阅读说明：本技术 一种评价煤制ctl基础油氧化特性的试验方法 (Test method for evaluating oxidation characteristics of coal CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) base oil ) 是由 李树晓 郭悦文 杜国恩 王杰 闫强 续景 郭月芬 于 2021-07-23 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种评价煤制CTL基础油氧化特性的试验方法,属于CTL基础油氧化特性检测技术领域,包括以下步骤：S1、选定用于煤制CTL基础油试验的试管或者试样用品；S2、称取数组用于煤制CTL基础油试验的煤制CTL基础油样品；S3、并对煤制CTL基础油样品进行试验前的运动粘度以及酸值的数值测算,该评价煤制CTL基础油氧化特性的试验方法,通过设置对氧化特性指标的间接指标运动粘度以及酸值进行测定,在解决了GB/T12581的试验方法时间较长,费时费力问题的同时,也不会影响煤制CTL基础油氧化特性试验的试验结果,并采用多个试验组取平均值,进一步保证了试验数据极高的准确性。(The invention discloses a test method for evaluating the oxidation characteristic of coal CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) base oil, which belongs to the technical field of CTL base oil oxidation characteristic detection and comprises the following steps: s1, selecting a test tube or a sample article for the coal CTL base oil test; s2, weighing a plurality of groups of coal CTL base oil samples for the coal CTL base oil test; s3, and the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of the coal CTL base oil sample are measured before the test, the test method for evaluating the oxidation characteristic of the coal CTL base oil solves the problems of long time, time and labor waste of the test method of GB/T12581, does not influence the test result of the oxidation characteristic test of the coal CTL base oil, and further ensures the extremely high accuracy of the test data by averaging a plurality of test groups by setting the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of the indirect index of the oxidation characteristic index to be measured.)

1. A test method for evaluating oxidation characteristics of coal CTL base oil is characterized by comprising the following steps:

s1, selecting a test tube or a sample article for the coal CTL base oil test;

s2, weighing a plurality of groups of coal CTL base oil samples for the coal CTL base oil test;

s3, carrying out numerical measurement of the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of the coal CTL base oil sample before test, wherein the kinematic viscosity before test is recorded as V1, and the acid value before test is recorded as T1;

s4, placing the sample to be detected in a drying oven capable of performing constant temperature and constant pressure operation;

s5, adding a metal catalyst, organic acid and hydrogen peroxide into a drying box, starting the drying box, heating the drying box, and keeping the temperature to 80-150 ℃;

s6, baking the coal CTL base oil sample in a drying oven at constant temperature, wherein the reaction time of constant-temperature baking is 48-72 hours;

s7, after finishing baking at constant temperature, carrying out numerical measurement and calculation on the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of the coal CTL base oil sample, wherein the kinematic viscosity after the test is recorded as V2, and the acid value after the test is recorded as T2;

s8, calculating the change of the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of each group of coal CTL base oil samples before and after the test;

s9, setting the reaction time of constant-temperature baking of each group of coal CTL base oil samples in a drying oven according to the set time, and extracting the samples after the set reaction time of constant-temperature baking is finished;

s10, when each group of coal CTL base oil samples finish constant-temperature baking, determining the infrared absorption spectrum of the coal CTL base oil samples;

s11, analyzing the change of the infrared absorption spectrum by using the change value of the carbonyl absorption peak of the oil sample, wherein the calculation formula of the change value of the carbonyl absorption peak of the oil sample is PAI (PAI is A/e), wherein PAI is the peak area in the infrared absorption spectrum, and e is the pool length of the coal CTL base oil sample;

s12, averaging the change values of the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of each group of coal CTL base oil samples measured in S8 before and after the test;

s13, comparing the change values of the carbonyl absorption peaks of each group of coal CTL base oil sample oil samples determined in S11;

s14, analyzing the average value of the kinematic viscosity change, the average value of the acid value change and the change value comparison graph of the oil-like carbonyl absorption peak obtained in S12 and S13.

