阅读说明：本技术 一种针齿壳智能制造生产线 (Intelligent manufacturing production line for pin gear shell ) 是由 姜光 庞春 曹琪 于 2021-07-21 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开一种针齿壳智能制造生产线,其包括：支撑框架和安装于支撑框架前端的总输屑机构,所述支撑框架的上端从左到右依次设置有数控磨床、插齿机、磨齿机、钻孔机以及检测机构,本发明通过设置第二输屑机构、第三输屑机构以及两个第一输屑机构,在第一输屑机构的作用下,可以对磨齿机和钻孔机工作时产生的碎屑进行收集,通过第二输屑机构可以对插齿机工作时产生的碎屑和水进行收集,通过第三输屑机构可以对数控磨床工作时产生的碎屑进行收集,确保整个生产线上不会产生壳体碎屑以及废弃线圈,本发明通过设置总输屑机构,利用总输屑机构中的总螺旋机构可以将总管内部汇集的物料推送至存料箱中进行存储,简单高效的对碎屑和水进行收集回收。(The invention discloses an intelligent manufacturing production line of a needle gear shell, which comprises: the invention is characterized in that a support frame and a total chip conveying mechanism arranged at the front end of the support frame are sequentially provided with a numerically controlled grinder, a gear shaper, a gear grinding machine, a drilling machine and a detection mechanism from left to right, a second chip conveying mechanism, a third chip conveying mechanism and two first chip conveying mechanisms are arranged at the upper end of the support frame, under the action of the first chip conveying mechanisms, chips generated when the gear grinder and the drilling machine work can be collected, the chips and water generated when the gear shaper works can be collected through the second chip conveying mechanism, the chips generated when the numerically controlled grinder works can be collected through the third chip conveying mechanism, and the situation that shell chips and waste coils cannot be generated on the whole production line is ensured, through the arrangement of the total chip conveying mechanism, materials collected in a main pipe can be pushed into a storage box for storage through a total screw mechanism in the total chip conveying mechanism, the collection and the recovery of the scraps and the water are simple and efficient.)

1. The utility model provides a pin gear shell intelligence manufacturing line which characterized in that, it includes: braced frame (4) and install in total defeated bits mechanism (5) of braced frame (4) front end, the upper end of braced frame (4) has from left to right set gradually numerically control grinder (6), gear shaping machine (7), gear shaping machine (8), drilling machine (9) and detection mechanism (10), numerically control grinder (6) downside is provided with the defeated bits mechanism (3) of third that the piece that produces numerical control grinder (6) during operation goes on collecting, be provided with on gear shaping machine (7) and carry out the defeated bits mechanism (2) of second that collect to the piece that gear shaping machine (7) during operation produced and the mixture of water, all be equipped with first defeated bits mechanism (1) on gear shaping machine (8) and drilling machine (9), braced frame (4) right side is equipped with material storage box (11) that carry out the storage to the material that total defeated bits mechanism (5) carried.

2. The intelligent pin gear shell manufacturing line of claim 1, wherein: the numerical control grinding machine (6) comprises a machine body (601), a rotating disc (603) and a telescopic shaft (602) which is arranged in the machine body (601) and used for adjusting the position of the rotating disc (603), wherein a pin gear shell workpiece (12) is fixed on one side of the rotating disc (603), and a grinding block (604) for grinding the pin gear shell workpiece (12) is arranged on one side of the machine body (601);

the gear shaping machine (7) comprises a machine body (701), a gear shaping structure (702) for shaping the inner wall of the pin gear shell workpiece (12) is arranged on the lower side of the machine body (701), a water spraying mechanism (704) is arranged on one side of the gear shaping structure (702), and a rotary mounting seat (703) for fixing the pin gear shell workpiece (12) is arranged below the machine body (701);

the gear grinding machine (8) comprises a machine body (803), a first workpiece clamping mechanism (801) for fixing the pin gear shell workpiece (12) is arranged below the machine body (803), and a rotary gear grinding mechanism (802) for grinding the gear seam on the inner side of the pin gear shell workpiece (12) is arranged on the lower side of the machine body (803);

the drilling machine (9) comprises a frame (903), a second workpiece clamping mechanism (901) for fixing the pin gear shell workpiece (12) is arranged below the frame (903), and a rotary punching mechanism (902) for punching the pin gear shell workpiece (12) is arranged on the lower side of the frame (903).

