阅读说明：本技术 采用大蒜皮提高皇竹草青贮饲料品质的方法及用途 (Method for improving pennisetum hydridum silage quality by using garlic skins and application ) 是由 陈俊材 黄国灏 赵中权 黄德利 杨震国 熊翰林 秦浩 张浩南 于 2021-08-13 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明属于青贮饲料加工技术领域,具体涉及一种采用大蒜皮提高皇竹草青贮饲料品质的方法及用途。针对新鲜皇竹草水分含量高,青贮难度大的问题,本发明提供了一种采用大蒜皮提高皇竹草青贮饲料品质的方法,包括以下步骤：a、新鲜皇竹草破碎成2～3cm的短节；b、将皇竹草与大蒜皮混合得到青贮原料,皇竹草与大蒜皮的重量比为7～9:1～3；c、将青贮原料装入塑料袋内,抽真空后密封,25～30℃条件下,避光青贮发酵45～60天,得到皇竹草青贮饲料。本发明通过添加适宜量的大蒜皮,显著提高高水分皇竹草青贮的发酵品质。本方法成功率高、成本低廉、制作简单、原料来源丰富,适宜推广使用。(The invention belongs to the technical field of silage processing, and particularly relates to a method for improving pennisetum hydridum silage quality by using garlic skins and application. Aiming at the problems of high moisture content and high silage difficulty of fresh pennisetum hydridum, the invention provides a method for improving pennisetum hydridum silage quality by using garlic skins, which comprises the following steps: a. crushing fresh pennisetum hydridum into short sections of 2-3 cm; b. mixing pennisetum hydridum and garlic skins to obtain an ensiling raw material, wherein the weight ratio of pennisetum hydridum to garlic skins is 7-9: 1-3; c. and (3) putting the silage raw materials into a plastic bag, vacuumizing, sealing, and performing dark silage fermentation for 45-60 days at the temperature of 25-30 ℃ to obtain the pennisetum hydridum silage. According to the invention, by adding a proper amount of garlic skins, the fermentation quality of the high-moisture pennisetum hydridum silage is obviously improved. The method has the advantages of high success rate, low cost, simple preparation, rich raw material sources and suitability for popularization and application.)

1. The method for improving the quality of pennisetum hydridum silage by using garlic skins is characterized by comprising the following steps:

a. crushing fresh pennisetum hydridum into short sections of 2-3 cm;

b. b, mixing the pennisetum hydridum processed in the step a with garlic skins in a weight ratio of 7-9: 1-3 to obtain an ensiling raw material after uniform mixing;

c. and (3) putting the mixed silage raw materials into a plastic bag, vacuumizing, sealing, and performing dark silage fermentation for 45-60 days at the temperature of 25-30 ℃ to obtain the pennisetum hydridum silage.

2. The method for improving pennisetum hydridum silage quality using garlic skins as claimed in claim 1, wherein: and c, mowing the pennisetum hydridum of the step a, wherein the pennisetum hydridum is 1-1.5 m in plant height and is mowed 15-20 cm away from the ground.

3. The method for improving pennisetum hydridum silage quality using garlic skins as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the water content of the fresh pennisetum hydridum in the step a is 80-85%.

4. The method for improving pennisetum hydridum silage quality using garlic skins as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step b, the weight ratio of pennisetum hydridum to garlic skin is 8: 2.

5. The method for improving pennisetum hydridum silage quality using garlic skins as claimed in claim 1, wherein: and c, the particle size of the garlic skin in the step b is 3-6 cm.

6. The method for improving pennisetum hydridum silage quality using garlic skins as claimed in claim 1, wherein: and c, the water content of the garlic skins in the step b is 15-20%.

7. The method for improving pennisetum hydridum silage quality using garlic skins as claimed in claim 1, wherein: and c, controlling the vacuum degree of the vacuum in the step c to be-50 +/-3 KPa.

8. The method for improving pennisetum hydridum silage quality using garlic skins as claimed in claim 1, wherein: and c, opening the bag after fermenting for 60 days.

9. Use of garlic skin in preparing pennisetum hydridum silage.

10. Use of garlic skins as claimed in claim 9 for the preparation of pennisetum hydridum silage, characterized in that: the addition amount of the garlic skins is 10-30%.

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of silage processing, and particularly relates to a method for improving pennisetum hydridum silage quality by using garlic skins and application.

