Blending method for curing tobacco leaves by water in shading environment
阅读说明：本技术 一种在遮光环境内用水养熟烟叶的调制方法 (Blending method for curing tobacco leaves by water in shading environment ) 是由 刘奕平 陈德清 何健 游连蔚 吴志高 方正华 黄鹤鸣 林先塔 胡兴川 叶庄钦 杨 于 2019-10-17 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种在遮光环境内用水养熟烟叶的调制方法,其特征在于,遮光和水养协同进行；遮光即把田间生长的烟株在其根部或茎杆割断后集中在遮光环境内,阻止烟叶光合作用；水养即把烟株割断后的断口端浸入水中,为烟株提供充足水分,维持烟叶成熟过程的生理代谢；直到烟叶成熟度达到工艺成熟要求时再进行后续的调制、干制加工。本发明能对烟株上着生的烟叶在抑制光合作用的同时保持生命活力,使烟叶的物理和生物化学变化向有利于提升品质的方向转化,提高烟叶成熟度,尤其使上部烟叶的叶片结构更加疏松、柔软,提高工业可用性,达到防灾、减灾、保质、稳收的目的。(The invention discloses a method for preparing water-cured tobacco leaves in a shading environment, which is characterized in that shading and water curing are carried out in a synergistic manner; shading, namely, the tobacco plants growing in the field are concentrated in a shading environment after the roots or stems of the tobacco plants are cut off, so that the photosynthesis of the tobacco leaves is prevented; the water culture is to immerse the cut fracture end of the tobacco plant into water to provide sufficient water for the tobacco plant and maintain the physiological metabolism of the tobacco leaf in the mature process; and performing subsequent modulation and drying processing until the maturity of the tobacco leaves meets the process maturity requirement. The invention can keep the life activity of the tobacco leaves growing on the tobacco plants while inhibiting photosynthesis, convert the physical and biochemical changes of the tobacco leaves to the direction beneficial to improving the quality, improve the maturity of the tobacco leaves, particularly ensure that the leaf structure of the upper tobacco leaves is looser and softer, improve the industrial availability and achieve the purposes of disaster prevention, disaster reduction, quality guarantee and stable harvest.)
1. A method for curing tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment is characterized in that shading and water curing are carried out cooperatively; shading, namely, the tobacco plants growing in the field are concentrated in a shading environment after the roots or stems of the tobacco plants are cut off, so that the photosynthesis of the tobacco leaves is prevented; the water culture is to immerse the cut fracture end of the tobacco plant into water to provide sufficient water for the tobacco plant and maintain the physiological metabolism of the tobacco leaf in the mature process; and performing subsequent modulation and drying processing until the maturity of the tobacco leaves meets the process maturity requirement.
2. The method for curing water-cured tobacco leaves in a lightproof environment according to claim 1, wherein the lightproof and water-cured curing places are set according to the growing positions of tobacco plants in the field in the vicinity, so that the distance for transporting the cut tobacco plants is shortened as much as possible, and the damage to the tobacco leaves is reduced.
3. The curing method of water-cured tobacco leaves in a lightproof environment according to claim 2, wherein the lightproof and water-cured curing field is filled with water in one or more furrows of a field in which tobacco is planted; cutting off the tobacco plant growing around the root or the stem, and then moving the tobacco plant into the furrow and standing the tobacco plant in the furrow; immersing the cut end of the tobacco plant into water; and covered with a shade over the tobacco plant.
4. The method for curing tobacco leaves cured by water in a lightproof environment according to claim 2, wherein the lightproof and water-curing field is located indoors, or in a storehouse, or in a production site with a ceiling, or in a trench in a field, or in a bank, or in a ditch, or in a forest, or in a shade in a bamboo forest.
5. The method for curing tobacco leaves cured by water in a lightproof environment according to claim 2, wherein the conditions for the water-blocking curing are also achieved by directly covering a shade above tobacco plants growing in the field and providing the rhizosphere soil of the tobacco plants with a saturated relative water holding capacity.
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco harvesting and modulation, and particularly relates to a tobacco maturity technology.
Background
The types of artificially planted tobacco are classified into flue-cured tobacco, sun-cured tobacco (mainly burley tobacco and aromatic tobacco) and the like according to a preparation method, and the preparation process is a process in which physical and biochemical changes inside tobacco leaves are accompanied by dehydration and drying. The tobacco leaf modulation process is from the beginning of field harvest (or harvest) of fresh tobacco (Raw) to the end of leaf drying, and the key technology is the tobacco leaf Maturity (Maturity).
