阅读说明：本技术 一种面向车床刀具的多级自适应保护装置及其保护方法 (Lathe tool oriented multistage self-adaptive protection device and protection method thereof ) 是由 何雄华 陈岁繁 李其朋 何志强 赵永康 于 2021-09-13 设计创作，主要内容包括：本发明公开了一种面向车床刀具的多级自适应保护装置及其保护方法,包括用于夹持工件的夹持座、用于安装车刀的刀座、配合刀座的一级自适应保护结构和配合一级自适应保护结构的二级自适应保护结构,所述一级自适应保护结构通过微调弹簧,实现对车刀的自适应保护功能,所述二级自适应保护结构通过粗调弹簧与传感器,实现对车刀的二级自适应保护功能。本发明能在当车刀轴向或径向的进给量较大或者冲击载荷过大时,通过微量地调整车刀进给量,减少了对加工工件和车刀造成的损害；当加工工件的轴径过大时,还可以通过粗量地调整车刀进给量,避免了由于受载过大对车刀造成地损害；可对现有车床的通用车刀提供保护,无需特别制造新的刀具,适应性强。(The invention discloses a lathe tool-oriented multistage self-adaptive protection device and a protection method thereof, and the lathe tool-oriented multistage self-adaptive protection device comprises a clamping seat for clamping a workpiece, a tool apron for mounting a turning tool, a primary self-adaptive protection structure matched with the tool apron and a secondary self-adaptive protection structure matched with the primary self-adaptive protection structure, wherein the primary self-adaptive protection structure realizes the self-adaptive protection function of the turning tool through a fine adjustment spring, and the secondary self-adaptive protection structure realizes the secondary self-adaptive protection function of the turning tool through a rough adjustment spring and a sensor. The invention can reduce the damage to the processed workpiece and the turning tool by slightly adjusting the feeding amount of the turning tool when the axial or radial feeding amount of the turning tool is larger or the impact load is overlarge; when the shaft diameter of the processed workpiece is too large, the feeding amount of the turning tool can be adjusted by coarse amount, so that the ground damage to the turning tool caused by too large load is avoided; the universal turning tool can provide protection for the universal turning tool of the existing lathe, a new tool does not need to be specially manufactured, and the adaptability is strong.)

1. The utility model provides a multistage self-adaptation protection device towards lathe cutter which characterized in that: the turning tool self-adaptive protection structure comprises a clamping seat used for clamping a workpiece, a tool apron used for mounting a turning tool, a primary self-adaptive protection structure matched with the tool apron and a secondary self-adaptive protection structure matched with the primary self-adaptive protection structure, wherein the primary self-adaptive protection structure realizes the self-adaptive protection function of the turning tool through a fine adjustment spring, and the secondary self-adaptive protection structure realizes the secondary self-adaptive protection function of the turning tool through a rough adjustment spring and a sensor.

2. The multistage self-adaptive protection device for the lathe tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the primary self-adaptive protection structure comprises a primary self-adaptive protection seat, an axial fine-tuning spring, a radial fine-tuning spring and a stop block, the secondary self-adaptive protection structure comprises a secondary self-adaptive protection seat, a radial coarse-tuning spring, a limiting seat, a stop column and a sensor, a tool apron groove matched with the tool apron is arranged on the inner side of the primary self-adaptive protection seat, a primary self-adaptive protection seat groove matched with the primary self-adaptive protection seat is arranged on the inner side of the secondary self-adaptive protection seat, the axial fine-tuning spring is installed between one side of the tool apron and one side of the primary self-adaptive protection seat, the radial fine-tuning spring is installed between the rear end of the primary self-adaptive protection seat and the rear end of the secondary self-adaptive protection seat, the stop block is positioned at the front end of the primary self-adaptive protection seat, a limiting plate matched with the stop block is arranged at the front end of the secondary self-adaptive protection seat, and the limiting seat is positioned at the rear of the secondary self-adaptive protection seat, the stop column is positioned in front of the secondary self-adaptive protective seat, the radial coarse adjusting spring is positioned between the limiting seat and the rear end of the secondary self-adaptive protective seat, and the sensor is arranged on the secondary self-adaptive protective seat.