Background

Pennisetum hydridum is a perennial gramineae plant, has the characteristics of fast growth, high yield, wide adaptability, strong stress resistance and the like, and is widely popularized and planted in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangdong, Hainan, Guizhou, Hunan and other places in China at present. Pennisetum hydridum is rich in nutrition, crisp and tender in stem and leaf and succulent, and is a high-quality coarse feed suitable for feeding herbivorous livestock and poultry such as cattle, sheep, rabbits and the like. Pennisetum hydridum has poor cold resistance, so silage is a main utilization mode of pennisetum hydridum, and pennisetum hydridum silage can improve palatability and utilization rate and relieve the problem of feed resource shortage in winter and spring. However, the fresh pennisetum hydridum has the moisture content of more than 80 percent and strong buffering capacity, so that the pH value is not easy to rapidly decrease, the ensiling difficulty is high, the growth of harmful microorganisms cannot be effectively inhibited, the ensiling quality is not high, and the pennisetum hydridum is easy to decay. At present, the method of withering or drying is usually adopted to reduce the moisture of the raw materials, thereby improving the ensiling quality. However, southern areas are wet and rainy, are prone to rain forests and mildew during airing, have high nutrient loss, and are directly dried to increase ensiling cost.

Patent CN109805160A provides a preparation method of fermented green feed, which comprises cleaning corn stalks, soybean stalks, peanut stalks, alfalfa, sweet sorghum stalks, pennisetum hydridum, pericarp, daylily, radish leaves, carrot leaves, purple locust leaves and pumpkin leaves, naturally drying the cleaned straws, and then putting the straws into a crusher to crush the straws into straw particle raw materials of 2-3 cm; spraying the composite strain liquid on the surface of the straw particle raw material, and fermenting; and spraying a certain amount of astragalus polysaccharide aqueous solution in the fermentation process, controlling the humidity of the green feed to be 40-50%, and fermenting to obtain the fermented feed. In the patent, the pennisetum hydridum fermentation needs to be added with compound strain liquid and astragalus polysaccharide, so that the growth and the propagation of lactic acid bacteria are promoted, the fermentation quality of silage is improved, and the content of crude protein is improved. The method has unstable effect and increased fermentation cost due to the addition of the compound strain liquid and the astragalus polysaccharide. Therefore, how to improve the quality of the silage of pennisetum hydridum with high moisture at low cost is still a problem to be solved urgently in the industry.

China is the largest garlic planting and exporting country in the world, the annual garlic yield is about 2000 million tons, and the byproduct yield after garlic processing can account for 10-30% of the total garlic yield. The garlic skin is one of main byproducts in the garlic processing industry, contains garlicin, garlic oil and flavonoids, and has the effects of resisting inflammation, sterilizing, resisting oxidation and the like. However, the existing garlic skin has limited utilization means, and the garlic skin is directly burnt in many places, thereby causing environmental pollution. Some beef cattle and mutton sheep breeding enterprises try to use garlic skins in coarse fodder to replace part of hay so as to achieve the purpose of reducing the breeding cost. However, garlic skins are subject to mould during storage and transport, and are directly fed to animals at a risk of affecting their health and reducing their productivity.

At present, the pennisetum hydridum ensiling technology is yet to be improved, and no report about improving pennisetum hydridum ensiling effect by adding garlic skins is found, so that development is urgently needed.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention provides a method for improving pennisetum hydridum silage quality by using garlic skins, aiming at solving the problem that fresh-cut high-moisture pennisetum hydridum silage is difficult and improving the utilization rate of garlic skins which are byproducts of garlic processing.

The invention provides a method for improving pennisetum hydridum silage quality by using garlic skins, which comprises the following steps:

a. crushing fresh pennisetum hydridum into short sections of 2-3 cm;

b. b, mixing the pennisetum hydridum processed in the step a with garlic skins in a weight ratio of 7-9: 1-3 to obtain an ensiling raw material after uniform mixing;

c. and (3) putting the mixed silage raw materials into a plastic bag, vacuumizing, sealing, and performing dark silage fermentation for 45-60 days at the temperature of 25-30 ℃ to obtain the pennisetum hydridum silage.

Preferably, in the method for improving pennisetum hydridum silage quality by using garlic skins, pennisetum hydridum in the step a is pennisetum hydridum with the plant height of 1-1.5 m, and is mown 15-20 cm away from the ground.

