阅读说明：本技术 多层防雾组合物及其制备方法 (Multi-layer antifogging composition and preparation method thereof ) 是由 K·帕克 J·马歇尔 于 2018-05-15 设计创作，主要内容包括：包含防雾层和保护层的多层防雾组合物。所述防雾层包含乙酸纤维素和增塑剂,并具有相对的主平面表面。所述保护层具有相对的主平面表面,该主平面至少部分地与防雾层基本共平面,从而形成多层防雾组合物。所述多层防雾组合物还包含一个或多个连接器,并且所述连接器中的至少一个延伸穿过所述多层结构。(A multi-layer anti-fog composition comprising an anti-fog layer and a protective layer. The antifogging layer comprises cellulose acetate and a plasticizer and has opposing major planar surfaces. The protective layer has opposing major planar surfaces that are at least partially substantially coplanar with the antifogging layer to form a multilayer antifogging composition. The multilayer anti-fog composition further comprises one or more connectors, and at least one of the connectors extends through the multilayer structure.)

1. A multi-layer anti-fog composition comprising:

an antifog layer comprising cellulose acetate and a plasticizer and having opposing major planar surfaces;

a protective layer having opposing major planar surfaces at least partially substantially co-planar oriented with the antifog layer to form a multilayer antifog composition;

the protective layer is configured to form an air gap between the anti-fog layer and the protective layer; and

a connector extending through the multilayer anti-fog composition.

2. The anti-fog composition of claim 1 wherein the plasticizer comprises a haloalkyl phosphate, preferably trichloropropyl phosphate.

3. The anti-fog composition of claim 1 wherein the anti-fog layer has an fog time of greater than 10 seconds, preferably greater than 20 seconds, more preferably greater than 30 seconds and/or a fog value of 0.1% to 4.0%, measured according to ASTM D1003(2016 or an equivalent).

4. The anti-fog composition of claim 1 wherein the plasticizer comprises trichloropropyl phosphate and the anti-fog layer has an fog time of greater than 20 seconds and a fog value of 0.1% to 3.0% as measured according to ASTM D1003(2016 or an equivalent standard).

5. The anti-fog composition of claim 1 wherein the plasticizer comprises trichloropropyl phosphate and the anti-fog layer has an fog time of greater than 30 seconds and a fog value of 0.1% to 2.5% as measured according to ASTM D1003(2016 or an equivalent standard).

6. The anti-fog composition of claim 1 wherein the anti-fog layer comprises less than 5 wt% of a plasticizer selected from the group consisting of triethyl (acetyl) citrate, triacetin, triphenyl phosphate, diethyl phthalate, glycerol tribenzoate, polyethylene glycol, dimethyl sebacate, acetophenone, benzyl benzoate, N-ethyltoluene sulfonamide, dibutyl citrate, diisooctyl adipate, phthalate esters, polyol esters, and mixtures thereof.

7. The anti-fog composition of claim 1 wherein the anti-fog layer comprises substantially no cellulose acetate propionate and/or cellulose propionate and/or diethyl phthalate.

8. The anti-fog composition of claim 1 wherein the anti-fog layer comprises 60 to 95 weight percent cellulose acetate and 5 to 40 weight percent plasticizer.

9. The anti-fog composition of claim 1 wherein the connector has the same composition as the protective layer.

10. The anti-fog composition of claim 1, wherein the composition does not comprise an adhesive layer between the anti-fog film and the protective film.

11. A multi-layer anti-fog composition comprising:

an antifog layer comprising cellulose acetate, preferably from 60 to 95 wt% cellulose acetate, and a plasticizer, preferably from 5 to 40 wt% plasticizer;

a protective layer comprising polycarbonate, substantially co-planar oriented with respect to the antifogging layer, and spaced apart with respect to the antifogging layer to define an air gap therebetween,

wherein the antifog layer has a fogging time of greater than 10 seconds and a haze value in the range of 0.1% to 4.0%, measured according to ASTM D1003(2016 or an equivalent); and is

Wherein the protective layer has a haze value of 0.1% to 4.0% as measured according to ASTM D1003(2016 or an equivalent).

12. The anti-fog composition of claim 11 further comprising a connector extending through and fixing the orientation of the anti-fog layer and the protective layer.

13. The anti-fog composition of claim 11 wherein the plasticizer comprises a haloalkyl phosphate.

14. A process for producing a multilayer anti-fog composition comprising an anti-fog layer, the process comprising the steps of:

(a) mixing cellulose acetate with a plasticizer preferably comprising a haloalkyl phosphate and a solvent to form a cement;

(b) casting the cement to form a precursor layer;

(c) contacting the precursor film with a caustic solution to form a treated layer, preferably at a residence time of 0.5 to 20 minutes and/or at a temperature of 40 to 100 ℃;

(d) washing the treated layer to form a washed layer;

(e) drying the washed layer to form the antifogging layer; and

(f) attaching a protective layer having opposing major planar surfaces to the antifogging layer using a connector to form a multilayer structure,

wherein the protective layer is configured to be at least partially substantially coplanar with the antifogging layer,

wherein the connector extends through the multilayer structure.

15. A process for producing a multilayer anti-fog composition comprising an anti-fog layer, the process comprising the steps of:

(a) extruding pellets comprising cellulose acetate and a plasticizer comprising a haloalkyl phosphate and optionally an antioxidant and/or a heat stabilizer to form a precursor layer;

(b) contacting the precursor layer with a caustic solution to form a treated layer;

(c) washing the treated layer to form a washed layer;

(d) drying the washed layer to form an antifogging layer, and

(e) attaching a protective layer having opposing major planar surfaces to the antifogging layer using a connector to form a multilayer structure,

wherein the protective layer is configured to be at least partially substantially coplanar with the antifogging layer,

and the connector extends through the multilayer structure.

Technical Field

The present invention generally relates to multilayer anti-fog compositions and methods of making multilayer anti-fog compositions. In particular, the present invention relates to a multilayer anti-fog composition comprising a cellulose acetate anti-fog layer (with low plasticizer migration) and a protective layer.

Background

To improve one or more physical properties of the transparent substrate, films are typically applied to transparent substrates, such as lenses, goggles, helmets and visors. Multilayer film compositions are useful in applications where a combination of desired properties is desired. For example, one layer may provide improved structure or durability, while another layer may inhibit fogging. The combination of these layers results in compositions having improved strength/durability and anti-fog properties.

Many antifogging films are known. For example, the polyurethane or silane cement may be applied directly to the substrate, with or without an adhesive, without voids, to impart anti-fog properties, such as preventing the formation of water droplets thereof. However, in use, these layers may separate from each other, creating performance and/or durability issues.

Other conventional anti-fog films employ a one-piece construction. These antifogging films may be formed by treating a cellulose acetate-containing substrate to impart antifogging properties. The cellulose acetate substrate is typically formed by combining cellulose acetate and one or more specific plasticizers (e.g., a phthalate ester such as diethyl phthalate).

However, the use of some plasticizers often causes compatibility issues with other layers of the multilayer film composition and/or with structural features such as pins or connectors that extend through the layers to fix their orientation relative to the outer shell (e.g., a motorcycle helmet). For example, where diethyl phthalate is the plasticizer and the pin or connector (or potential protective layer) is in contact with the diethyl phthalate in the antifogging layer, the diethyl phthalate may degrade the material of the pin or connector extending through the multilayer composition. In some cases, the extension of the pin through the antifogging layer may cause the pin to contact the middle portion of the antifogging film (many plasticizers may be present). This contact causes the plasticizer to migrate to the pins. In some cases, the plasticizer may even migrate into other layers. Such migration undesirably leads to degradation, resulting in brittleness and cracking, and hazing or lack of clarity. In some cases, other plasticizers, such as glyceryl tribenzoate, benzyl benzoate, (acetyl) triethyl citrate, may cause severe haze problems that adversely affect the clarity of the multilayer film composition.

In view of the above disadvantages, there is a need for a multilayer film composition having protective and anti-fog properties in which degradation, brittleness and haze caused by plasticizer migration are eliminated or minimized.