3. The multistage adaptive protection device for the lathe tool as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the tool body of the turning tool is installed in the tool apron and fixed through the turning tool set screw, the number of the stop blocks and the stop columns is two, the two stop blocks are inserted into two sides of the front end of the primary self-adaptive protective seat and then fixed through the stop block set screw, and the limiting seat and the stop columns are fixed on the lathe support.

4. The multistage adaptive protection device for the lathe tool as claimed in claim 2, wherein: one side of the cutter holder is provided with a cutter holder axial spring groove matched with the axial fine tuning spring, one side of the primary self-adaptive protective seat is provided with a protective seat axial spring groove matched with the axial fine tuning spring, the rear end of the secondary self-adaptive protective seat is provided with a front protective seat radial spring groove matched with the radial fine tuning spring and a rear protective seat radial spring groove matched with the radial coarse tuning spring, and the limiting seat is provided with a limiting seat radial spring groove matched with the radial coarse tuning spring.

5. The multistage self-adaptive protection device for the lathe tool as claimed in claim 4, wherein: the inner side of the primary self-adaptive protection seat is provided with an axial guide rail matched with the tool apron, the bottom of the tool apron is provided with an axial sliding block matched with the axial guide rail, the number of the axial fine tuning springs is two, and the two axial fine tuning springs are symmetrically arranged on two sides of the axial guide rail.

6. The multistage self-adaptive protection device for the lathe tool as claimed in claim 5, wherein: the inner side of the secondary self-adaptive protection seat is provided with a primary radial guide rail matched with the primary self-adaptive protection seat, the bottom of the primary self-adaptive protection seat is provided with a primary radial slide block matched with the primary radial guide rail, the number of the radial fine tuning springs is two, and the two radial fine tuning springs are symmetrically arranged on two sides of the primary radial guide rail.

7. The multistage adaptive protection device for the lathe tool as claimed in claim 6, wherein: two secondary radial guide rails matched with the secondary adaptive protection seat are arranged between the limiting seat and the stop column, two secondary radial slide blocks matched with the secondary radial guide rails are arranged at the bottom of the secondary adaptive protection seat, the number of the radial coarse adjustment springs is two, and the two radial coarse adjustment springs are symmetrically arranged on two sides of the secondary radial guide rails.

8. The multistage adaptive protection device for the lathe tool as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the sensor is an infrared sensor and is arranged at the rear end of the secondary self-adaptive protective seat.

9. The multistage adaptive protection device for the lathe tool as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the axial fine adjustment spring is positioned on the side of the blade far away from the turning tool.

10. The protection method of the multistage adaptive protection device for the lathe tool according to claim 7, characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:

initially, the tool apron is under the elastic force action of the axial fine-tuning spring, when the turning tool is axially fed, and when the feeding amount is overlarge, the turning tool is under overlarge impact load, the load is larger than the elastic force value applied to the tool apron by the axial fine-tuning spring, at the moment, the primary self-adaptive protection structure starts to act, the axial fine-tuning spring is compressed, and the tool apron retreats along the axial guide rail; in the process that the tool apron axially retracts along the axial guide rail, the impact load is reduced, and the turning tool continues to axially feed under the action of the elastic force of the axial fine-tuning spring to finish machining;

initially, the primary self-adaptive protective seat is under the elastic force action of the radial fine-tuning spring, and the stop blocks positioned on two sides of the front end of the primary self-adaptive protective seat are stopped by the limiting plate at the front end of the secondary self-adaptive protective seat; when the turning tool is fed in the radial direction, when the feeding amount is overlarge, a larger impact load is applied, and the load is larger than the elastic force value applied to the tool apron by the radial fine tuning spring, and at the moment, the primary self-adaptive protection structure starts to act; when the turning tool is subjected to an overlarge impact load, the radial fine tuning spring is compressed and retreats along the first-stage radial guide rail; in the process that the tool apron retreats along the primary radial guide rail, the impact load is reduced, and the turning tool continues to feed along the radial direction under the action of the elastic force of the radial fine-tuning spring to finish machining;