3. The intelligent pin gear shell manufacturing line of claim 1, wherein: the third scrap conveying mechanism (3) comprises a third collecting frame (302), transparent baffles (301) are arranged at the upper ends of the front side and the rear side of the third collecting frame (302), a plurality of partition plates (308) for partitioning the inside of the third collecting frame (302) are arranged inside the third collecting frame (302), the third collecting frame (302) is divided into a plurality of grooves by the partition plates (308), a small spiral mechanism (306) is arranged inside each groove, and a third conveying pipeline (307) is connected to the front end of each groove;

the rear end outer wall of third frame (302) of gathering materials is fixed with gear frame (305), the rear end of gear frame (305) is fixed with carries out driven output motor (303) to little screw mechanism (306), the rear end of little screw mechanism (306) runs through third frame (302) rear end outer wall and is located inside gear frame (305), and is located inside little screw mechanism (306) outer wall of gear frame (305) and is fixed with drive gear (304), and drive gear (304) on two adjacent little screw mechanisms (306) are the intermeshing state, and in a plurality of little screw mechanisms (306), little screw mechanism (306) one end and output motor (303) output shaft of the middle position are connected.

4. The intelligent pin gear shell manufacturing line of claim 3, wherein: defeated bits mechanism (2) of second include second collection frame (201) and be fixed in water collection base (202) of second collection frame (201) lower extreme, the front end of water collection base (202) is fixed with second conveying pipeline (203), through-hole (204) have been seted up to water collection base (202) center department inside, through-hole (204) water collection base (202) upper end all around is equipped with water catch bowl (205), water catch bowl (205) lower extreme is equipped with export (206), export (206) are the state that communicates with each other with second conveying pipeline (203).

5. The intelligent pin gear shell manufacturing line of claim 4, wherein: the first scrap conveying mechanism (1) comprises a first collecting frame (102) and a first conveying pipeline (101) arranged at the front end of the first collecting frame (102).

6. The intelligent pin gear shell manufacturing line of claim 5, wherein: total defeated bits mechanism (5) include driving motor (501) and be fixed in house steward (502) of driving motor (501) right-hand member, house steward (502) other one end is located the top of stock box (11), the inside of house steward (502) is equipped with total screw mechanism (503), total screw mechanism (503) one end is connected with driving motor (501) output, third conveying pipeline (307), second conveying pipeline (203) and first conveying pipeline (101) all communicate inside house steward (502).

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field related to manufacturing of pin gear shells, and particularly relates to an intelligent manufacturing production line of the pin gear shells.

Background

The pin gear shell is a shell body which is provided with evenly distributed holes or grooves along the circumferential direction so as to arrange pin gear pins, the pin gear shell is a key part in a precise round speed reducer, the processing quality of the pin gear shell determines the comprehensive performance of the speed reducer to a great extent, and various processing devices such as a numerical control lathe, a gear shaping machine, a surface grinding machine, a numerical control grinding machine, a gear grinding machine and the like need to be used for the processing and manufacturing work of the pin gear shell.