Summary of The Invention

In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a multilayer anti-fog composition comprising an anti-fog layer comprising, for example, 60 to 95 weight percent cellulose acetate and, for example, 5 to 40 weight percent plasticizer, and a protective layer that is at least partially substantially co-planar oriented with respect to the anti-fog layer, the protective layer preferably comprising polycarbonate, to form the multilayer anti-fog composition. The antifogging layer and the protective layer each have opposing major planar surfaces. The anti-fog composition further comprises a connector extending through the multilayer structure, said connector preferably having the same composition as said protective layer. The antifogging layer and the protective layer may be configured to define an air gap therebetween. The plasticizer is preferably a haloalkyl phosphate, preferably a chloroalkyl phosphate. Examples include trichloroalkyl phosphates, such as trichloropropyl phosphate. The antifog layer may comprise less than 5 wt% of a plasticizer selected from the group consisting of triethyl (acetyl) citrate, triacetin, triphenyl phosphate, diethyl phthalate, glyceryl tribenzoate, polyethylene glycol, dimethyl sebacate, acetophenone, benzyl benzoate, N-ethyl-toluene sulfonamide, dibutyl citrate, diisooctyl adipate, phthalate esters, polyol esters, and mixtures thereof, and/or may be substantially free of cellulose acetate propionate and/or cellulose propionate. The antifogging layer may be substantially free of diethyl phthalate. The antifogging layer may have an atomization time of greater than 10 seconds, preferably greater than 20 seconds, more preferably greater than 30 seconds, and/or a haze value ranging from 0.1% to 4.0%, measured according to ASTM D1003(2016 or equivalent). The composition preferably does not include an adhesive layer between the antifogging film and the protective film. The plasticizer in the anti-fog composition may comprise trichloropropylphosphate, and the anti-fog layer has an atomization time of greater than 20 seconds and a haze value of 0.1% to 3.0%. The plasticizer in the anti-fog composition may comprise trichloropropylphosphate, and the anti-fog layer has an atomization time of greater than 30 seconds and a haze value of 0.1% to 2.5%.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a process for producing a multilayer anti-fog composition comprising an anti-fog layer, the process comprising the steps of: mixing cellulose acetate with a plasticizer comprising a haloalkyl phosphate and a solvent to form a cement; casting the cement to form a precursor layer; contacting the precursor film with a caustic solution to form a treated layer, preferably at a residence time of 0.5 to 20 minutes and/or at a temperature of 40 to 100 ℃; washing the treated layer to form a washed layer; drying the washed layer to form an antifogging layer. Attaching a protective layer having opposing major planar surfaces to the antifogging layer using a connector to form a multilayer structure. The protective layer is configured to be at least partially substantially coplanar with the antifogging layer, and the connector extends through the multilayer structure.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a process for producing a multilayer anti-fog composition comprising an anti-fog layer, the process comprising the steps of: extruding pellets comprising cellulose acetate and a plasticizer comprising a haloalkyl phosphate and optionally an antioxidant and/or a heat stabilizer to form a precursor layer; contacting the precursor layer with a caustic solution to form a treated layer; washing the treated layer to form a washed layer; drying the scrubbing layer to form an antifogging layer, and attaching a protective layer having opposing major planar surfaces to the antifogging layer using a connector to form a multilayer structure. The protective layer is configured to be at least partially substantially coplanar with the antifogging layer, and the connector extends through the multilayer structure.

Drawings

The present invention is described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing figures, wherein like numerals represent like parts.

Fig. 1 shows a perspective view of one embodiment of a mask according to the present invention.

Fig. 2 shows a close-up view of the connector features of the embodiment of fig. 1.

Fig. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of the mask of fig. 1 taken along line 3-3 of fig. 1.

Detailed Description

Multilayer film compositions useful for protective lens applications (e.g., lenses, shields, goggles, and visors) typically comprise a protective layer and an anti-fog (anti-fog) layer adhered or attached to a base substrate. It has now been found that when an air gap is defined between the antifog layer and the protective layer, the resulting multilayer film composition exhibits minimized or eliminated layer degradation caused by the presence of plasticizers in the antifog agent. It has also been found that the use of a particular antifog agent can provide an antifog layer that minimizes or eliminates the above-mentioned degradation. In addition to the improvements associated with degradation, the antifog layers of the present invention provide improved clarity (e.g., reduced haze), brittleness (e.g., cracking), and saponification ability.

Multi-layer anti-fog composition

The multilayer anti-fog composition of the present invention comprises an anti-fog layer and a protective layer. The antifogging layer comprises and/or is formed from cellulose and a specific plasticizer, such as one or more specific plasticizers. The antifogging layer and the protective layer each have respective opposing major planar surfaces. The major planar surface of the protective layer is configured or oriented to be substantially coplanar (at least in part) with the antifogging layer. The protective layer and the antifog layer may be spaced apart from each other, and the configuration defines an air gap between the two layers. Connectors, such as one or more connectors, may extend through the multilayer structure, for example, through the anti-fog layer, the air gap, and the protective layer, thereby forming a multilayer anti-fog composition. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the air gap defined by the two layers provides at least a partial barrier to the plasticizer as compared to conventional configurations where there is actual contact between the antifogging layer and the protective layer. Minimized contact with the antifogging layer is reduced (orEliminates) the deleterious effects of plasticizers on other components. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a multilayer anti-fog composition comprising an anti-fog layer as described above and a protective layer comprising polycarbonate, wherein the anti-fog layer has a fog time of greater than 10 seconds and a haze value ofAnd wherein the protective layer has a haze value of

Generally, "haze value" or "haze" refers to the haze value of a saponified film.

Furthermore, in the present invention, the specific formulation of the anti-fog layer results in an anti-fog layer that is highly compatible with the protective layer and/or the connector. In the production of many antifogging layers, a precursor layer, such as a base film forming the actual antifogging layer, may be prepared by mixing cellulose acetate and a plasticizer, preferably by solvent casting a dope comprising cellulose acetate, plasticizer and solvent. The precursor layer is treated with a caustic solution (e.g., an alkaline solution, such as a potassium hydroxide solution) under conditions effective to form an anti-fog layer that, in use, allows some moisture to penetrate or be absorbed into the anti-fog layer (as opposed to allowing water to build up on the film). It has also been found that the combination of a particular plasticizer and cellulose acetate when used to form the antifog layer provides a multilayer antifog composition that is unexpectedly superior in degradation to conventional multilayer compositions. It is believed that the transparency of the protective layer is also surprisingly improved due to the reduced degradation of the plasticizer. In addition, the formulations of the present invention have been found to improve the physical properties of the protective layer, such as haze, brittleness and cracking. In contrast, multilayer compositions using conventional plasticizer/cellulose acetate combinations, for example, multilayer compositions using diethyl phthalate, glycerol esters and triphenyl phosphate: 1) causes migration of the plasticizer from the antifogging layer, which causes degradation of the other components of the multilayer antifogging composition; 2) resulting in poor saponification which adversely affects the resulting antifogging properties; and/or 3) negatively affect the physical properties of the protective layer, such as haze, brittleness, and cracking. It should be noted that phthalate plasticizers, such as diethyl phthalate, are commonly used in applications where cellulose acetate is used.

In one embodiment, the plasticizer comprises a haloalkyl phosphate, preferably a chloroalkyl phosphate. In some embodiments, the plasticizer is a trichloroalkyl phosphate, such as trichloropropyl phosphate.

The antifogging layer may contain small amounts (if any) of a degrading plasticizer, such as a phthalate plasticizer; a glyceride plasticizer; and/or propylene carbonate. Specific examples include triethyl (acetyl) citrate, triacetin, triphenyl phosphate, diethyl phthalate, glyceryl tribenzoate, polyethylene glycol, dimethyl sebacate, acetophenone, benzyl benzoate, N-ethyltoluene sulfonamide, dibutyl citrate, diisooctyl adipate, phthalate esters, polyol esters, and mixtures thereof. For example, the antifogging layer may comprise less than 5 wt% of a degrading plasticizer, such as less than 4 wt%, less than 3 wt%, less than 2 wt%, or less than 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the antifogging layer comprises substantially no degrading plasticizer, e.g., substantially no degrading plasticizer. In particular, the antifogging layer comprises substantially no degrading plasticizer, e.g., substantially no diethyl phthalate and/or glycerol tribenzoate.