The known definition of the maturity of the tobacco leaves refers to the maturity of the tobacco leaves after modulation, is the degree or state that the physical and biochemical changes expressed inside the tobacco leaves on the appearance characteristics meet the processing requirements of cigarettes and meet the needs of smokers, and is the degree of closeness between the state reached by the tobacco leaves after modulation and an ideal state.
With the improvement of maturity, the internal quality of the tobacco leaves is gradually improved, which is shown in that the quality of the aroma is changed from poor to good, the aroma amount is gradually increased, the miscellaneous gas is gradually reduced, the irritation is gradually reduced, the filling capacity is gradually increased, the combustibility is gradually intensified, and various chemical components are more harmonious. The internal quality of the tobacco leaves can be judged and evaluated by using appearance characteristics, the disclosed technical standards and documents of the tobacco leaves are all clarified, and the main appearance characteristics of the mature (ripe) tobacco leaves which reach an ideal state after modulation are as follows: the blade structure is more loose (openleaf structure) and soft (fleshy); more oil (rich in oil); more concentrated chroma (deep color); more elastic and extensible (Spready).
The change process of the physical and biochemical changes in the tobacco leaves on the appearance characteristics is the mature process of the tobacco leaves. The maturity of the tobacco leaves before field harvesting (or harvesting) is called field maturity; the maturity of tobacco leaves in the process of curing is called curing maturity. The field maturity and the modulation maturity are continuous and gradual processes starting from the top to the bottom. The tobacco leaf maturation process is as follows:
tobacco leaves produce organic matters through photosynthesis, decompose and convert the organic matters through respiration, and generate energy for life activities, namely metabolism of plants, and support life processes of the tobacco leaves. In the vigorous growth period of the tobacco leaves, the synthetic amount of organic matters is larger than the consumption amount, and the tobacco leaves in the period are in a dry matter accumulation stage. When the life process of the tobacco leaves reaches a certain period, the synthetic amount and the consumption of organic matters are basically kept flat, and the dry matter accumulation amount in the tobacco leaves reaches a peak. The physiological maturity is usually called when the dry matter accumulation of tobacco leaves in the field reaches the peak. The dry matter component of the physiologically mature tobacco leaves is mainly starch and protein substances. Starch is one of precursor substances generated by tobacco fragrance substances, but the starch is a component which is not favorable for fragrance and taste; protein is an important substance influencing the flavor of tobacco leaf fragrance, and is not beneficial to smoking no matter too much or too little. Due to the limitations of the existing tobacco leaf preparation equipment and technology, the tobacco leaves in the physiological mature period are difficult to prepare with satisfactory quality.
After the physiological maturation period, as the photosynthesis of the tobacco leaves is weakened, the synthetic amount of organic matters is less than the amount consumed by respiration, so that the dry matter accumulation of the tobacco leaves is increased negatively, and the life of the tobacco leaves enters the senescence period. During this period, starch and protein in the tobacco leaves are continuously degraded, and the color of the tobacco leaves gradually turns yellow to meet the requirements of the modulation process (i.e. the ideal state which can be realized by modulation equipment and modulation technology), and the period is called the field process maturation period.
The tobacco leaves reaching the field process maturity enter a conditioning stage after being harvested (or harvested). In a period of time in the initial stage of modulation (mainly in the yellowing stage), the living bodies of the tobacco leaves are subjected to starvation metabolism, starch is continuously decomposed in a large amount, protein is degraded to a range meeting the smoking requirement, and substances such as sugar, amino acid, organic acid and lower fatty acid which are beneficial to the flavor of the tobacco leaves are accumulated, converted and condensed. And finally, the physical and biochemical changes in the tobacco leaves reach the optimal state of being in accordance with smoking, and the tobacco leaves are dried and fixed, so that the tobacco leaves which realize the changes are the cured (ripe) tobacco leaves. The tobacco leaves with sufficient nutrition accumulation (mainly the upper leaves) can produce the well-done (well) tobacco leaves when the field maturity and the modulation maturity reach ideal states. In the actual production, the quantity of the completely cured tobacco leaves is not large, but represents the mastery level of the tobacco leaf maturity technology. Over-ripened (over-riped) tobacco leaves may be produced from tobacco leaves with insufficient nutrient accumulation and excessive consumption of respiratory metabolism; the lower leaves, which are under-enriched with nutrients, may also exhibit a pseudo-maturity characteristic (maturity). The quality indexes of over-cured tobacco leaves and pseudo-cured tobacco leaves are inferior to those of the cured tobacco leaves.