2. The test method for evaluating the oxidation property of the coal-based CTL base oil as recited in claim 1, wherein in S1, the test tube or sample product for the test needs to be dried and clean before use, and is free from other impurities.

3. The test method for evaluating the oxidation characteristic of the coal CTL base oil according to claim 1, wherein in S2, the coal CTL base oil sample has the same amount of coal CTL base oil put, and the number of groups of the coal CTL base oil sample can be 3-5.

4. The test method for evaluating the oxidation characteristic of the coal CTL base oil as recited in claim 1, wherein in S5, when the drying oven is started, the inside of the drying oven needs to be constant in pressure within a preset pressure threshold interval, and in order to reach the preset pressure threshold interval, 400-600Kp of air needs to be filled into the drying oven.

5. The test method for evaluating the oxidation characteristic of coal-based CTL base oil as recited in claim 1, wherein in S5, the metal catalyst is selected from copper or iron or a mixture of the copper and the iron, and the organic acid is selected from formic acid or acetic acid or a mixture of the formic acid and the acetic acid.

6. The test method for evaluating the oxidation characteristic of the coal-based CTL base oil as claimed in claim 1, wherein in S3, the kinematic viscosity and the acid value before the test are calculated by selecting the state of the coal-based CTL base oil at 40 ℃.

7. The test method for evaluating the oxidation characteristics of coal-based CTL base oil according to claim 1, wherein in S8, when the kinematic viscosity change of each group of coal-based CTL base oil samples before and after the test is measured, the kinematic viscosity change is measured as (V2-V1)/V1 100.

8. The test method for evaluating the oxidation characteristic of coal-based CTL base oil according to claim 1, wherein in S8, when the change of the acid value of each group of coal-based CTL base oil samples before and after the test is measured, the measurement is performed in a manner that the change of the acid value is T2-T1.

9. The test method for evaluating the oxidation characteristics of coal-based CTL base oil as recited in claim 1, wherein in S9, the reaction time intervals of each group of coal-based CTL base oil samples are the same, and when 3 groups of coal-based CTL base oil samples are selected, the reaction time of the first group of samples is 48 hours, the reaction time of the second group of samples is 60 hours, and the reaction time of the third group of samples is 72 hours.

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) base oil oxidation characteristic detection, and particularly relates to a test method for evaluating the oxidation characteristic of coal CTL base oil.

Background

The oxidation characteristic (oxidation stability) of a lubricating oil based on coal-based CTL base oil means the anti-aging performance of the oil, generally expressed by precipitates and acid values generated in the oil, and is one of the main indexes for determining the service life of the oil. Lubricating oil inevitably contacts with air, metal and impurity etc. in the use, can accelerate the oxidation of oil when using under the higher condition of temperature, and the fatlute that the oxidation process produced can lead to oil and industrial equipment subassembly life to shorten, influences lubricated effect. Meanwhile, with the stricter energy-saving and environmental-protection laws and regulations, the lubricating oil product is required to have longer service life or oil change period, and the increasingly strict requirements on the oxidation stability of the oil product are provided. Therefore, the oxidation stability of coal-based CTL base oils is a major concern in the lubricating oil research process.

In the prior art, the oxidation stability of the coal CTL base oil mainly depends on the chemical composition of the base oil, and is also related to conditions such as test temperature, oxygen pressure, metal catalytic sheets, metal contact area, oxidation time and the like. Therefore, reasonable test conditions must be selected according to the actual use environment of the tested lubricating oil product, the current common test method is GB/T12581 'method for measuring the oxidation characteristic of the mineral oil with the inhibitor', but the test method of GB/T12581 has the disadvantages of long time, time and labor waste and can not be widely applied to industrial production and processing, and therefore, a test method for evaluating the oxidation characteristic of the coal CTL base oil is provided.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a test method for evaluating the oxidation characteristics of coal CTL base oil, so as to solve the problems in the background technology.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: a test method for evaluating oxidation characteristics of coal CTL base oil comprises the following steps:

s1, selecting a test tube or a sample article for the coal CTL base oil test;

s2, weighing a plurality of groups of coal CTL base oil samples for the coal CTL base oil test;