In some embodiments, the antifog layer comprises less than 1 wt% cellulose acetate propionate and/or cellulose propionate, for example less than 0.5 wt%, less than 0.1 wt%, or less than 0.01 wt%.

In some cases, the multilayer anti-fog composition comprises spaced-apart anti-fog and protective layers as described herein. The antifogging layer may have an atomization time of greater than 10 seconds and a haze value in the range of 0.1% to 4.0% as measured in accordance with ASTM D1003(2016 or equivalent) and the protective layer may have a haze value in the range of 0.1% to 4.0% as measured in accordance with ASTM D1003(2016 or equivalent). Other ranges and boundaries are disclosed herein. The multilayer anti-fog composition may include connectors that extend through (to fix the orientation of) the anti-fog layer and the protective layer.

In a preferred embodiment, the multilayer anti-fog composition comprises 60 to 95 weight percent cellulose acetate and 5 to 40 weight percent plasticizer.

Antifogging/protective layer

Without being bound by theory, the specific (caustic) treatment of the precursor layer alters, for example, the degree of acetyl substitution of the cellulose acetate, thereby increasing its antifogging properties. When precursors formed from the specific components described herein are treated with a specific caustic, a unique anti-fog composition is formed having a highly desirable combination of performance characteristics. Depending on the caustic treatment conditions, such as the thickness of the precursor film and/or the caustic treatment time, the degree of substitution of the resulting antifog film may be substantially constant throughout the film, or may increase from the opposing major planar surfaces of the film toward the central coplanar region of the film. Altering (e.g., reducing) the degree of substitution of the precursor film in this manner can increase hydrophilicity near the major planar surface of the anti-fog composition, thereby increasing water absorption and improving anti-fog properties.

In one embodiment, the antifog layer has opposing major planar surfaces and a central coplanar area. The central coplanar region is disposed between the opposing major planar surfaces. In some embodiments, the cellulose acetate in the antifogging layer has an increasing degree of substitution from the opposing major planar surfaces to the central coplanar region. That is, the antifog layer may have a "decreasing degree of substitution gradient," e.g., the degree of substitution is less on the outer planar surface of the antifog layer and increases toward the central coplanar region of the antifog layer. In one embodiment, the degree of substitution on one or more of the opposing major planar surfaces is less than 2.6, such as less than 2.55, less than 2.5, less than 2.0, less than 1.5, less than 1.0, or less than 0.5. With respect to the lower limit, the degree of substitution on one or more opposing major planar surfaces may be at least 0.1, e.g., at least 0.2, at least 0.3, or at least 0.5. In one embodiment, the degree of substitution on one or more opposing major planar surfaces is substantially zero, e.g., from 0 to 0.5 or from 0 to 0.25. In terms of ranges, the degree of substitution on one or more opposing major planar surfaces may be 0 to 2.6, such as 0 to 2.55, 0.1 to 2.5, 0.2 to 2, or 0.3 to 1.5. In some embodiments, the degree of substitution in the central coplanar region is from 2.0 to 2.6, e.g., from 2.0 to 2.55, from 2.1 to 2.55, from 2.2 to 2.55, or from 2.3 to 2.55. As far as the upper limit is concerned, the degree of substitution of the central coplanar region may be less than 2.6, such as less than 2.55, less than 2.5, less than 2.4, less than 2.3 or less than 2.2, but preferably at least 2.0, such as at least 2.1 or at least 2.3. The degree of substitution of the antifogging layer affects the hydrophilicity of the precursor film and its ability to function as an antifogging layer, with a lower degree of substitution corresponding to increased hydrophilicity. The increase in hydrophilicity in turn increases the water absorption in the antifogging layer, which advantageously provides a longer lasting antifogging effect.

In some embodiments, the antifogging layer has opposing major planar surfaces and a central coplanar region disposed between the opposing major planar surfaces, and the degree of substitution of cellulose acetate in the antifogging layer is uniform throughout the thickness (cross-section) of the antifogging layer, optionally varying by no more than 0.75, no more than 0.5, or no more than 0.25 throughout the thickness of the antifogging layer. In some embodiments, the cellulose acetate in the antifogging layer has a degree of substitution of less than 2.6, such as less than 2.55, less than 2.5, less than 2.45, less than 2.3, less than 2.0, less than 1.75, less than 1.5, less than 1.0, less than 0.75, or less than 0.5. In terms of range, the degree of substitution of cellulose acetate may be 0 to 2.6, such as 0 to 2.55, 0 to 2.5, 0.1 to 2.55, or 0.1 to 1, between the opposing major planar surfaces. In one embodiment, the degree of substitution of the cellulose acetate in the central coplanar region differs by no more than 10%, such as by no more than 5%, from the degree of substitution of at least one of the opposing major planar surfaces. Such an antifog layer will have a low and substantially uniform degree of substitution compared to conventional films, such as films that have not been adequately treated. In one embodiment, the antifog layer may be prepared by, for example, forming a precursor film using the components discussed herein, and then treating the precursor film with a caustic solution. The precursor film may be treated with the caustic solution treatment for a longer period of time than conventional treatments, which may last only a few seconds. For example, the caustic solution treatment may be performed for at least 5 minutes, such as at least 7 minutes, at least 10 minutes, at least 12 minutes, at least 15 minutes, at least 17 minutes, or at least 20 minutes. Such an antifog layer has the beneficial properties of improved antifog properties and/or improved clarity, e.g., no haze, due to the combination of the caustic treatment step and the specific precursor film composition.

The thickness of the precursor film can be a factor in the caustic solution treatment duration and the properties of the formed anti-fog composition. For example, thinner films may require shorter processing times to achieve the desired anti-fog properties as compared to thicker films.

The antifogging layer in some embodiments does not comprise discrete layers, unlike some conventional antifogging films (which use a multilayer structure including a base layer such as a cellulose acetate layer, a polycarbonate layer, or a polyethylene terephthalate layer, and an antifogging layer). Also, the multi-layer composition of the present invention advantageously avoids problems associated with the adhesion of the antifog layer to the base layer, such as the eventual separation of the layers during use.

The antifogging layer comprises in one embodiment 60 wt% to 95 wt% cellulose acetate, such as 65 wt% to 90 wt%, 70 wt% to 90 wt%, or 75 wt% to 85 wt%. In a lower limit aspect, the antifog layer may comprise at least 60 wt% cellulose acetate, such as at least 65 wt%, at least 70 wt%, or at least 75 wt%. In an upper limit aspect, the antifog layer may comprise less than 95 wt% cellulose acetate, such as less than 90 wt% or less than 85 wt%.

The antifogging layer in one embodiment comprises from 5 wt% to 40 wt% of a plasticizer, such as from 5 wt% to 35 wt%, from 10 wt% to 30 wt%, or from 15 wt% to 25 wt%. In a lower limit aspect, the antifogging layer may comprise at least 60 wt% of a plasticizer, such as at least 5 wt%, at least 10 wt%, or at least 15 wt%. In an upper limit aspect, the antifogging layer may comprise less than 95 wt% plasticizer, such as less than 40 wt%, less than 35 wt%, less than 30 wt%, or less than 25 wt%.

The composition of the protective layer can vary widely and many compounds are known to be useful in protective applications. In a preferred embodiment, the protective layer (and optional connector) comprises polycarbonate. In some embodiments, the protective layer may include acrylic, polyester, and/or PMMA.

In one embodiment, the protective layer is made of an impact resistant plastic such as polycarbonate. For indoor use, the protective layer may be transparent, for outdoor use or radiation protection, the protective layer may be colored or coated to filter out unwanted radiation. In some cases, some or all of the protective layer may be perforated or vented to allow airflow.

The variation of the connector may be large. Preferably, the connector is a mechanical fastener, examples of which include (but are not limited to) pins, nails, screws, staples, and the like. Such connectors are well known and commercially available. In some embodiments, the one or more pins extend through the antifogging layer, the air gap, and into the protective layer. Embodiments are contemplated in which the pins do not extend into both layers. In some embodiments, the connector contacts both the antifogging layer and the protective layer. In one embodiment, the composition does not comprise an adhesive layer between the antifogging film and the protective film.