In the method for improving pennisetum hydridum silage quality by using garlic skins, the fresh pennisetum hydridum in the step a has the water content of 80-85%.

Preferably, in the method for improving pennisetum hydridum silage quality by using garlic skins, the weight ratio of pennisetum hydridum to garlic skins in the step b is 8: 2.

In the method for improving pennisetum hydridum silage quality by using garlic skins, the garlic skins in the step b have the particle size of 3-6 cm.

In the method for improving pennisetum hydridum silage quality by using garlic skins, the moisture content of the garlic skins in the step b is 15-20%.

Wherein, in the method for improving the quality of the pennisetum hydridum silage by using the garlic skins, the vacuum degree in the step c is-50 +/-3 KPa.

Preferably, in the method for improving the quality of pennisetum hydridum silage by using garlic skins, in the step c, the pennisetum hydridum silage is fermented for 60 days and then is bagged.

The invention also provides application of the garlic skins in preparation of pennisetum hydridum silage.

Wherein, in the application, the addition amount of the garlic skins is 10-30%. Preferably 20%.

In the present invention, all percentages referred to are percentages by weight, unless otherwise specified.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

the invention adopts the freshly mown high-moisture pennisetum hydridum and the garlic skin to prepare the silage together, and the proportion of the pennisetum hydridum and the garlic skin is reasonably controlled, so that the moisture content in the silage is more suitable, the pH value of pennisetum hydridum silage is reduced from 5.08 to below 4.5, the ammonia nitrogen is reduced by more than 50%, the butyric acid content is obviously reduced, and the quality of the pennisetum hydridum silage is obviously improved. The pennisetum hydridum and garlic skin mixed silage production method provided by the invention is simple to produce and easy to operate, and the pennisetum hydridum which is freshly mown does not need to be aired or dried, so that the time and labor cost are saved. Meanwhile, a good ensiling effect can be achieved without additionally adding extra substances. The garlic skin is a garlic processing byproduct, has wide source and low price, is easy to obtain, provides a new mode for the utilization of the garlic skin, can effectively reduce the waste of the garlic skin, and is suitable for popularization and use.

Drawings

FIG. 1 shows silage prepared according to example 1 of the present invention;

FIG. 2 shows silage prepared according to example 2 of the present invention;

FIG. 3 shows silage prepared according to example 3 of the present invention;

FIG. 4 shows silage prepared according to comparative example 4 of the present invention;

fig. 5 shows silage prepared according to comparative example 5 of the present invention.

Detailed Description

The invention provides a method for improving pennisetum hydridum silage quality by garlic skin, which comprises the following steps:

a. crushing fresh pennisetum hydridum into short sections of 2-3 cm;

b. b, mixing the pennisetum hydridum processed in the step a with garlic skins in a weight ratio of 7-9: 1-3 to obtain an ensiling raw material after uniform mixing;

c. and (3) putting the mixed silage raw materials into a plastic bag, vacuumizing, sealing, and performing dark silage fermentation for 45-60 days at the temperature of 25-30 ℃ to obtain the pennisetum hydridum silage.

Preferably, the pennisetum hydridum in the step a is pennisetum hydridum with the plant height of 1-1.5 m, and is mown 15-20 cm away from the ground.

Wherein the water content of the fresh pennisetum hydridum in the step a is 80-85%.

At present, pennisetum hydridum ensilage mainly adopts a mode of drying, withering or drying to reduce the moisture of raw materials, thereby improving the success rate of ensilage fermentation. However, airing depends on local climatic conditions, southern areas are wet and rainy, airing is not easy to carry out, and airing can cause loss of additional nutrient components; drying in turn leads to increased costs for ensilage. Therefore, the present inventors tried to improve the fermentation quality of pennisetum hydridum by mixing other low moisture raw materials together for ensiling. In selecting the mixed raw materials, not only the moisture content of the raw materials but also whether the addition of the raw materials affects the content of nutrient components such as dry matter, crude protein and the like of pennisetum hydridum silage is considered.

