-section of the tire, particularly from the radially innermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead line, the bead spacing being the same as the spacing when the tire is mounted on the ETRTO recommended mounting rim, whereby the tire is neither mounted nor inflated.
Within the meaning of the present invention, the turn-ups of the carcass reinforcement layer and the carcass reinforcement are said to be coupled if the reinforcing elements of the respective turn-ups of the carcass reinforcement layer and the carcass reinforcement are separated by the rubber compound and the thickness of the rubber compound is substantially constant over a length greater than 15% of the distance between the end of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement and the radially innermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead line and at most 5 mm. The thickness of the rubber compound separating the reinforcing elements of the respective layers of carcass reinforcement and beads of carcass reinforcement is measured in a direction perpendicular to the reinforcing elements of the carcass reinforcement. Advantageously according to the invention, the reinforcing elements of each of the carcass reinforcement layer and the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement are separated by a rubber compound of at most 3.5mm of substantially constant thickness, preferably by a rubber compound of at least 0.8mm of substantially constant thickness, more preferably by a rubber compound of at least 2.5mm of substantially constant thickness.
Within the meaning of the present invention, the substantially constant thickness of the rubber compound separating the reinforcing elements of the respective layers of carcass reinforcement and of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement is a thickness that does not vary by more than 0.5 mm. Therefore, the variation in thickness is due only to the flow phenomenon during the manufacture and curing of the tire.
Within the meaning of the present invention, the beads of the carcass reinforcement layer and of the carcass reinforcement are said to be uncoupled if the thickness of the rubber compound separating the reinforcing elements of the carcass reinforcement layer and of the beads of the carcass reinforcement, respectively, radially outside the coupling zone is greater than the thickness of the coupling zone. Advantageously, therefore, the reinforcing elements of the respective layers of carcass reinforcement and of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement are separated by a rubber compound having a thickness of between 3mm and 8mm, measured between the layers of carcass reinforcement and the respective reinforcing elements of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement in a direction perpendicular to the reinforcing elements of the carcass reinforcement. Preferably according to the invention, in the decoupling zone, the reinforcing elements of the carcass reinforcement layer and of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement are separated by at most 6mm, preferably by at least 4 mm.
Within the meaning of the present invention, the first layer polymer compound may consist of several polymer compounds, the stiffness properties and more particularly the tensile elastic modulus at 10% elongation of which may vary. In the case where the first layer consists of several polymer compounds, they advantageously form a stiffness gradient which decreases from the bead wire to the radially outer end of said first layer.
Also advantageously, the tyre according to the invention is intended to be inflated to an inflation pressure P greater than or equal to 6.5 bar.
Preferably, according to the invention, the reinforcing elements of the two working crown layers are made of metal.
The inventors have been able to show that tyres thus prepared according to the present invention can be manufactured at lower costs than conventional practice. In particular, for a given temperature and pressure condition in the curing mould, it is possible, for example, to reduce the curing time of the tyre.
The tire thus defined according to the invention effectively has a lighter crown and bead area than a more conventional tire, wherein the cure time required to obtain the desired properties is substantially equivalent for the crown and bead area and is less than that of the more conventional tire. This reduction in curing time is associated with a better increase in the temperature of the polymer compound due to the smaller thickness.
The tyre defined according to the invention thus makes it possible to reduce the curing time without the need to modify the polymer compound or compounds in order to reduce or increase the time required for vulcanisation, and this varies according to the dimensions of the tyre. It is also not necessary to design complex and expensive molds with different materials to obtain locally varying thermal conductivities, the specific design of which depends on the size of the tyre.
Moreover, the lightening of the crown reinforcement and of the bead region of the tyre is accompanied by a simplification of the manufacturing process and a reduction of the manufacturing costs.
Surprisingly, the results effectively show that the tire according to the invention can be made to lighten by reducing the number of layers constituting the crown reinforcement, while maintaining or even improving the endurance performance of the tire crown, in particular with respect to the impact loads applied to the tread when driving over, for example, heavy stone. In particular, the person skilled in the art knows that, in order to improve the endurance performance of the crown reinforcement of a tire with respect to such impact loads, it is common practice to increase the number of layers of reinforcing elements.