The dimensions of the antifogging layer may vary widely. In an embodiment, the antifog layer has a thickness of 25 to 2500 microns, such as 50 to 2000 microns, 100 to 2500 microns, 100 to 2000 microns, 100 to 1500 microns, 300 to 1500 microns, 350 to 1400 microns, 400 to 1400 microns, 450 to 1300 microns, 600 to 1150 microns, 700 to 1000 microns, or 750 to 800 microns. With respect to the lower limit, the thickness of the antifogging layer may be greater than 25 microns, for example, greater than 50 microns, greater than 100 microns, greater than 300 microns, greater than 400 microns, greater than 450 microns, greater than 600 microns, greater than 700 microns, or greater than 750 microns. With respect to the upper limit, the thickness of the antifogging layer may be less than 2500 microns, such as less than 2000 microns, less than 1500 microns, less than 1400 microns, less than 1300 microns, less than 1150 microns, less than 1000 microns, or less than 800 microns. Thickness can be measured by methods known in the art, such as infrared scanning.

The dimensions of the protective layer may vary widely. In one embodiment, the protective layer has a thickness of 25 micrometers to 10000 micrometers, such as 25 micrometers to 5000 micrometers, 100 micrometers to 5000 micrometers, 500 micrometers to 4000 micrometers, 600 micrometers to 3000 micrometers, or 600 micrometers to 2000 micrometers. With respect to the lower limit, the thickness of the antifogging layer may be greater than 25 microns, for example, greater than 50 microns, greater than 100 microns, greater than 500 microns, or greater than 600 microns. In terms of an upper limit, the thickness of the antifogging layer may be less than 10000 microns, for example, less than 5000 microns, less than 4000 microns, less than 3000 microns, or less than 2000 microns. The thickness can be measured by the methods mentioned herein.

Fig. 1-3 show embodiments of multilayer anti-fog compositions according to the invention. In fig. 1, the multilayer anti-fog composition 100 comprises an anti-fog layer 102 and a protective layer 104. The antifog layer 102 may have a composition as described herein, for example, may comprise cellulose acetate and a plasticizer, and may be produced as described herein. Protective layer 104 may have a composition as described herein, may include, for example, polycarbonate, and may be produced as described herein. The antifog layer 102 has opposing major planar surfaces 106 and 108 (fig. 3). The antifog layer 102 has a central coplanar area 110 disposed between the opposing major planar surfaces 106 and 108. The protective layer 104 has opposing major planar surfaces 112, 114. The opposing major planar surfaces 112, 114 of the protective layer 104 are configured or oriented to be substantially coplanar (at least in part) with the antifogging layer 102, forming a multilayer structure. As shown in fig. 3, the protective layer 104 and the antifogging layer 102 are spaced apart from each other, thereby forming an air gap 116 between the two layers 104, 102. The connector 118 extends through the multilayer structure 100, for example, through the anti-fog layer 102, the air gap 116, and the protective layer 104.

Performance characteristics

The antifog layer has an atomization time in some embodiments of greater than 10 seconds, such as greater than 20 seconds, greater than 30 seconds, greater than 40 seconds, greater than 50 seconds, greater than 60 seconds, or greater than 70 seconds. In terms of ranges, the antifogging layer may have an atomization time of 10 seconds to 150 seconds, such as 20 seconds to 100 seconds or 30 seconds to 90 seconds. In one embodiment, the nebulization time can be determined as follows: the antifog film of the present invention is placed on a beaker of heated water, e.g., water heated to about 50 ℃, and the time taken for the fog to form, if any, is measured. The sample may be placed at a predetermined distance from the membrane, for example about 6 cm. In other cases, the nebulization time can be measured using test method EN166(2016 or equivalent standard) and/or EN 168.16.

The haze values will also be unexpectedly improved due to the antifogging layer formulation described above. In one embodiment, the antifog layer has a haze value, such as ASTM D1003(2016 or equivalent), of less than 4%, such as less than 3%, less than 2.5%, less than 2%, 1.5%, less than 1.2%, or less than 1%. In a range aspect, the haze value of the antifogging layer may be 0.1-4%, e.g., 0.1% to 3.5%, 0.1% to 3%, 0.1% to 2%, 0.2% to 3%, 0.3% to 2.5%, or from 0.6% to 1%. In one embodiment, the haze may be measured by a haze meter. In one embodiment, haze can be measured with a suitably sized sample of approximately 0.85mm thickness having substantially planar parallel surfaces, e.g., flat, wrinkle-free, dust-free, scratch-free, and particulate, using the ultrascanpro analyzer from HunterLabs (haze setting is D65/10). These ranges and limits of haze values may also be applicable to the protective layer and/or the anti-fog composition as a whole.

In one embodiment, the antifog agent is produced as described herein using the aforementioned components and saponification. The plasticizer in the anti-fog composition may comprise trichloropropylphosphate, and the anti-fog layer has an atomization time of greater than 20 seconds and a haze value of 0.1% to 3.0%. In one embodiment, the plasticizer in the anti-fog composition may comprise trichloropropylphosphate, the anti-fog layer having a fog time of greater than 30 seconds and a haze value of 0.1% to 2.5%.

In one embodiment, the antifogging layer (and/or the protective layer) has a haze Δ range of 0% to 10% as measured by measuring haze before and after wiping with microfiber cloth at 1 pound weight, e.g., 0% to 5%, 0% to 1%, or 0% to 0.1%. In a lower limit, the haze Δ of the antifogging layer may be less than 10%, such as less than 5%, less than 1%, or less than 0.1%.

In one embodiment, the antifogging layer has a moisture (water) vapor transmission rate (MVTR) of 5g/m²Day-1000 g/m²Day (at 25 ℃ and 75% relative humidity), e.g. 100g/m²Day-1000 g/m²200 g/m/day²Day-1000 g/m²Daily or 250g/m²Day-750 g/m²The day is. In a lower limit, the antifog composition may have a water vapor transmission rate greater than 100g/m²A day, e.g. greater than 200g/m²A day, or more than 250g/m²The day is. In terms of upper limits, the antifog composition may have a water vapor transmission rate of less than 1000g/m²A day, e.g. less than 900g/m²A day, or less than 750g/m²The day is. Water vapor transmission rate can be measured by gravimetric techniques. In one embodiment, the water vapor transmission rate is measured as described in one of the following ASTM test standards: (2016 or the same standard) ASTM F1249-06, ASTM E398-03, ASTM D1434, ASTM D3079, ASTM D4279, ASTM E96, ASTM E398, ASTM F1249, ASTM F2298 or ASTM F2622. In some cases, the MVTE will depend on the thickness of the consumer product.

In one embodiment, the impact strength (Charpy impact strength (notched)) of the antifogging layer is 20kj/m²To 60kj/m²(measured according to ISO 178), e.g. 30kj/m²To 50kj/m². With respect to the lower limit, the anti-fog composition can have a density of greater than 20kj/m²E.g. greater than 30kj/m²Impact resistance of (2). As an upper limit, the anti-fog composition may have an impact resistance of less than 60kj/m²E.g. less than 50kj/m²。

In one embodiment, the protective layer exhibits an improvement in brittleness. Brittleness can be measured simply by a ball bearing impact test, in which a sample is impact tested and the degree of fracture of the sample is observed. In conventional applications, migration of the plasticizer will result in poor ball bearing impact testing.

The protective layer may have a high impact strength, charpy impact strength (notch). The range and limits of impact strength of the protective layer may be similar to those of the antifogging layer described above.

In one embodiment, the antifogging layer has a transparency of from 40% to 100%, for example from 70% to 90%, measured according to ASTM D1746(2016 or equivalent standard). With respect to the lower limit, the anti-fog composition can have a transparency of greater than 40%, such as greater than 70%. As an upper limit, the anti-fog composition may have a transparency of less than 100%, such as less than 90%.

In one embodiment, the antifog layer has a light transmission of greater than 80%, such as greater than 85%, greater than 90%, or greater than 95%, measured according to ISO EN 123117(2016 or equivalent standard).