Through a large number of previous experimental researches of the inventor, the quality of pennisetum hydridum silage can be remarkably improved by adding a processing by-product garlic skin. The garlic skin is one of main byproducts in the garlic processing industry, has low moisture content (< 20%), is matched with pennisetum hydridum with high moisture content for use, can reduce the moisture content in the pennisetum hydridum ensiling process, quickly reduces the pH value of pennisetum hydridum ensiling from 5.08 to below 4.5, and further improves the ensiling quality. In addition, the garlic skin also contains garlicin, garlic oil and flavonoids, has the effects of resisting inflammation, sterilizing, resisting oxidation and the like, can effectively inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria when being used for silage, and improves the success rate of silage fermentation.

Particularly, the inventor also determines that the weight ratio of pennisetum hydridum to garlic skin is 7-9: 1-3, preferably 8:2 through a large number of experiments. The inventor finds that when 10% of garlic skin is added, the silage effect of pennisetum hydridum is improved, and the fermentation effect is better and better along with the increase of the addition amount of the garlic skin. However, the higher the addition amount of the garlic skin is, the better the garlic skin is, the lower the content of nutrient substances of the garlic skin is, and the higher the addition amount of the garlic skin is, the crude protein can be reduced, and the silage nutritional value can be reduced. Based on this, the addition of 20% is preferable, and the effect is most excellent.

Wherein the particle size of the garlic skin in the step b is 3-6 cm.

Wherein the water content of the garlic skins in the step b is 15-20%.

Wherein the vacuum degree of the vacuum in the step c is-50 +/-3 KPa.

Preferably, in the step c, the bag is opened after 60 days of fermentation.

The invention also provides application of the garlic skins in preparation of pennisetum hydridum silage.

The following examples are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present invention without limiting the scope of the invention to the examples.

The garlic skins used in the examples are common commercial products, the particle size is 3-6 cm, and the average value of the moisture content is 15.22%.

Example 1 pennisetum hydridum silage prepared by the method of the invention

The specific operation steps are as follows:

(1) chopping the freshly mown pennisetum hydridum into short sections of 2-3 cm;

(2) mixing the processed pennisetum hydridum and the garlic skin, wherein the pennisetum hydridum accounts for 90 percent and the garlic skin accounts for 10 percent by weight, and uniformly mixing to obtain a silage raw material;

(3) and (3) putting the mixed silage raw materials into a plastic bag, vacuumizing, sealing, performing silage fermentation in the dark at the temperature of 25-30 ℃, and opening the bag after 60 days to obtain the silage.

The prepared silage is yellow green, has fragrance, clear and identifiable stem leaf structure, is loose and soft when being taken up, is not sticky and is slightly moist, and the evaluation of the overall sensory quality is 13 grades and 2 grades (good). It was found that the dry matter content was 20.67%, the crude protein content was 9.21%, the neutral detergent fiber content was 61.27%, the pH was 4.39, the ammoniacal nitrogen was 188.81g/kg TN, the lactic acid content was 89.61g/kg DM, and butyric acid was not detected.

Example 2 pennisetum hydridum silage prepared by the method of the invention

The specific operation steps are as follows:

(1) chopping the freshly mown pennisetum hydridum into short sections of 2-3 cm;

(2) mixing the processed pennisetum hydridum and the garlic skin, wherein the pennisetum hydridum accounts for 80% and the garlic skin accounts for 20% in percentage by weight, and uniformly mixing to obtain an ensiling raw material;

(3) and (3) putting the mixed silage raw materials into a plastic bag, vacuumizing, sealing, performing silage fermentation in the dark at the temperature of 25-30 ℃, and opening the bag after 60 days to obtain the silage.

The prepared silage is yellow green, has strong fragrance, clear and identifiable stem leaf structure, is loose and soft when being taken up, is not sticky, and has the overall sensory quality rating of 16 grades and grade 1 (excellent). The dry matter content was found to be 28.95%, the crude protein content was found to be 7.89%, the neutral detergent fiber content was found to be 55.78%, the pH was found to be 4.08, the ammoniacal nitrogen was 110.64g/kg TN, the lactic acid content was found to be 30.74g/kg DM, and butyric acid was not detected.

Example 3 pennisetum hydridum silage prepared by the method of the invention

The specific operation steps are as follows:

(1) chopping the freshly mown pennisetum hydridum into short sections of 2-3 cm;

(2) mixing the processed pennisetum hydridum and the garlic skin, wherein the pennisetum hydridum accounts for 70% and the garlic skin accounts for 30% in percentage by weight, and uniformly mixing to obtain an ensiling raw material;

(3) and (3) putting the mixed silage raw materials into a plastic bag, vacuumizing, sealing, performing silage fermentation in the dark at the temperature of 25-30 ℃, and opening the bag after 60 days to obtain the silage.