s3, carrying out numerical measurement of the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of the coal CTL base oil sample before test, wherein the kinematic viscosity before test is recorded as V1, and the acid value before test is recorded as T1;

s4, placing the sample to be detected in a drying oven capable of performing constant temperature and constant pressure operation;

s5, adding a metal catalyst, organic acid and hydrogen peroxide into a drying box, starting the drying box, heating the drying box, and keeping the temperature to 80-150 ℃;

s6, baking the coal CTL base oil sample in a drying oven at constant temperature, wherein the reaction time of constant-temperature baking is 48-72 hours;

s7, after finishing baking at constant temperature, carrying out numerical measurement and calculation on the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of the coal CTL base oil sample, wherein the kinematic viscosity after the test is recorded as V2, and the acid value after the test is recorded as T2;

s8, calculating the change of the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of each group of coal CTL base oil samples before and after the test;

s9, setting the reaction time of constant-temperature baking of each group of coal CTL base oil samples in a drying oven according to the set time, and extracting the samples after the set reaction time of constant-temperature baking is finished;

s10, when each group of coal CTL base oil samples finish constant-temperature baking, determining the infrared absorption spectrum of the coal CTL base oil samples;

s11, analyzing the change of the infrared absorption spectrum by using the change value of the carbonyl absorption peak of the oil sample, wherein the calculation formula of the change value of the carbonyl absorption peak of the oil sample is PAI (PAI is A/e), wherein PAI is the peak area in the infrared absorption spectrum, and e is the pool length of the coal CTL base oil sample;

s12, averaging the change values of the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of each group of coal CTL base oil samples measured in S8 before and after the test;

s13, comparing the change values of the carbonyl absorption peaks of each group of coal CTL base oil sample oil samples determined in S11;

s14, analyzing the average value of the kinematic viscosity change, the average value of the acid value change and the change value comparison graph of the oil-like carbonyl absorption peak obtained in S12 and S13.

In S1, before the test tube or sample product is used, it is necessary to confirm that the interior of the test tube or sample product is dry and clean, and no other impurities are doped.

Further optimizing the technical scheme, in S2, the coal CTL base oil samples have the same coal CTL base oil input amount, and the number of groups of the coal CTL base oil samples may be 3 to 5.

Further optimizing the technical solution, in S5, when the drying oven is started, the inside of the drying oven also needs to be kept at a constant pressure within a preset pressure threshold interval, and in order to reach the preset pressure threshold interval, air of 400 Kp and 600Kp needs to be charged into the drying oven.

In S5, the metal catalyst may be copper or iron or a mixture thereof, and the organic acid may be formic acid or acetic acid or a mixture thereof.

Further optimizing the technical scheme, in the step S3, the kinematic viscosity and the acid value before the test are calculated by selecting the state of the coal CTL base oil at 40 ℃.

Further optimizing the technical scheme, in the step S8, when the kinematic viscosity change of each group of coal CTL base oil samples before and after the test is measured, the measurement mode is as follows, that is, the kinematic viscosity change value is (V2-V1)/V1 × 100.

Further optimizing the technical scheme, in the step S8, when the acid value change of each group of coal CTL base oil samples before and after the test is measured, the measurement and calculation manner is as follows, that is, the acid value change value is T2-T1.

In step S9, the reaction time intervals of each group of coal CTL base oil samples are the same, and when 3 groups of coal CTL base oil samples are selected, the reaction time of the first group of samples is 48 hours, the reaction time of the second group of samples is 60 hours, and the reaction time of the third group of samples is 72 hours.

Compared with the prior art, the invention provides a test method for evaluating the oxidation characteristic of coal CTL base oil, which has the following beneficial effects:

1. according to the test method for evaluating the oxidation characteristic of the coal CTL base oil, the indirect index kinematic viscosity and the acid value of the oxidation characteristic index are measured, so that the problems of long time and labor waste of the test method of GB/T12581 are solved, meanwhile, the test result of the oxidation characteristic test of the coal CTL base oil cannot be influenced, and the high accuracy of test data is further ensured by adopting a plurality of test groups to obtain an average value.