In one embodiment, the antifogging layer has a light diffusion of 0.1cd/m²L x to 0.26cd/m²Ix, e.g. from 0.15cd/m²L x to 0.25cd/m²/lx, measured according to EN 1674(2016 or equivalent). With respect to the lower limit, the anti-fog composition may have a cd/m of greater than 0.1²Ix, e.g. greater than 0.15cd/m²Light diffusion of/lx. As an upper limit, the light diffusion of the anti-fog composition can be less than 0.26cd/m²/lx, e.g. less than 0.25cd/m²/lx。

In one embodiment, the gloss of the antifogging layer is 100-. In a lower limit, the light scattering of the anti-fog composition can be greater than 100, such as greater than 125 or greater than 145. In terms of upper limits, the light scattering of the anti-fog composition can be less than 200, such as less than 175 or less than 155.

In one embodiment, the tensile strength of the antifogging layer is 40Nmm^-2-140Nmm^-2Measured by ASTM D882(2016 or equivalent standard), for example, 70Nmm^-2-110Nmm^-2. In a lower limit, the anti-fog composition can have a tensile strength greater than 40Nmm^-2E.g. greater than 70Nmm^-2. In terms of an upper limit, the anti-fog composition may have a tensile strength of less than 140Nmm^-2E.g. less than 90Nmm^-2。

In one embodiment, the antifogging layer has an elongation of 20% to 60%, as measured by ASTM D882(2016 or equivalent standard), for example 25% to 55%. In a lower limit, the anti-fog composition can have an elongation greater than 20%, such as greater than 25%. In terms of the upper limit, the anti-fog composition may have an elongation of less than 60%, such as less than 55%.

In one embodiment, the antifogging layer has a young's modulus of 1400Nmm^-2-2400Nmm^-2Measured by ASTM D882, e.g. 1600Nmm^-2-2200Nmm^-2Or 1800Nmm^-2-2000Nmm^-2. In a lower limit, the antifogging layer may have a young's modulus of greater than 1400Nmm^-2E.g. greater than 1600Nmm^-2Or greater than 1800Nmm^-2. In terms of upper limit, the antifogging layer may have a young's modulus of less than 2400Nmm^-2E.g. less than 2200Nmm^-2Or less than 2000Nmm^-2。

In some embodiments, the antifog layer has a scratch resistance of less than 0.025 gram weight loss after a set number of abrasion cycles, such as less than 0.020, less than 0.012, less than 0.010, less than 0.008, less than 0.006, less than 0.004, or less than 0.003. In terms of ranges, the anti-fog consumer product can have scratch resistance from 0 grams weight loss to 0.025 grams weight loss, such as from 0.00001 to 0.020, from 0.00001 to 0.010, or from 0.00005 to 0.008. The scratch resistance can be determined by ASTM D4060(2016 or equivalent standard) and a taber reciprocating abrader can be used for the wear cycle. For example, 2000, 1500, 1000, 500, or 200 wear cycles may be utilized.

In one embodiment, the antifogging layer has a surface roughness of less than 5 microns, such as less than 4.5 microns, less than 4 microns, less than 3 microns, less than 2.75 microns, or less than 2.7 microns. In terms of ranges, the anti-fog consumer product may have a surface roughness of 0 to 5 microns, such as 0.01 to 4.5 microns, 0.5 to 4 microns, or 0.5 to 3 microns. The measurement of surface roughness can be determined by using a Mitutoyo Surftest surface roughness meter, for example model SJ-210, SJ-310 or SJ-410.

In some embodiments, the antifog layer has improved resistance to chemicals, such as chemicals in sunscreens, lotions, and/or insect repellents. In some instances, the anti-fog consumer product has a chemical resistance rating (measured according to Ford laboratory test method BI 113-08(2016 or equivalent standard)) of less than 3, such as less than 2.5, less than 2, or less than 1.5. In terms of ranges, the anti-fog consumer product can have a chemical resistance of 0 to 3, such as 0.01 to 2.5, 0.01 to 2, or 0.01 to 1.5 microns. In one embodiment, the anti-fog consumer product is free of cloth marks. These chemical resistance ratings are discussed further herein. In one embodiment, the improved chemical resistance relates to a chemical selected from the group consisting of insect repellents, lotions, and/or sunscreens.

The above test methods are incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the multilayer anti-fog composition may be used in ophthalmic applications. The lens can comprise a lens, and the lens can employ a multilayer anti-fog composition. Exemplary eyewear includes glasses, goggles, and face shields. In one embodiment, a helmet comprising such a visor is contemplated.

In one embodiment, the multilayer anti-fog composition further comprises a protective film (different from the protective layer). A protective film may be adhered to at least one of the major planar surfaces (of the antifogging layer or the protective layer). In some cases, the protective film may be adhered to only one major planar surface. The protective film may be a relatively low-tack film that protects the multilayer anti-fog composition (e.g., the surface thereof) from damage such as physical, light-related, or chemical damage. In use, the protective film may be peeled from the multilayer anti-fog composition, optionally after application to a suitable substrate. The specific composition of the protective film may vary widely. In some embodiments, the protective film comprises a protective material selected from the group consisting of polyester, polyethylene, and polyethylene terephthalate. The protective film may be adhered to at least one major planar surface with a suitable adhesive, such as an acrylic polymer.

In some cases, the multilayer anti-fog composition includes an adhesive layer attached to one major planar surface. In one embodiment, the multilayer anti-fog composition includes an adhesive layer adhered to one major planar surface and a protective film adhered (e.g., adhered) to the other major planar surface. The adhesive layer may then have a release film attached thereto. The multi-layer anti-fog composition may be in the form of a flat sheet or a rolled sheet.

In one embodiment, the antifog layer has a different composition than the protective layer. Alternatively, the antifog layer may have a similar or the same composition as the protective layer.

Cellulose acetate

Cellulose is generally known as a semi-synthetic polymer containing anhydroglucose repeat units and having three hydroxyl groups per anhydroglucose unit. Cellulose acetate may be formed by esterifying cellulose after activating the cellulose with acetic acid. The cellulose may be obtained from a variety of types of cellulosic materials, including, but not limited to, plant-derived biomass, corn stover, sugar cane straw, sugar cane bagasse and residues, rice and wheat straw, agricultural grasses, hardwoods, hardwood pulps, softwoods, softwood pulps, cotton linters, switchgrass, sugar cane bagasse, herbs, recycled paper, waste paper, wood chips, pulp and paper waste, waste wood, fine wood, willow, aspen wood, perennial grasses (e.g., miscanthus), bacterial cellulose, seed hulls (e.g., soybeans), corn stover, grain hulls, and other forms of wood, bamboo, soybean hulls, bast fibers such as kenaf, hemp, jute and flax, agricultural residue products, agricultural waste, livestock excretions, microorganisms, algal cellulose, seaweed, and all other materials recently or ultimately derived from plants. Such cellulosic raw materials are preferably processed in the form of pellets, chips, clips, flakes, abraded fibers, powders or other forms that make them suitable for further purification. Combinations of sources are also within the contemplation of the invention.

The cellulose esters suitable for use in producing the antifog layers of the present invention may have ester substituents in some embodiments, including but not limited to C₁-C₂₀Aliphatic esters (e.g. acetates, propionates or butyrates), functionalized C₁-C₂₀Aliphatic esters (e.g., succinate, glutarate, maleate), aromatic esters (e.g., benzoate or phthalate), substituted aromatic esters, and the like, any derivative thereof, and any combination thereof.However, in some cases it may be advantageous to limit the content of cellulose acetate propionate and/or cellulose propionate (cellulose acetate propionate/cellulose propionate may be costly). The cellulose esters suitable for use in producing the antifogging layers of the present invention may have a molecular weight in some embodiments from a lower limit of about 10000, 15000, 25000, 50000, or 85000 to an upper limit of about 125000, 100000, or 85000, and wherein the molecular weight may be from any lower limit to any upper limit, and including any subgroups therebetween. In one embodiment, the number average molecular weight of the cellulose acetate can be 40000amu to 100000amu, for example 50000amu to 80000 amu.