From the above tobacco leaf maturation process, under the condition that various conditions such as ecological environment, variety and production technology are suitable, the physical and biochemical changes in the tobacco leaf should reach the most ideal state, including excellent physical properties, coordinated chemical components, pleasant smoke and the like, all meet the requirements of smokers. However, agricultural production is limited by a plurality of objective factors, and various unfavorable factors exist in the aspects of climate conditions, tobacco nutrition conditions, modulation equipment, crop rotation system, production organization management and the like, so that the tobacco maturity is difficult to reach an ideal state, and the problem of insufficient tobacco maturity generally exists.
Fresh tobacco (Raw) collected due to insufficient maturity in the field stage mainly comprises green (crop), immature (immaturity), immature (unripe), physiological mature (mature), mature or nearly mature (under-ripe). These are mainly caused by the following factors:
1. various disasters of tobacco production frequently occur, including flood, drought, storm, hail, extreme high-temperature sunburn or low-temperature freeze injury and other meteorological disasters cause that the tobacco cannot normally mature; besides the weather disasters, the tobacco leaves can not be matured normally when various diseases occur.
2. The ideal air temperature for normal maturity of tobacco leaves in the field is 24-25 ℃. Even milder high temperatures (e.g. air temperature above 30 ℃) or milder low temperatures (e.g. air temperature below 17 ℃) significantly affect the state of maturity of tobacco leaves in the field stage.
3. Due to the rotation arrangement, when the tobacco is planted as the crop later, tobacco leaves with insufficient field maturity have to be harvested in advance.
4. Because the capacity of the curing barn is basically fixed, when the harvesting quantity of the field mature tobacco leaves can not meet the capacity requirement of the curing barn, other tobacco leaves which are not mature enough in the field have to be harvested in advance.
5. When the nutrition accumulated by the tobacco leaves is not coordinated or is excessive or insufficient, the tobacco leaves are difficult to reach an ideal mature state in the field growth stage.
6. When the tobacco leaf harvesting personnel master the maturity of the tobacco leaves incorrectly, the tobacco leaves with insufficient maturity are harvested in advance.
The produced brewed leaves (Cured) are mainly dead blue (Fire-kill), cyan (Green), micro-stripe blue (Greenish), smooth (slice), paper leaves (paper), Variegated leaves (Variegated), Variegated brown Red (Variegated Dark Red), Variegated Red baked or colored, etc., which are mainly generated by the following factors:
1. the tobacco leaves which do not reach the mature state of the process in the field growth stage are difficult to realize the ideal mature state in the modulation stage.
2. Even if the tobacco leaves reach the mature state of the process in the field growth stage, the problem of insufficient after-ripening of the tobacco leaves after the tobacco leaves are not properly prepared can occur in the preparation stage. The tobacco leaves which are normal in growth and development, coordinated in nutrition and capable of meeting the mature requirements are harvested, if the modulation equipment is poor or the modulation technology fails, the tobacco leaves cannot be subjected to normal biochemical change, and the mature tobacco leaves cannot be produced. The defects of the modulation equipment mainly include problems of temperature rise and control, moisture preservation and moisture discharge; the making process technology has errors mainly due to the fact that the temperature and humidity of the curing barn are not adjusted and controlled in coordination with the physical and biochemical change state and the water loss state of the tobacco leaves.
The main root of insufficient maturity in the preparation stage is that the activity of tobacco leaves in the initial preparation stage is poor, and physiological metabolism is obstructed, which is a relatively complex technology requiring practical operation experience.
The harvesting method has great influence on the maturity of the tobacco leaves. In any type of tobacco, there are known three methods of harvesting fresh tobacco leaves, whole-plant stem-cut harvesting and upper-leaf stem-cut harvesting. The fresh tobacco leaf harvesting is to pick the leaves of the tobacco leaves growing on the stems of the tobacco plants in the field, so that the problems of damage, stuffiness and suffocation, premature dehydration of part of leaf tissues and the like easily occur in the operation process, and the normal operation of biochemical change is influenced by the deterioration of the activity of the tobacco leaves; the maturity of each part of the tobacco leaves cut and harvested with the whole plant with stems is inconsistent, and the Uniformity (Uniformity) of the tobacco leaves after modulation is poor, and the tobacco leaves have more Mixed colors and damages (inflow); upper leaf stem cut harvest, although improving the quality of the cured tobacco leaves to some extent, requires more fuel and more curing time for the cured tobacco (tobacco-cured) curing process.