initially, the secondary self-adaptive protective seat is subjected to the action of the elastic force of the radial rough adjusting spring, and the secondary self-adaptive protective seat is blocked by a blocking column positioned in front of the secondary self-adaptive protective seat; when the shaft diameter of the machined workpiece is too large, the turning tool is subjected to a large impact load, and the impact load is larger than the elastic force value applied to the secondary self-adaptive protection seat by the coarse tuning spring, at the moment, the compression amount of the radial fine tuning spring reaches a limit value, the secondary self-adaptive protection structure starts to act, the radial coarse tuning spring is compressed under the stress, and the secondary self-adaptive protection seat retreats along the direction of a secondary radial guide rail; in the process of axially withdrawing the secondary self-adaptive protection seat, after the impact load is reduced, the secondary self-adaptive protection seat continues to feed along the guide rail in the radial direction to finish machining;

when the axial feeding amount is too large, the turning tool is subjected to a large impact load, and the primary self-adaptive protection structure cannot play a protection role at the moment, when the sensor senses that the cutter holder is too large in axial withdrawal amount, the sensor transmits a logic signal to a motor for controlling the cutter to feed, after the motor receives the signal, the axial feeding amount of the cutter is reduced, after the feeding amount is reduced, the impact load is reduced, and due to the elastic action of an axial fine-tuning spring, the cutter continues to feed along the axial guide rail, so that the machining is completed.

Technical Field

The invention relates to an auxiliary device of a lathe, in particular to a multistage self-adaptive protection device facing a lathe tool and a protection method thereof.

Background

In the machining industry, a lathe is a very common machining device, and is a machine tool for turning a rotating workpiece by using a lathe tool.

In the existing lathe machining process, a large load can be generated between a machined workpiece and a cutter, and the cutter cannot be protected in a self-adaptive mode, so that the cutter can be damaged, and the service life of the cutter is shortened.

Some conventional lathe apparatuses can perform multi-axis machining in order to improve machining flexibility, but most of them do not have a tool protection function (for example, CN111957988A or CN 105904286A). In order to protect the cutter, the prior art mainly aims at the problem of cutter heating in the machining process, and uses a cooling device to cool the cutter so as to protect the cutter, but the method needs to increase the cost (such as CN 210968070U); or the mechanism of the cutter is improved, and the cutter plays a role of buffering when the cutter is contacted with a workpiece, but the device needs to be improved and cannot be suitable for common cutters (such as CN 211539520U). Or when the existing protection device slightly shifts the cutter due to vibration, the effective cutting area of the cutter is fixed, so that the cutter is protected, but when the cutter is subjected to a large load, the cutter cannot be protected (such as CN 207723995U).

Disclosure of Invention

In order to solve the defects and shortcomings in the prior art, the invention provides a method for protecting a turning tool by adopting a multistage self-adaptive protection structure, which can reduce the damage to a processed workpiece and the turning tool by slightly adjusting the feeding amount of the turning tool when the axial or radial feeding amount of the turning tool is larger or the impact load is overlarge; when the shaft diameter of the processed workpiece is too large, the feeding amount of the turning tool can be adjusted by coarse amount, so that the ground damage to the turning tool caused by too large load is avoided; the multi-stage self-adaptive protection device and the protection method thereof can provide protection for the general turning tool of the existing lathe, do not need to specially manufacture a new tool, and have strong adaptability to the lathe tool.

The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a multistage self-adaptive protection device for a lathe tool comprises a clamping seat used for clamping a workpiece, a tool apron used for mounting a turning tool, a primary self-adaptive protection structure matched with the tool apron and a secondary self-adaptive protection structure matched with the primary self-adaptive protection structure, wherein the primary self-adaptive protection structure realizes the self-adaptive protection function of the turning tool through a fine adjustment spring, and the secondary self-adaptive protection structure realizes the secondary self-adaptive protection function of the turning tool through a rough adjustment spring and a sensor.