The existing needle gear shell manufacturing production line technology has the following problems: present pin wheel housing preparation production line, each machine tool equipment dispersion processing in the production process, unable fine linking between the process, thereby make production efficiency low, secondly at the in-process of the manufacturing and processing of pin wheel housing, because work such as mechanical polishing, drilling and angle sculpture restoration, can remain a large amount of casing pieces and abandonment coil on the whole production line, seriously influence the service environment of production line, at the high-speed moving in-process of machinery, the wind-force of production makes tiny piece blow up, seriously influence personnel healthy, after the piece accumulates the certain degree on the workstation, can influence the normal work of equipment, still need the manual work to clean the collection, the loaded down with trivial details degree of work has been increased, practicality is lower.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide an intelligent pin gear shell manufacturing production line, which aims to solve the problems that in the existing pin gear shell manufacturing production line provided by the background technology, all machine tool equipment is dispersedly processed in the production process, the working procedures cannot be well connected, and a large amount of shell scraps and waste coils are remained on the whole production line due to the mechanical grinding, drilling, angle carving repair and other work, so that the use environment of the production line is seriously influenced.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: a pin gear shell intelligence manufacturing line, it includes: braced frame and install in the defeated bits mechanism of totality of braced frame front end, braced frame's upper end has from left to right set gradually numerically-controlled grinder, gear shaper, drilling machine and detection mechanism, the numerically-controlled grinder downside is provided with the defeated bits mechanism of third that the piece that produces the numerically-controlled grinder during operation carried out the collection, be provided with the defeated bits mechanism of second that the mixture of piece and the water that produces the gear shaper during operation carried out the collection on the gear shaper, all be equipped with first defeated bits mechanism on gear shaper and the drilling machine, the braced frame right side is equipped with the material storage box that carries out the storage to the material that total defeated bits mechanism carried.

Preferably, the numerically controlled grinder comprises a lathe body, a rotating disc and a telescopic shaft which is arranged in the lathe body and used for adjusting the position of the rotating disc, a pin gear shell workpiece is fixed on one side of the rotating disc, and a grinding block for grinding the pin gear shell workpiece is arranged on one side of the lathe body;

the gear shaping machine comprises a machine body, a gear shaping structure for shaping the inner wall of a pin gear shell workpiece is arranged on the lower side of the machine body, a water spraying mechanism is arranged on one side of the gear shaping structure, and a rotary mounting seat for fixing the pin gear shell workpiece is arranged below the machine body;

the gear grinding machine comprises a machine body, a first workpiece clamping mechanism for fixing the pin gear shell workpiece is arranged below the machine body, and a rotary gear grinding mechanism for grinding the gear seam on the inner side of the pin gear shell workpiece is arranged on the lower side of the machine body;

the drilling machine comprises a rack, a workpiece clamping mechanism II for fixing the pin gear shell workpiece is arranged below the rack, and a rotary punching mechanism for punching the pin gear shell workpiece is arranged on the lower side of the rack.

Preferably, the third scrap conveying mechanism comprises a third collecting frame, transparent baffles are arranged at the upper ends of the front side and the rear side of the third collecting frame, a plurality of partition plates for partitioning the inside of the third collecting frame are arranged inside the third collecting frame, the partition plates divide the inside of the third collecting frame into a plurality of grooves, a small screw mechanism is arranged inside each groove, and the front end of each groove is connected with a third conveying pipeline;

the rear end outer wall of third collection material frame is fixed with the gear frame, the rear end of gear frame is fixed with carries out driven output motor to little screw mechanism, little screw mechanism's rear end runs through third collection material frame rear end outer wall and is located inside the gear frame, and is located the little screw mechanism outer wall of gear frame inside and is fixed with drive gear, and drive gear on two adjacent little screw mechanisms is the intermeshing state, and among a plurality of little screw mechanisms, the little screw mechanism one end of positive intermediate position is connected with output motor output shaft.

Preferably, the second scrap conveying mechanism comprises a second collecting frame and a water collecting base fixed to the lower end of the second collecting frame, a second conveying pipe is fixed to the front end of the water collecting base, a through hole is formed in the center of the water collecting base, a water collecting groove is formed in the upper end of the water collecting base around the through hole, an outlet is formed in the lowest position of the water collecting groove, and the outlet is communicated with the second conveying pipe.

Preferably, the first scrap conveying mechanism comprises a first collecting frame and a first conveying pipeline arranged at the front end of the first collecting frame.

Preferably, total defeated bits mechanism includes driving motor and the house steward that is fixed in the driving motor right-hand member, the other one end of house steward is located the top of material storage box, the inside of house steward is equipped with total screw mechanism, total screw mechanism one end is connected with the driving motor output, third conveying pipeline, second conveying pipeline and first conveying pipeline all communicate inside the house steward.