As mentioned above, agricultural production is limited by many objective factors, making it difficult to achieve the desired tobacco maturity. In actual production, the problem of insufficient tobacco leaf maturity generally exists, and especially, the upper tobacco leaf has poor maturity and a stiff structure, so that the industrial usability of the tobacco leaf is influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention discloses a method for curing tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment, and aims to provide a method for curing tobacco leaves in favor of curing the tobacco leaves continuously after the tobacco plants are harvested, so that the defect that the tobacco leaves in the field are not sufficiently cured is overcome, and the curing maturity of the tobacco leaves is improved.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a modulation method for curing tobacco leaves with water in a shading environment has the technical key points that shading and water curing are carried out cooperatively; shading, namely, the tobacco plants growing in the field are concentrated in a shading environment after the roots or stems of the tobacco plants are cut off, so that the photosynthesis of the tobacco leaves is prevented; the water culture is to immerse the cut fracture end of the tobacco plant into water to provide sufficient water for the tobacco plant and maintain the physiological metabolism of the tobacco leaf in the mature process; the physical and biochemical changes of the tobacco leaf in the process of maturing are converted to the direction which is beneficial to improving the quality, and the subsequent modulation and drying processing are carried out until the maturity of the tobacco leaf reaches the process maturity requirement.
In the technical scheme of the invention, the following conditions and methods are mastered:
1. judging whether the tobacco leaves have normal mature conditions in the field
After the field-grown tobacco plants enter a mature period, the tobacco leaves are normally mature from bottom to top in sequence, so the tobacco leaves below the middle part are generally better in field mature conditions than the tobacco leaves above. For tobacco leaves below the middle, it is recommended to leave them in the field until they are ripe for harvest. Only when the predicted disaster risk comes (such as disaster alarm of weather forecast) or other adverse factors (such as limitation of planting season of later crops, labor employment, technology and equipment and the like or early disease and imminent outbreak) which limit the normal maturity of tobacco leaves can not be avoided, tobacco plants with insufficient field maturity have to be harvested in advance.
2. Tobacco plant harvesting method
The number of leaves of tobacco plants suitable for harvesting is generally within 12, preferably 6-10, and the more the number of leaves is, the poorer the uniformity of the appearance of tobacco leaves is.
The cut-off position of the tobacco plant is between the root system and the stem of the growing leaf, and the cut-off position can comprise the cut-off of the tobacco plant by the underground partial root system or the cut-off of the tobacco plant by the overground partial root system.
The simplest and most convenient operation method is to cut off the base part of the tobacco plant stem close to the ground surface.
3. Light shading and water curing method
The light-shading and water-culturing modulation places are arranged nearby the growing positions of tobacco plants in the field, so that the conveying distance of the cut tobacco plants is shortened as far as possible, and the tobacco leaf damage is reduced.
The most common method is to irrigate one or several furrows in the field where the tobacco is planted; cutting off the tobacco plant growing around the root or the stem, and then moving the tobacco plant into the furrow and standing the tobacco plant in the furrow; immersing the cut end of the tobacco plant into water; and covered with a shade over the tobacco plant.
The preparation place of the shading and water-curing tobacco leaves can also be in an indoor place, or a storehouse, or a production place with a ceiling; or in the shade of the field, or the ridge, or the ditch, or the forest or the bamboo forest. And a shade can be directly covered above the tobacco plants growing in the field, and the relative water holding capacity of the rhizosphere soil of the tobacco plants is provided to reach a saturated state, so that the conditions of shading, water retaining and cultivation are realized.
The light shield can prevent photosynthesis of tobacco leaves, can protect the tobacco leaves from being influenced or damaged by rain, wind, extreme high temperature or low temperature and various disasters, and is favorable for keeping the life vitality of tobacco plants.
The material of the shade can be an opaque black film or a sufficiently dense black net or an opaque plate. The light shading rate of the materials is more than 70%, so that the photosynthesis intensity of the tobacco leaves can be greatly reduced, but in sunny strong sunshine weather, the higher the light shading rate is, the better the light shading rate is.