The invention adopts a multistage self-adaptive protection structure to protect the turning tool, and can reduce the damage to a processed workpiece and the turning tool by slightly adjusting the feeding amount of the turning tool when the axial or radial feeding amount of the turning tool is larger or the impact load is overlarge; when the shaft diameter of the processed workpiece is too large, the feeding amount of the turning tool can be adjusted by coarse amount, so that the ground damage to the turning tool caused by too large load is avoided; the universal turning tool can provide protection for the universal turning tool of the existing lathe, a new tool does not need to be specially manufactured, and the adaptability is strong.

Preferably, the primary self-adaptive protection structure comprises a primary self-adaptive protection seat, an axial fine-tuning spring, a radial fine-tuning spring and a stop, the secondary self-adaptive protection structure comprises a secondary self-adaptive protection seat, a radial coarse-tuning spring, a limiting seat, a stop pillar and a sensor, a tool apron groove matched with the tool apron is arranged on the inner side of the primary self-adaptive protection seat, a primary self-adaptive protection seat groove matched with the primary self-adaptive protection seat is arranged on the inner side of the secondary self-adaptive protection seat, the axial fine-tuning spring is installed between one side of the tool apron and one side of the primary self-adaptive protection seat, the radial fine-tuning spring is installed between the rear end of the primary self-adaptive protection seat and the rear end of the secondary self-adaptive protection seat, the stop is located at the front end of the primary self-adaptive protection seat, a limiting plate matched with the stop is arranged at the front end of the secondary self-adaptive protection seat, and the limiting seat is located at the rear of the secondary self-adaptive protection seat, the stop column is positioned in front of the secondary self-adaptive protective seat, the radial coarse adjusting spring is positioned between the limiting seat and the rear end of the secondary self-adaptive protective seat, and the sensor is arranged on the secondary self-adaptive protective seat.

Preferably, the tool body of the turning tool is installed in the tool apron and fixed through a turning tool set screw, the number of the stop blocks and the stop columns is two, the two stop blocks are inserted into two sides of the front end of the primary self-adaptive protective seat and then fixed through the stop block set screw, and the limiting seat and the stop columns are fixed on a lathe support.

Preferably, a tool apron axial spring groove matched with the axial fine-tuning spring is formed in one side of the tool apron, a protective seat axial spring groove matched with the axial fine-tuning spring is formed in one side of the primary self-adaptive protective seat, a front protective seat radial spring groove matched with the radial fine-tuning spring and a rear protective seat radial spring groove matched with the radial coarse-tuning spring are formed in the rear end of the secondary self-adaptive protective seat, and a limiting seat radial spring groove matched with the radial coarse-tuning spring is formed in the limiting seat.

Preferably, the inner side of the primary self-adaptive protection seat is provided with an axial guide rail matched with the tool apron, the bottom of the tool apron is provided with an axial sliding block matched with the axial guide rail, the number of the axial fine tuning springs is two, and the two axial fine tuning springs are symmetrically arranged on two sides of the axial guide rail.

Preferably, a first-stage radial guide rail matched with the first-stage adaptive protection seat is arranged on the inner side of the second-stage adaptive protection seat, a first-stage radial slide block matched with the first-stage radial guide rail is arranged at the bottom of the first-stage adaptive protection seat, the number of the radial fine tuning springs is two, and the two radial fine tuning springs are symmetrically arranged on two sides of the first-stage radial guide rail.

Preferably, a secondary radial guide rail matched with the secondary adaptive protection seat is arranged between the limiting seat and the stop column, a secondary radial slide block matched with the secondary radial guide rail is arranged at the bottom of the secondary adaptive protection seat, the number of the radial coarse adjustment springs is two, and the two radial coarse adjustment springs are symmetrically arranged on two sides of the secondary radial guide rail.