The inventors believe that these results can be explained by the fact that: the angle formed by the reinforcing elements of the radially innermost working crown layer with the circumferential direction is, in absolute terms, a smaller angle than the angle formed by the reinforcing elements of the radially outermost working crown layer. They found that such a smaller angle seems to result in a delay in the absorption of the tensile force by the reinforcing element upon such an impact load. Typically, when the impact load is comparable to that observed when driving over a rocky ground, a fracture of the reinforcing element (if such a fracture occurs) is found in the radially innermost layer. These observations appear to indicate that, in the face of this type of attack, the angular difference of the reinforcing elements between the two working crown layers is capable of improving the endurance performance of the tire and at the same time reducing the number of layers in the crown reinforcement.
Advantageously, according to the invention, the fracture potential index F2/FR2 of the radially outermost working layer is less than 1/6, wherein:
FR2 is the breaking force under uniaxial extension of the cords of the radially outermost working layer,
F2＝p2*Tc*[(tan(|α1|)/(tan(|α1|)+tan(|α2|)))/cos2(|α2|)+CF]wherein
Tc＝0.092*P*Rs*(1-(Rs2-RL 2)/(2*Rt*Rs))，
P is the inflation pressure of the tire,
CF＝0.00035*(min((L-80)/sin(|α1|),(L-80)/sin(|α2|),480)-480)，
p2the pitch of laying of the reinforcing elements for the radially outermost working crown layer being perpendicular toThe reinforcing elements at the circumferential mid-plane are measured,
Rs＝Re–Es，
re is the outer radius of the tire, measured at the radially outermost point on the tread surface of the tire, said surface being extrapolated to fill any voids that may be present,
es is the radial distance between the radially outermost point of the tyre and its orthogonal projection on the radially outer surface of the reinforcing element of the radially innermost working crown layer,
RLis the average of the radii of the axially outermost points of the main portion of the carcass reinforcement layer on each side of the tire,
rt is the radius of a circle passing through three points located on the outer surface of the tread outside the void and defined from the shoulder ends at
Thickness Es and pitch p2Measured on a cross section of the tire and expressed in millimeters.
The inventors have also observed that the choice of the absolute value of the difference between the absolute values of the angles α and
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the absolute value of the difference between the absolute values of the
Also advantageously, according to the invention, the fracture potential index F2/FR2 of the radially outermost working layer is less than 1/8. Such a fracture potential index F2/FR2 further contributes to improving the endurance performance of the reinforcing elements of the radially outermost working layer in use of the tire.
Preferably, according to the invention, the fracture potential index F1/FR1 of the radially innermost working layer is less than 1/3, wherein:
F1＝p1*Tc*[(tan(|α2|)/(tan(|α1|)+tan(|α2|)))/cos2(|α1|)+CF]wherein
p1The pitch of laying of the reinforcing elements for the radially innermost working crown layer is measured perpendicular to the reinforcing elements at the circumferential mid-plane.
Also preferably, the fracture potential index F1/FR1 of the radially innermost working layer is at least 30% higher than the fracture potential index F2/FR2 of the radially outermost working layer.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the reinforcing elements of the working crown layer are inextensible metal cords.
According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, two working crown layers are present over at least 60% of the axial width of the crown reinforcement, and more advantageously over at least 80% of the axial width of the crown reinforcement, to form the only layers of the crown reinforcement. These advantageous embodiments of the invention are directed to further lightening the tire.
According to one preferred embodiment of the invention to optimize crown thinning of the tire, the two working crown layers are the only layers present over the entire axial width of the crown reinforcement to form the crown reinforcement.
Furthermore, tests carried out have shown that the bead area of the tyre thus prepared according to the invention contributes to reducing the mass of the tyre compared to tyres of more conventional design having an additional layer of reinforcing elements, for example of the reinforcing type, the performance in terms of endurance of the bead area being at least as good as, or even better than, that of said tyres of more conventional design.
These results are all the more surprising considering that the more conventional design of the bead region of this type of tire, with the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement such that the distance between the end of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement and the radially innermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead wire is less than 45% of the distance between the axially outermost point of the main portion of the carcass reinforcement layer and the radially innermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead wire, in particular improves the performance of the tire in terms of durability. In particular, it is common to design the tyre so that the beads of the carcass reinforcement have a reduced length so as to increase the distance between the beads of the carcass reinforcement and the carcass reinforcement, thus limiting as much as possible the shear deformations between the carcass reinforcement and its beads, mainly due to the phenomena of de-radiation that occur when the tyre is running.