The prepared silage is yellow green, has strong fragrance, clear and identifiable stem leaf structure, is loose and soft when being taken up, is not sticky, and has the overall sensory quality rating of 20 grades and 1 grade (excellent). The dry matter content was 34.24%, the crude protein content was 6.61%, the neutral detergent fiber content was 52.26%, the pH was 4.13, ammoniacal nitrogen 120.38g/kg TN, the lactic acid content was 27.14g/kg DM, and butyric acid was not detected.

Comparative example 4 preparation of pennisetum hydridum silage without addition of garlic skins

The specific operation steps are as follows:

(1) chopping the freshly mown pennisetum hydridum into short sections of 2-3 cm;

(2) putting the silage raw materials into a plastic bag, vacuumizing, sealing, performing silage fermentation in the dark at 25-30 ℃, and opening the bag after 60 days to obtain the silage.

The prepared silage is serious in color change, is dark green, has strong butyric acid odor, is poor in stem and leaf structure retention, is wet and sticky when being taken up, and is graded as 2 according to the overall sensory quality assessment, and the grade is grade 4 (corruption). It was found that the dry matter content was 14.85%, the crude protein content was 12.41%, the neutral detergent fiber content was 62.95%, the pH was 5.08, the ammoniacal nitrogen was 406.94g/kg TN, the lactic acid content was 12.30g/kg DM, and the butyric acid content was 25.75g/kg DM.

Comparative example 5 preparation of pennisetum hydridum silage by adding lactic acid bacteria

The specific operation steps are as follows:

(1) chopping the freshly mown pennisetum hydridum into short sections of 2-3 cm, adding 2.5g/t of lactic acid bacteria, and uniformly mixing;

(2) putting the silage raw materials into a plastic bag, vacuumizing, sealing, storing at room temperature for 60 days, and opening the bag to obtain the silage.

The prepared silage is yellow green, has strong fragrance, clear and identifiable stem leaf structure, and has first-grade (excellent) overall sensory quality evaluation grade. The dry matter content was found to be 16.17%, the crude protein content was found to be 13.03%, the neutral detergent fiber content was found to be 64.75%, the pH was found to be 4.18, the ammoniacal nitrogen was 159.41g/kg TN, the lactic acid content was found to be 46.32g/kg DM, and butyric acid was not detected.

Sensory evaluation was performed on silage prepared in examples and comparative examples. Sensory evaluation was carried out according to the scoring method recommended by the German agricultural Association (DeutcheLanDwirtschaftsGeseutschaft). After the silage bags are opened, 3 aspects of color, smell and texture are evaluated, 16-20 are 1 (excellent), 10-15 are 2 (good), 5-9 are 3 (medium), and 0-4 are 4 (rotten). Specific criteria are shown in table 1.

TABLE 1 silage sensory evaluation criteria

Sensory evaluation results of silage prepared in examples and comparative examples are shown in table 2 below.

TABLE 2 sensory evaluation score Table

	Color and luster score	Smell score	Texture score	Composite score	Rating of grade
						Example 1	1	10	2	13	Good wine
Example 2	2	10	4	16	Superior food
						Example 3	2	14	4	20	Superior food
Comparative example 4	0	2	0	2	Spoilage
						Comparative example 5	2	14	2	18	Superior food

The silage prepared in the examples and comparative examples was subjected to performance measurement. Wherein, the dry matter content is determined by reference to GB/T6435-2014; the pH value, lactic acid, butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen are measured according to DB 15/T1458-2018; the crude protein is determined by reference to GB/T6432-2018; the neutral detergent fibers were prepared in accordance with DB 37/T2968-2017, and the results of the performance index measurements are shown in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 silage related Performance indices

According to the experiments and data, the pH value of the silage can be obviously reduced, the lactic acid content is improved, the ammoniacal nitrogen content is reduced, the silage dry matter content is improved, the nutrition loss in the silage process is reduced, and the fermentation quality is improved through reasonable configuration of the garlic skins and the pennisetum hydridum. The addition amount of the garlic skin is preferably 10-30%, and preferably 20%. The invention develops a new ensiling method of pennisetum hydridum, develops a new application of garlic skins and has good application prospect.