Compared with the prior art of manufacturing production lines of the pin gear shell, the invention provides an intelligent manufacturing production line of the pin gear shell, which has the following beneficial effects:

the numerical control grinding machine is provided with the first chip conveying mechanism, the second chip conveying mechanism, the third chip conveying mechanism and the two first chip conveying mechanisms, so that chips generated when the gear grinding machine and the drilling machine work can be collected under the action of the first chip conveying mechanisms, chips and water generated when the gear inserting machine works can be collected through the second chip conveying mechanism, and chips generated when the numerical control grinding machine works can be collected through the third chip conveying mechanism, so that the shell chips and waste coils cannot be generated on the whole production line, and the working environment of the production line is greatly improved;

the scrap collecting and recycling device is provided with the total scrap conveying mechanism and the storage box, and the third conveying pipe, the second conveying pipe and the first conveying pipe are all communicated with the interior of the main pipe on the total scrap conveying mechanism, so that scraps or water conveyed inside the third conveying pipe, the second conveying pipe and the first conveying pipe can enter the main pipe, at the moment, the driving motor drives the total screw mechanism to rotate, the total screw mechanism pushes materials collected inside the main pipe to the storage box for storage, the scraps and water are simply and efficiently collected and recycled, and the scraps cannot float due to the action of the water in the recycling process;

and thirdly, various devices required for processing and manufacturing the pin gear shell are summarized and arranged, so that the condition that various machine tool devices are subjected to dispersed processing in the production process is avoided, the working procedures can be well connected, and the production efficiency is greatly improved.

Drawings

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention without limiting the invention in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a front plan structure of an intelligent manufacturing line for pin gear cases according to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a processing device of an intelligent manufacturing line for a pin gear case according to the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a total chip conveying mechanism according to the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a side view of the third chip conveying mechanism according to the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic top view of a third chip conveying mechanism according to the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic perspective view of a second chip conveying mechanism according to the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a water collecting base according to the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a schematic plan view of a first chip conveying mechanism according to the present invention;

in the figure: 1. a first chip conveying mechanism; 101. a first feed delivery pipe; 102. a first material collecting frame; 2. a second chip conveying mechanism; 201. a second collection frame; 202. a water collecting base; 203. a second delivery pipe; 204. a through hole; 205. a water collection tank; 206. an outlet; 3. a third chip conveying mechanism; 301. a transparent baffle; 302. a third material collecting frame; 303. an output motor; 304. a transmission gear; 305. a gear frame; 306. a small screw mechanism; 307. a third delivery pipe; 308. a partition plate; 4. a support frame; 5. a total chip conveying mechanism; 501. a drive motor; 502. a header pipe; 503. a total screw mechanism; 6. a numerical control grinding machine; 601. a bed body; 602. a telescopic shaft; 603. rotating the disc; 604. grinding blocks; 7. a gear shaping machine; 701. a body; 702. a gear shaping structure; 703. rotating the mounting seat; 704. a water spraying mechanism; 8. a gear grinding machine; 801. a first workpiece clamping mechanism; 802. rotating the gear grinding mechanism; 803. a body; 9. a drilling machine; 901. a second workpiece clamping mechanism; 902. a rotary punching mechanism; 903. a frame; 10. a detection mechanism; 11. a material storage box; 12. a pin gear shell workpiece.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Referring to fig. 1-8, the present invention provides a technical solution: a pin gear shell intelligence manufacturing line, it includes: a supporting frame 4 and a total scrap conveying mechanism 5 arranged at the front end of the supporting frame 4, wherein the upper end of the supporting frame 4 is sequentially provided with a numerically controlled grinder 6 and a gear shaper 7 from left to right, the gear grinding machine 8, the drilling machine 9 and the detection mechanism 10, utilize the numerically controlled grinder 6 to grind the 12 outer walls of pin wheel housing work piece, the numerically controlled grinder 6 downside is provided with the third defeated bits mechanism 3 that the piece that produces the during operation of numerically controlled grinder 6 collected, be provided with the second defeated bits mechanism 2 that the mixture that produces the piece of gear shaper 7 during operation and water was collected on the gear shaper 7, utilize the gear shaper 7 to carry out the slot to the 12 inner walls of pin wheel housing work piece and make, all be equipped with first defeated bits mechanism 1 on gear grinding machine 8 and the drilling machine 9, utilize gear grinding machine 8 and drilling machine 9 to carry out the slot respectively to pin wheel housing work piece 12 and polish and drilling work, braced frame 4 right side is equipped with the storage box 11 that carries out the storage to the material that total defeated bits mechanism 5 carried.