In designs where the carcass reinforcement of the tire has beads and is intended in particular to be fitted on a hollow rim (15 ° drop well) or drop well rim and mounted on a vehicle carrying heavy loads, it is also usual to avoid any joint movement and even such coupling of the beads with the carcass reinforcement, thus avoiding any risk of shearing between the carcass reinforcement and its beads, which has an adverse effect on the first layer of polymer compound separating the carcass reinforcement and its beads.
The inventors have therefore been able to demonstrate that a tyre prepared according to the invention, in particular with a carcass reinforcement having a turn-up of greater length than the more conventional designs, with a turn-up coupled with the carcass reinforcement and then with a turn-up decoupled from the carcass reinforcement, combined with the relative dimensions and position of the different constituent elements of the tyre bead region, makes it possible to lighten the tyre and, unexpectedly, to maintain satisfactory performances in terms of the endurance of the bead region, or even to improve them.
According to one advantageous embodiment of the invention, the decoupling zone may be constituted by a first portion (called transition portion) extending the coupling zone, in which the thickness of the rubber compound separating the respective reinforcing elements of the layer of carcass reinforcement and the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement is increased, and a second portion, in which the thickness of the rubber compound separating the respective reinforcing elements of the layer of carcass reinforcement and the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement is substantially constant, of the radially outermost portion.
Advantageously, by increasing the thickness of the first layer of polymer compound, it is possible to decouple the bead and the carcass reinforcement after the coupling zone. This uncoupling makes it possible to compensate for the reduction in tension of the reinforcing elements of the carcass reinforcement towards the end of the turn-up thereof, thus absorbing the shear stresses between the carcass reinforcement and the turn-up thereof.
Advantageously, according to the invention, the decoupling length is between 15% and 35% of the distance between the end of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement and the radially innermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead wire.
Preferably, according to the invention, the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement and the carcass reinforcement are coupled over a length of between 25% and 40% of the distance between the end of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement and the radially innermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead line.
Advantageously, according to the invention, in a meridian section of said tyre, the radially outer end of the first layer of polymer compound is radially outside the end of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement.
According to a variant of embodiment of the invention, in a meridian section of the bead region of the tyre, the end of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement is radially outside the radially outer end of the second layer of polymer compound.
Further according to a variant of embodiment of the invention, in a meridian section of the bead region of the tyre, the end of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement is radially inside the radially outer end of the second layer of polymer compound.
Still advantageously, further in accordance with a variant of embodiment of the bead area of the tire according to the present invention, the radially outer end of the second layer of polymeric compound is radially outside the radially outer end of the third layer of polymeric compound.
Advantageously, according to the invention, the radially inner end of the second layer of polymeric compound is radially interposed between the radially outermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead line and the radially innermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead line. This positioning is determined on a section of the tire having the same spacing of the beads as when the tire is mounted on the ETRTO recommended mounting rim, the tire being neither mounted nor inflated.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the tensile modulus of elasticity at 10% elongation of the calendered layers of the carcass reinforcement layer is between 4MPa and 16MPa, preferably between 8MPa and 12 MPa. These values make it possible in particular to define a desired compromise between the performances in terms of durability of the bead region of the tire and in terms of its rolling resistance. In the case of a crown reinforcement consisting of only two working layers, these values also make it possible to ensure better cohesion between the crown reinforcement and the carcass reinforcement.
Preferably, according to the invention, the modulus of elasticity in tension at 10% elongation of the first layer of polymer compound is less than or equal to the modulus of elasticity in tension at 10% elongation of the calendering of the carcass reinforcement layer. This choice makes it possible in particular to concentrate the shear forces within the first layer of polymer compound.
Also preferably, according to the invention, the modulus of elasticity in tension at 10% elongation of the first layer of polymer compound is greater than 50% of the modulus of elasticity in tension at 10% elongation of the calendering of the carcass reinforcement layer, and preferably greater than 70% of the modulus of elasticity in tension at 10% elongation of the calendering of the carcass reinforcement layer. This choice makes it possible to keep shear forces within the first layer of polymer compound while ensuring good performance in terms of durability.