2. According to the test method for evaluating the oxidation characteristics of the coal CTL base oil, the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of indirect indexes are measured, and the change value of the carbonyl absorption peak of the oil sample of a plurality of test groups is measured, so that the accuracy of test data is improved, and the test time is greatly shortened compared with the test method of GB/T12581.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a test method for evaluating the oxidation characteristics of coal CTL base oil according to the present invention.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

The first embodiment is as follows:

referring to fig. 1, a test method for evaluating the oxidation characteristics of coal CTL base oil includes the following steps:

s1, selecting a test tube or a sample article for the coal CTL base oil test;

s2, weighing a plurality of groups of coal CTL base oil samples for the coal CTL base oil test;

s3, carrying out numerical measurement of the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of the coal CTL base oil sample before test, wherein the kinematic viscosity before test is recorded as V1, and the acid value before test is recorded as T1;

s4, placing the sample to be detected in a drying oven capable of performing constant temperature and constant pressure operation;

s5, adding a metal catalyst, organic acid and hydrogen peroxide into a drying box, starting the drying box, heating the drying box, and keeping the temperature to 80-150 ℃;

s6, baking the coal CTL base oil sample in a drying oven at constant temperature, wherein the reaction time of constant-temperature baking is 48-72 hours;

s7, after finishing baking at constant temperature, carrying out numerical measurement and calculation on the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of the coal CTL base oil sample, wherein the kinematic viscosity after the test is recorded as V2, and the acid value after the test is recorded as T2;

s8, calculating the change of the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of each group of coal CTL base oil samples before and after the test;

s9, setting the reaction time of constant-temperature baking of each group of coal CTL base oil samples in a drying oven according to the set time, and extracting the samples after the set reaction time of constant-temperature baking is finished;

s10, when each group of coal CTL base oil samples finish constant-temperature baking, determining the infrared absorption spectrum of the coal CTL base oil samples;

s11, analyzing the change of the infrared absorption spectrum by using the change value of the carbonyl absorption peak of the oil sample, wherein the calculation formula of the change value of the carbonyl absorption peak of the oil sample is PAI (PAI is A/e), wherein PAI is the peak area in the infrared absorption spectrum, and e is the pool length of the coal CTL base oil sample;

s12, averaging the change values of the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of each group of coal CTL base oil samples measured in S8 before and after the test;

s13, comparing the change values of the carbonyl absorption peaks of each group of coal CTL base oil sample oil samples determined in S11;

s14, analyzing the average value of the kinematic viscosity change, the average value of the acid value change and the change value comparison graph of the oil-like carbonyl absorption peak obtained in S12 and S13.

Specifically, in S1, before the test tube or sample product is used, it is necessary to confirm that the inside of the test tube or sample product is dry and clean and is not contaminated with other impurities.

Specifically, in S2, the amounts of the coal CTL base oils put in the coal CTL base oil samples are the same, and the number of groups of the coal CTL base oil samples may be 3 to 5.

Specifically, in S5, when the drying oven is started, the inside of the drying oven also needs to be kept at a constant pressure within the preset pressure threshold interval, and in order to reach the preset pressure threshold interval, 400-600Kp of air needs to be filled into the drying oven.

Specifically, in S5, the metal catalyst may be copper or iron or a mixture thereof, and the organic acid may be formic acid or acetic acid or a mixture thereof.

Specifically, in S3, the kinematic viscosity and the acid value before the test were measured using a coal CTL base oil at 40 ℃.

Specifically, in S8, when the kinematic viscosity change before and after the test was measured for each group of coal CTL base oil samples, the measurement method was as follows, that is, the kinematic viscosity change value was (V2-V1)/V1 × 100.

Specifically, in the S8, when the change in acid value of each coal CTL base oil sample before and after the test was measured, the measurement method was as follows, that is, the change in acid value was T2-T1.

Specifically, in S9, the reaction time intervals of each group of coal CTL base oil samples are the same, and when 3 groups of coal CTL base oil samples are selected, the reaction time of the first group of samples is 48 hours, the reaction time of the second group of samples is 60 hours, and the reaction time of the third group of samples is 72 hours.