The cellulose acetate used to produce the anti-fog composition may be cellulose diacetate or cellulose triacetate. In one embodiment, the cellulose acetate comprises cellulose diacetate. In one embodiment, the antifog layer includes a small amount of cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate propionate, and/or cellulose propionate, for example less than 5 wt.%, less than 4 wt.%, less than 3 wt.%, less than 2 wt.%, less than 1 wt.%, or less than 0.5 wt.%. In some cases, the antifog layer is substantially free of cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate propionate, and/or cellulose propionate, e.g., free of cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate propionate, and/or cellulose propionate.

Cellulose acetate has a certain acetyl value, which is a measure of the degree of substitution of cellulose acetate. The acetyl value represents the weight percent of acetic acid released by saponification of the cellulose acetate. The acetyl value and the degree of substitution are linearly related. The degree of substitution can be calculated from the acetyl value according to the following formula:

in the production of antifog layers, different solvents and binders may be used as binders to bond the continuous film layers together and to bond the opposing cellulose acetate layers together. The solubility of cellulose acetate in a solvent and thus the binding capacity depends, at least in part, on the acetyl value of the cellulose acetate. As the acetyl value decreases, the solubility of cellulose acetate in ketones, esters, nitrogen-containing compounds, glycols and ethers may be increased. As the acetyl value increases, the solubility of cellulose acetate in halogenated hydrocarbons may be increased. As a result, the acetyl value and degree of substitution of the cellulose acetate used, as well as the desired binder used to bond the continuous film layer, can affect the ability to form a durable and mechanically uniform anti-fog composition.

The cellulose acetate may be used in powder or flake form, preferably flake form, to form the dope used in the solvent casting process to form the precursor film. In other embodiments, the cellulose acetate in powder or flake form may be formulated and injection molded into pellets, which may be extruded into a precursor film.

The cellulose acetate in flake form may have an average flake size of 5 μm to 10mm as determined by sieve analysis. The sheet preferably has a low moisture content, optionally containing less than 6 wt% water, for example less than 5 wt% water or less than 2.5 wt% water. In terms of ranges, the flake form can have 0.01 to 6 weight percent water, such as 0.1 to 2.5 weight percent water or 0.5 to 2.45 weight percent water. The cellulose acetate sheet may be heated to remove moisture prior to mixing. In some embodiments, the cellulose acetate sheet may be dried until its water content is less than 2 wt%, such as less than 1.5 wt%, less than 1 wt% or less than 0.2 wt%, which may be performed at a temperature of 30-100 ℃, such as 50-80 ℃, for a period of 1-24 hours, such as 5-20 hours or 10-15 hours.

Optional additives

An anti-blocking agent may be used in the anti-fog layer. The anticaking agent may have an average particle size of less than 6 microns, such as less than 5 microns, less than 4 microns, less than 3 microns, less than 2 microns, or less than 1 micron. In terms of ranges, the anticaking agent desirably has a small average particle size, such as 0.02 microns to 6 microns, 0.02 microns to 5 microns, 0.02 microns to 3 microns, 0.02 microns to 1 micron, 0.05 microns to 6 microns, 0.05 microns to 5 microns, 0.1 microns to 4 microns, 0.5 microns to 5 microns, 0.5 microns to 4 microns, 0.5 microns to 3 microns, 1 micron to 6 microns, 1 micron to 5 microns, or 1 micron to 4 microns. The particle size can be determined, for example, by sieve analysis. Many conventional anti-fog compositions, such as those formed via extrusion processes, do not suffer from interlayer problems such as "glass bonding effects" that necessitate the use of an anti-blocking agent. Thus, conventional extrusion-formed films typically do not contain an antiblocking agent.

In one embodiment, the anti-fog layer comprises 0.01 wt% to 10 wt% of the anti-blocking agent, for example 0.05 wt% to 5 wt%, 0.05 wt% to 1 wt%, or 0.05 wt% to 0.5 wt%. For the lower limit, the anti-fog layer may comprise at least 0.01 wt%, at least 0.05 wt%, or at least 0.07 wt% of an anti-blocking agent. As an upper limit, the anti-fog layer may comprise less than 10 wt% of the anti-blocking agent, such as less than 7 wt%, less than 5 wt%, less than 1 wt%, or less than 0.5 wt%. Additional details of the ingredients of the above-described components are provided herein.

The anti-caking agent may vary widely. In a preferred embodiment, the anti-caking agent comprises an inorganic compound. For example, the anticaking agent may comprise oxides, carbonates, talc, clays, kaolin, silicates and/or phosphates. In one embodiment, the anticaking agent may be selected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, calcium silicate, aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, calcium phosphate, and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the anti-caking agent comprises silicon dioxide. Some suitable commercially available products includeProduct (from Evonik Industries AG, Germany). One particularly suitable commercially available product is Aerosil R972.

In some embodiments, the antifogging layer further comprises a release agent that enables the antifogging layer to be detached from a different component, such as from a casting belt, during or after the production process. In one embodiment, the antifogging layer comprises 0.01 wt% to 10 wt% of a release agent, such as 0.05 wt% to 5 wt%, 0.05 wt% to 1 wt%, or 0.05 wt% to 0.5 wt%. In a lower limit aspect, the antifogging layer may comprise at least 0.01 wt%, at least 0.05 wt%, or at least 0.07 wt% of a release agent. In an upper limit aspect, the antifogging layer may comprise less than 10 wt% of a release agent, such as less than 7 wt%, less than 5 wt%, less than 1 wt%, or less than 0.5 wt%. The composition of the release agent can vary widely, and many release agents are known in the art. In one embodiment, the release agent comprises stearic acid. The release agent is preferably added, for example mixed, into the cement. In such a case, the release agent is preferably dissolved in the cement. In one embodiment, the release agent is deposited or impregnated onto a casting belt onto which the antifogging layer is cast. Some of the release agent may remain with the antifogging layer as it is released from the casting belt, and/or some of the release agent may remain with the casting belt (based on the attraction of the release agent to the metal).

In some embodiments, the antifog layer comprises residual acetone from the manufacturing process. For example, the antifogging layer may comprise 0.01 wt% to 3 wt% acetone, such as 0.05 wt% to 2 wt%, 0.05 wt% to 1 wt%, or 0.05 to 0.5 wt%. In a lower limit, the antifogging layer may comprise at least 0.01 wt% acetone, such as at least 0.05 wt% or at least 0.1 wt%. In an upper limit aspect, the antifogging layer may comprise less than 3 wt% acetone, such as less than 2 wt%, less than 1 wt%, less than 0.5 wt%, or less than 0.1 wt%.

In some embodiments, the antifog layer and the cement preferably used to form the antifog layer may further comprise one or more additional additives such as tackifiers, flame retardants, antioxidants, antimicrobials, antifungals, colorants, pigments, dyes, UV stabilizers, viscosity modifiers, processing additives, fragrances, and the like, and any combination thereof. The amount of the additive may vary widely. In general, the one or more additives may be present in an amount of 0.01 to 10 weight percent, based on the total weight of the antifogging layer, for example 0.03 to 2 weight percent or 0.1 to 1 weight percent.

In one embodiment, a UV absorber additive may be included in the antifogging layer. For example, the antifog layer (with UV absorber additive) may be used in situations where UV light can damage the contents contained by the antifog composition.

Tackifiers may, in some embodiments, increase the bonding properties of the antifog layers described herein. Tackifiers suitable for use with the antifog layers described herein may include, in some embodiments, but are not limited to, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, carboxyethylcellulose, amides, diamines, polyesters, polycarbonates, silyl-modified polyamide compounds, polyurethanes, urethanes, natural resins, natural rosins, shellac, acrylic polymers, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, acrylate polymers, acrylic derivative polymers, acrylic homopolymers, acrylate homopolymers, poly (methyl acrylate), poly (butyl acrylate), poly (2-ethylhexyl acrylate), acrylate copolymers, methacrylic derivative polymers, methacrylic homopolymers, methacrylate homopolymers, poly (methyl methacrylate), polyethylene glycol methacrylate copolymers, polyethylene glycol copolymers, Poly (butyl methacrylate), poly (2-ethylhexyl methacrylate), acrylamide-methyl-propane sulfonate polymers, acrylamide-methyl-propane sulfonate derivative polymers, acrylamide-methyl-propane sulfonate copolymers, acrylic acid/acrylamide-methyl-propane sulfonate copolymers, benzyl coco di- (hydroxyethyl) quaternary amines, formaldehyde-condensed p-tert-amyl phenols, dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylates, acrylamides, N- (dialkylaminoalkyl) acrylamides, methacrylamides, hydroxyalkyl (meth) acrylates, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, hydroxyethyl acrylate, and the like, any derivative thereof, and any combination thereof.