Advantageously, according to the invention, the modulus of elasticity in tension at 10% elongation of the second layer of polymeric compound is less than 150% of the modulus of elasticity in tension at 10% elongation of the calendering of the carcass reinforcement layer, and preferably strictly less than 25 MPa; advantageously, it is also greater than the tensile elastic modulus at 10% elongation of the first layer polymer compound. According to this advantageous embodiment of the invention, the second layer of polymer compound confers sufficient rigidity to ensure good durability of the tyre when pressure is applied to the rim flange, while ensuring satisfactory performances in terms of rolling resistance.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, in order to facilitate a compromise between the properties in terms of durability and the properties in terms of rolling resistance, the modulus of elasticity in tension of the polymer compound of the first layer at 10% elongation is greater than or equal to the modulus of elasticity in tension of the polymer compound of the third layer at 10% elongation, the modulus of elasticity in tension of the polymer compound of the third layer at 10% elongation itself being greater than or equal to the modulus of elasticity in tension of the polymer compound of the fourth layer at 10% elongation.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, in each meridian plane, over the length of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement defined radially between the end of said turn-up and a point located at a distance from the radially innermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead line (said distance being equal to 65% of the distance between the end of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement and the radially innermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead line), each point of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement is at a distance from the outer surface of the tyre of less than 10 mm. It is also preferred that, over the length of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement defined radially between the end of said turn-up and a point located at a distance from the radially innermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead line (said distance being equal to 50% of the distance between the end of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement and the radially innermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead line), each point of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement is at a distance of less than 10mm from the outer surface of the tyre.
It is further advantageous according to the invention that, in each meridian plane, over a certain radial distance, the thickness of the fourth layer of polymeric compound (which forms the outer surface of the sidewall), measured at the end of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement in a direction perpendicular to the reinforcing elements of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement, is substantially constant; the certain radial distance starts radially outside the end of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement at a radial distance from the end of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement equal to 2.5 times the diameter of the reinforcing elements of the carcass reinforcement and extends radially towards the outside by more than 4mm, preferably more than 10 mm.
It is further advantageous according to the invention that, in each meridian plane, over a certain radial distance, the thickness of the fourth layer of polymeric compound (which forms the outer surface of the sidewall), measured at the end of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement in a direction perpendicular to the reinforcing elements of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement, is substantially constant; the certain radial distance starts radially inside the end of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement at a radial distance from the end of the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement equal to 2.5 times the diameter of the reinforcing elements of the carcass reinforcement and extends radially towards the inside by more than 4mm, preferably more than 10 mm.
Within the meaning of the present invention, the expression "substantially constant thickness" means that the thickness does not vary by more than 0.5 mm. These variations in thickness are due solely to flow phenomena during the manufacture and curing of the tyre.
The fourth layer of polymer compound thus produced according to the invention seems to contribute to better positioning and application of the first layer of polymer compound to ensure coupling and uncoupling of the carcass reinforcement layer and the turn-up of the carcass reinforcement.
According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, in each meridian plane, in each bead, the tyre has a retention reinforcement around the bead wire and a volume of rubber compound in direct contact with the bead wire.
Such a retention reinforcement is capable of limiting the variations in the shape of the bead wire during use of the tire, maintaining satisfactory performance in particular in terms of durability. In particular, the tyre according to the invention, the structure of which leads to a weight reduction, may in some use cases or rolling types lead to geometrical variations in the bead region which may be detrimental to the performance in terms of tyre durability. The presence of the proposed retention reinforcement makes it possible to delay or even avoid said geometric variations. It is further advantageous according to the invention that the retention reinforcement consists of a layer of textile reinforcement elements of the aliphatic polyamide type.
Advantageously according to the invention, the bead wire is a bead wire bundle, i.e. a bead wire formed by an assembly of rubberized wires wound around a preferably hexagonal shape.
According to one embodiment of the invention, in particular in order to further improve the performance in terms of tire durability, the carcass reinforcement is formed of cords whose structure is highly saturated with the polymer compound. These cords may for example be cords such that: its construction increases its ability to be penetrated by the polymer compound. These cords may also be such cords: the polymer compound is introduced during the manufacture of the cord itself. These cords are, for example, cords having at least two layers, at least one inner layer being covered by a layer consisting of a rubber composition which is not crosslinkable, crosslinkable or crosslinked, preferably based on at least one diene elastomer.
According to a variant of a further embodiment of the invention, which compensates the tyre performance compromise in a less advantageous way in terms of lightening and curing/vulcanisation time, the crown reinforcement comprises an additional layer, called protective layer, radially on the outside of the working crown layer, preferably centred on the circumferential mid-plane. The reinforcing elements of such a protective layer are preferably reinforcing elements, known as elastic reinforcing elements, which are oriented at an angle of between 8 ° and 45 ° with respect to the circumferential direction and are in the same direction as the angle formed by the reinforcing elements of the working layer radially adjacent thereto. It is also preferred that the reinforcing elements of such a protective layer are parallel to the reinforcing elements of the working layer radially adjacent thereto.