The harvested tobacco plants must be placed in a shading environment as soon as possible, and fracture ends are immersed in water as soon as possible, so that sufficient moisture can be provided for the tobacco plants under the conditions that the transpiration amount of the tobacco leaves is reduced and the moisture conveying power is insufficient after the tobacco plants are harvested, the life activity of the tobacco leaves is kept, and the living physiological metabolism function of the tobacco leaves is maintained. The water may be in a flowing state or a relatively static state, depending on the convenience of the conditions. The water used must be clean water, and substances beneficial to regulating physiological and metabolic activities of tobacco leaves can be added into the water, for example, the water is used
4. Blade picking opportunity and method
And for the tobacco leaves which need to be picked for subsequent modulation and drying, the leaves are picked again when the maturity of the tobacco leaves reaches the maturity requirement of the subsequent modulation process after the shading water culture. For the cured tobacco with normal nutrient accumulation, the leaves are generally picked about 5 days after the cured tobacco is cured in the shade water, and the cured tobacco is flexibly mastered according to the mature condition of the tobacco leaves. For example, tobacco leaves with better maturity are preferably picked within 5 days after being nourished in light-proof water; tobacco leaves with insufficient maturity are preferably picked after being cultured in shade water for 5 days. If the time for shading water-feeding is too long (for example, more than 8 days) for the tobacco leaves with poor nutrient accumulation in the field, the tobacco leaves are over-ripened (over-riped) due to the over-consumption of the respiratory metabolism content, and Oxidized leaves (black-grains) are easy to generate.
The leaf picking method of flue-cured tobacco, burley tobacco and aromatic tobacco is the same as the common field picking method.
6. Method for modulating picked leaves
For flue-cured tobacco, leaves are put into a curing barn for curing as soon as possible after being picked. The baking starting temperature is 38-42 ℃, and the specific temperature is determined according to the variety characteristics of tobacco leaves and the fresh tobacco condition. It should be noted that "slow yellowing at low temperature" (which means starting temperature below 38 ℃ C. for more than 10 hours) tends to over-mature the tobacco leaves due to excessive consumption of respiratory metabolites and to easily generate oxidized leaves (black-spoiled tobacco). Other modulation methods are the same as the general method.
The technical advantages of the invention are as follows:
1. the tobacco leaves can be harvested before a meteorological disaster comes or before a disease outbreak, and the tobacco plants are intensively covered with light shields (such as films, nets, plates and the like), so that the tobacco leaves can be protected when encountering disasters such as rainstorm, flood, drought, storm, hail, extreme high-temperature sunburn or low-temperature freezing injury while being shielded from light and water. Particularly, the weight, the quality and the value of the middle and upper tobacco leaves are high, and once the middle and upper tobacco leaves are subjected to disastrous losses, the purposes of disaster prevention, disaster reduction, quality guarantee and stable collection can be achieved by applying the invention.
2. The method can create more stable temperature and humidity conditions in a shading water-curing environment, is favorable for keeping the life activity of the harvested tobacco plants, maintains the physiological metabolism of the tobacco leaf in the maturation process, overcomes the defect of insufficient field maturity of fresh tobacco, enables the maturity state of the modulated tobacco leaves to be closer to an ideal state, ensures the leaf blade structure of the modulated tobacco leaves to be looser and softer, has better color Uniformity (Uniformity), can produce well-matured (mellow) characteristic tobacco leaves particularly for the upper tobacco leaves with better field maturation after shading water-curing, and obviously improves the usability of the upper tobacco leaves.
3. The physical properties of fresh tobacco can be improved, so that the tobacco leaves become softer from the brittle and hard properties when growing in the field after shading and water curing, the leaves are not easy to damage in the picking and carrying processes, healthy leaves (Sound) are more, and the output proportion of green marks, mixed colors and damaged tobacco leaves is obviously reduced.
4. Can improve the baking characteristic of the flue-cured tobacco, improve the easy baking performance of the tobacco, and the cured tobacco is not easy to have the characteristics of green, smooth, stiff and the like.
5. Because the tobacco leaf baking starting temperature is higher, the moisture removing and color fixing time of the tobacco leaves is accelerated, the baking time of 1-2 days can be correspondingly shortened, the fuel is saved, and the utilization rate of the baking room is improved.
6. The tobacco leaves can be harvested in advance, the quality and stable harvest of the tobacco leaves are guaranteed, meanwhile, the later crops of the tobacco leaves can be planted in advance, and the comprehensive agricultural benefit is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a field grown tobacco plant;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a tobacco plant cut down and concentrated in a light-shielding water culture.
Detailed Description
The attached drawing is a schematic view of curing tobacco leaves with water in a light-shielded environment, and shows a method for setting a curing place where tobacco plants are concentrated. In practical application, the tobacco plants can be respectively and repeatedly arranged nearby the growing positions of the tobacco plants in the field, the carrying distance of the tobacco plants is shortened as far as possible, and tobacco damage is reduced.
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