Antifungal agents suitable for use with the antifogging layers described herein may include, in some embodiments, but are not limited to, polyene antifungal agents, such as natamycin, mitomycin, filipin, nystatin, amphotericin B, candelilla and hamycin, imidazole antifungal agents such as miconazole (as part of an antifogging layer described herein)Commercially available from Wellspring Pharmaceutical Corporation), ketoconazole (asCommercially available from McNeil conjugate Healthcare), clotrimazole (asAndcommercially available from Merck and asCommercially available from Bayer), econazole, omoconazole, bifonazole, butoconazole, fenticonazole, isoconazole, oxiconazole, sertaconazole (asCommercially available from orthodematology), sulconazole, and tioconazole; triazole antifungal agents such as fluconazole, itraconazole, isaconazole, riloconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, terconazole, and abaconazole, thiazole antifungal agents (e.g., abafungin), allylamine antifungal agents (e.g., terbinafine (as a mixture ofCommercially available from Novartis Consumer Health, Inc.), naftifine (asCommercially available from Merz Pharmaceuticals) and butenafine (as LOTRAMIN)Commercially available from Merck), echinocandin antifungal agents (e.g., anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin), polygodial, benzoic acid, ciclopirox, tolnaftate (e.g., asCommercially available from MDS Consumer Care, Inc.), undecylenic acid, fluorineCytosine, 5-fluorocytosine, griseofulvin, halopropynyloxybenzene, and any combination thereof.

Colorants, pigments, and dyes suitable for use with the antifogging layers described herein (or the multilayer composition as a whole) may include, in some embodiments, but are not limited to, vegetable dyes, titanium dioxide, silica, tartrazine, E102, phthalocyanine blue, phthalocyanine green, quinacridone, perylene tetracarboxylic diimide, dioxazine, acenaphthylene disazo pigments, anthraquinone pigments, carbon black, metal powders, iron oxide, ultramarine, nickel titanate, benzimidazolone orange, solvent orange 60, orange dye, calcium carbonate, kaolin clay, aluminum hydroxide, barium sulfate, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, calcium carbonate, kaolin clay, aluminum hydroxide, calcium sulfate, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, calcium oxide, and mixtures thereof,Dyes (cationic dyes, available from Clariant Services), in liquid and/or particle form (e.g. CARTASOL Brilliant Yellow K-6G liquid, CARTASOL Yellow K-4GL liquid, CARTASOL Yellow K-GL liquid, CARTASOL Orange K-3GL liquid, CARTASOL Scarlet K-2GL liquid, CARTASOL Red K-3BN liquid, CARTASOL Blue K-5R liquid, CARTASOL Blue K-RL liquid, CARTASO LTurquoise K-RL liquid/particles, CARTASOL Brown K-BL liquid),A dye (a auxochrome, available from BASF) (e.g., Yellow 3GL, Fastusol C Blue 74L), and the like, any derivative thereof, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, when the colorant is titanium dioxide used as a colorant, the titanium dioxide can also be used to increase the hardness of the film. In one embodiment, solvent dyes may be used.

Method for producing antifogging layer

The antifog layer may be prepared by combining cellulose acetate, a plasticizer, and a solvent to form a dope and casting, e.g., solvent casting, the dope to form a precursor film. The method may further comprise the step of contacting the precursor film with a caustic solution to form a treated film. In one embodiment, the treatment of the precursor film serves to partially or fully saponify the precursor film, thus producing a desired degree of substitution (uniform or non-uniform), as discussed herein. The method further comprises the steps of: cleaning the treatment film to form a cleaning film and drying the cleaning film to form an antifogging layer. This cleaning, in some embodiments, inhibits or eliminates salt formation on the treated membrane surface. In one embodiment, the drying is achieved via oven drying. In one embodiment, the drying is simply achieved via air drying.

In one embodiment, the method comprises the steps of: cellulose acetate, plasticizer, and acetone are mixed to form a dope, and the dope is cast, for example, solvent cast to form an antifogging layer. The formed antifog layer may comprise acetone, for example 0.01 wt% to 3 wt% acetone.

Methods of making cellulose acetate films have been described in U.S. patent nos.2232012 and 3528833, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Typically, the solvent casting method comprises casting a mixture comprising a plasticizer, an anti-blocking agent, and cellulose acetate dissolved in a solvent such as acetone. The components and respective amounts of the mixture determine the characteristics of the anti-fog layer, which is discussed herein.

In one embodiment, the mixture (cement) may be prepared by dissolving cellulose acetate in a solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is acetone. In one embodiment, the solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethyl lactate, methyl ethyl ketone, and methylene chloride. To increase the solubility of cellulose acetate in acetone, the cellulose acetate and acetone are preferably added continuously to the first mixer. The mixture may then be sent to a second and/or third mixer to allow the cellulose acetate to be completely dissolved in the acetone. The mixer may be a continuous mixer, which is used in series. It is to be understood that in some embodiments, one mixer may be sufficient to effect dissolution of the cellulose acetate. In other embodiments, two, three, or more mixers (e.g., 4 mixers, 5 mixers, or greater than 5 mixers) may be used in series or in parallel. In still other embodiments, the cellulose acetate, solvent, and other additives may be combined in one or more blenders without the use of any mixers.

The mixture may further comprise processing additives. In addition, the mixture may contain a colorant. The plasticizer may be added directly to the first mixer or may be blended with at least a portion of the solvent and then added to the first mixer. Similarly, the colorant, anticaking agent, and/or processing additive may be added directly to the first mixer or may be combined with a portion of the solvent and then added to the first mixer.

Once the cellulose acetate has been dissolved in the acetone solvent, the mixture may be referred to as a cement. The cement may then be filtered to remove impurities. In some embodiments, the filtration is a two-stage filtration.

In embodiments where the dope is solution cast, the cellulose acetate is typically used in flake form. The (flake) cellulose acetate may then be dissolved in acetone to form an acetone cement. Additional components, including plasticizers and anti-caking agents, may be included in the acetone cement. The acetone mucilage may also contain one or more of anti-caking agents, stearic acid, dyes, and/or one or more specialty chemicals. The components were then mixed as described above. The resulting mixture may then be filtered. The mixture can then be cast into a continuous film by extrusion through a die. The film may be dried in a hot air drying chamber containing rollers.

In one embodiment, after forming the mixture comprising cellulose acetate, plasticizer and optional additives, the mixture may be melt extruded in a film die to form a sheet or in a small orifice die to form a filament, which is then sent to a pelletizer to form pellets. The melt extrusion may be carried out at a temperature of up to 230 ℃, for example up to 220 ℃ or up to 210 ℃. Temperatures greater than 230 ℃ can lead to instability of the mixture components, particularly cellulose acetate. The melt extruder may be a twin screw feeder with co-rotating screws and may be operated at screw speeds of 100-. The thickness of the sheet may be 0.5-0.6mm, for example 0.53-0.54 mm.

In one embodiment, the precursor film is formed via a melt extrusion process. The method of producing an antifogging layer may include extruding a composition comprising cellulose acetate and a plasticizer. The method further includes the step of contacting the precursor film with a caustic solution to form a treated film. The method may further comprise the step of washing the treated film to form a washed film and/or drying the washed film to form the antifogging film.

One method of lowering the melting temperature of cellulose acetate is to form a mixture comprising a plasticizer and cellulose acetate prior to melt extrusion or solvent casting. In some embodiments, at least one additive may also be mixed with the plasticizer and cellulose acetate to form a pellet mixture. The cellulose acetate may be present in an amount of 75 to 98 wt%, for example 80 to 97.5 wt% or 85 to 95 wt% of the mixture. The weight percentages are based on the total weight of the mixture, including the weight of cellulose acetate, plasticizer, and any additives included in the mixture. As mentioned above, the cellulose acetate may be provided as a flake or powder.