Other variants may also provide for the crown reinforcement to be supplemented between the carcass reinforcement and the radially internal working layer closest to said carcass reinforcement by a triangular layer made of inextensible steel metal reinforcing elements forming an angle greater than 45 ° with the circumferential direction and having the same direction as the angle formed by the reinforcing elements of the radially closest layer of the carcass reinforcement. Advantageously, the triangular layer is made up of two half-layers, which are located axially on each side of the circumferential mid-plane.
The tyre according to the invention may also have one or more layers of circumferential reinforcing elements, advantageously consisting of two half-layers axially on each side of the circumferential mid-plane.
Drawings
Further details and advantageous features of the invention will become apparent from the following description of an exemplary embodiment of the invention with reference to fig. 1 and 2, in which:
figure 1 shows a meridian view of a tyre according to one embodiment of the present invention,
fig. 2 shows an enlarged schematic view of the bead region of the tire in fig. 1.
Detailed Description
The drawings are not necessarily to scale so as to make them more readily understood.
Fig. 1 shows only a half view of a tyre, which extends symmetrically with respect to an axis XX' representing the circumferential mid-plane or equatorial plane of the tyre.
Fig. 1 shows a
In fig. 1, the
a
a
The metal cords constituting the reinforcing elements of the two working layers are the cords of formula 9.35. They are distributed in each working layer with a distance between the reinforcing elements equal to 2mm, measured along the normal to the direction of the bisector of the cord.
The tire was inflated to a pressure of 8.5 bar.
Axial width L of first working
Axial width L of the
Axial width L of tread5Equal to 215 mm.
The axial width L is equal to 302 mm.
The difference between the angle formed by the cords of the first working
The average angle is equal to 22.1 ° and is clearly between 20.4 ° and 28.0 °.
Re was measured equal to 541.7 mm.
The measured value of Es equals 22.3 mm.
The average value RL of the measured radii is equal to 410 mm.
The value Rt determined on the tyre is equal to 900 mm.
The calculated value of Tc is equal to 362.0N/mm.
CFCalculated value of-0.01.
The value of F1 is equal to 514.4N.
The value of F2 is equal to 311.2N.
The breaking forces FR1 and FR2 of the reinforcing elements of the working crown layer are equal to 2600N.
The fracture potential index (ratio d' failure du polytienel de failure) F2/FR2 equals 12.0%.
The fracture potential index F1/FR1 equals 19.8%.
The fracture potential index F1/FR1 is 65% higher than the fracture potential index F2/
The
The reinforcing elements of the
The carcass reinforcement cord of said
Fig. 1 shows a tire fitted on its nominal rim J; thus, the axially outermost point E of the main part of the
Fig. 2 shows, in an enlarged manner, a schematic cross-sectional view of a
This figure 2 shows a circumscribed circle T on the
The radially outermost point B of the circle T is also determined.
Distance d between point E and point AEEqual to 128 mm.
Distance d between
Distance dRAnd a distance dEThe ratio between is equal to 70% and therefore between 45% and 90%.
The turn-
Distance dCAnd a distance dRThe ratio between is equal to 41% and therefore between 30% and 55%.
Then, the turn-
The coupling thickness between the main portion of the
The uncoupling length between point D and
The turn-
The profile of the first layer of polymer compound 9 is designed to abut against the
The second layer of
The second layer of
In contact with the second layer of
The third layer of
In axial contact with the first layer 9, the
The fourth layer of
In the areas located on both sides of the
Thus, the combined mass of the two working
The mass of the tire according to the invention was 53.5 kg.
The tyre according to the invention is compared with a reference tyre R of the same dimensions, which differs from the tyre according to the invention in that its crown reinforcement is formed radially from the inside outwards by:
a V-ply consisting of two half-plies and formed of non-coated 9.28 inextensible metal cords oriented at an angle equal to 65 °,
-a first working layer formed by metal cords oriented at an angle equal to 26 °,
-a second working layer formed of metal cords oriented at an angle equal to 18 ° and crossed with respect to the metal cords of the first working layer, the cords of each of the working layers being oriented on each side of the circumferential direction,
a protective layer formed by elastic metal cords 6.35.
The metal cords of both working layers are the cords of formula 9.35. They are distributed in each working layer with a distance between the reinforcing elements equal to 2mm, measured in a direction perpendicular to the bisector of the cord. Thus, the two working crown layers differ from the working crown layers of the tire according to the invention only in terms of angle.