Example two:

a test method for evaluating oxidation characteristics of coal CTL base oil comprises the following steps:

s1, selecting a test tube or a sample article for the coal CTL base oil test, wherein before the test tube or the sample article is used, the inside of the test tube or the sample article needs to be confirmed to be dry and clean, and other impurities are not doped;

s2, weighing 3 groups of coal CTL base oil samples for the coal CTL base oil test, wherein the coal CTL base oil input amount of the coal CTL base oil samples is the same;

s3, carrying out numerical measurement and calculation on the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of the coal CTL base oil sample before test, wherein the kinematic viscosity and the acid value before test are measured and calculated in a state of the coal CTL base oil at 40 ℃, the kinematic viscosity before test is recorded as V1, and the acid value before test is recorded as T1;

s4, placing the sample to be detected in a drying oven capable of performing constant temperature and constant pressure operation;

s5, adding a metal catalyst, an organic acid and hydrogen peroxide into a drying box, starting the drying box, heating the drying box, keeping the temperature constant to 80-150 ℃, wherein when the drying box is started, the interior of the drying box also needs to be constant in pressure to a preset pressure threshold value interval, in order to reach the preset pressure threshold value interval, 400-600Kp air needs to be filled into the drying box, the metal catalyst is copper, and the organic acid is formic acid;

s6, baking the coal CTL base oil sample in a drying oven at constant temperature, wherein the reaction time of constant-temperature baking is 48-72 hours;

s7, after finishing baking at constant temperature, carrying out numerical measurement and calculation on the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of the coal CTL base oil sample, wherein the kinematic viscosity after the test is recorded as V2, and the acid value after the test is recorded as T2;

s8, measuring and calculating the change of the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of each group of coal CTL base oil samples before and after the test, wherein when measuring and calculating the change of the kinematic viscosity of each group of coal CTL base oil samples before and after the test, the measuring and calculating mode is shown as follows, namely the kinematic viscosity change value is (V2-V1)/V1 x 100, and when measuring and calculating the change of the acid value of each group of coal CTL base oil samples before and after the test, the measuring and calculating mode is shown as follows, namely the acid value change value is T2-T1;

s9, setting the reaction time of constant-temperature baking of each group of coal CTL base oil samples in a drying oven according to set time, extracting the samples after the set reaction time of constant-temperature baking is finished, wherein the intervals between the reaction times of each group of coal CTL base oil samples are the same, the reaction time of a first group of samples is 48 hours, the reaction time of a second group of samples is 60 hours, and the reaction time of a third group of samples is 72 hours;

s10, when each group of coal CTL base oil samples finish constant-temperature baking, determining the infrared absorption spectrum of the coal CTL base oil samples;

s11, analyzing the change of the infrared absorption spectrum by using the change value of the carbonyl absorption peak of the oil sample, wherein the calculation formula of the change value of the carbonyl absorption peak of the oil sample is PAI (PAI is A/e), wherein PAI is the peak area in the infrared absorption spectrum, and e is the pool length of the coal CTL base oil sample;

s12, averaging the change values of the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of each group of coal CTL base oil samples measured in S8 before and after the test;

s13, comparing the change values of the carbonyl absorption peaks of each group of coal CTL base oil sample oil samples determined in S11;

s14, analyzing the average value of the kinematic viscosity change, the average value of the acid value change and the change value comparison graph of the oil-like carbonyl absorption peak obtained in S12 and S13.