The numerically controlled grinder 6 comprises a bed body 601, a rotating disc 603 and a telescopic shaft 602 which is arranged in the bed body 601 and used for adjusting the position of the rotating disc 603, wherein a pin gear shell workpiece 12 is fixed on one side of the rotating disc 603, a grinding block 604 for grinding the pin gear shell workpiece 12 is arranged on one side of the bed body 601, the telescopic shaft 602 pushes the rotating disc 603 to drive the pin gear shell workpiece 12 to be close to the grinding block 604, and the rotating disc 603 drives the pin gear shell workpiece 12 to rotate at a high speed, so that the outer wall of the pin gear shell workpiece 12 is rubbed and ground with the grinding block 604;

the gear shaping machine 7 comprises a machine body 701, a gear shaping structure 702 for shaping the inner wall of a pin gear shell workpiece 12 is arranged on the lower side of the machine body 701, a water spraying mechanism 704 is arranged on one side of the gear shaping structure 702, a rotary mounting seat 703 for fixing the pin gear shell workpiece 12 is arranged below the machine body 701, the gear shaping structure 702 rubs up and down on the inner wall of the pin gear shell workpiece 12 to shape the inner wall of the pin gear shell workpiece 12, the water spraying mechanism 704 washes the rubbed part while rubbing, and the temperature generated by friction is reduced while chips are taken away;

the gear grinding machine 8 comprises a machine body 803, a workpiece clamping mechanism 801 for fixing the pin gear shell workpiece 12 is arranged below the machine body 803, a rotary gear grinding mechanism 802 for grinding the gear gap on the inner side of the pin gear shell workpiece 12 is arranged on the lower side of the machine body 803, and the rotary gear grinding mechanism 802 precisely grinds the gear gap formed on the inner wall of the pin gear shell workpiece 12 by driving a friction wheel to move up and down;

the drilling machine 9 comprises a frame 903, a second workpiece clamping mechanism 901 for fixing the pin gear shell workpiece 12 is arranged below the frame 903, and a rotary punching mechanism 902 for punching the pin gear shell workpiece 12 is arranged below the frame 903.

The third scrap conveying mechanism 3 comprises a third collecting frame 302, transparent baffles 301 are arranged at the upper ends of the front side and the rear side of the third collecting frame 302, the fragments sputtered during polishing are shielded by the transparent baffles 301 and fall into the third collecting frame 302, a plurality of partition plates 308 for partitioning the inside of the third collecting frame 302 are arranged inside the third collecting frame 302, the third collecting frame 302 is divided into a plurality of grooves by the partition plates 308, the fragments are collected by the grooves formed inside the third scrap conveying mechanism 3, a small screw mechanism 306 is arranged inside each groove, and the front end of each groove is connected with a third conveying pipe 307;

a gear frame 305 is fixed on the outer wall of the rear end of the third material collecting frame 302, an output motor 303 for driving a small screw mechanism 306 is fixed on the rear end of the gear frame 305, the rear end of the small screw mechanism 306 penetrates through the outer wall of the rear end of the third material collecting frame 302 and is positioned in the gear frame 305, a transmission gear 304 is fixed on the outer wall of the small screw mechanism 306 positioned in the gear frame 305, the transmission gears 304 on two adjacent small screw mechanisms 306 are in a mutual meshing state, one end of the small screw mechanism 306 in the middle position among a plurality of small screw mechanisms 306 is connected with an output shaft of the output motor 303, after the output motor 303 is powered on, the small screw mechanism 306 in the middle position is driven to rotate through the shaft, and the transmission gears 304 on two adjacent small screw mechanisms 306 are in a mutual meshing state, so that when the small screw mechanism 306 in the middle position rotates, other small screw mechanisms 306 can be driven to rotate at the same time, so that the chips accumulated inside the third collecting frame 302 can be pushed out into the third feed conveyor pipe 307 by the rotation of the small screw mechanism 306.