Preferably, the sensor is an infrared sensor which is installed at the rear end of the secondary adaptive protective seat.

Preferably, the axial vernier spring is located on the side of the cutting edge away from the turning tool.

A protection method of a multistage self-adaptive protection device for lathe tools comprises the following steps:

initially, the tool apron is under the elastic force action of the axial fine-tuning spring, when the turning tool is axially fed, and when the feeding amount is overlarge, the turning tool is under overlarge impact load, the load is larger than the elastic force value applied to the tool apron by the axial fine-tuning spring, at the moment, the primary self-adaptive protection structure starts to act, the axial fine-tuning spring is compressed, and the tool apron retreats along the axial guide rail; in the process that the tool apron axially retracts along the axial guide rail, the impact load is reduced, and the turning tool continues to axially feed under the action of the elastic force of the axial fine-tuning spring to finish machining;

initially, the primary self-adaptive protective seat is under the elastic force action of the radial fine-tuning spring, and the stop blocks positioned on two sides of the front end of the primary self-adaptive protective seat are stopped by the limiting plate at the front end of the secondary self-adaptive protective seat; when the turning tool is fed in the radial direction, when the feeding amount is overlarge, a larger impact load is applied, and the load is larger than the elastic force value applied to the tool apron by the radial fine tuning spring, and at the moment, the primary self-adaptive protection structure starts to act; when the turning tool is subjected to an overlarge impact load, the radial fine tuning spring is compressed and retreats along the first-stage radial guide rail; in the process that the tool apron retreats along the primary radial guide rail, the impact load is reduced, and the turning tool continues to feed along the radial direction under the action of the elastic force of the radial fine-tuning spring to finish machining;

initially, the secondary self-adaptive protective seat is subjected to the action of the elastic force of the radial rough adjusting spring, and the secondary self-adaptive protective seat is blocked by a blocking column positioned in front of the secondary self-adaptive protective seat; when the shaft diameter of the machined workpiece is too large, the turning tool is subjected to a large impact load, and the impact load is larger than the elastic force value applied to the secondary self-adaptive protection seat by the coarse tuning spring, at the moment, the compression amount of the radial fine tuning spring reaches a limit value, the secondary self-adaptive protection structure starts to act, the radial coarse tuning spring is compressed under the stress, and the secondary self-adaptive protection seat retreats along the direction of a secondary radial guide rail; in the process of axially withdrawing the secondary self-adaptive protection seat, after the impact load is reduced, the secondary self-adaptive protection seat continues to feed along the guide rail in the radial direction to finish machining;

when the axial feeding amount is too large, the turning tool is subjected to a large impact load, and the primary self-adaptive protection structure cannot play a protection role at the moment, when the sensor senses that the cutter holder is too large in axial withdrawal amount, the sensor transmits a logic signal to a motor for controlling the cutter to feed, after the motor receives the signal, the axial feeding amount of the cutter is reduced, after the feeding amount is reduced, the impact load is reduced, and due to the elastic action of an axial fine-tuning spring, the cutter continues to feed along the axial guide rail, so that the machining is completed.

The invention adopts a multistage self-adaptive protection structure to protect the turning tool, and can reduce the damage to a processed workpiece and the turning tool by slightly adjusting the feeding amount of the turning tool when the axial or radial feeding amount of the turning tool is larger or the impact load is overlarge; when the shaft diameter of the processed workpiece is too large, the feeding amount of the turning tool can be adjusted by coarse amount, so that the ground damage to the turning tool caused by too large load is avoided; the universal turning tool of the existing lathe can be protected, a new tool does not need to be specially manufactured, the adaptability is strong, the effect of protecting the tool is achieved, and meanwhile, the machining precision is improved.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the present invention with the holder removed;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the assembly of the tool holder, the primary adaptive protection structure and the secondary adaptive protection structure according to the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an assembly between a primary adaptive protection architecture and a secondary adaptive protection architecture according to the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the present invention after it has been mounted on a lathe;