Example three:

a test method for evaluating oxidation characteristics of coal CTL base oil comprises the following steps:

s1, selecting a test tube or a sample article for the coal CTL base oil test, wherein before the test tube or the sample article is used, the inside of the test tube or the sample article needs to be confirmed to be dry and clean, and other impurities are not doped;

s2, weighing 5 groups of coal CTL base oil samples for the coal CTL base oil test, wherein the coal CTL base oil input amount of the coal CTL base oil samples is the same;

s3, carrying out numerical measurement and calculation on the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of the coal CTL base oil sample before test, wherein the kinematic viscosity and the acid value before test are measured and calculated in a state of the coal CTL base oil at 40 ℃, the kinematic viscosity before test is recorded as V1, and the acid value before test is recorded as T1;

s4, placing the sample to be detected in a drying oven capable of performing constant temperature and constant pressure operation;

s5, adding a metal catalyst, an organic acid and hydrogen peroxide into a drying box, starting the drying box, heating the drying box, keeping the temperature constant to 80-150 ℃, wherein when the drying box is started, the interior of the drying box also needs to be constant in pressure to a preset pressure threshold value interval, in order to reach the preset pressure threshold value interval, 400-600Kp air needs to be filled into the drying box, the metal catalyst is copper, and the organic acid is formic acid;

s6, baking the coal CTL base oil sample in a drying oven at constant temperature, wherein the reaction time of constant-temperature baking is 48-72 hours;

s7, after finishing baking at constant temperature, carrying out numerical measurement and calculation on the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of the coal CTL base oil sample, wherein the kinematic viscosity after the test is recorded as V2, and the acid value after the test is recorded as T2;

s8, measuring and calculating the change of the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of each group of coal CTL base oil samples before and after the test, wherein when measuring and calculating the change of the kinematic viscosity of each group of coal CTL base oil samples before and after the test, the measuring and calculating mode is shown as follows, namely the kinematic viscosity change value is (V2-V1)/V1 x 100, and when measuring and calculating the change of the acid value of each group of coal CTL base oil samples before and after the test, the measuring and calculating mode is shown as follows, namely the acid value change value is T2-T1;

s9, setting the reaction time of constant-temperature baking of each group of coal CTL base oil samples in a drying oven according to set time, extracting the samples after the set reaction time of constant-temperature baking is finished, wherein the intervals between the reaction times of each group of coal CTL base oil samples are the same, the reaction time of a first group of samples is 48 hours, the reaction time of a second group of samples is 53 hours, the reaction time of a third group of samples is 58 hours, the reaction time of a fourth group of samples is 63 hours, and the reaction time of a fifth group of samples is 68 hours;

s10, when each group of coal CTL base oil samples finish constant-temperature baking, determining the infrared absorption spectrum of the coal CTL base oil samples;

s11, analyzing the change of the infrared absorption spectrum by using the change value of the carbonyl absorption peak of the oil sample, wherein the calculation formula of the change value of the carbonyl absorption peak of the oil sample is PAI (PAI is A/e), wherein PAI is the peak area in the infrared absorption spectrum, and e is the pool length of the coal CTL base oil sample;

s12, averaging the change values of the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of each group of coal CTL base oil samples measured in S8 before and after the test;

s13, comparing the change values of the carbonyl absorption peaks of each group of coal CTL base oil sample oil samples determined in S11;

s14, analyzing the average value of the kinematic viscosity change, the average value of the acid value change and the change value comparison graph of the oil-like carbonyl absorption peak obtained in S12 and S13.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

1. according to the test method for evaluating the oxidation characteristic of the coal CTL base oil, the indirect index kinematic viscosity and the acid value of the oxidation characteristic index are measured, so that the problems of long time and labor waste of the test method of GB/T12581 are solved, meanwhile, the test result of the oxidation characteristic test of the coal CTL base oil cannot be influenced, and the high accuracy of test data is further ensured by adopting a plurality of test groups to obtain an average value.

2. According to the test method for evaluating the oxidation characteristics of the coal CTL base oil, the kinematic viscosity and the acid value of indirect indexes are measured, and the change value of the carbonyl absorption peak of the oil sample of a plurality of test groups is measured, so that the accuracy of test data is improved, and the test time is greatly shortened compared with the test method of GB/T12581.

In the description herein, references to the description of the term "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "an example," "a specific example," or "some examples," etc., mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the terms used above are not necessarily intended to refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples. Furthermore, various embodiments or examples and features of different embodiments or examples described in this specification can be combined and combined by one skilled in the art without contradiction.

Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.