The second chip conveying mechanism 2 comprises a second collecting frame 201 and a water collecting base 202 fixed to the lower end of the second collecting frame 201, a second conveying pipe 203 is fixed to the front end of the water collecting base 202, a through hole 204 is formed in the center of the water collecting base 202, the second chip conveying mechanism 2 is fixedly sleeved on the outer wall of the rotary mounting seat 703 under the action of the through hole 204, so that chips and water stains generated when the slotting tooth structure 702 works can be blocked and collected by the second collecting frame 201, a water collecting groove 205 is formed in the upper end of the water collecting base 202 around the through hole 204, an outlet 206 is formed in the lowest position of the water collecting groove 205, a mixture of the chips and water collected in the second collecting frame 201 can flow to the outlet 206 and is conveyed to the second conveying pipe 203 through the outlet 206, and the outlet 206 is communicated with the second conveying pipe 203.

The first chip conveying mechanism 1 comprises a first collecting frame 102 and a first conveying pipe 101 installed at the front end of the first collecting frame 102, the first collecting frame 102 is located below a pin gear shell workpiece 12, chips generated when punching or polishing tooth gaps of the pin gear shell workpiece 12 fall into the first collecting frame 102, the first collecting frame 102 and the components of the first collecting frame are substantially the same as those of a third collecting frame 302, a small screw mechanism 306, a transmission gear 304, an output motor 303, a partition plate 308 and the like are also arranged on the first collecting frame 102, and the output motor 303 drives the small screw mechanism 306 to rotate, so that the chips collected inside the first collecting frame 102 can be pushed into the first conveying pipe 101.

The total scrap conveying mechanism 5 comprises a driving motor 501 and a header pipe 502 fixed at the right end of the driving motor 501, the other end of the header pipe 502 is located above the storage box 11, a total screw mechanism 503 is arranged inside the header pipe 502, one end of the total screw mechanism 503 is connected with the output end of the driving motor 501, a third conveying pipe 307, a second conveying pipe 203 and a first conveying pipe 101 are all communicated with the inside of the header pipe 502, so that scraps or water conveyed inside the third conveying pipe 307, the second conveying pipe 203 and the first conveying pipe 101 can enter the header pipe 502, at the moment, the driving motor 501 drives the total screw mechanism 503 to rotate, and the total screw mechanism 503 pushes the collected materials inside the header pipe 502 to the storage box 11 for storage.

The working principle and the using process of the invention are as follows: after the numerical control grinding machine is installed, when the numerical control grinding machine works, through the second chip conveying mechanism 2, the third chip conveying mechanism 3 and the two first chip conveying mechanisms 1, under the action of the first chip conveying mechanisms 1, chips generated when the gear grinding machine 8 and the drilling machine 9 grind a gear slot and punch a hole on a pin gear shell workpiece 12 fall into the first collecting frame 102, the chips generated when the gear grinding machine 8 and the drilling machine 9 work can be collected, the chips and water generated when the gear slotting machine 7 works can be collected through the second chip conveying mechanism 2, the chips generated when the numerical control grinding machine 6 works can be collected through the third chip conveying mechanism 3, and as the third material conveying pipe 307 on the third chip conveying mechanism 3, the second material conveying pipe 203 on the second chip conveying mechanism 2 and the first material conveying pipe 101 on the first chip conveying mechanism 1 are all communicated with the inner part of the header pipe 502 on the total chip conveying mechanism 5, therefore, the scraps or water conveyed inside the third conveying pipe 307, the second conveying pipe 203 and the first conveying pipe 101 can enter the main pipe 502, at this time, the driving motor 501 drives the main screw mechanism 503 to rotate, the main screw mechanism 503 pushes the materials collected inside the main pipe 502 to the storage box 11 for storage, and the scraps and the water are collected and recovered simply and efficiently.

Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.