in the drawing, 1, a tool apron, 2, a turning tool, 3, a first-stage self-adaptive protective seat, 4, a second-stage self-adaptive protective seat, 5, an axial fine adjustment spring, 6, a radial fine adjustment spring, 7, a radial coarse adjustment spring, 8, a limiting seat, 9, a stop, 10, a limiting plate, 11, a turning tool set screw, 12, a stop set screw, 13, a stop column, 14, an infrared sensor, 15, an axial guide rail, 16, an axial sliding block, 17, a first-stage radial guide rail, 18, a first-stage radial sliding block, 19, a second-stage radial guide rail, 20, a second-stage radial sliding block, 21, a tool apron axial spring groove, 22, a protective seat axial spring groove, 23, a front protective seat radial spring groove, 24, a rear protective seat radial spring groove, 25, a limiting seat radial spring groove, 26, a clamping seat, 27, a first-stage self-adaptive protective seat, 28, a second-stage self-adaptive protective seat, 29, a workpiece and 30 are included in a lathe support.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the attached drawings, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

As shown in fig. 1-4, a multi-stage adaptive protection device for lathe tools includes a holder 26 for holding a workpiece 29, a tool post 1 for mounting a lathe tool 2, a primary adaptive protection structure 27 cooperating with the tool post 1, and a secondary adaptive protection structure 28 cooperating with the primary adaptive protection structure 27, wherein the primary adaptive protection structure 27 implements a self-adaptive protection function for the lathe tool 2 by a fine adjustment spring, and the secondary adaptive protection structure 28 implements a secondary adaptive protection function for the lathe tool 2 by a coarse adjustment spring and a sensor.

The primary self-adaptive protection structure 27 comprises a primary self-adaptive protection seat 3, an axial fine-tuning spring 5, a radial fine-tuning spring 6 and a stop block 9, the secondary self-adaptive protection structure 28 comprises a secondary self-adaptive protection seat 4, a radial coarse-tuning spring 7, a limiting seat 8, a stop column 13 and an infrared sensor 14, a seat groove matched with the seat 1 is arranged on the inner side of the primary self-adaptive protection seat 3, a primary self-adaptive protection seat groove matched with the primary self-adaptive protection seat 3 is arranged on the inner side of the secondary self-adaptive protection seat 4, the axial fine-tuning spring 5 is arranged between one side of the seat 1 and one side of the primary self-adaptive protection seat 3, the radial fine-tuning spring 6 is arranged between the rear end of the primary self-adaptive protection seat 3 and the rear end of the secondary self-adaptive protection seat 4, the stop block 9 is arranged at the front end of the primary self-adaptive protection seat 3, a limit plate 10 matched with the stop block 9 is arranged at the front end of the secondary self-adaptive protection seat 4, the limiting seat 8 is positioned behind the secondary self-adaptive protective seat 4, the stop pillar 13 is positioned in front of the secondary self-adaptive protective seat 4, the radial coarse adjusting spring 7 is positioned between the limiting seat 8 and the rear end of the secondary self-adaptive protective seat 4, and the infrared sensor 14 is installed on the secondary self-adaptive protective seat 4. The blade of lathe tool 2 is installed and is fixed through lathe tool holding screw 11 in blade holder 1, and the quantity of dog 9 and bumping post 13 is two, and two dog 9 insert behind the front end both sides of first grade self-adaptation protection seat 3 fixed through dog holding screw 12, and spacing seat 8 and bumping post 13 are all fixed on lathe support 30. A tool apron axial spring groove 21 matched with the axial fine tuning spring 5 is arranged on one side of the tool apron 1, a protective seat axial spring groove 22 matched with the axial fine tuning spring 5 is arranged on one side of the primary self-adaptive protective seat 3, a front protective seat radial spring groove 23 matched with the radial fine tuning spring 6 and a rear protective seat radial spring groove 24 matched with the radial coarse tuning spring 7 are arranged at the rear end of the secondary self-adaptive protective seat 4, and a limiting seat radial spring groove 25 matched with the radial coarse tuning spring 7 is arranged on the limiting seat 8. The inner side of the primary self-adaptive protective seat 3 is provided with an axial guide rail 15 matched with the tool apron 1, the bottom of the tool apron 1 is provided with an axial slide block 16 matched with the axial guide rail 15, the number of the axial fine tuning springs 5 is two, and the two axial fine tuning springs are symmetrically arranged on two sides of the axial guide rail 15. The inner side of the secondary self-adaptive protection seat 4 is provided with a primary radial guide rail 17 matched with the primary self-adaptive protection seat 3, the bottom of the primary self-adaptive protection seat 3 is provided with a primary radial slide block 18 matched with the primary radial guide rail 17, the number of the radial fine tuning springs 6 is two, and the two radial fine tuning springs are symmetrically arranged on two sides of the primary radial guide rail 17. A secondary radial guide rail 19 matched with the secondary self-adaptive protection seat 4 is arranged between the limiting seat 8 and the stop column 13, a secondary radial slide block 20 matched with the secondary radial guide rail 19 is arranged at the bottom of the secondary self-adaptive protection seat 4, the number of the radial coarse adjusting springs 7 is two, and the two radial coarse adjusting springs are symmetrically arranged on two sides of the secondary radial guide rail 19. The infrared sensor 14 is installed at the rear end of the secondary adaptive protective seat 4. The axial vernier spring 5 is located on the side of the cutting edge remote from the turning tool 1.