The pellet mixture may be formed by combining cellulose acetate in flake or powder form with a plasticizer in a high speed mixer. In some embodiments, the plasticizer may be combined with the cellulose acetate during the mixing step using a spray dispensing system. In other embodiments, the plasticizer may be added to the cellulose acetate continuously or intermittently during the mixing step. In some embodiments, the flake form of cellulose acetate is preferred. As included in the mixture, the additive may be combined with the cellulose acetate and the plasticizer in the mixing step. In some embodiments, the high speed mixer may be run for 1-2 minutes. In some embodiments, a base mixture may be prepared and the base mixture may then be conditioned with additional plasticizers and/or additives to obtain.

In some embodiments, when an extrusion process is used to form the precursor film, the antioxidant may, in some embodiments, reduce oxidation and/or chemical degradation of the anti-fog compositions described herein during storage, transport, and/or use. Antioxidants suitable for use with the anti-fog compositions described herein can include, in some embodiments, but are not limited to, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, glutathione, lipoic acid, uric acid, resveratrol, flavonoids, carotenes (e.g., beta-carotene), carotenoids, tocopherols (e.g., alpha-tocopherol, beta-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and delta-tocopherol), tocotrienols, panthenol, gallic acid, melatonin, secondary aromatic amines, benzofuranones, hindered phenols, polyphenols, hindered amines, organophosphorus compounds, thioesters, benzoates, lactones, hydroxyamines, and the like, and any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the antioxidant may be selected from stearyl 3- (3, 5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, bis (2, 4-dicumylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite, tris (2, 4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, bisphenol a propoxylated diglycidyl ether, 9, 10-dihydroxy-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide, and combinations thereof.

In some melt extrusion related embodiments, a viscosity modifier is used. Viscosity modifiers suitable for use with the anti-fog compositions described herein may include, in some embodiments, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol and the like, and any combination thereof, which in some embodiments may be food grade viscosity modifiers.

This caustic treatment can be accomplished via a wide variety of methods. One exemplary method is an alkali saponification process. See, for example, international patent application No. wo2008/029801, which is incorporated herein by reference. The caustic treatment changes the degree of substitution of the precursor film, which increases the hydrophilicity of the precursor film, and improves the anti-fog properties of the anti-fog composition. In one embodiment, the caustic treatment replaces one or more acetyl groups of the cellulose acetate with another substituent group such as a hydroxyl group, carbonyl group, or carboxylic acid group.

In one embodiment, the precursor film is immersed in a bath of caustic solution. In another embodiment, the precursor film is bonded to one or more additional films of the same or different composition prior to treatment. As described herein, multiple precursor layers may be formed and then stacked on top of each other, for example, to achieve a thicker precursor film. The stacked precursor film may then be treated with a caustic solution.

The caustic solution can comprise any suitable base solution, many of which are known in the art. The caustic solution, in one embodiment, comprises an aqueous hydroxide solution. The caustic solution may comprise 5 wt% to 20 wt% alkali solution, for example 5 wt% to 15 wt% or 7 wt% to 15 wt%. In some embodiments, the caustic solution comprises a potassium hydroxide solution present in the amounts discussed herein. The combination of a precursor film of a particular composition and caustic treatment advantageously provides an anti-fog composition having the properties described herein, such as the ability to absorb some water. In one embodiment, the caustic solution treatment step is conducted for a residence time of from 0.5 minutes to 20 minutes, such as from 2 minutes to 10 minutes. In a lower limit, the caustic solution treatment step may be conducted for a residence time greater than 0.5 minutes, such as greater than 2 minutes or greater than 5 minutes. In terms of an upper limit, the caustic solution treatment step may be conducted for a residence time of less than 20 minutes, such as less than 15 minutes or less than 10 minutes.

In one embodiment, the caustic treatment step is carried out at a temperature of from 40 ℃ to 100 ℃, such as from 45 ℃ to 75 ℃, or from 50 ℃ to 70 ℃. In general, hotter processing temperatures can result in faster saponification. The treatment temperature is in some cases inversely proportional to the treatment time. In a lower limit, the caustic treatment step may be conducted at a temperature greater than 40 ℃, such as greater than 45 ℃, greater than 50 ℃, or greater than 65 ℃. In terms of an upper limit, the caustic solution treatment step may be conducted at a temperature of less than 100 ℃, such as less than 75 ℃ or less than 70 ℃.

The composition of the caustic solution can vary widely. In one embodiment, the caustic solution has a molarity of from 0.1M to 25M, such as from 0.1M to 17.5M, from 2M to 10M, or from 2M to 2.5M. Different combinations of processing conditions such as residence time, temperature, molar concentration and caustic composition are contemplated. For example, in a preferred embodiment, the caustic solution comprises a 3M potassium hydroxide solution and the treatment is carried out at 60 ℃ for 5 or 10 minutes. In another embodiment, the caustic solution comprises a 2.8M potassium hydroxide solution and the treatment is carried out at 72.1 ℃ for 20 minutes.

In one embodiment, the method comprises the step of contacting the precursor film with acetone prior to saponification. Without being bound by theory, contact of the cellulose acetate precursor film with acetone may open the pores of the film, soften the surface of the film, and/or make the film more porous, which advantageously provides improved, faster saponification.

As described above, the method further comprises the step of washing the treated membrane, for example with water. This washing step may be accomplished by any suitable technique, many of which are known in the art. This cleaning step cleans the surface of the treated membrane. In one embodiment, the washing is carried out at a temperature of from 0 ℃ to 50 ℃, such as from 20 ℃ to 40 ℃ or from 25 ℃ to 35 ℃. In a lower limit, the cleaning may be performed at a temperature greater than 0 ℃, such as greater than 20 ℃, or greater than 25 ℃. In an upper limit, the cleaning may be performed at a temperature of less than 50 ℃, such as less than 40 ℃ or less than 35 ℃.

The method further comprises the step of drying the washed film to form the antifogging layer. This drying step may be achieved by any suitable technique, many of which are known in the art. In one embodiment, the drying is achieved via oven drying. In one embodiment, the drying is achieved simply at ambient conditions via air drying. In one embodiment, the drying is carried out at a temperature of 50 ℃ to 120 ℃, such as 50 ℃ to 100 ℃ or 60 ℃ to 80 ℃. In a lower limit, the drying may be performed at a temperature greater than 50 ℃, such as greater than 55 ℃ or greater than 60 ℃. In an upper limit, the cleaning may be performed at a temperature of less than 120 ℃, such as less than 100 ℃ or less than 80 ℃.

In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a consumer product composition comprising as one component thereof the multi-layer composition discussed herein. Thus, in some instances, the consumer product composition comprises a consumer product and a multi-layer composition. In one embodiment, the multi-layer composition will be attached to the consumer product. The method used for the connection will vary widely. In one embodiment, the consumer product will have a planar surface and the multi-layer composition will be located on, e.g., attached to, the planar surface.

The list of consumer products contemplated is numerous. As an example, the consumer product may be selected from lenses, windows, screens, glass structures, containers, appliances, plastics, optical devices, and masks.

Method for preparing multilayer antifogging composition

In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a process for producing a multilayer anti-fog composition. The method comprises the following steps: mixing cellulose acetate and a plasticizer with a solvent to form a cement; casting the cement to form a precursor layer; contacting the precursor film with a caustic solution to form a treated layer; washing the treated layer to form a washed layer; drying the washed layer to form the antifogging layer.

The method further comprises the steps of: the protective layer is attached to the antifogging layer using a connector to form a multilayer structure. The protective layer is configured to be at least partially substantially coplanar with the antifogging layer. The connector extends through the multilayer structure.

In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a process for producing an anti-fog composition comprising an anti-fog layer, the process comprising the steps of: extruding pellets comprising cellulose acetate and a plasticizer, and optionally an antioxidant and/or a thermal stabilizer, to form a precursor layer; contacting the precursor layer with a caustic solution to form a treated layer; washing the treated layer to form a washed layer; and drying the washed layer to form an antifogging layer. The method also includes the step of attaching a protective layer to the antifogging layer using a connector to form a multilayer structure. The protective layer is configured to be at least partially substantially coplanar with the antifogging layer. The connector extends through the multilayer structure.