The reference tire R also differs from the tire according to the invention by the presence of a reinforcement and more conventional bead regions, wherein in particular the distance between the turn-up end of the carcass reinforcement layer and the radially innermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead line is equal to 37% of the distance between the axially outermost point of the main portion of the carcass reinforcement layer and the radially innermost point of the circumscribed circle on the bead line, and the tensile modulus of the second layer of polymer compound at 10% elongation is equal to 3.7MPa, less than the tensile modulus of the carcass reinforcement layer equal to 9.8 MPa.
The reference tire was inflated to a pressure of 8.5 bar.
The total axial width of the triangular layers is equal to 180mm and the width of each half ply is equal to 60 mm.
The axial width of the first working layer is equal to 220 mm.
The axial width of the second working layer is equal to 200 mm.
The axial width of the protective layer is equal to 136 mm.
The absolute value of the difference between the absolute value of the angle formed by the cords of the first working crown layer and the circumferential direction and the absolute value of the angle formed by the cords of the second working crown layer is equal to 8 °, in terms of absolute value, the maximum angle being the angle of the radially innermost working crown layer, unlike the present invention.
The average angle is equal to 21.7 °.
The value of F1 is equal to 320N.
The value of F2 is equal to 392N.
The values of F1 and F2 were obtained by finite element simulation, and a large number of reinforcement plies in the crown could not be used with a simple analytical model.
The breaking forces FR1 and FR2 of the reinforcing elements of the working crown layer are equal to 2600N.
The fracture potential index F2/FR2 is equal to 15.1%.
The fracture potential index F1/FR1 is equal to 12.3%.
The fracture potential index F1/FR1 was 22.7% lower than the fracture potential index F2/
The combined mass of the working, protective and triangular layers of the reference tire (including the mass of the metal cord and the calendering compound) amounted to 10.0 kg.
The reference tire had a mass of 62.9 kg.
The following table gives the time (in minutes) required to cure the tire at 145.5 ℃ on the mold side, 158 ℃ on the cavity side and 16 bar pressure:
reference device
48
The invention
40
Tests were carried out using tires produced according to the invention and reference tires.
A first endurance test was performed on a testing machine that forced each tire to travel in a straight line at an initial load of 3550daN at a speed equal to the maximum speed rating (speed index) assigned to the tire, which was gradually increased in order to reduce the duration of the test.
Other durability tests were conducted on a testing machine that periodically applied lateral loads and dynamic overloads to the tire. The tests were carried out on the tyre according to the invention under the same conditions as applied to the reference tyre.
The tests carried out thus show that the distances covered in each test are substantially the same for the tire according to the invention and for the reference tire. It is therefore evident that the tyre according to the invention, when running on asphalt pavement, exhibits substantially equivalent performances in terms of endurance of the crown reinforcement to the reference tyre.
Tests aimed at characterizing the breaking strength of the crown reinforcement of a tire subjected to impact loading were also carried out. These tests consist in running the tyre on a cylindrical obstacle or dimpled tool with a diameter equal to 1.5 inches (i.e. 38.1mm) and with a determined height, inflating the tyre to the recommended pressure and subjecting it to the recommended load. The breaking strength is characterized by the critical height of the intaglio tool, i.e. the maximum height of the intaglio tool that results in complete breaking of the crown reinforcement (i.e. breaking of all the crown layers). These values represent the energy required to break the crown block. These values are represented with reference to a base 100, said base 100 corresponding to the values measured for the reference tyre.
Reference device
100
The invention
115
These results show that, although the tyre is lightened by reducing the mass of the crown reinforcement of the tyre, the energy at break is significantly higher when the tread surface is subjected to impact loads.
In order to test the endurance of the bead region of the tire, a further endurance test was also carried out by running two mutually shaved tires at a speed of 30km/h with a regulated pressure of 8 bar, inflated with nitrogen and loaded with 6786 daN.
The tests were carried out on the tyre according to the invention under the same conditions as applied to the reference tyre.
The performance results of the tests performed on the reference tire R are set to the base 100. The test was stopped when the lower region of the tire deteriorated.
The measurement results are given in the following table. They are expressed in relative distance, the value 100 being assigned to the tire R.
Reference device
100
The invention
254
Furthermore, rolling resistance measurements were made.
The results of the measurements are given in the table below; they are expressed in kg/t and the value 100 is assigned to the tire R.
Reference device
100
The invention
98
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