A protection method of a multistage self-adaptive protection device for lathe tools comprises the following steps:

initially, the tool apron is under the elastic force action of the axial fine-tuning spring, when the turning tool is axially fed, and when the feeding amount is overlarge, the turning tool is under overlarge impact load, the load is larger than the elastic force value applied to the tool apron by the axial fine-tuning spring, at the moment, the primary self-adaptive protection structure starts to act, the axial fine-tuning spring is compressed, and the tool apron retreats along the axial guide rail; in the process that the tool apron axially retracts along the axial guide rail, the impact load is reduced, and the turning tool continues to axially feed under the action of the elastic force of the axial fine-tuning spring to finish machining;

initially, the primary self-adaptive protective seat is under the elastic force action of the radial fine-tuning spring, and the stop blocks positioned on two sides of the front end of the primary self-adaptive protective seat are stopped by the limiting plate at the front end of the secondary self-adaptive protective seat; when the turning tool is fed in the radial direction, when the feeding amount is overlarge, a larger impact load is applied, and the load is larger than the elastic force value applied to the tool apron by the radial fine tuning spring, and at the moment, the primary self-adaptive protection structure starts to act; when the turning tool is subjected to an overlarge impact load, the radial fine tuning spring is compressed and retreats along the first-stage radial guide rail; in the process that the tool apron retreats along the primary radial guide rail, the impact load is reduced, and the turning tool continues to feed along the radial direction under the action of the elastic force of the radial fine-tuning spring to finish machining;

initially, the secondary self-adaptive protective seat is subjected to the action of the elastic force of the radial rough adjusting spring, and the secondary self-adaptive protective seat is blocked by a blocking column positioned in front of the secondary self-adaptive protective seat; when the shaft diameter of the machined workpiece is too large, the turning tool is subjected to a large impact load, and the impact load is larger than the elastic force value applied to the secondary self-adaptive protection seat by the coarse tuning spring, at the moment, the compression amount of the radial fine tuning spring reaches a limit value, the secondary self-adaptive protection structure starts to act, the radial coarse tuning spring is compressed under the stress, and the secondary self-adaptive protection seat retreats along the direction of a secondary radial guide rail; in the process of axially withdrawing the secondary self-adaptive protection seat, after the impact load is reduced, the secondary self-adaptive protection seat continues to feed along the guide rail in the radial direction to finish machining;

when the axial feeding amount is too large, the turning tool is subjected to a large impact load, and the primary self-adaptive protection structure cannot play a protection role at the moment, when the sensor senses that the cutter holder is too large in axial withdrawal amount, the sensor transmits a logic signal to a motor for controlling the cutter to feed, after the motor receives the signal, the axial feeding amount of the cutter is reduced, after the feeding amount is reduced, the impact load is reduced, and due to the elastic action of an axial fine-tuning spring, the cutter continues to feed along the axial guide rail, so that the machining is completed.

The working process and the function of the two self-adaptive protection structures are as follows:

a first level of adaptive protection architecture: the self-adaptive protection function of the cutter (turning tool) is realized by finely adjusting the spring. Two axial fine tuning springs and two radial fine tuning springs are respectively arranged on one side surface of the tool apron and the rear end surface of the primary self-adaptive protection seat, and initially, the four springs are in a compressed state and provide certain elastic force for the tool apron and the primary self-adaptive protection seat, and the front end surface of the tool apron is blocked by a limiting block through a blocking block and does not generate relative displacement with the axial fine tuning springs; the slide blocks are arranged below the tool apron and the primary self-adaptive protection seat and can move along the direction of the guide rail, when the axial feeding amount of the tool is too large, the tool can bear larger impact load of a processed workpiece, and when the axial impact load is larger than the elastic force of the fine-tuning spring on the tool apron, the tool apron can retreat along the direction of the guide rail; when the radial feeding amount of the cutter is too large, the cutter can bear larger impact load of a machined workpiece, when the radial impact load is larger than the elastic force of the fine-tuning spring on the primary self-adaptive protective seat, the cutter seat retreats along the guide rail direction until the impact load is reduced, the spring continues to apply the elastic force to the cutter seat, and the cutter seat advances along the guide rail direction to complete the machining of the workpiece; the elastic force of the initial fine-tuning spring is set according to the load of the cutter during machining, the compression amount of the initial spring is further determined, and when the load of the cutter is large, the mechanism can complete the protection of the cutter.

The secondary self-adaptive protection structure comprises: the two-stage self-protection function of the cutter is realized by coarsely adjusting the spring and the infrared sensor. When the radial feeding of the cutter is subjected to large impact load, a coarse adjusting spring is arranged behind the secondary self-adaptive protective seat, the compression amount of the spring is large, the secondary self-adaptive protective seat is subjected to the elastic force of the spring in an initial state, is blocked by a front baffle block and does not generate relative displacement with the spring, when the impact load is larger than the coarse adjusting spring elastic force value (the compression amount of the fine adjusting spring reaches a limit value at the moment) in the radial feeding process of the cutter, the coarse adjusting spring is stressed and compressed, the secondary self-adaptive protective seat retreats along the direction of the guide rail, after the impact load is reduced, the spring continues to apply the elastic force to the cutter seat, and the cutter seat feeds along the direction of the guide rail to finish the processing of the workpiece; when the axial feed is too large: the device is provided with an infrared sensor, when the sensor senses that the axial retraction amount of the tool apron is too large, the sensor transmits a logic signal to a motor for controlling the feeding of the tool, and the motor can adjust the axial feeding amount of the tool after receiving the logic signal; the elastic force of the spring is roughly adjusted initially according to the load of the cutter during machining, and then the compression amount of the spring during initialization is determined, so that the protection of the cutter can be completed by the secondary protection mechanism under the condition that the cutter is subjected to a large impact load due to the fact that the shaft diameter of a machined workpiece is too large, or the sensor senses that the axial retraction amount of the cutter is too large, and the primary protection mechanism cannot play a role in protection.

The invention realizes the multi-stage self-protection function of the cutter during processing by innovating the mechanical structure, saves the cost and improves the processing precision; the device can be widely applied to common cutters in the market, special cutters are not needed, and the applicability is wide; the device is designed through a multi-stage protection mechanism, when the feeding amount of the cutter is too large, the cutter can be protected through the primary self-adaptive protection seat, and when the shaft diameter of a machined workpiece is too large and the primary protection mechanism cannot protect the cutter, the secondary self-adaptive protection seat can also protect the cutter.